16 american cities
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Tushar Rathod 111514048
Siddhant Raje 111514044
Abhishek Punekar 111514035
Karan Patil 111514032
FY B.Tech Planning
Evolution of Aesthetics, Culture & Technology
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO AMERICA
HISTORY OF AMERICA
CULTURE OF AMERICA
CAUSES THAT LED URBAN
PLANNING IN AMERICA
PLANNING PRINCIPLES
NEW YORK
CHICAGO
INTRODUCTION TO AMERICA The Dominant country who
always created his footprint in
every part of the world in almost
each and every field.
The Country who always dared
to affect the World Economy.
Precisely known for its western
culture America affected every
country`s culture.
Contribution of America in
Science, Politics, Philosophy,
Architecture,Defence,Sports and
maintaining Peace is
remarkable.
HISTORY OF AMERICA
Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Christopher Columbus as an Italian
explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the
Republic of Genoa.
With the request of Catholic Monarchs(Kings) of
Spain, he completed four voyages across the
Atlantic Ocean.
Those voyages, and his efforts to establish
permanent settlements on the island of
Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of
the New World.
He referred to the resident peoples he encountered there as "Indians" in the mistaken belief that he had reached the Indian ocean.
Although his mistake was soon recognized, the name stuck
For centuries the native people of the Americas were collectively called "Red Indians".
Colonial settlement was Pre Dominant.
Britain occupied the American colonies and the leader was King George III
HISTORY OF AMERICA
Though America was discovered
by Columbus but it is named
after Amerigo Vespucci.
The scholar Amerigo Vespucci, who
sailed to America in the years following
Columbus's first voyage, was the first to
understand that the land was not part of
Asia but in fact constituted some wholly
new continent previously unknown to
Eurasians.
HISTORY OF AMERICA
King George III issued the Royal
Proclamation of 1763 with the following
goals
Organizing the new North American empire
Protecting the native Indians from colonial
expansion into western lands beyond the
Appalachian Mountains.
HISTORY OF AMERICA
Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened
the First Continental Congress to coordinate their
resistance to the Coercive Acts.
This was an initiative towards Revolutionary War.
The American Revolutionary War began at
Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the
British tried to seize ammunition supplies and
arrest the Patriot leaders.
HISTORY OF AMEICA
George Washington
– a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War
– Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army
– President of the Constitutional Convention
– Became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789.
The United States became the world's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century.
Initially neutral during World War I, the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year.
CULTURE OF AMERICA
America`s western culture fascinated most
of the countries.
States of America has its own unique social
and cultural characteristics such as dialect,
music, arts, social, habits, cuisine and
folklore.
CULTURE OF AMERICA
American culture includes
both conservative and liberal elements,
scientific and religious competitiveness,
political structures,
free expression, materialist and moral
elements.
CULTURE OF AMERICA
Culture of America has certain consistent
ideological principles,
* For example
- Individualism,
- Egalitarianism(Equal opportunities and rights)
- Faith in freedom and democracy
Despite of these, American culture has a variety of
expressions due to its geographical scale and
demographic diversity.
CULTURE OF AMERICA
The flexibility of U.S. culture and its highly
symbolic nature lead some researchers to
categorize American culture as
a mythic identity.
Scientific advancement and technological
innovation in American culture, resulting in the
flow of many modern innovations.
e.g. include Robert
Fulton (the steamboat); Samuel
Morse (the telegraph).
Among developed countries, the U.S. is one of
the most religious in terms of its demographics.
CULTURE OF AMERICA Christianity is the dominant religion in America.
Christian: (80.2%)
Protestant (51.3%)
Roman Catholic (23.9%)
Mormon (1.7%)
Other Christian (1.6%)
Fashion in the United States is eclectic(wide
ranging) and predominantly informal. While
Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in
their clothing, particularly those of recent
immigrants, cowboy hats and boots and leather
motorcycle jackets are representive of
specifically American styles.
CAUSES THAT LED URBAN
PLANNING IN AMERICA
America in first world war had victory but
then they faced many economic crises.
Prices went down ,people struggled for
bread. Wall Street exchange went
bankrupt.
In second world war America stayed
neutral but when japan attacked at Pearl
Harbor they faced many losses and hence
jumped into II world war.
