1 early hazard categorization in the early days of civil defense: 1. attack, and 2. natural hazards
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1
Early Hazard Categorization
In the early days of Civil Defense:
1. Attack, and
2. Natural Hazards
2
E.L. Quarantelli
“To the category of natural hazards. . . has been added the
relatively new category of technological accidents and
mishaps. These are the disasters brought about by human
error and the collective mistakes of groups.”
(Quarantelli, 1984)
Thus: (1) Attack
(2) Natural Hazards
(3) Technological Hazards
3
“Man-Made” Hazards
“Miller and Fowlkes (1984) have argued that the
term ‘technological disaster’ renders such events
too impersonal in origin. They believe that such
‘accidents’ are due mainly to the excessive
priority given to industrial profits and advocate
the term ‘man-made disaster’ to indicate
corporate responsibility.” (Smith 1996)
4
Post-Cold War Taxonomy
1. Natural
2. Technological
3. Man-made
5
Dr. David McEntire
• Natural
– Atmospheric
– Geologic/Seismic
– Hydrologic
– Volcanic
– Wildfire
• Environmental
• Biological
– Disease Outbreaks
– Infestations
• Technological
• Human Induced/Civil
6
John Carroll
• Weather
• Man-Made
• Transport and
Communication
• Medical
• Major
Disturbance
• Energy
7
Laurie Pearce, Gerard Hoetmer
Pearce (2000)
1. Natural
2. Diseases, epidemics,
infestation
3. Person-induced
Hoetmer (1991)
1. Natural
2. Technological
3. Civil
4. Environmental
8
ISDR 2002
1. Natural
2. Technological
3. Environmental Degradation
9
“Environmental Degradation”
• Land degradation
• Deforestation
• Wildland fires
• Loss of
biodiversity
• Pollution of land,
water, and air
• Climate change
• Sea-level rise
• Ozone depletion
10
Temporal Components
• Rapid Onset: Flash floods, tornadoes,
earthquakes
• Slow Onset: Drought, heat waves, cold
waves
• Medium-Term Onset: Flooding,
hurricanes
11
Spatial Components
• Diffuse Hazards: Droughts, heat
waves
• Concentrated Hazards: Chemical
spills, train derailments
12
The “Loss” Component
Expected or possible human and
material loss:
• Low
• Medium
• Heavy
13
Data Limitations
• Vague/inaccurate
• Unavailable
• Poorly collected
• Difficult to collect
• Sketchy
• Exaggerated
• Underestimated
• Minimized
14
Today’s Threefold Distinctions
• Natural
• Technological
• Man (or human)
Made (or caused)
or Civil or Willful
• Natural
• Man-Made
• Hybrid (combined
natural and man-
made)
15
Hazard Classification Trends
Disagreement--whether to:
• Expand classification schemes.
OR
• Reduce hazard classifications.
16
On Classification by Origin
“ . . . in many parts of the world, deforestation has
resulted in increased runoff, which then leads to
catastrophic downstream flooding. Is this a natural or a
socially induced hazard? Or consider the use of
technology to control nature, such as dams and levees. . .
Is a wet-year levee break and the subsequent flooding
that follows a technological, natural, or environmental
hazard?” (Cutter, 2001)
17
On Classification by Origin
“Although I stopped using the natural/technological
disaster distinction long ago, I have always felt that there
are other features that might be used to start to
distinguish certain categories of disasters.
. . . no single dimension is enough on which to
base a typology.”
(Quarantelli, 1998a)
18
On Classification by Origin
“As we have done a number of times before, we want to
restate that to pursue the current popular fad of
distinguishing between so-called natural disasters and
technological disasters is to pursue an unfruitful path.
There are differences between disasters, but they
do not result from their supposed source in nature or
technology, a simple minded common sense distinction
at best.” (Quarantelli, 1987)
19
On Classification: Other Criteria
“. . . disasters caused by technological agents constitute
a distinct genre because the social and behavioral
patterns that occur in emergencies and disasters
involving technological agents differ from those that are
commonly observed in natural disasters, and because the
two types of events tend to differ in their short- and
longer-term consequences.”
(Tierney, Lindell and Perry, 2001)
20
On Classification: Other Criteria
“. . . Natural hazards result from a
lack of control, whereas
technological hazards result from a
loss of control.”
(Pearce, 2000)
21
Areas of Distinction
1. Causation differs.
2. Reactions differ.
3. Consequences differ.
22
Continuation of Distinctions
• Assists in thinking about causes, sources,
consequences and differing reactions to hazard
types.
• Broadens awareness of fuller range of hazards and
stakeholders.
• Assists in moving forward with areas such as risk
assessments and communicating with the public.
23
McEntire: Hazard Relationships
A. Natural hazards may initiate other
natural hazards.
B. Natural hazards may initiate other
technological hazards.
C. Technological hazards may initiate
other natural/environmental hazards.
24
McEntire: Hazard Relationships
D. Natural/environmental hazards may
initiate other biological/natural hazards.
E. Human-induced/civil hazards may
initiate other technological/biological
hazards.
F. Other unique combinations.
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