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‚ Ó Ô Ó Ò ˚
ù Î Â Í Ú Ó Ì Ì ˚ È Ê Û Ì ‡ Î û ë à Ä
é Í Ú fl · ¸ 1 9 9 8
í Ó Ï 3 ç Ó Ï Â 3
ÇÒ β‰Ë Óʉ‡˛ÚÒflÒ‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ÏË Ë ‡‚Ì˚ÏË
‚ Ò‚ÓÂÏ ‰ÓÒÚÓËÌÒÚ‚Â Ë Ô‡‚‡ı.
Ç Ò Â Ó · ˘ Â È Ñ Â Í Î ‡ ‡ ˆ Ë ËÔ ‡ ‚ ˜ ÂÎ Ó ‚ Â Í ‡50ÎÂÚ
Ñe Ï Ó Í ‡ Ú à à
1
LT C Z N J U J LT RF Å H Z JN V T X F T N C Z
50-z ujljdobyf ghbyznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-
wbb ghfd xtkjdtrf JJY. D xtcnm ghtlcnjzot-
uj cjåsnbz Byajhvfwbjyyjt futyncndj CIF
gjlujnjdbkj cgtwbfkmysq dsgecr äktr-
nhjyyjuj éehyfkf ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥. Jy
gjcdzoty pfobnybrfv ghfd xtkjdtrf dj dctv
vbht. Bö cfvjjndthétyyfz hfåjnf dj bvz
ghfd, pfrhtgktyysö Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbtq,
dljöyjdkztn kñltq gjdcñle yf ptvkt.
D éehyfkt eltktyj dybvfybt yt njkmrj
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb b pyfxtybñ 30 bpkjéty-
ysö d ytq ghbywbgjd, yj b hjcne vtéleyfhjl-
yjuj ldbétybz d pfobne ghfd xtkjdtrf, bcnjx-
ybrjv rjnjhjuj jyf zdbkfcm. D cgtwbfkmyjv gj-
ckfybb, gjlujnjdktyyjv r yfcnjzotq geåkbrf-
wbb, änjn vjvtyn jcjåj gjlxthrbdftn ghtpbltyn
Åbkk Rkbynjy. Dcktl pf pfzdktybtv ghtpblty-
nf ghbdjlzncz dslthérb bp htxb gthdjq ktlb
Öbkkfhb Hjläv Rkbynjy yf ctccbb Utythfkm-
yjq Fccfvåktb d Ltym ghfd xtkjdtrf 1997 u.,
rjnjhfz jpyfvtyjdfkf yfxfkj ghfplyjdfybz
50-q ujljdobys Ltrkfhfwbb.
Léjy Iännfr, xtq chjr yf gjcne gjvjoyb-
rf Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz CIF gj djghj-
cfv ltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf bcntrf-
J n h t l f r w b b
50-z ujljdobyf Dctjåottq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf JJY
2
tn, dcgjvbyftn j cdjtq hfåjnt d änjq ljkéyjc-
nb d hfpdthyenjv bynthdmñ, rjnjhjt ghjdtk
jlby bp htlfrnjhjd éehyfkf Hbr Vfhifkk.
Iännfr erfpsdftn yf ghjuhtcc, ljcnbuyensq d
htfkbpfwbb yfxthnfyyjq Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwb-
tq gthcgtrnbds, b hfpvsikztn yfl ntvb ghj-
åktvfvb d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf, rjnjhst vb-
he tot ghtlcnjbn htibnm.
D cnfnmt ≤Gthcgtrnbds ghfd xtkjdtrf≥ dj-
ctvm fdnjhjd – ldf xktyf Rjyuhtccf CIF, ldf
ghtlcnfdbntkz JJY b xtndthj dctvbhyjbpdtcn-
ysö åjhwjd pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf – ltkzncz cdjb-
vb vsckzvb j Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb, j htpekm-
nfnfö, ljcnbuyensö c vjvtynf tt ghbyznbz, b j
pflfxfö, rjnjhst tot ghtlcnjbn htibnm.
Dct jcyjdyst vbhjdst htkbubb ghblfdfkb
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf ukeåjrbq cvsck. Jlyfrj cdj-
åjlf dthjbcgjdtlfybz, jlby bp cnjkgjd Dctjå-
otq ltrkfhfwbb, d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb ybrjulf
yt hfccvfnhbdfkfcm rfr eybdthcfkmyjt ghfdj b
ybrjulf yt jåtcgtxbdfkfcm gjdctvtcnyj. Äne
ghjåktve hfccvfnhbdftn Atkbc Ufqth, lbhtr-
njh Bycnbnenf ghfd xtkjdtrf bvtyb Zrjåf Åkfe-
intqyf. Tt jxthr cjghjdjélftncz gjlåjhrjq
dslthétr, pfnhfubdfñobö ghfdf xtkjdtrf, bp
hfpkbxysö cdzotyysö rybu.
Jå bcnjhbb yfgbcfybz Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-
wbb hfccrfpsdftn Lädbl Gbnnc. Åjktt ldeö
ktn gjnhtåjdfkjcm yf nj, xnjås pfdthibnm änjn
uhfylbjpysq ghjtrn, d öjlt jceotcndktybz rj-
njhjuj åskj ytvfkj dpktnjd b gfltybq. Yj
10 ltrfåhz 1948 u. dgthdst d bcnjhbb xtkjdt-
xtcndf åsk endthélty jghtltktyysq yfåjh
ghfd b cdjåjl lkz dctö kñltq, ult ås jyb
yb ébkb.
Éehyfk pfdthiftn cnfnmz Ebkmzvf Rjhb,
fdnjhf vyjujxbcktyysö rybu j pfrjyjlfntkmcn-
dt d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf b bö bcnjhbb,
drkñxfz njkmrj xnj bplfyyeñ hfåjne ≤Ytghf-
dbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb b Dctjåofz ltr-
kfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf≥. Rjhb bccktletn hjcn
vtéleyfhjlyjuj ldbétybz d pfobne ghfd xtkj-
dtrf gjckt ghbyznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb,
drkñxfz cajhvbhjdfdibtcz pf änb ujls vtöf-
ybpvs hfåjns JJY b ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö
ghfdjpfobnysö jhufybpfwbq.
Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, gthdsq ghtlctlf-
ntkm Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf,
c pfrjyxtyysv ntrcnjv Dctjåotq
ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf
C J L T H É F Y B T
3
Djghjcs LTVJRHFNBB
J R N Z Å H M 1 9 9 8 U .
5
G J C K F Y B T Å B K K F R K B Y N J Y F ,
G H T P B L T Y N F C J T L B Y T Y Y S Ö I N F N J D F V T H B R B
7
J D C T J Å O T Q L T R K F H F W B B G H F D X T K J D T R F
Dscnegktybt gthdjq ktlb CIF Öbkkfhb Hjläv Rkbynjy j pyfxtybb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf,
d xfcnyjcnb, tt pyfxtybt lkz pfobns ghfd étyoby
1 3
G H F D F X T K J D T R F : Y F C K T L B T B Å E L E O T T
B Y N T H D M Ñ C L É J Y J V I Ä N N F R J V
Gjrblfñobq cdjq gjcn gjvjoybr ujcctrhtnfhz gj djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf
Léjy Iännfr hfccrfpsdftn j ghjuhtcct, ljcnbuyenjv d htfkbpfwbb gjkjétybq Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb,
b j gkfyfö d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf yf åeleott.
1 7
D P U K Z L S Y F G H F D F X T K J D T R F
R J Y U H T C C C I F
Xkty Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq Njv Kfynjc, cjghtlctlfntkm Rjvbntnf Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq gj ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf, b ctyfnjh Fkmajyct L’Fvfnj, cjghtlctlfntkm Rjvbccbb Rjyuhtccf gj djghjcfv åtpjgfcyjcnb
b cjnhelybxtcndf d Tdhjgt, dshféfñn cdjñ gjpbwbñ jnyjcbntkmyj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf;
ghbdjlbncz nfrét htpjkñwbz Rjyuhtccf.
J H UF Y B P F W B B J Å Ü T L B Y T Y Y S Ö Y F W B Q
Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm JJY Rjab Fyyfy b Dthöjdysq rjvbccfh JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf Vähb Hjåbycjy
dscrfpsdfñn cdjb vsckb j dctjåoyjcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf.
X T N D T H J D C T V B H Y J B P D T C N Y S Ö Å J H W J D P F G H F D F X T K J D T R F
Ghtpbltyn Ñéyjq Rjhtb Rbv Nä Léey, ghtpbltyn Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrb Dfwkfd Ufdtk, Feyu Cfy Ce Xéb,
Utythfkmysq ctrhtnfhm Yfwbjyfkmyjq kbub pf ltvjrhfnbñ d Åbhvt, b Ghtpbltyn Ñéyj-Fahbrfycrjq
Htcgeåkbrb Ytkmcjy Vfyltkf – ujdjhzn j pyfxtybb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb,
b rfélsq jwtybdftn tt cj cdjtq njxrb phtybz.