CAUSES THAT LED URBAN
PLANNING IN AMERICA After the revolution war, democratic politics became
possible in formal colonies. Rights of people were incorporated into state constitutions.
GARDEN CITY MOVEMENTI. Most important and crucial step which revolutionized
urban planning in America.
II. It is a method of urban planning initiated in 1898 byEbenezer Howard in UK.
III. Cities were intended to be planned, self contained,communities, and surrounded by green belts, containingproportionate areas of residence, industry andagriculture.
IV. Ex.Letchworth Garden City, Welwyn
V. Ebnezor Howard’s successor extended this movementto Regional Town Planning.
Cultures of different countries that
affected American Culture
Christopher Columbus was from Italy with
the Spanish monarchies. He brought the
Italian and Spanish culture.
Great Britain dominated the present so
called U.S.A. which was further separated
into British United States and United States
of America after American war of
Independence.
Movements in America
The Industrial Revolution was the transition
to new manufacturing processes in the
period from about 1760 to sometime
between 1820 and 1840. It marks a major
turning point in history.
Almost every aspect of daily life was
influenced in some way. In particular,
average income and population began to
exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.
The Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt in the
French colony of Saint-Domingue, which
culminated in the elimination of slavery there
and the founding of the Republic of Haiti. It is the
most successful slave rebellion ever to have
occurred and as a defining moment in the
histories of both Europe and the Americas.
Latin America experienced the independence
revolutions at this time that separate the
colonies from Spain and Portugal, creating new
nations.
PLANNING DEPARTMENTS OF
AMERICA
United States Department of Housing
and Urban Development .
American Planning Association
ACTION(American Council to Improve
Our Neighborhoods)
URBAN PLANNERS
CONTRIBUTION IN USASOLON SPENCER BEMAN
Beman's projects in Chicago included several
buildings at the World's Columbian Exposition of
1893 (demolished); the Grand Central Station
and train shed at Harrison and Wells; the Kimball
mansion in the Prairie Avenue District; the
Blackstone Public Library in Hyde Park; and the
First Church of Christ, Scientist, at 4017 S.
Drexel Blvd.
DANIEL BUMHAM- Father of Skyscraper
He is regarded as one of the greatest American architects, a father of the skyscraper and one of the most influential minds behind early 20th century architecture. He is credited with designing three buildings in Detroit.
THOMAS HOLME
He laid out in their initial plan for the city of Philadelphia. Penn envisioned Philadelphia as a “Greene Country Town,” with a limited number of buildings on each block and enough land for each house to possess a garden, orchard, or field. As this map produced by Holme in 1683 shows, the plan for Philadelphia is reserved five squares specifically for public commons.
ROBERT MOSES
Even more important, Moses was the dominant member and, from 1936, chairman of the Triborough Bridge Authority, charged with creating a 22-lane auto-sorter between three New York boroughs. As later modified, this authority had the power to construct tributary roads and became effectively self-perpetuating because it could begin new projects with revenues from the original bridge.
WILLIAM PEREIRA
Pereira was praised by experts for his ability to combine form and function in an optimistic and congenial body of work, and a list of his structures and designs reads like an architectural and planning honor roll of livable and workable Southern California places. His Transamerica Corp. Building towers above the San Francisco skyline.
JACOB JANE-She has no professional training
as a planner but still she formulated her own
philosophies about cities
CLARRENCE PERRY
He produced several books, many pamphlets and articles though is best remembered for his “The Neighborhood Unit,” Monograph One. Vol. 7, Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs, Neighborhood and Community Planning. New York: New York Regional Plan, 1929. and Housing for the Machine Age New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1939.
New York New York is a state in the Northeastern United
States and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-
most popular and seventh-most densely
populated in U.S. state.
New York is a global city exerting a significant
impact upon commerce, finance, media, art,
fashion, research, technology, educational &
entertainment.
New York city has been evolved through the grid
pattern.
Seal of New YorkFlag of New York
HISTORY OF NEW YORK
New York was the only colony to not vote for
independence, as the delegates were not authorized to
do so.
New York then endorsed the Declaration of
Independence on July 9, 1776.
The New York State Constitution was framed by
a convention which assembled at White Plains on July
10, 1776. And was adopted on April, 1977.
