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Hair mercury and urinary cadmium levels in Belgian children and their mothers within the framework of the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES projectsC. Pirard1, G. Koppen2, K. De Cremer3, I. Van Overmeire3, M.C. Dewolf4, E. Van De Mieroop5, D. Aerts6, P. Biot6, J. Van Loco3, C. Charlier1, the COPHES coordination team
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1 CHU of Liège, Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology2 Flemish Institute of Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health unit3 Scientific Institute of Public Health4 Provincial Institute for Hygiene and Bacteriology (IPHB), Mons5 Provincial Institute for Hygiene (PIH), Antwerp6 Federal Public Service Health, Food chain safety and Environment
INTRODUCTION:The European projects DEMOCOPHES and COPHES
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Harmonised protocols for the collection of comparable HBM
data throughout Europe
17 European countries measured:‐ Cadmium, Phthalate metabolites, cotinine and Bisphenol A in urine‐Mercury in hairin children (6‐11 years) and their mothers (≤ 45 years) N = 3688
Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom
INTRODUCTION:Cadmium and Mercury
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URINARY CADMIUMbiomarker of long‐term cadmium exposureToxicity: known human carcinogen (IARC 1); accumulation in the
kidneys glomerular and tubular toxicityExposure: tobacco smoke and dietary intake
HAIR MERCURY90‐95% MeHg & 5‐10% inorganic HgToxicity of organic mercury: high neurotoxicity Exposure to MeHg: dietary intake (fish and sea product)Exposure to inorganic Hg: inhalation during occupational
activities or from dental amalgam release
DEMOCOPHES in Belgium
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Population characteristics
MOTHER CHILDN 129 129Girl 129 63 (49%)Boy ‐ 66 (51%)Age range (mean) > 45 yr (40yr) 6‐11 yr (8yr)Smoker statusPresent 12 (9%) 0 (0%)Former 32 (25%) 0 (0%)Never 85 (66%) 129 (100%)
ETS‐ at home
Never 106 (91%) 112 (87%)‐ elsewhere
Never 50 (43%) 68 (53%)Residence area
Rural 65 (50.4%)Urban 64 (49.6%)
Sampling (2011‐2012)‐ 1st morning urine in PP vessels‐ 3 cm‐length hair from the scalp
Brussels
Dutch & French speaking
AnalysesUrinary cadmium: ICP‐MSHair mercury: Flow Injection Mercury System (FIMS)
RESULTS: CADMIUM
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Population N LOQ Positive samples (%)
GM µg/l (µg/g creat)
Range µg/l (µg/g creat)
N > health guidance
Mother 125 0.01 99.2 0.21 <LOQ ‐ 1.10 2>HBM I(0.18) (<LOQ ‐ 0.767)
Child 125 0.01 86.4 0.04 <LOQ ‐ 0.320 0>HBM I(0.04) (<LOQ ‐ 0.323)
Increased levels with age
Correlation between mother and her child
No correlation with active or passive smoking status (cotinine, ETS statement) but very low smoker rate
No correlation with consumption of food commonly suspected to show high cadmium levels, nor with local food consumption
Higher levels in people living in urban areas vs rural
RESULTS: CADMIUM
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Comparison with the results from European population participating to the DEMOCOPHES project
RESULTS: CADMIUM
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GM or med Referencesµg/l
Belgium present study Women 125 40 [18‐45] 0.21 Present studyGirls and boys 125 8 [6‐12] 0.04
Belgium Women 541 40.1 [18‐80] 0.22 Hoet et al., 2013Bangladesh Girls and boys 320 5 0.31 Kippler et al., 2010
Women 444 27 [18‐43] 0.55Canada Girls and boys (Inuit) 16 [9‐14] 2.29 Benedetti et al., 1992
Women and men (Inuit) 24 [20‐39] 0.80France Women (non‐smoker) 157 [18‐39] 0.29 Fréry et al., 2011(ENNS) Women (non‐smoker) 319 [40‐49] 0.33Germany (GerES IV) Girls and boys 1734 [3‐14] 0.08 Schulz et al., 2009Germany (GerES III) Women and men 4740 [18‐69] 0.22 Wilhem et al., 2004
Women and men (non‐smoker) 3128 [18‐69] 0.20Japan Women (unpolluted area) 2332 48.1 [30‐60] 1.19 Fukui et al., 2004Japan Women 3512 [41‐50] 1.01 Moriguchi et al., 2005Sweden Women (non‐smoker) 57 38 [20‐50] 0.18* Julin et al., 2011Thailand Girls 422 [9‐15] 0.13* Chaiwong et al., 2009
Boys 427 [9‐15] 0.12* * µg/g creatGirls and boys 600 [ 9‐12] 0.12*
United States Girls and boys 3053 [6‐11] 0.10 Paschal et al., 2000(NHANES) Women and men 3251 [30‐39] 0.28United States Girls and boys 776 [6‐12] 0.08 Richter et al., 2009(NHANES) Women and men 918 [35‐50] 0.28
Country Population N Age (yr) mean
RESULTS: MERCURY
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No increase with age but mother > child
Correlation between mother and her child
No correlation with active or passive smoking status (cotinine, ETS statement), gender, hair treatment