4
2 9
P F O B N F H T K B U B J P Y J Q C D J Å J L S
Atkbc Ufqth, lbhtrnjh Bycnbnenf ghfd xtkjdtrf bvtyb Létqrjåf Åkfeintqyf Fvthbrfycrjuj tdhtqcrjuj
rjvbntnf, ljrfpsdftn, xnj htkbubjpyfz cdjåjlf ufhfynbhetncz yt njkmrj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbtq ghfd xt-
kjdtrf, yj b lheubvb dféysvb ljrevtynfvb vtéleyfhjlyjuj ghfdf. D äcct ghbdjlzncz nfrét dslthérb,
pfnhfubdfñobt ghfdf xtkjdtrf, bp hfpysö cdzotyysö ntrcnjd.
3 4
Å K F U J H J L Y J T Y F X B Y F Y B T
Htlfrnjh-rjycekmnfyn Lädbl Gbnnc hfccrfpsdftn j ldeö ujlfö hfåjns yfl ghjtrnjv Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb.
4 1
Y T G H F D B N T K M C N D T Y Y S T J H UF Y B P F W B B : 5 0 K T N Å J H M Å S P F G H F D F X T K J D T R F
Bpdtcnysq åjhtw pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf Ebkmzv Rjhb fyfkbpbhetn hjcn b frnbdbpfwbñ vtéleyfhjlyjuj ldbét-
ybz pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf gjckt ghbyznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb.
4 9
Å B Å K B J U H F A B Z
Gjcktlybt rybub b cnfnmb j Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf b j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf d wtkjv.
5 1
C N H F Y B W S D B Y N T H Y T N T
Cnhfybws dj Dctvbhyjq äktrnhjyyjq ctnb, gjcdzotyyst Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Njxrb phtybz, bpkjétyyst yf gthtxbcktyysö pltcm cnhfybwfö Bynthytnf, yt dctulf jnhféfñn dpukzls ghfdbntkmcndf CIF.
BPLFNTKM HJPVFHB RHJRTNN
UKFDYSQ HTLFRNJH VFHR CVBN
JNDTNCNDTYYSQ HTLFRNJH LÄDBL GBNNC
HTLFRNJH-RJYCEKMNFYN HBR VFHIFKK
PFVTCNBNTKM UKFDYJUJ HTLFRNJHF EÄQY ÖJKK
HTLFRNJH BYNTHYTNF LTÅJHF ÅHFEY
HTLFRNJHS ÄCNTKK ÅÄQHL
CÑPFY RKBHB
VJYF ÄCRETYNB
CNÑFHL UJHBY
RFHKF ÖÄNNJY
RFNKBY ÖFU
CGHFDJXYSQ JNLTK RÄHJK YJHNJY
ÅFHÅFHF CÄYLTHC
ÖELJÉTCNDTYYSQ HTLFRNJH LFQFY DEKDTHNJY
UHFABXTCRJT JAJHVKTYBT CBKMDBZ CRJNN
HTLFRWBJYYFZ RJKKTUBZ ÖJDFHL CBYRJNNF
HJPVFHB RHJRTNN
LÉJY LÄDBC ÖÄVBKK
HTLFRNJHS HECCRJUJ BPLFYBZ YFNFIF ÅFHÅFI
KBLBZ DJHJYBYF
BKMZ CECKJD
Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF, geåkbretvst b gthtlfdftvst gj dctve vbhe c nhtöytltkmysv bynthdfkjv, jcdtofñn frnefkmyst ghjåktvs, cnjzobt gthtl Cjtlb-ytyysvb Infnfvb b vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcndjv. Änb éehyfks, rjnjhst dsöjlzn d cthbzö ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥, cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbb b ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj cjjndtncndeñotq ntvf-nbrt. Dct éehyfks gthtdjlzncz yf ahfywepcrbq b bcgfycrbq zpsrb, f jnltkmyst yjvthf dsöjlzn yf fhfåcrjv, gjhneufkmcrjv b heccrjv zpsrfö. Vytybz, dscrf-psdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, ytjåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Ghjcbv dfc ghbyznm dj dybvfybt, xnj ÑCBC yt ytctn jndtncndty-yjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b ljcneg r ghbdjlbvsv cfqnfv ctnb Bynthytn; gjljåyfz jndtncndtyyjcnm wtkbrjv ktébn yf gjcnfdobrfö byajhvfwbb. Geåkbretvst cnfnmbvjuen djcghjbpdjlbnmcz b gthtdjlbnmcz yf lheubt zpsrb pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, tckb jyb yt cjghjdjélfñncz juhfybxtybzvb, rfcfñobvbcz fdnjh-crbö ghfd. Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd vjéyj gjkexbnm c yfxfkmyjq cnhfybws Byajhvfwbjyyjq ckeéås CIF (ÑCBC) dj dctvbhyjq rjvgmñnthyjqctnb gj flhtce: “http://www.usia.gov/journals.htm”. Éehyfks geåkbreñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz eghjotybz bö ghjcvjnhf, gthtlfxb, dsdjlf bgtxfnb. Rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz gj gjdjle änbö éehyfkjd vjéyj ghbcskfnm d vtcnyjt jnltktybt ÑCBC bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce: Editor, Issues of Democracy(I/TDHR), U.S. Information Agency, 310 4th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547, United States of America.
Ä K T R N H J Y Y S T É E H Y F K S Ñ C B F
D J G H J C S L T V J R H F N B B
B Y A J H V F W B J Y Y J T Å Ñ H J • B Y A J H V F W B J Y Y J T F U T Y N C N D J C I F • e j d e m o s @ u s i a . g o v
J R N Z Å H M 1 9 9 8 U .
5
D C D Z P B C G H F P LY J D F Y B T V 50-q uj-
ljdobys Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdt-
rf evtcnyj gjhfpvsikznm j njv, rfrjt dkbz-
ybt jyf jrfpfkf yf yfie ébpym, f nfrét ghj-
fyfkbpbhjdfnm nt ghjåktvs, rjnjhst tot
ghtlcnjbn htibnm lkz djgkjotybz d ébpym tt
åkfujhjlysö ghbywbgjd. Änjn ljrevtyn hj-
lbkcz bp ukeåby xtkjdtxtcrjuj jnxfzybz gjc-
kt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, rjulf kñlb jcjpyf-
kb, rfr lfktrj jyb vjuen pfqnb d cdjtv åtc-
xtkjdtxyjv jnyjitybb lheu r lheue. Ctqxfc,
gjkdtrf cgecnz, åjkmibycndj kñltq ptvyjuj
ifhf cdjåjlyj dsåbhftn cdjt ghfdbntkmcndj.
B änb ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt ghfdbntkmcndf pyfñn,
xnj jyb gjljnxtnys bpåhfditve bö yfhjle b
jåzpfys pfobofnm ghfdf, edtrjdtxtyyst dj
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb.
Änf Ltrkfhfwbz – jlby bp yfbåjktt dfé-
ysö ljrevtynjd 20-uj cnjktnbz b gjbcnbyt dctq
xtkjdtxtcrjq bcnjhbb, gjcrjkmre änj gthdfz
gjgsnrf cajhvekbhjdfnm xfzybz dctö yfhjljd
vbhf. Fdnjhs Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb d ntxtybt
nhtö ktn egjhyj hfåjnfkb yfl gjybvfybtv b
ufhvjybpfwbtq hfpkbxysö rekmnehysö nhflbwbq
b eåtéltybq, b htpekmnfnjv änbö ecbkbq cnfkf
cjdjregyjcnm ghfd, ghtjljktdfñobö, gj jåotve
5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y
Gjckfybt ghtpbltynf
6
ghbpyfybñ, yfwbjyfkmyst, cjwbfkmyst b rekm-
nehyst uhfybws. Nt 18 ltktufnjd, rjnjhst
cjåhfkbcm dvtcnt gjl velhsv b xenrbv herj-
djlcndjv Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn b cjcnfdbkb Dct-
jåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ, bvtkb d dble yt njkmrj
jghtltktyysq gjk – veéxby, bkb ghbdbktubhj-
dfyyst uheggs, bkb rfreñ-kbåj rjyrhtnyeñ
hfce bkb htkbubñ. Zpsr ljrevtynf zcyj ukf-
cbn: ≤Dct kñlb hjélfñncz cdjåjlysvb b hfd-
ysvb≥.
10 ltrfåhz 1948 u. Utythfkmyfz Fccfvåktz
Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghbyzkf
Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ åtp tlbyjuj ujkjcf ghj-
nbd. Pf gjcktlybt gjkdtrf cjlthéfybt 30 cnf-
ntq Ltrkfhfwbb djikj d cjpyfybt kñltq dctuj
vbhf. Ntgthm yf ybö gjcnjzyyj ccskfñncz d
rjycnbnewbzö b celfö. Jyb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq
yjhve, c gjvjomñ rjnjhjq dct vs ntgthm lj-
kéys jwtybdfnm ctåz. Euhjps cdjåjlt tot ce-
otcndeñn, b ghfdf xtkjdtrf dct tot d jgfcyjc-
nb. D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö vs tot yt dgjkyt
jcdjåjlbkbcm jn afyfnbpvf b ytnthgbvjcnb.
