Tushar Rathod 111514048

Siddhant Raje 111514044

Abhishek Punekar 111514035

Karan Patil 111514032

FY B.Tech Planning

Evolution of Aesthetics, Culture & Technology

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO AMERICA

HISTORY OF AMERICA

CULTURE OF AMERICA

CAUSES THAT LED URBAN

PLANNING IN AMERICA

PLANNING PRINCIPLES

NEW YORK

CHICAGO

INTRODUCTION TO AMERICA The Dominant country who

always created his footprint in

every part of the world in almost

each and every field.

The Country who always dared

to affect the World Economy.

Precisely known for its western

culture America affected every

country`s culture.

Contribution of America in

Science, Politics, Philosophy,

Architecture,Defence,Sports and

maintaining Peace is

remarkable.

HISTORY OF AMERICA

Columbus discovered America in 1492.

Christopher Columbus as an Italian

explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the

Republic of Genoa.

With the request of Catholic Monarchs(Kings) of

Spain, he completed four voyages across the

Atlantic Ocean.

Those voyages, and his efforts to establish

permanent settlements on the island of

Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of

the New World.

He referred to the resident peoples he encountered there as "Indians" in the mistaken belief that he had reached the Indian ocean.

Although his mistake was soon recognized, the name stuck

For centuries the native people of the Americas were collectively called "Red Indians".

Colonial settlement was Pre Dominant.

Britain occupied the American colonies and the leader was King George III

HISTORY OF AMERICA

RED INDIANS

ROUTES FOLLOWED BY COLUMBUS

DURING VOYAGES

Though America was discovered

by Columbus but it is named

after Amerigo Vespucci.

The scholar Amerigo Vespucci, who

sailed to America in the years following

Columbus's first voyage, was the first to

understand that the land was not part of

Asia but in fact constituted some wholly

new continent previously unknown to

Eurasians.

HISTORY OF AMERICA

King George III issued the Royal

Proclamation of 1763 with the following

goals

Organizing the new North American empire

Protecting the native Indians from colonial

expansion into western lands beyond the

Appalachian Mountains.

HISTORY OF AMERICA

Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened

the First Continental Congress to coordinate their

resistance to the Coercive Acts.

This was an initiative towards Revolutionary War.

The American Revolutionary War began at

Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the

British tried to seize ammunition supplies and

arrest the Patriot leaders.

HISTORY OF AMEICA

George Washington

– a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War

– Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army

– President of the Constitutional Convention

– Became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789.

The United States became the world's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century.

Initially neutral during World War I, the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year.

CULTURE OF AMERICA

America`s western culture fascinated most

of the countries.

States of America has its own unique social

and cultural characteristics such as dialect,

music, arts, social, habits, cuisine and

folklore.

CULTURE OF AMERICA

American culture includes

both conservative and liberal elements,

scientific and religious competitiveness,

political structures,

free expression, materialist and moral

elements.

CULTURE OF AMERICA

Culture of America has certain consistent

ideological principles,

* For example

- Individualism,

- Egalitarianism(Equal opportunities and rights)

- Faith in freedom and democracy

Despite of these, American culture has a variety of

expressions due to its geographical scale and

demographic diversity.

CULTURE OF AMERICA

The flexibility of U.S. culture and its highly

symbolic nature lead some researchers to

categorize American culture as

a mythic identity.

Scientific advancement and technological

innovation in American culture, resulting in the

flow of many modern innovations.

e.g. include Robert

Fulton (the steamboat); Samuel

Morse (the telegraph).

Among developed countries, the U.S. is one of

the most religious in terms of its demographics.

CULTURE OF AMERICA Christianity is the dominant religion in America.

Christian: (80.2%)

Protestant (51.3%)

Roman Catholic (23.9%)

Mormon (1.7%)

Other Christian (1.6%)

Fashion in the United States is eclectic(wide

ranging) and predominantly informal. While

Americans' diverse cultural roots are reflected in

their clothing, particularly those of recent

immigrants, cowboy hats and boots and leather

motorcycle jackets are representive of

specifically American styles.

CAUSES THAT LED URBAN

PLANNING IN AMERICA

America in first world war had victory but

then they faced many economic crises.

Prices went down ,people struggled for

bread. Wall Street exchange went

bankrupt.

In second world war America stayed

neutral but when japan attacked at Pearl

Harbor they faced many losses and hence

jumped into II world war.