Higher levels in children living in urban areas vs rural
Importance of the frequency of fish (sea or freshwater fish), shellfish and other seafood products
No increase with age but mother > child
Correlation between mother and her child
No correlation with active or passive smoking status (cotinine, ETS statement), gender, hair treatment
Higher levels in children living in urban areas vs rural
Importance of the frequency of fish (sea or freshwater fish), shellfish and other seafood products
Increase with the number of dental amalgam fillings
Population N LOQ Positive samples (%)
GM µg/g
Range µg/g
N > health guidance
Mother 129 0.08 95.3 0.38 <LOQ ‐ 1.969 2 > 1.9 µg/g12 > 1 µg/g
Child 127 0.08 80.3 0.20 (<LOQ ‐ 1.995) 1 > 1.9 µg/g6 > 1 µg/g
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RESULTS: MERCURY
Present study: 0.28 µg/g
Comparison with the results from European population participating to the DEMOCOPHES project
µg Hg/g ha
ir
0 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40
< 1/month
0 ‐ 1/week
1 ‐ 2/week
3 ‐ 4/week
> 4/week
GM: 0.61 µg/g
GM: 0.34 µg/g
GM: 1.47 µg/g
GM: 5.41 µg/g
µg/g
GM: 0.25 µg/g
HAIR MERCURY LEVEL
FREQUENCY OF FISH CONSUMPTION
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RESULTS: MERCURY
Abdelouahab et al., 2008; Barbosa et al., 1997 and 2001; Batista et al., 1996; Bjornberg et al., 2003; Chien et al., 2010; Cordier et al., 1998; De Wolf et al., 2009; Dickman et al., 1999; Diez et al., 2008 and 2011; Dolbec et al., 2001; Dorea et al., 2003; Dunn et al., 2008; Elhamri et al., 2007; Foo et al., 1988; Fréry et al., 2011; Gaggi et al., 1996; Gerstenberger et al., 1997; Hajeb et al., 2008; Harada et al., 1998; Holsbeek et al., 1996; Ip et al., 2004; Johnsson et al., 2004; Karouna‐Renier et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2008; Kruzikova et al., 2008; Kyle et al., 1982; Leino and Lodenius, 1995; McDowell et al., 2004; Monrroy et al., 2008; Montuori et al., 2006 Myers et al., 2000 and 2003; Okati et al., 2012; Oskarsson et al., 1990 and 1994; Pinheiro et al., 2005; Reis et al., 2009; Shao et al., 2013; Stern et al., 2001;Wranova et al., 2008.
Present study: 0.28 µg/g
CONCLUSIONS:
The main determinants for levels of children and mothers were:
for urinary cadmium: the age and the urban or rural character of the residence place
for hair mercury: fish consumption and the number of dental amalgam fillings
Compared to health‐based guideline values:
The Belgian urinary Cd and hair Hg results from the DEMOCOPHES project: 129 children (6‐11yr) and their mothers (≤ 45 years)
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CONCLUSIONS:
Compared to health‐based guideline values:
The Belgian urinary Cd and hair Hg results from the DEMOCOPHES project: 129 children (6‐11yr) and their mothers (≤ 45 years)
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Urinary cadmium levels
Source Exposure guidance values Related health effectsWHO 5 µg/g creat Renal dysfunctions in workersJECFA 2.5 µg/g creat Tubular dysfunctions CSTEE 2 µg/g creat Renal dysfunctionsGerman HBM for adults HBM‐I: 1 µg/l
HBM‐II: 4 µg/lRenal dysfunctions in adults
German HBM for children HBM‐I: 0.5 µg/l HBM‐II: 2 µg/l
Renal dysfunctions in children
BE 1.7 ‐ 2 µg/g creat Kidney toxicityOthers BMDL 0.6‐1.1 µg/g creat Glomerular and tubular dysfunctions
Urinary cadmium levels: less than 1% > HBM‐I
0102030405060708090
0.2
0.6 1
1.4
1.8
2.2
2.6 3
3.4
3.8
4.2
4.6 5
Num
ber o
f participants
Hg level (µg/g)
CONCLUSIONS:
Compared to health‐based guideline values:
The Belgian urinary Cd and hair Hg results from the DEMOCOPHES project: 129 children (6‐11yr) and their mothers (≤ 45 years)
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Hair mercury levelsSource Exposure guidance values Related health effects References
WHO 7 µg/g hair ‐ WHO, 2008JECFA 1.3 µg/kg/week Neurodevelopmental effects associated
with in utero exposureJECFA, 2012
US EPA 0.1 µg/kg/day Neurodevelopmental effects associated with in utero exposure
US EPA, 2001
Others <10 µg/g hair Cognitive deficit in 7‐year‐old children with prenatal exposure
Grandjean et al., 1997
US EPAJECFA Mothers: 9% > 1 µg/g hair
Children: 5% > 1 µg/g hairMothers & children:
1% > 1.9 µg/g hair
ACKNOWLEGDMENTS
o The COPHES project was funded by the 7th Framework Programme (DG Research – No. 244237)
o The DEMOCOPHES project was co‐funded by the LIFE+ programme (DG Environment‐LIFE09 ENV/BE000410) and by the Belgian Joint Interministerial Conference on Environment and Health
o Thanks to all of the project partners for their support especially the Belgian team
o Thank you all for your attention
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