Ult-nj ltvjrhfnbb tot njkmrj ghtlcnjbn ghjkj-
ébnm cdjq genm; ult-nj tt rjhyb lj cbö gjh
ytukeåjrb. Jåotcndj jcfélfñn ytufnbdyst cb-
ks – jn yfhrjrfhntktq lj jhufybpjdfyyjq ght-
cnegyjcnb. Ckbirjv vyjuj étyoby d vbht
cnhflfñn jn hfpyjuj hjlf ytcghfdtlkbdjcnb. Yt
dtplt edféftncz ghfdj xtkjdtrf bcgjkyznm ht-
kbubjpyst jåhzls d cjjndtncndbb cj cdjtq cj-
dtcnmñ. Öjnz vjoyst cbks byajhvfwbjyyjuj
dtrf kjvfñn dct ghtuhfls, ghbåkbéfz yfc lheu
r lheue, tot ltkfñncz gjgsnrb gjcflbnm kñltq
gjl pfvjr b yt ljgecrfnm bltb bpdyt. B d
ckbirjv vyjubö cnhfyfö yt ufhfynbhetncz dth-
öjdtycndj pfrjyf, d njv xbckt d jåkfcnb pfob-
ns ghfd vtymibycnd.
Yjdjhjéltyyjt lbnz yt evttn ytyfdbltnm
– tuj yeéyj yfexbnm änjve. Yj tuj nfrét vjé-
yj yfexbnm b lheujve, n.t. djcgbnfnm d ytv
wtyyjcnb kñådb b edfétybz r lheubv kñlzv,
ghtljcnfdbd tve djpvjéyjcnm hfpdbnbz pfkj-
étyysö d ytv cgjcjåyjcntq b erhtgbd d ytv
cbke leöf. B änj åeltn kexibv cgjcjåjv gjx-
nbnm dtkbrbö uhfélfy vbhf, lfdibö yfv änjn
pfvtxfntkmysq lfh – Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ
ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Åbkk Rkbynjy ,
G H T P B L T Y N C J T L B Y T Y Y S Ö I N F N J D
Ghtpbltyn Åbkk Rkbynjy
7
Dslthérb bp dscnegktybz
gthdjq ktlb CIF Öbkkfhb
Hjläv Rkbynjy d Jhufybpf-
wbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq
10 ltrfåhz 1997 ujlf gj
ckexfñ yfxfkf ñåbktqyjuj
gznbltcznjuj ujlf Dctjåotq
ltrkfhfwbb ghfd
xtkjdtrf.
CJ H J R LT D Z N M K T N yfpfl vbh ghbyzk
yjdst jåobt yjhvs xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf
b pfytc bö d rjltrc, gj rjnjhjve yfhjlfv vbhf
ghtlcnjzkj ébnm lfkmit.
Chtlb kñltq, hfphfåfnsdfdibö änjn rj-
ltrc, åskf b Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, ghtlcnfdkzd-
ifz njulf CIF d Rjvbccbb JJY gj ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf. Änj ghjbcöjlbkj d Gfhbét. Kñlb,
rjnjhsv ghtlcnjzkj yfgbcfnm ntrcn ltrkfhf-
wbb, åskb ltktubhjdfys nfrbvb ytgjöjébvb
lheu yf lheuf cnhfyfvb, rfr Kbdfy, Xbkb,
Ahfywbz, Rbnfq b Erhfbyf. Gthtl ybvb cnjz-
kf wtkm cjplfnm Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xt-
kjdtrf – gthdjt d bcnjhbb xtkjdtxtcndf vtéle-
yfhjlyjt cjukfitybt j ghfdfö.
Ytrjnjhst bp cdjbö cfvsö dféysö ehjrjd
veétcndf xtkjdtxtcndj gjkexftn njkmrj gjckt
cfvsö cnhfiysö nhfutlbq. Änf ltrkfhfwbz gj-
zdbkfcm d vbht, rjnjhsq bcgsnfk dct eéfcs
vbkbnfhbpvf b afibpvf. Gjckt njuj, rfr kñlb
edbltkb, lj rfrjq cntgtyb åtcxtkjdtxyjcnb jyb
vjuen ljqnb gj jnyjitybñ r lheu lheue, jyb,
5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y
J Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf
Öbkkfhb Hjläv Rkbynjy
8
yfrjytw, cjukfcbkbcm cktljdfnm jghtltktyysv
jåobv yjhvfv d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Gjpdjkmnt vyt pfxbnfnm jnhsdjr bp änjuj
ljrevtynf: ≤...ghtytåhtétybt b ghtphtybt r
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf ghbdtkb r dfhdfhcrbv frnfv,
rjnjhst djpveofñn cjdtcnm xtkjdtxtcndf...
Cjplfybt nfrjuj vbhf, d rjnjhjv kñlb åelen
bvtnm cdjåjle ckjdf b eåtéltybq b åelen
cdjåjlys jn cnhföf b yeéls, ghjdjpukfityj
rfr dscjrjt cnhtvktybt kñltq... D cdzpb c
änbv Utythfkmyfz Fccfvåktz ghjdjpukfiftn
yfcnjzoeñ Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkj-
dtrf d rfxtcndt pflfxb, r dsgjkytybñ rjnj-
hjq ljkéys cnhtvbnmcz dct yfhjls b dct uj-
celfhcndf...≥
D ljrevtynt nfrét dscrfpfyf vsckm, rjnj-
hfz, ytcvjnhz yf dcñ cdjñ jxtdblyjcnm, ckbi-
rjv xfcnj yt yföjlbn gjybvfybz: ≤Dct kñlb
hjélfñncz cdjåjlysvb b hfdysvb d cdjtv lj-
cnjbycndt b ghfdfö. Jyb yfltktys hfpevjv b
cjdtcnmñ b ljkéys gjcnegfnm d jnyjitybb
lheu lheuf d leöt åhfncndf≥.
Frn geåkbxyjuj gjlgbcfybz änjq ltrkfhf-
wbb cnhfyfvb vbhjdjuj cjjåotcndf gjyfxfke
rfpfkcz frnjv åtcghtwtltynyjuj bltfkbpvf.
Vtéle ntv, änjn frn ghjbpjitk yt d dfreevt.
Änj åsk jndtn yf vbhjdjt pkj – b z evsikty-
yj egjnhtåkzñ änj ckjdj.
Nt, rnj rjulf-kbåj bpexfk bcnjhbñ Rfnfc-
nhjas (wtktyfghfdktyyjuj eåbqcndf yfwbcnfvb
6 vbkkbjyjd tdhttd d ujls Dnjhjq vbhjdjq
djqys), pyfñn j njv, xnj yfwbcns cvjukb cj-
dthibnm dct cdjb ghtcnegktybz bvtyyj gjnj-
ve, xnj jyb cevtkb gjcntgtyyj cepbnm rheu kñ-
ltq, rjnjhsö jyb ghbxbckzkb r xtkjdtxtcrjve
hjle. Chfpe ét gjckt ghböjlf r dkfcnb jyb yf-
xfkb gjcntgtyyj, ifu pf ifujv, bcgjkmpez pf-
rjys b ghjgfufyle, jåüzdkznm ≤yt kñlmvb≥
gcböbxtcrb åjkmysö, ckfåsö kñltq, wsufy, uj-
vjctrcefkbcnjd, tdhttd, nj tcnm, dctö ntö, xmz
ébpym, gj bö ajhvekbhjdrt, åskf ≤yt ljcnjq-
yf ébpyb≥.
Hfpevttncz, änj ghjzdktybt ntvyjq, öjkjl-
yjq jåkfcnb xtkjdtxtcrjq leib, ult ghjbcöj-
lbn cyfxfkf jnrfp jn gjybvfybz, pfntv jn cj-
xedcndbz b, yfrjytw, jn ghbpyfybz lheujuj xt-
kjdtrf ctåt gjljåysv, yt eybrfkmyj lkz yf-
wbcncrjq Uthvfybb. Änjn xtkjdtxtcrbq gjhjr,
änf cgjcjåyjcnm r ltuevfybpfwbb lheubö kñltq
yfåkñlfkbcm dj dct dhtvtyf b dj dctö cnhfyfö.
B änj bvtyyj njn gjhjr, åjhmåe c rjnjhsv ghj-
djpukfcbkf Ltrkfhfwbz.
R cxfcnmñ, d ntxtybt njuj gjkedtrjdjuj gt-
hbjlf, rjnjhsq ghjitk c vjvtynf hjéltybz
Ltrkfhfwbb, yfv, rfr xtkjdtxtcrjve hjle, elf-
dfkjcm gjcnjzyyj hfcibhznm gjyznbt xtkjdt-
xtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf. Åkfujlfhz änjve ljrevty-
ne e kñltq b ujcelfhcnd tcnm yjhvf, cnfylfhn,
c gjvjomñ rjnjhjuj vjéyj bpvthbnm b jwtybnm
jåütv ghtljcnfdktyysö jcyjdjgjkfufñobö
ghfd. Vyjubt bp ntö cnhfy, rjnjhst gjzdbkbcm
pf gjcktlybt 50 ktn, cjplfdfkb cdjb rjycnbne-
wbb, xthgfz dljöyjdtybt bp änjq Ltrkfhfwbb.
Cels d cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb exbnsdfñn gjkjét-
ybz Ltrkfhfwbb; jyf ét cjcnfdkztn jcyjde ltz-
ntkmyjcnb vtéleyfhjlysö nhbåeyfkjd gj djty-
ysv ghtcnegktybzv; jyf gjldbukf ghfdbntkmcn-
Gthdfz ktlb Öbkkfhb Hjläv Rkbynjy
9
df yf cjplfybt cjåcndtyysö rjvbccbq gj pfob-
nt jcyjdysö cdjåjl.
