1 pre-islamic arabia 2015
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The Christian world before the birth ofThe Christian world before the birth ofMuhammadMuhammad (s) 570 CE(s) 570 CE
CE
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.Mecca
.Medina
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Theories of migration.
There are 2 major theories concerning the location
where the Arab Bedouins moved to.
1- The Winckler 18631913 Caetani 1869-1935Drop out
Theory
2- Eternal Bedouin Theory - Migration caused by
cycle of famine or overpopulation.
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Drop-out Theory
Nomadic life was a later development in Arabia.
First nomads were drop-outs from the settled
population from the north in the Fertile
Crescent forced by over population.
Winckler 18631913 Caetani 1869-1935 Theory
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Winckler 18631913- Caetani(1869-1935) Theory
Eternal Bedouin Theory
Migration caused by cycle of famine or
overpopulation.
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Drop-out theory
Drop-out theory
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Population of Arabia
Original Arab(Qahtani) andArabised Tribes (Adnani)
Original Arab = Bedouins. Nomadic peoples.
Descendent of Qahtan. Settled in the reach and fertile
Yemen
The Adnaniyan Arabs = Descendent of Adnansettledin the central regions
Language = Sabaic. Related to Semitic language
Socio-economic institutions.
The Tribe (Qabila) divided into Clans
( Qawm-s)
-Clans consisted of a number of nuclearfamilies living in separate tents.
-Clan main focus of Bedouins loyalty.
-Survival subject to adherence to the principle
of all for one and one for all.
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Arabs ideals
The Concept of group solidarity
asabiyya.
Generosity Karam
Hospitality dayf
Honour 'ird
The Tribe Cycle
Optimal size 600 individuals
When too big the tribe breaks into components
(Clans) that become separate from the tribe.
The tribe disintegrates from the top because of
splitting into clans
Clans begin to grow becoming themselves new
tribes.
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Identity
-Each tribes remembers the identity of its
brother tribes and cousin tribes.
-Importance of knowing their origins and
descents.
-In order to maintain purity of the tribal
bloodline, marriage were conducted
among closely related tribes.
The institution of the Mawali (Clients)
In accordance with the ideals of hospitality
(dayf) outsiders were sometime accorded
refuge and protection from a tribe otherthan their own.
Mawali were however like second class
citizens and often barred from marrying
into the tribe itself.
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Economic Activity
Breading and herding: sheep, goats, donkeys, horses,and camels used for food, clothing, shelter, fuel, andtransport.
Arabs used specific areas for grazing. Around May orJune the tribe would return to its summer quarters locatedmost of the time near a water well.
Depending on the amount of rainfall the tribe wouldchange location several times during the Winter andSpring.
Weekly market trading (suq) specially during the summermonth. And annual trade fairs within entire regions.
The Camel a socio economic revolution
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Camel introduced in Arab society ataround 1000 B.C.
Superb riding animal. Three times as fastas horse on long distance
Splendid beast of burden. Carrying up to160 kg
Travels 40 Km daily, for 8 days withoutwater in temperatures of 57 degreecentigrade.
Other benefits: Meat, milk, hair and skinfor clothing, dung for fuel.
Acquisition of Wealth
Due to scarcity of resources and water
rivalry was endemic in Arabia.
In difficult situation tribes would depart for
greener land. But for those who remained
warfare among tribes was common. This
would happen because of livestock and
natural resources.
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Ghazw (Razzia-Raid)
Raiding was not considered illegal or immoral.Rather raiding for booty and for the capturefollowed by the ransom of prisoners was alegitimate form of economic enterprise.
B ravery in action either in defense or attackwas considered an other important Bedouinideal.
Raids were conducted against rival tribes,
sedentary villagers or camel caravan thattransported goods from the south of Arabia tothe Fertile Crescent.