CAUSES THAT LED URBAN

PLANNING IN AMERICA After the revolution war, democratic politics became

possible in formal colonies. Rights of people were incorporated into state constitutions.

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENTI. Most important and crucial step which revolutionized

urban planning in America.

II. It is a method of urban planning initiated in 1898 byEbenezer Howard in UK.

III. Cities were intended to be planned, self contained,communities, and surrounded by green belts, containingproportionate areas of residence, industry andagriculture.

IV. Ex.Letchworth Garden City, Welwyn

V. Ebnezor Howard’s successor extended this movementto Regional Town Planning.

GARDEN CITY IMAGES

Cultures of different countries that

affected American Culture

Christopher Columbus was from Italy with

the Spanish monarchies. He brought the

Italian and Spanish culture.

Great Britain dominated the present so

called U.S.A. which was further separated

into British United States and United States

of America after American war of

Independence.

Movements in America

The Industrial Revolution was the transition

to new manufacturing processes in the

period from about 1760 to sometime

between 1820 and 1840. It marks a major

turning point in history.

Almost every aspect of daily life was

influenced in some way. In particular,

average income and population began to

exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.

The Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt in the

French colony of Saint-Domingue, which

culminated in the elimination of slavery there

and the founding of the Republic of Haiti. It is the

most successful slave rebellion ever to have

occurred and as a defining moment in the

histories of both Europe and the Americas.

Latin America experienced the independence

revolutions at this time that separate the

colonies from Spain and Portugal, creating new

nations.

PLANNING DEPARTMENTS OF

AMERICA

United States Department of Housing

and Urban Development .

American Planning Association

ACTION(American Council to Improve

Our Neighborhoods)

URBAN PLANNERS

CONTRIBUTION IN USASOLON SPENCER BEMAN

Beman's projects in Chicago included several

buildings at the World's Columbian Exposition of

1893 (demolished); the Grand Central Station

and train shed at Harrison and Wells; the Kimball

mansion in the Prairie Avenue District; the

Blackstone Public Library in Hyde Park; and the

First Church of Christ, Scientist, at 4017 S.

Drexel Blvd.

DANIEL BUMHAM- Father of Skyscraper

He is regarded as one of the greatest American architects, a father of the skyscraper and one of the most influential minds behind early 20th century architecture. He is credited with designing three buildings in Detroit.

THOMAS HOLME

He laid out in their initial plan for the city of Philadelphia. Penn envisioned Philadelphia as a “Greene Country Town,” with a limited number of buildings on each block and enough land for each house to possess a garden, orchard, or field. As this map produced by Holme in 1683 shows, the plan for Philadelphia is reserved five squares specifically for public commons.

MAP BY THOMAS HOLMES

ROBERT MOSES

Even more important, Moses was the dominant member and, from 1936, chairman of the Triborough Bridge Authority, charged with creating a 22-lane auto-sorter between three New York boroughs. As later modified, this authority had the power to construct tributary roads and became effectively self-perpetuating because it could begin new projects with revenues from the original bridge.

WILLIAM PEREIRA

Pereira was praised by experts for his ability to combine form and function in an optimistic and congenial body of work, and a list of his structures and designs reads like an architectural and planning honor roll of livable and workable Southern California places. His Transamerica Corp. Building towers above the San Francisco skyline.

JACOB JANE-She has no professional training

as a planner but still she formulated her own

philosophies about cities

CLARRENCE PERRY

He produced several books, many pamphlets and articles though is best remembered for his “The Neighborhood Unit,” Monograph One. Vol. 7, Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs, Neighborhood and Community Planning. New York: New York Regional Plan, 1929. and Housing for the Machine Age New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, 1939.

New York New York is a state in the Northeastern United

States and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-

most popular and seventh-most densely

populated in U.S. state.

New York is a global city exerting a significant

impact upon commerce, finance, media, art,

fashion, research, technology, educational &

entertainment.

New York city has been evolved through the grid

pattern.

Seal of New YorkFlag of New York

HISTORY OF NEW YORK

New York was the only colony to not vote for

independence, as the delegates were not authorized to

do so.

New York then endorsed the Declaration of

Independence on July 9, 1776.

The New York State Constitution was framed by

a convention which assembled at White Plains on July

10, 1776. And was adopted on April, 1977.