D öjlt rjyathtywbb JJY gj ghfdfv xtkj-
dtrf, cjcnjzditqcz d Dtyt d 1993 u., bvtyyj
eåtlbntkmysq ntrcn änjq Ltrkfhfwbb dljöyj-
dbk exfcnybrjd yf exhtéltybt gjcnf Dthöjd-
yjuj rjvbccfhf gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf. Öjxe pf-
vtnbnm, xnj b JJY, b dctve vbhe gjdtpkj d
njv, xnj änjn gjcn pfybvftn Vähb Hjåbycjy. D
öjlt Xtndthnjuj dctvbhyjuj rjyuhtccf éty-
oby, cjcnjzditujcz d 1995 u., bvtyyj änf Ltr-
kfhfwbz gjpdjkbkf yfv pfzdbnm yf dtcm vbh j
njv, xnj jåotxtkjdtxtcrbt ghfdf – änj ghfdf
étyoby, f ghfdf étyoby – änj jåotxtkjdt-
xtcrbt ghfdf.
Yj, ytcvjnhz yf njn ghjuhtcc, rjnjhsq lj-
cnbuyen pf gjcktlybt gjkdtrf, yfv dct-nfrb yt
d gjkyjq vtht elfkjcm hfcibhbnm htfkmyst
uhfybws xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf. Ckbirjv
vyjubt kñlb tot yt jåkflfñn jcyjdjgjkfufñ-
obvb ghfdfvb, cajhvekbhjdfyysvb d ltrkfhf-
wbb; vs gj-ghtéytve jcnftvcz ukeöb r cnhflf-
ybzv vyjubö kñltq.
Tckb vs jåhfnbvcz r bcnjhbb, nj edblbv,
xnj rfélfz cnhfyf gthtébdfkf gthbjls, rjulf
ytrjnjhst tt uhfélfyt jcnfdfkbcm pf xthnjq
uevfyyjcnb. Djpmvtv öjnz ås ghbvth vjtq
cnhfys. E Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd nhelysq jgsn,
cdzpfyysq c bpåbhfntkmysv bkb ytcghfdtlkb-
dsv ghbvtytybtv ntö ghfd, rjnjhst ecnfyjdkt-
ys fvthbrfycrjq Rjycnbnewbtq. Lfét jnws-jc-
yjdfntkb yfituj ujcelfhcndf, rjnjhst lfktrj
jgthtlbkb cdjt dhtvz d cdjbö ghtlcnfdktybzö
j xtkjdtxtcrjv ljcnjbycndt – ghjdjpukfcbd d
Ltrkfhfwbb ytpfdbcbvjcnb, xnj ≤dct kñlb
hjélfñncz hfdysvb≥ – dct-nfrb pfrhtgbkb
hfåcndj d Rjycnbnewbb. Pyfxbntkmyfz xfcnm yf-
itq ytghjcnjq 220-ktnytq bcnjhbb – f d ytq
åskb b rhjdfdst cjåsnbz – eikf yf nj, xnjås
fvthbrfyws fahbrfycrjuj ghjbcöjéltybz, yt-
bveobt ckjb yfctktybz b étyobys cvjukb d
gjkyjq vtht gjkmpjdfnmcz ghtbveotcndfvb
uhfélfycndf. Cfvf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn gjkexbkf
ghfdj exfcndjdfnm d dsåjhfö eét d 35-ktnytv
djphfcnt.
Yj lfét ctujlyz vs jxthxbdftv djrheu ct-
åz ytrbq rheu, pf ghtltks rjnjhjuj vs ghtlgj-
xbnftv yt cvjnhtnm. Xthyjrjébt ñéyjfahb-
rfyws hfccrfpsdfñn j njv, rfrjdj bv åskj hf-
åjnfnm wtksq ltym chtlb åtksö, rjnjhst cvjn-
htkb yf ybö b yt dbltkb bö. Fyfkjubxysv jå-
hfpjv yf Åfkrfyfö jlyb kñlb yt cxbnfñn pf
kñltq lheubö kñltq, bvtñobö jnkbxyjt jn ybö
ghjbcöjéltybt b rekmnehyjt yfcktlbt. Lf b
vs, jåbnfntkb bylecnhbfkmyjuj vbhf, xfcnj
ghtlgjxbnftv yt dbltnm afrnf ceotcndjdfybz
ghjåktvs ltncrjuj nhelf, yt pfvtxfnm cnhflf-
ybq ltntq, herfvb rjnjhsö cltkfys yfib rhf-
cbdst rjdhs bkb eljåyst neakb.
Ckbirjv dj vyjubö cnhfyfö ctujlyz ndj-
hbncz ytcghfdtlkbdjcnm d jnyjitybb étyoby,
yj vs njét änjuj yt pfvtxftv.
Vs yt pfvtxftv ytcghfdtlkbdjcnb ghfdj-
dsö cbcntv, d rjnjhsö étyobyf hfccvfnhbdftn-
cz rfr ytgjkyjwtyysq xkty jåotcndf. Ckbirjv
dj vyjubö cnhfyfö étyobys gjkexfñn vtymitt
yfcktlcndj, xtv veéxbys. Ytcghfdtlkbdst pf-
rjys j hfpdjlfö dsyeélfñn étyoby jcnfdfnm-
cz d vexbntkmyjv lkz ybö åhfrt. D celfö vyj-
ubö cnhfy cdbltntkmcrbt gjrfpfybz jlyjuj veé-
xbys ghbhfdybdfñncz r cdbltntkmcrbv gjrfpf-
ybzv ldeö étyoby.
Vs pfrhsdftv ukfpf b yf lheubt caths.
Vs ghtlgjxbnftv yt dbltnm njn htfkmysq
drkfl, rjnjhsq dyjczn étyobys d ärjyjvbxtc-
reñ ébpym yfibö cnhfy. Ckbirjv dj vyjubö
cnhfyfö d jnyjitybb étyoby ceotcndetn lbc-
rhbvbyfwbz ghb ghtljcnfdktybb åfyrjdcrbö
ccel, yfpyfxtybb yf herjdjlzobt ljkéyjcnb b
ghjldbétybb gj ckeétåyjq ktcnybwt. Bv gkf-
nzn vtymit, xtv veéxbyfv, bkb yt gkfnzn dj-
jåot. Åtlysö étyoby åjkmit, xtv åtlysö
10
veéxby – étyobys cjcnfdkzñn 70 ghjwtynjd
dctö kñltq, ébdeobö d eckjdbzö ybotns.
Vs nfrét ghtlgjxbnftv vyjujuj b yt cks-
ifnm. Yj cdjåjlf b hfdtycndj lkz dctö d gth-
deñ jxthtlm pfdbczn jn njuj, jåkflfñn kb uhfé-
lfyt d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb ghfdjv ujkjcf.
Gjrfpfntkmyj, xnj lfét ghb cjcnfdktybb
ghjtrnf Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghjbpjitk cgjh
j hfdyjghfdbb étyoby. Gthdjyfxfkmysq dfhb-
fyn Cnfnmb 1 Ltrkfhfwbb ukfcbk: “All men are
created equal” – ≤Dct kñlb hjélfñncz hfdys-
vb≥. D fyukbqcrjv zpsrt ckjdj “men” jpyfxf-
tn jlyjdhtvtyyj ≤veéxbys≥ b ≤kñlb≥, b
étyobys, exfcndjdfdibt d gjlujnjdrt ntrcnf
Ltrkfhfwbb dj ukfdt c u-éjq Öfycjq Vtönf
(Bylbz), jåhfnbkb dybvfybt yf njn afrn, xnj
jyj vjétn åsnm bynthghtnbhjdfyj rfr bcrkñ-
xfñott étyoby. Njkmrj gjckt ljkubö ltåfnjd
änf ajhvekbhjdrf åskf bpvtytyf yf “All
human beings are born free and equal”, rjnjhfz yt
jcnfdkztn vtcnj ldecvscktyyjcnb.
Ctujlyz vs gj-ghtéytve yt cksibv ujkj-
cf vyjubö étyoby. Ckbirjv dj vyjubö cnhfyfö
étyobys yt bvtñn djpvjéyjcnb exfcndjdfnm d
gjkbnbxtcrjq ébpyb. Ckbirjv dj vyjubö cnhf-
yfö ltdjxrb b étyobys lfét b yt gjvsikzñn
j njv, xnjås gjlyznm ujkjc d cdjñ pfobne...
Djpvjéyjcnb öjlbnm d irjke kbitys 130 vky.
ltntq, b ldt nhtnb bp ybö cjcnfdkzñn ltdjxrb.
Ldt nhtnb bp 96 vky. xtkjdtr d vbht, rjnjhst
yt evtñn yb xbnfnm, yb gbcfnm, cjcnfdkzñn
étyobys...
Cdjåjlf ckjdf b cdjåjlf ghtccs, ghfdj yf
jåhfotybt r ghfdbntkmcnde b ghfdj yf ghjdt-
ltybt cjåhfybq – dct änj bvttn jcyjdjgjkf-
ufñott pyfxtybt. Yj gjlevfqnt j njv, yfcrjkm-
rj juhfybxtys änb ghfdf d cnhfyfö, ult åjkm-
ibycndj vjkjlsö étyoby ytuhfvjnys. Ghfdf,
pfgbcfyyst yf åevfut, yj yt jåtcgtxtyyst b
yt htfkbpetvst yf ltkt, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq
gecnjq pder.
