the powderkeg explodes sarejevo, june 28, 1914- assassination of archduke francis ferdinand (heir...
Post on 15-Jan-2016
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
The Powderkeg explodesSarejevo, June 28, 1914-Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Heir to Austrian Throne)
•Killed by Gavrilo Princip•Member of Serbian Nationalist group “The Black Hand”Opposed Austrian rule
Background Causes•Militarism
•Alliances
• Imperialism
•Nationalism
Keeping armed forces prepared for war.
Belligerent (War-like attitude)Arms race among European powers
Ex. Fiercest rivalry between Germany & Britain
Military or economic friendship between countries (Ex.Treaties)Pre-War
–Triple Alliance–Triple Entente
During War–Central Powers–Allied Powers
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Germany BritainAustria-Hungary France
Italy Russia
competition among Europeans for colonies in Africa & Asia
Pride in one’s country or desire for independence
Balkans –Ethnic Strife–Powder Keg
Germany–Proud of growing military & industrial
strength
German 24%
Hungarian 20%
Czech 13%
Polish 10%
Ruthenian 8%
Romanian 6%
Croat 5%
Slovak 4%
Serb 4%
Slovene 3%
Italian 3%
The ethnic distribution of Austria-Hungary
France
•Wanted Revenge for losing Alsace & Lorraine
Russia
•Pan-Slavism- wanted to unite all Slavic Peoples (Ex. Balkans)
Austria –
•Against all Slavic nationalism
Alliance System Kicks inGermany offers Aust. Carte BlancheAustrians issue Serbia ultimatum Austria - Hungary Declares War on SerbiaRussia Mobilizes its forcesGermany declares war on RussiaGermany declares War on France
Germany invades Neutral Belgium to gain access to France
In response Britain declares war on Germany
“The Lamps are going out all over Europe. We Shall not see them lit again in our lifetime” Sir Edward Grey
Central Powers Allied PowersGermany Britain
Austria-Hungary France
Ottoman Empire U.S.
(1917)
Bulgaria Italy ***
China Japan
German military plan @ outset of war•Rapidly defeat France & than attack Russia•German army stalls outside Paris (Marne)Plan failed Forced to fight a two front war
•Marne River- Germans stopped @ outskirts of Paris ending Schlieffen Plan•Verdun – German offensive failed•Somme River- Allied Offensive failedMillions of soldiers killed for no gain
Located on the French and German border
• French and British Vs. German and
Italian forces• Schleifan Plan Fails• Trench Warfare• Stalemate- Battle lines
remained unchanged
opposing armies fight each other from dug in trenches
• No Mans Land in middle
• Horrible conditionsTrench footShellshock
Advances in weaponry =More death & destruction than ever before (8.5 mill. Killed)
Submarine WarfareSubmarine Warfare
War in the AirWar in the Air
TanksTanks
Original British tank
German tank
French tank
U.S.
Heavy ArtilleryHeavy Artillery
Poison GasPoison Gas
Machine GunsMachine Guns
FlamethrowersFlamethrowers
Grenade launcher
Fought on 3 continents
Over 30 countries involved
Two oceans
Located along the German and Russian border
• Russian and Serbians Vs. Germans, Austrians, and Turks
• More mobile than western Front
•British help Arab nationalists rise up against Turks
•Lawrence of Arabia leads guerilla raids
•Allies gain control of Baghdad,Jerusalem, Damascus
•Allied plan to attack Ottoman Empire
•Hoped to take control of Dardanelles
•Wanted to establish supply lines to RussiaPlan failed
•Balfour Declaration
•British support a Jewish national homeland in PalestineTroubles still exist today
•Japanese gain control of German possessions in China & the Pacific
•England & France seize German possessions in Africa
•British & French colonies support allied war efforts
•Britain imposes Naval Blockade of Germany•German U- Boats attacked Allied shipsBoth nations experienced severe food shortages
Countries devoted all resources to the war effort
•Command Economy
Govt. decides what to produce & how much
Govt. converted facilities into factories
Unemployment non-existent
•Taxes were raised & monies borrowed to finance the war
•War Bonds
•Government drafted men to fight
•Woman more involved in the workforce
•Contributions helped them in gaining right to vote after the war
•Rationing
•Limited the amount of goods people could buy
•Ex. Butter, leather, etc. were needed for the war effort
•Victory Gardens
•Censorship
•Govt. controlled info about the war
•Propaganda
•The spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
I. 1917 U.S. Enters War
II.1918 Russia withdraws from War
Proclaimed neutrality @ outset of hostilities
•Public opinion divided over loyalties (Central vs. allies?)
•U.S. traded & lent money to both sides
•Wilson reelected under slogan”He Kept us out of the war”
•German policy of unrestricted Submarine Warfare
•Ex. Lusitania- American lives lost
•Zimmerman telegram
•U.S. public outraged
•Wilson declares war
•Not industrialized (lack of supplies)
•Only strength is #’s
•Lack of leadership/morale
•Civil unrest @ homeShortages, death toll, riots
Russian Revolution of 1917
•Lenin promises “Peace, Bread, & Land”
•Signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
Separate peace with Central PowersRussia leaves warHarsh(Russia loses enormous amounts of land)
•U.S. Troops help allies defeat exhauster German army @ the 2nd Battle of the Marne
•Allies push towards Germany
•Kaiser Wilhelm forced to abdicate
•New German government (Weimer Republic) signs armistice
•Nov. 11,1918 @ 11 am the armistice is signed
Veterans day is Nov. 11
8.5 million killed/17 million woundedMass destruction/famineHuge War debts/reparationsNew technology introducedU.S. becomes creditor nationEnd of major empires-A/Hungary, Germany, Russia, OttomanTurksTreaty of Versailles WWII
•Held @ The Palace of Versailles, France•Decisions made by major Allied powers•Germany & its allies not represented but had to abide by decisions•Russia not represented
In the midst of Civil War
•Representatives of the 4 major allied powers
U.S.- Woodrow Wilson
Great Britain- David Lloyd George
France- Georges Clemenceau
Italy- Vittorio Orlando
** Each came w/ their own agenda
British & French Representatives wanted to punish Germany
•Strip Germany of War making powers
•Pay for suffering caused by war
Wilson wanted “Peace without Victory” based on his 14 points
Plan for achieving a just & lasting peace
•End to secret treaties
•Freedom of Seas
•Free trade
•Reduced militaries
•Self determination for new nations
A League of Nations (14th Point)
•Organization of Nations that would solve world conflicts through diplomacy
•Similar to the United Nations today
League of Nations formedGermany & Russia originally excluded
Territorial losses for Germany
•Alsace Lorraine
•French border extended to Rhine
•All overseas colonies
Military RestrictionsLimited size of German ArmyProhibited manufacturing or purchase of War MaterialsForbid submarines & air ForceRhineland becomes de-militarized zone
War Guilt Clause
Harshest provision
Sole responsibility for war placed on Germany
Germany forced to pay allies $33 billion in reparationsGermans were horrified by treaty
•Austro Hungarian Empire carved into
•Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, & Yugoslavia
•Ottoman lands became Mandates
•Territories administered by a Western Power
•Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan,etc.
U.S. rejected Treaty & League of NationsMandates in Africa & Asia upset about not gaining independenceItaly & Japan hoped to gain more territoryTreaty left bitterness & hatred in hearts of Germans
Would set the stage for WWII
8.5 million killed/17 million woundedMass destruction/famineHuge War debts/reparationsNew technology introducedU.S. becomes creditor nationEnd of major empires-A/Hungary, Germany, Russia, OttomanTurksTreaty of Versailles WWII
top related