On 3 Apr 1807 the city council, with legislative support
from Albany, appointed Governor Morris, John
Rutherford and Simeon De Witt to the Commission of
Streets and Roads to establish a comprehensive street
plan.
The Commissioners’ plan consisted of 12 lettered or
named north-south streets running parallel to the island
and 155 numbered east-west cross streets in a
perfectly orthogonal grid – a life-size cartesian
coordinate system.
Transitioning
from a more bare landscape in the 1910s
to a cosmopolitan model for the rest of the
world via the 1930s race
for the tallest skyscraper to its devastating
destruction of the Twin Towers in the 2001
County councils were responsible for more strategic
services in a region, with (from 1894) smaller urban
district councils and rural district councils responsible for
other activities.
The Local Government Act 1929 considerably increased
the powers of county councils, who took charge of
highways in rural districts.
Though this act was passed in Britain but it was effective
in New York as Great Britain has once ruled America and
has their influence on America.
• The largest city of the American Midwest,
Chicago, Illinois, was founded in 1830 and
quickly grew.
• The city evolved into an industrial metropolis,
processing and transporting the raw materials
of its vast hinterland.
1780
1832
1803
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable was
the first non-Indian to settle within
Chicago’s future boundaries
U.S. Army built Fort Dearborn on the
south bank of the Chicago River.
Black Hawk War ended the last Native
American resistance in the area.
Chicago was incorporated as a town in 1833 and as a
city in 1837
1854It was the world’s largest grain port and
had more than 30,000 residents, many of
them European immigrants.
• In October 1871, a fire destroyed one-third
of Chicago and left more than 100,000
homeless.
• Its initial spark remains unknown but it was
fueled by drought, high winds and wooden
buildings.
• The factories and railroads were largely
spared
• The city rebuilt with astonishing speed.
• Rain put out the fire more than a day later,
• But by then it had burned an area 4 miles long
and 1 mile wide.
• The fire destroyed 17,500 buildings and 73
miles of street.
• Ninety thousand people were left homeless by
the fire.
• While only 120 bodies were recovered, it is
believed that 300 people died in the blaze.
• The "Great Rebuilding" was the effort to
construct a new, urban center.
- Big businesses,
- Innovative buildings,
- A new style of architecture
were the results.
• Laws were passed requiring new buildings be
constructed with fireproof materials such as
- Brick,
- Stone,
- Marble,
- Limestone.
• Many businesses simply ignored the new
building laws.
• Wood often replaced stone, and builders
decorated their buildings with wooden
awnings, cupolas, and cornices.
• Two events stopped this phase of
reconstruction.
• The first was the failure of a bank, Jay Cooke
and Company, in September 1873.
• The bank’s failure triggered a nationwide
depression that halted much of the Chicago
construction.
• The second event was another, somewhat
smaller fire, in July 1874.
• After the 1874 fire, the slow and expensive
process of rebuilding with fireproof materials
began.
• Big banks and businesses, which handled
millions of dollars in revenue every year,
dominated Chicago’s new business district.
• Between 1950 and 1960 Chicago’s population
shrank for the first time in its history
• As factory jobs leveled off and people moved
to the suburbs.
• Riots in 1968 gave vent to anger following the
assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
• And violent police response marred protests at
the Democratic National Convention that year.
• The 2000 U.S. Census reported Chicago’s first
decade-over-decade population increase since
1950.
• Chicago remains a center of trade
- Airports supplement the old rail
and water transit hubs
- Agricultural futures are traded
electronically from the floor of its
storied Mercantile Exchange.
FLOOR AREA RATIO NAME OF UNIT FLOOR AREA RATIO LOT AREA PER UNIT
RS-1 0.5 6250
RS-2 0.65 5000
RS-3 0.9 2500
RT-3.5 1.05 1250
RT-4 1.2 1000
RT-4A 1.2-1.5 1000
RM-4.5 1.7 700
RM-5 2 400
RM-5.5 2.5 400
RS RESIDENTIAL SINGLE UNIT DISTRICT
RT RESIDENTIAL TWO FLAT UNIT
DISTRICT
RM RESIDENTIAL MULTI-UNIT DISTRICT
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