Vs ceéftv rheu ghfd xtkjdtrf b ntv, xnj
ghtlgjxbnftv vyjujt yt xedcndjdfnm. Rfr crf-
pfkf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, ≤rjulf ét yfcnegbn vj-
vtyn, rjulf yfif cjdtcnm cnfytn yfcnjkmrj xen-
rjq, xnjås ghtljndhfofnm xtkjdtxtcrbt ytcxfc-
nmz, f yt vcnbnm pf ybö?≥ Ckbirjv dj vyjubö
cnhfyfö cnhflfybz, rjnjhst bcgsnsdfñn éty-
obys, cxbnfñncz xtv-nj nhbdbfkmysv, bö
jåüzcyzñn rfr ≤cgtwbabxtcrbq atyjvty, ghb-
ceobq lfyyjq rekmneht≥. Djpvjéyj, d änjv b
cjcnjbn ghbxbyf njuj, xnj étyobys yt bvtñn
djpvjéyjcnb d gjkyjq vtht gjkmpjdfnmcz ecke-
ufvb plhfdjjöhfytybz b yt gjkexfñn ljcnegf r
eckeufv d jåkfcnb gkfybhjdfybz ctvmb. Yfdth-
yjt, bvtyyj gjänjve ghjljkéftncz ghfrnbrf
hbnefkmyjuj jåhtpfybz utybnfkbq, rjnjhjq d
ytrjnjhsö cnhfyfö gjldthufñncz 90 ghjwtynjd
étyoby.
Yfdthyjt, gjänjve åsnjdjt b ctrcefkmyjt
yfcbkbt jcnftncz cfvsv cthmtpysv, ytljcnf-
njxyj htubcnhbhetvsv b ibhjrj hfcghjcnhf-
ytyysv yfheitybtv ghfd xtkjdtrf d vbht.
Gjxnb d rféljq cnhfyt vbhf åsnjdjt yfcbkbt
cjcnfdkztn jlye bp jcyjdysö ghbxby edtxbq b
nhfdv, gjkexftvsö étyobyfvb. D vjtq cnhfyt
30 ghjwtynjd eåbnsö étyoby gjubåfñn d ht-
pekmnfnt yfgfltybz yf ybö yfcnjzobö bkb åsd-
ibö gfhnythjd. Rfr crfpfkf ujcctrhtnfhm Vf-
ltkty Jkåhfqn, åsnjdjt yfcbkbt ytkmpz buyj-
hbhjdfnm, rfr änj xfcnj ltkfkjcm d ghjikjv,
cxbnfz tuj yjhvjq ébpyb d njq bkb byjq cnhf-
yt bkb dyenhbctvtqysv ltkjv. Lfdfqnt ét
uhjvrj ghjdjpukfcbv yf dtcm vbh: vs jnrfpsdf-
tvcz dthbnm d nj, xnj yfcbkbt d jnyjitybb
étyoby – änj ghjcnj rekmnehyfz nhflbwbz; vs
cxbnftv, xnj änj ghjcnj ghtcnegktybt.
Yt ckexfqyj bpyfcbkjdfybz b ctrcefkmyjt
yfcbkbt ghjljkéfñn jcnfdfnmcz jlybv bp vtnj-
ljd dtltybz djqys. Z dbée étcnjreñ ytcghf-
dtlkbdjcnm d njv, xnj jrjyxfybt vyjubö djqy
yt ghbyjcbn étyobyfv b bö ctvmzv vbh, f ds-
11
yeélftn bö cnfyjdbnmcz åtétywfvb, ghb änjv
gjkjétybt étyoby b ltntq njkmrj eöeliftncz.
D vbht ctujlyz yfcxbnsdftncz 23 vky. åtéty-
wtd, b 80 ghjwtynjd bp ybö cjcnfdkzñn étyob-
ys b ltnb.
Gjkyjt ghtljcnfdktybt étyobyfv bö ghfd
– änj pflfxf, rjnjhfz nfr b yt åskf htityf yf
ghjnzétybb änjuj åehyjuj dtrf...
Vyt ljdtkjcm gjtplbnm gj cdtne, b z dcnht-
xfkfcm cj vyjubvb étyobyfvb, rjnjhst ybrju-
lf yt cksifkb jå änjq Ltrkfhfwbb b j tt
ghbywbgfö, yj rjnjhst, ntv yt vtytt, eåtélt-
ys d njv, xnj pfckeébdfñn edfétybz b kexit-
uj jnyjitybz r ctåt d cdjtq ctvmt, yf hfåjnt
b d jåotcndt d wtkjv.
Ytcvjnhz yf dct änj, ytrjnjhst ghjljkéf-
ñn cxbnfnm cnhflfybz étyoby cjdthityyj yt-
pyfxbntkmyjq ghjåktvjq. Nfr kb änj? Djn xnj
yfgbcfkf d 1958 u. Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn: ≤Ult yf-
xbyfñncz ghfdf xtkjdtrf? Jyb yfxbyfñncz
nfv, ult tuj ljv, d vfktymrbö vtcntxrfö – rj-
njhst yfcnjkmrj vfks, xnj bö ytkmpz edbltnm
yf utjuhfabxtcrbö rfhnfö. Vtéle ntv, lkz jn-
ltkmyjuj xtkjdtrf – änj wtksq vbh ... jy cj-
cnjbn bp njuj vtcnf, ult xtkjdtr ébdtn, bp afå-
hbrb, athvs bkb rjynjhs, ult jy hfåjnftn. B
rfélsq veéxbyf, étyobyf bkb htåtyjr, ébde-
obq bkb hfåjnfñobq d nfrjv vtcnt, hfccxbns-
dftn yf cghfdtlkbdjcnm, yf hfdyst c lheubvb
djpvjéyjcnb, yf hfdyjt ljcnjbycndj b jncencn-
dbt lbcrhbvbyfwbb. Tckb dct änb ghfdf yt
bvtñn cvsckf nfv, jyb djjåot ybult yt bvt-
ñn ybrfrjuj cvsckf≥.
Hfplfñncz nfrét ujkjcf, endthélfñobt,
xnj d yfheitybb ghfd xtkjdtrf ytn ybxtuj
cnhfiyjuj. Vtéle ntv, d ljrkflt Rjvbccbb
Rfhytub, jgeåkbrjdfyyjv yf änjq ytltkt, j
ghtljndhfotybb rjyakbrnjd, pfrfyxbdfñoböcz
cvthntkmysv bcöjljv, endthélftncz jåhfnyjt.
D ytv crfpfyj: ≤Djkyf uheåsö yfheitybq ghfd
xtkjdtrf gjxnb dctulf ckeébn cthmtpysv ghtl-
dtcnybrjv nhfubxtcrbö cjåsnbq, nfrbö, rfr
vfccjdsq gjnjr åtétywtd bkb uhfélfycrfz
djqyf≥.
Ujdjhzn nfrét, xnj ghfdf xtkjdtrf – änj
hjcrjim, dslevfyyfz yf Pfgflt, rjnjhfz xeé-
lf vyjubv cnhfyfv. Jlyfrj z cxbnfñ – b nfr
cxbnfñn nt étyobys, c rjnjhsvb z hfpujdfhb-
dfkf, – xnj ghfdf xtkjdtrf cjcnfdkzñn nfreñ
ét ytjnütvktveñ xfcnm xtkjdtxtcrjuj ceitcn-
djdfybz, rfr djpleö b djlf, b xnj jyb dsöjlzn
pf hfvrb jåsxftd b nhflbwbq, gjcrjkmre lfys
xtkjdtre c vjvtynf hjéltybz. Étyobys, c rj-
njhsvb z dcnhtxfkfcm, yt cxbnfñn, xnj ghfdf
xtkjdtrf – änj bcreccndtyyjt gjyznbt, bpjåht-
ntyyjt ntjhtnbrfvb. Ytcvjnhz yf dct gjcnekf-
ns, rjnjhst lbrneñn bv vtcnyst jåsxfb b nhf-
lbwbb, d cdjtq leit jyb nfr ét zcyj gjybvf-
ñn, xnj änb ghfdf lfñncz xtkjdtre Åjujv jn
hjéltybz, rfr nj, xnj jyb hjlbkbcm d xtkjdt-
xtcrjq ctvmt.
Dtlm tckb änb ghfdf yt ghbceob xtkjdtre
c hjéltybz, nj gjxtve ét yf ghjnzétybb dctq
bcnjhbb kñlb nfr egjhyj b veétcndtyyj chf-
éfñncz pf ybö?
Gfhfljrcfkmyj, yj ljrfpfntkmcndj eybdth-
cfkmyjcnb änbö ghfd lfñn cfvb yfheibntkb
ghfd xtkjdtrf. Gjxtve, yfghbvth, nt, rnj cj-
dthiftn fynbuevfyyst ltzybz, dctulf cgtifn
pfvtcnb cktls cjltzyyjuj – hfpdt änj yt ujdj-
hbn j njv, xnj jyb cjpyfñn, xnj cjdthibkb yt-
ghfdtlyjt ltkj? Yfwbcns gsnfkbcm crhsnm nj,
xnj jyb ltkfkb d rjywtynhfwbjyysö kfuthzö.
