12.1. 12.2 12.3 (a) classical conditioning (b) instrumental conditioning static features (cs)...
Post on 01-Apr-2015
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
12.1
Chickens
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
120
140
160
180
Exposure (min)
App
roac
h to
Sta
tiona
ry
Stim
ulus
(s/
min
)
Ducks
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Exposure (min)
App
roac
h to
Sta
tiona
ry
Stim
ulus
(s/
min
) Moving Stimulus
Stationary Stimulus
Turkeys
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Exposure (min)
App
roac
h to
Sta
tiona
ry
Stim
ulus
(s/
min
)
Quail
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Exposure (min)
App
roac
h to
Sta
tiona
ry
Stim
ulus
(s/
min
)
Pheasants
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
120
140
160
180
Exposure (min)
App
roac
h to
Sta
tiona
ry
Stim
ulus
(s/
min
)
12.2
12.3
(a) Classical conditioning (b) Instrumental conditioning
Static features(CS)
Movement or other salient
feature(US)
Recognition(UR)
Stimulus absence(SD)
Aversive internal state is reduced
(SR)
Following response(Ri)
Following response
Aversive internal state
Following response strengthened
12.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sham (n=47) IMHV (n=15) IA (n=15) LCA (n=15)
Pre
fere
nce
Sco
re
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sham (n=12) IMHV (n=12)
Pre
fere
nce
Sco
re
Lesioned birds
(a) (b)
12.5
12.6
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 50 100 150
Age (Days)
De
nd
ritic
Sp
ine
s (1
00
mm
)
Isolated
Aviary
Isolation
12.7
0 100 200 300 400
Basal
Separation-Reunion
Infant Removal
Mother Removal
Plasma Cortisol (mg/100 ml)
Mothers
Infants
12.8
0
5
10
15
20
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Age (Days)
Ho
urs
in P
roxi
mity
to C
loth
Mo
the
rCloth mother/Cloth fed
Wire mother/Cloth fed
Cloth mother/Wire fed
Cloth mother/Wire fed
12.9
12.10
Dog-reared monkeys Hobbyhorse-reared monkeys
Fonsie
Sandy
Sue
Ping
Tasha
Ron
Catfish
Shawn
Marcy
Jarvis
Poppy
KC
Proximity
Agonistic
Affiliative
12.11
12.12
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria (jelly fish, coral)
Ctenophora (comb jellies)
Nematoda (round worms)
Rotifera (rotifers)
Echinodermata (sea urchins)
Bryozoa (bryozoans)
Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
Phoronida (rube worms)
Chordata (vertebrates)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Nemertea (ribbon worms)
Mollusca (octopuses)
Annelida (earthworms)
Arachnida (spiders)
Crustacea (lobsters)
Myriapoda (centipedes)
Insecta (ants)
Myxinoidea (hagfishes)
Petromyzontidae (lampreys)
Chondrichthyes (sharks)
Actinopterygii (bony fish)
Latimeria (coelacanths)
Dipnoi (lungfishes)
Amphibia (frogs)
Chelonia (turtles)
Aves (birds)
Crocodylia (crocodiles)
Lepidosauria (lizards)
Prototheria (platypus)
Metatheria (kangaroos)
Eutheria (placentals)
12.13
0
5
10
0
5
10
0
5
10
Fre
qu
ency
(kH
z)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Time (s)
(a)
(b)
(c)
12.14
Swamp Sparrow Song Sparrow
Normal song
Isolate song: Hearing intact
Isolate song: Deafened before singing
12.15
Hatching(summer)
Nesting period
Juvenile period(fall and winter)
(spring)
First breeding season
Adult lifeSensorimotor learning phase
• Crystallized or adult song• Plastic song• Subsong
• No song production• Acquisition of an auditory memory• Flexible sensitive period• Initial social interactions• Exposure to song
Sensory learning phase
12.16
0.5 s
5 kH
z
Morin
Berkeley
Sunset Beach
San Francisco Bay Area
12.17
Song(input)
Vocal behavior(output)
Basilar membrane
Cochlear nucleus
DLM
NOPosterior telencephalon
Anterior telencephalon
HVC RA
Nucleus of the Hypoglossal nerve
Syringeal muscles
LMAN
N. XII
N. VIII
Area X
Size of brain nucleiinvolved in song
learning
Quality of song repertoire (a proxy for cognitive
abilities related to foraging efficiency)
Female sexual preference
Early nutrition
Early stress
Feeding efficiency during the plastic song phase
Endocannabinoid brain levels
Sexual selection contributing to the evolution of a large telencephalon and higher cognition in songbirds
12.18
top related