In 1764, New York

was a small fort and

trading post on the

tip of Manhattan.

On 3 Apr 1807 the city council, with legislative support

from Albany, appointed Governor Morris, John

Rutherford and Simeon De Witt to the Commission of

Streets and Roads to establish a comprehensive street

plan.

The Commissioners’ plan consisted of 12 lettered or

named north-south streets running parallel to the island

and 155 numbered east-west cross streets in a

perfectly orthogonal grid – a life-size cartesian

coordinate system.

Transitioning

from a more bare landscape in the 1910s

to a cosmopolitan model for the rest of the

world via the 1930s race

for the tallest skyscraper to its devastating

destruction of the Twin Towers in the 2001

County councils were responsible for more strategic

services in a region, with (from 1894) smaller urban

district councils and rural district councils responsible for

other activities.

The Local Government Act 1929 considerably increased

the powers of county councils, who took charge of

highways in rural districts.

Though this act was passed in Britain but it was effective

in New York as Great Britain has once ruled America and

has their influence on America.

NEW YORK IN 2016

• The largest city of the American Midwest,

Chicago, Illinois, was founded in 1830 and

quickly grew.

• The city evolved into an industrial metropolis,

processing and transporting the raw materials

of its vast hinterland.

1780

1832

1803

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable was

the first non-Indian to settle within

Chicago’s future boundaries

U.S. Army built Fort Dearborn on the

south bank of the Chicago River.

Black Hawk War ended the last Native

American resistance in the area.

Chicago was incorporated as a town in 1833 and as a

city in 1837

1854It was the world’s largest grain port and

had more than 30,000 residents, many of

them European immigrants.

• In October 1871, a fire destroyed one-third

of Chicago and left more than 100,000

homeless.

• Its initial spark remains unknown but it was

fueled by drought, high winds and wooden

buildings.

• The factories and railroads were largely

spared

• The city rebuilt with astonishing speed.

• Rain put out the fire more than a day later,

• But by then it had burned an area 4 miles long

and 1 mile wide.

• The fire destroyed 17,500 buildings and 73

miles of street.

• Ninety thousand people were left homeless by

the fire.

• While only 120 bodies were recovered, it is

believed that 300 people died in the blaze.

• The "Great Rebuilding" was the effort to

construct a new, urban center.

- Big businesses,

- Innovative buildings,

- A new style of architecture

were the results.

• Laws were passed requiring new buildings be

constructed with fireproof materials such as

- Brick,

- Stone,

- Marble,

- Limestone.

• Many businesses simply ignored the new

building laws.

• Wood often replaced stone, and builders

decorated their buildings with wooden

awnings, cupolas, and cornices.

• Two events stopped this phase of

reconstruction.

• The first was the failure of a bank, Jay Cooke

and Company, in September 1873.

• The bank’s failure triggered a nationwide

depression that halted much of the Chicago

construction.

• The second event was another, somewhat

smaller fire, in July 1874.

• After the 1874 fire, the slow and expensive

process of rebuilding with fireproof materials

began.

• Big banks and businesses, which handled

millions of dollars in revenue every year,

dominated Chicago’s new business district.

Chicago’s population reached 3 million.1930

• Between 1950 and 1960 Chicago’s population

shrank for the first time in its history

• As factory jobs leveled off and people moved

to the suburbs.

• Riots in 1968 gave vent to anger following the

assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

• And violent police response marred protests at

the Democratic National Convention that year.

• The 2000 U.S. Census reported Chicago’s first

decade-over-decade population increase since

1950.

• Chicago remains a center of trade

- Airports supplement the old rail

and water transit hubs

- Agricultural futures are traded

electronically from the floor of its

storied Mercantile Exchange.

FLOOR AREA RATIO NAME OF UNIT FLOOR AREA RATIO LOT AREA PER UNIT

RS-1 0.5 6250

RS-2 0.65 5000

RS-3 0.9 2500

RT-3.5 1.05 1250

RT-4 1.2 1000

RT-4A 1.2-1.5 1000

RM-4.5 1.7 700

RM-5 2 400

RM-5.5 2.5 400

RS RESIDENTIAL SINGLE UNIT DISTRICT

RT RESIDENTIAL TWO FLAT UNIT

DISTRICT

RM RESIDENTIAL MULTI-UNIT DISTRICT