Rjvveybcns ghznfkb cdjq nthhjh pf étktpysv
pfyfdtcjv. D rfvtybcnjq ptvkt Åjcybb, d uke-
öbö ktcfö Hefyls ktéfn nhegs kñltq, eåbqcn-
dj rjnjhsö gsnfkbcm crhsnm. Bpdtcnyj vyjuj
ckexftd, rjulf b d pfgflyjv gjkeifhbb ≤ghj-
gflfkb≥ kñlb b bö bltb.
Gjxtve ét kñlb åjhñncz pf änb ghfdf?
Jyb ltkfñn änj gjnjve, xnj ceoyjcnm ghfd
xtkjdtrf dsöjlbn lfktrj pf hfvrb ntö bkb
12
bysö gjkbnbxtcrbö htébvjd b cgtwbabxtcrbö
erkfljd ébpyb. Nt eåtéltybz, rjnjhst cajh-
vekbhjdfys dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb xtkjdt-
rf, gjzdbkbcm yt 50 ktn yfpfl. Änj yt htpekm-
nfn nheljd rfrjq-nj jnltkmyjq rekmnehs bkb
cnhfys. Jyb dctulf åskb c yfvb – c ntö gjh,
rjulf vbhf rjcyekcz gthdsq kex wbdbkbpfwbb.
Cjajrk gbcfk j ybö ldt c gjkjdbyjq nsczxb
ktn yfpfl – tuj Fynbujyf ujdjhbn j njv, xnj
ceotcndeñn änbxtcrbt pfrjys, rjnjhst dsit
pfrjyjd abdcrbö wfhtq. G. Xfy, rjnjhsq exf-
cndjdfk d cjcnfdktybb ntrcnf Dctjåotq ltrkf-
hfwbb, gjlxthrbdfk, xnj änb ghbywbgs åskb
cajhvekbhjdfys tot Rjyaewbtv d Lhtdytv
Rbnft. Ghbywbg, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve vs lj-
kéys jnyjcbnmcz r cdjbv cjctlzv c nfrbv ét
edfétybtv, c rfrbv jnyjcbvcz r cfvbv ctåt,
cjcnfdkztn zlhj dctö jcyjdysö htkbubjpysö
extybq vbhf.
Ghbywbgs, cajhvekbhjdfyyst d ljrevty-
nt, ñåbktq rjnjhjuj vs jnvtxftv ctujlyz, yt
crjycnhebhjdfys, f lfys d jnrhjdtybb; dct dt-
kbrbt vbhjdst htkbubb jncnfbdfkb b ghjgjdt-
ljdfkb änb bcnbys.
Hfpjhdb z ntrcn änjq Ltrkfhfwbb, ghjdjp-
ukfityyst d ytq wtyyjcnb dct hfdyj jcnfyencz.
Cjéub z änjn ljrevtyn, tuj cvsck cjöhf-
ybncz.
Pfghtnb z xbnfnm tuj, dct hfdyj pfgbcfy-
yst d ytv ckjdf åelen uhjvrj pdexfnm d cth-
lwfö b leifö kñltq.
Rfélfz ägjöf bvttn cdjb åtkst gznyf b
ytpfrjyxtyyst ltkf. B e yfc tcnm ltkj, rjnjhjt
vs ljkéys pfrjyxbnm yf gjhjut yjdjuj nsczxt-
ktnbz. Vs dyjdm ljkéys gjcdznbnm ctåz pflf-
xt jåtcgtxtybz ghfd xtkjdtrf. Vs ljkéys jc-
nhtt dbltnm, kexit cksifnm b njymit xedcndj-
dfnm kñåst yfheitybz änbö ghfd.
Yj änj tot yt dct. Vs ljkéys gjllth-
ébdfnm ltvjrhfnbxtcrbt jåotcndf – yjdst b
cnfhst – rjnjhst cgjcjåcndeñn htfkbpfwbb
dscjrbö bltq, pfkjétyysö d änjq Ltrkfhf-
wbb.
Lkz yfc, lkz dctuj xtkjdtxtcndf, yfcnfkj
dhtvz gjkyjcnmñ gjcdznbnm ctåz änjve ltke. E
yfc eét yt jcnfkjcm ghtlkjujd lkz njuj, xnjås
yt ltkfnm änjuj. 20 dtr pfrfyxbdftncz... d ytv
åskj ckbirjv vyjuj djqy. Tckb bcnjhbz änjuj
cnjktnbz xtve-nj yfc b yfexbkf, nfr änj njve,
xnj yfc éltn eéfcyjt åeleott, tckb vs åeltv
ljgecrfnm gjczufntkmcndf yf ljcnjbycndj jn-
ltkmyjuj xtkjdtrf bkb uheggs kñltq, jnkbxfñ-
oböcz jn lheubö gj rfrjve-kbåj ghbpyfre.
B yfjåjhjn, tckb vs åeltv hfcibhznm rheu
uhfélfycrjuj b xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf, xnj-
ås d ytuj vjukb djqnb dct åtp bcrkñxtybz, nju-
lf e yfc gjzdbncz jcyjdf lkz yfltéls yf ghj-
wdtnfybt d jåyjdktyyjv vbht.
Nfr lfdfqnt ét blnb gj ljhjut, rjnjhfz dt-
ltn d nfrjq vbh. Zcyj, xnj änf ljhjuf ybrjulf
yt åeltn kturjq. Ghfdf, j rjnjhsö vs ujdjhbv,
dtxys, rfr b åjhmåf pf ybö. B öjnz vhfr d le-
it xtkjdtrf vjétn ytvyjuj hfcctznmcz, jy yb-
rjulf gjkyjcnmñ yt bcxtpytn. Gjänjve vs lj-
kéys jcnfdfnmcz htfkbcnfvb d htitybb ghj-
åktvs ghfd xtkjdtrf. B d änb lyb, rjulf jnvt-
xftncz 50-ktnyzz ujljdobyf Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-
wbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, vs ljkéys c jnrhsnsv
cthlwtv dpznmcz pf tt djgkjotybt d ébpym c
yjdsvb cbkfvb.
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,
jrnzåhm 1998 u.
13
Léjy Iännfr d ntxtybt vyjubö ktn åskgjvjoybrjv ujcctrhtnfhz CIF gj djghjcfvltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf. Ytlfdyjjy dsldbyen rfylblfnjv yf ljkéyjcnm gj-ckf CIF d Xticrjq Htcgeåkbrt, b ljkétyjcnfdbnm cdjb gjcn. Lfyyjt bynthdmñ ghj-dtk rjhhtcgjyltyn ÑCBF Hbr Vfhifkk 28 ctynzåhz 1998 ujlf.
DJGHJC: D ltrfåht bcgjkybncz 50 ktn cj lyz
ghbyznbz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkj-
dtrf. Vyjubt jhufybpfwbb ujnjdzncz jnvt-
nbnm änj cjåsnbt. Rfr ds jöfhfrnthbpetnt änb
gjcktlybt gjkdtrf d jåkfcnb cjåkñltybz
ghfd xtkjdtrf?
IÄNNFR: Z cxbnfñ, xnj dnjhfz gjkjdbyf cnj-
ktnbz ghtlcnfdkzkf cjåjq juhjvysq gfhfljrc
dj vyjubö jnyjitybzö. Änj åskj dhtvz, rjulf
pfrkflsdfkbcm jcyjds vtéleyfhjlyjq pfrjy-
yjcnb. Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf b
Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq cnfkb ht-
pekmnfnjv rjkktrnbdysö ukjåfkmysö ecbkbq, yf-
ghfdktyysö yf nj, xnjås étcnjrjcnb, cdbltnt-
kzvb rjnjhsö vs åskb dj dhtvz Dnjhjq vbhj-
djq djqys b Rfnfcnhjas, ybrjulf yt gjdnjhb-
kbcm. Jyb lfkb ujkjc vbkkbjyfv kñltq dj
5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y
Ghfdf xtkjdtrf:yfcktlbt b åeleott
Bynthdmñ c Léjyjv Iännfrjv
14
dctv vbht, ecbkbz rjnjhsö d ltkt ljcnbétybz
cdjåjls b cjåkñltybz jcyjdjgjkfufñobö ghfd
xtkjdtrf jcnfkbcm ås yt pfvtxtyysvb.
C lheujq cnjhjys, d ntxtybt dnjhjq gjkj-
dbys cnjktnbz vs åskb cdbltntkzvb ghjljk-
éfñotujcz rhbpbcf jcyjdjgjkfufñobö b aey-
lfvtynfkmysö cdjåjl. Yfghbvth, dj dhtvz
öjkjlyjq djqys cjdtncrbt djqcrf gjlfdkzkb
ghjzdktybz cdjåjls d Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt, n.t.
jyb jceotcndkzkb nj, xtuj jyb eét ljåbkbcm d
Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt. Fyfkjubxyst zdktybz yfåkñ-
lfkbcm b d Fpbb, d xfcnyjcnb, d Rbnft.
D nj ét dhtvz yfif cjåcndtyyfz cnhfyf åj-
hjkfcm c eéfcysv yfcktlbtv hfåcndf b gjcktl-
cndbzvb eothåf, yfytctyyjuj fvthbrfycrbv by-
ltqwfv. Änj – lheufz cnjhjyf gfhfljrcf.