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Political InstitutionsPolitical Institutions
"tribal autonomy"do not obeyed any political authority above or beyond it.
council or majl is
The shaykhspokesman ,primus inter pares("first among equals)
Power
The Bedouin tribe was not a "state." (Dawla)
Legal tradition urfor customary law
counter-vengeance leading ultimately to a blood feud
Arab tribesman, he or his nearest kinsman assumed, on a unilateralbasis, the responsibility for seeing that "justice or vengeance wasdone
counter-vengeance leading ultimately to a blood feud
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Cultural InstitutionsCultural Institutions
Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406) explained that the principal differenceIbn Khaldun (d. 1406) explained that the principal differencebetween settled and nomadic populations was that the former,between settled and nomadic populations was that the former,
while lacking "solidaritywhile lacking "solidarity(( asabiyya), developed states andasabiyya), developed states and
possessed "civilization,"whereas the latter possessed solidaritypossessed "civilization,"whereas the latter possessed solidarity
but lacked any real civilization.but lacked any real civilization.
"Arabia, at the rise of Islam, does not appear to have possessed"Arabia, at the rise of Islam, does not appear to have possessed
anything worthy of the name of architecture. Only a small portionanything worthy of the name of architecture. Only a small portion
of the population was settled, and these lived in dwellings whichof the population was settled, and these lived in dwellings which
were scarcely more than hovels (p.were scarcely more than hovels (p. 1).1). K. A. C. CresswellK. A. C. Cresswell
Poetry- Competition during the festifal of Ukaz
The Muallaqt
the suspended Poetry
Qasida (long ode)
ReligionReligion
Paganism, polytheism, fatalismPaganism, polytheism, fatalism
belief in the jinnbelief in the jinn..
Soothsayer (Kahin)Soothsayer (Kahin)
Existing Religions in the AreaExisting Religions in the Area
JudaismJudaism
ChristianityChristianity (various branches)(various branches)
ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism
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AArab kingdomsrab kingdoms
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Kingdom of Palmyra:This state was in the Syro-Arabian desert.
Odenathus, or Volhaina, was made the first king by Emperor Gallienus
in 265 CE. as a reward for his assistance against the Persians. He wassucceeded by his wife, Zenobia (Zainab), who claimed her son,
Athenodorus (Wahballat) was Caesar Augustus. This probably led to
Emperor Aurelian's conquering of the kingdom in 273 C.E.; Zenobia
was captured.
Kinda
A former vassal of the Himyarites, this state lasted from about 480-550
CE. During this brief time, there was a rise in the quality and amount ofliterature produced by the Arabs, especially poetry under the reign of
king Imr'ul' Kais, who himself was a great poet.
Lakhmids
These people were employed by the Persians, ca. 300 CE to fend off
Bedouin raids on thier borders.
GhassanidsThese were descendants of the Nabteans; Harith ibn Jabala, aka Areta,
was given his title by Justinian in 529 CE after the defeat of some Arab
vassals of Persia. The Ghassanids were crushed in 584 by the Persians.
Hira
This was a Christian state, a vassal of the Persian Sassanid dynasty,
located on the border of Persian Iraq.
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The Emergence of Mecca
Mecca had grown by the 6th century into one of the most
significant trade and cultural centers in Arabia. It was
primarily ruled by the Quaraysh tribe, which itself was
made up of smaller clans such as the Hashimites (Prophet
Muhammed's clan, which was in economic decline ) and
the Umayya (the richest mercantile clan). The clan ethic
had been declining as mercantilism rose.
Birth of Mohammad (S)
Muhammad was born sometime between 570 and 580 CE
tradition has it he was born in 570, the Year of the
Elephant , to the clan Banu Hashim. His name meant
'worthy of praise', and he bore the nickname al -Amin the
honest one. His father, Abdallah, died before he was born,
and his mother died when he was only six. He was first
raised by his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib and then by his
uncle, Abu Talib, who was also head of the Hashim clan.
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Murra
Kilab
Amr
Sheyba
Uthman
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