Cjtlbytyyst Infns d änjn gthbjl åskb
jödfxtys vjoysv ldbétybtv, yfghfdktyysv
yf ghtjljktybt bkb, gj rhfqytq vtht, bpåfdkt-
ybt jn cthmtpysö yfheitybq uhfélfycrbö ghfd
b uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl d gthbjl hfåcndf b gj-
pét. Yfåkñlfkjcm nfrét gjcntgtyyjt ghbpyf-
ybz ghfd rjhtyyjuj yfctktybz b juhjvysq ghj-
uhtcc d ghtljcnfdktybb ghfdf ujkjcf b lheubö
ghfd uheggfv yfctktybz, rjnjhst åskb kbitys
bö, d xfcnyjcnb, étyobyfv, f nfrét lheubv rf-
ntujhbzv kbw b yfwbjyfkmysv vtymibycndfv
Fvthbrb, cnhfys, ult vyjubt ywbjyfkmyjcnb
gthtvtifkbcm b ≤gthtgkfdbkbcm≥, rfr d juhjv-
yjq gkfdbkmyjv rjnkt.
Jlyfrj, yfv tot vyjujt ghtlcnjbn cltkfnm
b vs ghjljkéftv yfl änbv hfåjnfnm.
Dj vyjujv cbvdjkjv ghjuhtccf d jåkfcnb
ghfd xtkjdtrf pf dtcm änjn gthbjl cnfkj hfpdb-
nbt vyjujhfcjdjq ltvjrhfnbb d Ñéyjq Fahb-
rt, gjlyzditqcz yf hebyfö b åtlcndbzö, cdz-
pfyysö c fgfhntbljv. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, d änjn gt-
hbjl åskb ljcnbuyens htfkmyst gjåtls, öjnz
jy nfrét öfhfrnthbpetncz vyjubvb dspsdfñob-
vb eéfcs yfheitybzvb. F cjdctv ytlfdyj vs
yfåkñlfkb pf hfpdbnbtv étcnjrbö rjyakbrnjd,
rjnjhst ghbdtkb r utyjwble, rfr, yfghbvth, d
Hefylt b d åsditq Ñujckfdbb. Ghbvth änbö
cnhfy gjcnjzyyj yfgjvbyftn j njv, xnj ytpfdb-
cbvj jn njuj, yfcrjkmrj öjhjij ghfdf vjuen ds-
ukzltnm yf åevfut, wbybxyst herjdjlbntkb vj-
uen cghjdjwbhjdfnm rjyakbrn b åkfujlfhz cdj-
bv vfybgekzwbzv eybxnjébnm wtkst cnhfys b
juhjvyjt xbckj uhfélfycrjuj yfctktybz.
DJGHJC: Rfreñ hjkm ldbétybt pf ghfdf xt-
kjdtrf csuhfkj d bcnjhbb dnjhjq gjkjdbys
20-juj cnjktnbz?
IÄNNFR: Pf gjcktlybt 50 ktn ldbétybt pf
ghfdf xtkjdtrf ghbjåhtnftn dct åjkmieñ b
åjkmieñ ktubnbvyjcnm. Änj ldbétybt, rjnjhjt
jnhféftn hjcn gjpbnbdysö cbk ghjwtccf ukjåf-
kbpfwbb b cnhtvktybt kñltq ébnm d eckjdbzö
cdjåjls b d jnyjcbntkmyjv vbht. Gjänjve rju-
lf cnhfys vbhf dscnegfñn dvtcnt b ghbybvf-
ñn nfrjq ljrevtyn, rfr Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz
ghfd xtkjdtrf, f pfntv herjdjlcndeñncz tñ d
ntxtybt gznb ltcznbktnbq, änj erfpsdftn yf nj,
xnj dtcm änjn ghjwtcc ghbjåhtnftn dct åjkmieñ
Léjy Iännfr, gjvjoybr
Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz
CIF gj djghjcfv ltvjrhfnbb,
ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf
15
b åjkmieñ pfrjyyeñ cbke. Z cxbnfñ, xnj jy
csuhfk cdjñ hjkm d Ötkmcbyrcrjv ldbétybb d
åsditv Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt b cnhfyfö Djcnjxyjq
Tdhjgs.
Z eåtélty, xnj ctujlyz Ltrkfhfwbz bvttn
dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz ntö, rnj åjhtncz pf ghfdf
xtkjdtrf d Rbnft, Byljytpbb, Åbhvt b Ybut-
hbb – cnhfyfö, ult vjoysv fdnjhbnfhysv ht-
ébvfv elftncz gjlfdkznm ghfdf xtkjdtrf. Pyf-
xbntkmyj djphjckj lfdktybt d gjkmpe cvtys
änbö htébvjd. Z cxbnfñ, xnj nen jghtltktyyjt
djpltqcndbt jrfpfkb cnhtvktybz r jåtcgtxtybñ
ghfd xtkjdtrf b pfrjyyjcnm bö nhtåjdfybz, gjl-
rhtgktyyfz Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdt-
rf. Vtéle ntv, xnj afrnbxtcrb ghjbcöjlbn d
cnhfyt, b ntv, xnj vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj
ghbpyftn rfr pfrjyyjt, ceotcndetn dpfbvjcdzpm.
Dctvbhyfz rjyathtywbz gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-
rf, bkb Dtycrfz rjyathtywbz, – änj rhegyjt
cjåsnbt, rjnjhjt ghjbpjikj d njn vjvtyn, rju-
lf ysytiyzz flvbybcnhfwbz ghbikf r dkfcnb.
Nfv cnhfys vbhf dgthdst ltqcndbntkmyj ds-
ikb pf ghtltks Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb b pfyz-
kb gjpbwbñ, xnj ghfdf xtkjdtrf zdkzñncz pf-
rjyysv ghtlvtnjv vtéleyfhjlyjq lbgkjvfnbb
b jåceéltybq. Änj åskj jxtym dféyj. Yf rjy-
athtywbb ytjöjnyj cjukfcbkbcm c änbv lfét
nfrbt cnhfys, rfr Rbnfq, rjnjhsq yfhzle c
lheubvb cxbnfkb, xnj gjkjétybt dyenhb cnhfys
yt ljkéyj hfccvfnhbdfnmcz c njxrb phtybz cj-
åkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf.
D ntxtybt gjcktlybö gznb ktn dgthdst
djpybrfkb vtéleyfhjlyst rjfkbwbb, cjplfyyst
bcrkñxbntkmyj lkz njuj, xnjås hfphtibnm rhb-
pbcyst cbnefwbb d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Bvtyyj änj ghjbcöjlbkj yf Ufbnb, f d rfxtcn-
dt ytlfdytuj ghbvthf vjéyj egjvzyenm Åjc-
ybñ. Jåsxyj vtéleyfhjlyst rjfkbwbb, b jcj-
åtyyj nfrbt, d rjnjhsö tcnm djtyysq rjvgj-
ytyn, dscnegfñn dvtcnt d wtkzö pfobns cdjbö
yfwbjyfkmysö bynthtcjd. F d änbö ckexfzö jyb
åskb cjplfys, ghb gjllthért Jhufybpfwbb
Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, ghfrnbxtcrb yb lkz xt-
uj byjuj, rhjvt åjhmås c eéfcysvb afrnfvb
yfheitybq ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Cfvjt åjkmijt hfpjxfhjdfybt, rjnjhjt z
gthtébk pf änb ujls, cdzpfyj c ntv, xnj cnhf-
iysq rhbpbc d Hefylt yt gjkexbk cdjtdhtvty-
yjq vtéleyfhjlyjq gjllthérb lkz ghjdtltybz
cjjndtncndeñobö vth b cgfctybz åjktt 500 000
kñltq, gjubåibö d htpekmnfnt utyjwblf d Hefy-
lt. Yj z cxbnfñ, xnj cjåsnbz yf Ufbnb b d
Åjcybb cjplfkb ghtwtltyn. Z levfñ, xnj d ec-
kjdbzö hfcneotq bynthyfwbjyfkmyjq htibvjc-
nb d cdzpb c cbnefwbtq d Rjcjdj vtéleyfhjl-
yjt cjjåotcndj ghtlghbvtn ghfrnbxtcrbt if-
ub, xnjås gjkjébnm rjytw cfvsv eéfcysv afr-
nfv yfheitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Jlyfrj, ghtlcnjbn ghjqnb ljkubq genm,
ghtélt xtv gjzdbncz gjbcnbyt ltqcndtyyfz
vtéleyfhjlyfz cbcntvf, rjnjhfz vjétn jåtcgt-
xbnm dsgjkytybt cjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf.
DJGHJC: Rfrjdf, gj dfitve vytybñ, åeltn
cbnefwbz d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf d åkbéfq-
ibt 50 ktn?
IÄNNFR: Z gjkfufñ, xnj d änjq jåkfcnb yf-
åkñlftncz hzl ntyltywbq, rjnjhst lheu lheuf
dpfbvyj ljgjkyzñn. Tckb ljåhj cvjétn jlth-
éfnm gjåtle yfl pkjv, nj vjéyj åeltn ceotcn-
dtyyj erhtgbnm cbcntve vtéleyfhjlyjq pfob-
ns ghfd xtkjdtrf. Yj änj ljkéyj jpyfxfnm uj-
hfplj åjktt ibhjrjt ghbpyfybt njuj ghbywb-
gf, xnj dyenhtyybt cjåsnbz d cnhfyt, jrfps-
dfñobt pyfxbntkmyjt djpltqcndbt yf cbnefwbñ
d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf, ljkéys cnfnm ghtl-
vtnjv pfrjyyjuj vtéleyfhjlyjuj dybvfybz. D
yfcnjzott dhtvz änj gjkjétybt yt yfcnjkmrj
ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyj b jåotghbyznj, rfr
öjntkjcm ås.
Änj ljkéyj jpyfxfnm, xnj kñåst ntylty-
wbb, cdzpfyyst c hfpébufybtv b hfphfcnfybtv
16
änybxtcrbö b htkbubjpysö rjyakbrnjd, ljkéys
cnfnm jåütrnjv ghjdthjr cj cnjhjys vtéleyf-
hjlysö cbcntv, jåtcgtxbdfñobö ghtljndhfot-
ybt gjljåysö rjyakbrnjd, gjchtlcndjv cjxtnf-
ybz lbgkjvfnbxtcrbö b – byjulf – djtyysö
vth b chtlcnd, f nfrét pf cxtn hfpdbnbz ltvjr-
hfnbxtcrbö ghbywbgjd d jåotcndt. Gjrf yfv
yt elfkjcm cjplfnm äaatrnbdyj ltqcndeñoeñ
cbcntve lkz jcnfyjdrb b ghtrhfotybz gj-
ljåysö htkbubjpysö b änybxtcrbö rjyakbrnjd
lj njuj, rfr jyb ltqcndbntkmyj dsqlen bp-gjl
rjynhjkz.
Z cxbnfñ, xnj hfpdbnbt ukjåfkmyjq ärjyj-
vbxtcrjq cbcntvs ljkéyj cjghjdjélfnmcz dct
djphfcnfñobv edfétybtv r jcyjdjgjkfufñobv
vtéleyfhjlysv ghfdfv nhelzoböcz, ghfdfv
hfåjxbö b pfobnjq ezpdbvsö rfntujhbq yfctkt-
ybz jn kñåjq ajhvs ärcgkefnfwbb, d xfcnyjc-
nb, étyoby b ltntq. Cjtlbytyyst Infns cnj-
zn dj ukfdt ghjwtccf, yfghfdktyyjuj yf htfkb-
pfwbñ änbö vth pfobns, jlyfrj ceotcndetn
vyjuj cnhfy, rjnjhst änjve cjghjnbdkzñncz.
Z nfrét cxbnfñ, xnj yfif cnhfyf ljkéyf
ghjljkébnm ghtlghbybvfnm ifub, yfghfdkty-
yst yf ghbpyfybt vtéleyfhjlyjq cnhernehs,
rjnjhfz åeltn bvtnm dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz pf-
obns ghfd xtkjdtrf, b, d xfcnyjcnb, hfnbabwb-
hjdfnm hfpkbxyst ljujdjhs. Cjtlbytyyst Inf-
ns dctulf ghbybvfkb jxtym frnbdyjt exfcnbt d
cjcnfdktybb bö ghjtrnjd, b vs exfcndjdfkb d
cjplfybb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb. F ntgthm yf
yfc ktébn jåzpfyyjcnm ghjljkébnm äne kbybñ b
gjkyjcnmñ jljåhbnm vtéleyfhjlyeñ ñhblbxtc-
reñ cbcntve, pfobofñoeñ ghfdf xtkjdtrf.
Yfv ytjåöjlbvj nfrét hfphfåjnfnm åjktt
cjdthityyst vtéleyfhjlyst cnhernehs ghfdj-
celbz. Vs eét cltkfkb gthdsq ifu, dgthdst
cjplfd djtyyst nhbåeyfks, rjnjhst hfccvfnhb-
dfñn ltkf j utyjwblt b ghtcnegktybzö ghjnbd
xtkjdtxtcndf d åsditq Ñujckfdbb b d Hefylt.
Jlyfrj, ntgthm ytjåöjlbvj htfkbpjdfnm vths
gj hfphfåjnrt ltqcndtyyjq vtéleyfhjlyjq ce-
ltåyjq cbcntvs yf jcyjdt ntö ghbywbgjd, rj-
njhst d gjcktlybt ujls jåceélfkbcm d rjyntr-
cnt cjplfybz Vtéleyfhjlyjuj eujkjdyjuj celf.
Gj jnltkmysv djghjcfv åskj vyjuj hfpyjukf-
cbq, jlyfrj, d rjytxyjv cxtnt yfv ytjåöjlbvj
cjplfnm cbcntve, rjnjhfz cvjétn ljåhfnmcz lj
dctö yfheibntktq dj vyjubö lheubö cnhfyfö,
gjvbvj Hefyls b åsditq Ñujckfdbb.
Änb djghjcs cnjzn yf gjdtcnrt lyz yf åkb-
éfqibt 50 ktn. B ltqcndbntkmyj gjnhtåetncz
dtcm änjn chjr lkz njuj, xnjås bö htibnm. Bö
ytkmpz htibnm pf jlby ltym. Z yfltñcm, xnj r
vjvtyne ghfplyjdfybz 100-ktnytq ujljdobys,
ytrjnjhst f, djpvjéyj, b dct änb pflfxb åelen
ghjhfåjnfys ujhfplj ukeåét, xtv ctujlyz.
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,
jrnzåhm 1998 u.
17
Rjyuhtcc CIF
Xtnshyflwfnjuj ctynzåhz Gfkfnf ghtlcnf-dbntktq CIF ghb cjukfcjdfybb c CtyfnjvCIF gjlfdkzñobv åjkmibycndjv ujkjcjdghbyzkf htpjkñwbñ j ghfplyjdfybb 50-q uj-ljdobys Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf.D htpjkñwbb gjlndthélftncz ≤ghbdthéty-yjcnm Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd jcyjdjgjkfufñ-obv ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, ghjdjpukfityysv gj-kdtrf yfpfl≥, b dshféftncz ≤htibvjcnmghjljkébnm hfåjne dj bvz jceotcndktybz bcjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, rjnjhst bvtñneybdthcfkmysq öfhfrnth, b vtéle yfhjlysöcjukfitybq j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf≥.
Ybét ghbdjlzncz vsckb gj gjdjle bltqb ghbywbgjd Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkj-dtrf, dscrfpfyyst xktyjv Gfkfns ghtlcnf-dbntktq Njvjv Kfynjcjv (ltvjrhfn,infn Rfkbajhybz), cjghtlctlfntktv Rjvb-ntnf Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq gj ghfdfvxtkjdtrf, b ctyfnjhjv Fkmajyct L’Fvfnj(htcgeåkbrfytw, infn Ymñ-Qjhr), cjghtlct-lfntktv Rjvbccbb Rjyuhtccf gj djghjcfvåtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhelybxtcndf d Tdhjgt, fnfrét cfv ntrcn htpjkñwbb.
5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y
Dpukzls yf ghfdf xtkjdtrfGhtlcnfdbntkb Rjyuhtccf CIF,
Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq
b xtndthj åjhwjd pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf
18
Xkty Gfkfns ghtlcnfdbntktq
Njv Kfynjc
GZ N M LT C Z N K T N – ytvfksq chjr, b ctq-
xfc åskj ås jxtym cdjtdhtvtyyj tot hfp gjl-
ndthlbnm cdjñ ghbdthétyyjcnm, ghbdthéty-
yjcnm lfyyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmyjuj jhufyf b yfitq
cnhfys änjve ébpytyyj dféyjve ljrevtyne.
Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf – änj jlby
bp cfvsö vjyevtynfkmysö ljrevtynjd pf dcñ
bcnjhbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf. Jyf cjlthébn jåot-
ghbyznjt vtéleyfhjlyjt jghtltktybt ghfd xt-
kjdtrf b zdkztncz jcyjdjq lkz vtéleyfhjlysö
pfrjyjd b ljujdjhjd j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf. Jyf
nfrét ckeébn dféyjq jnghfdyjq njxrjq lkz åe-
leobö vtéleyfhjlysö cjukfitybq j ghfdfö
xtkjdtrf.
Z yt cnjkm yfbdty, xnjås yt jnlfdfnm ctåt
jnxtnf d njv, xnj d ltcznrfö cnhfy änf Dctjå-
ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf yt cjåkñlftncz.
B änjn dspsdfñobq åjkm afrn pfcnfdkztn yfc
dyjdm njhétcndtyyj gjlndthlbnm ghbdthéty-
yjcnm dctv ntv ghbywbgfv, rjnjhst pfrkñxtys
d änjv ljrevtynt.
Cjcnfdbntkb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb yt
cnhtvbkbcm r njve, xnjås cajhvekbhjdfnm yj-
dst gjkbnbxtcrbt rjywtgwbb b ghfdf, rjnjhst
åskb ås ghtljcnfdktys bkb hfcghjcnhfyzkbcm
yf dct yfhjls vbhf. Jyb crjhtt gsnfkbcm
cajhvekbhjdfnm nt jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdf,
rjnjhst ktéfn d cfvjq jcyjdt yfitq xtkjdt-
xtcrjq ghbhjls, ghfdf, rjnjhst cjcnfdkzñn
ceoyjcnm yfitq uevfyyjcnb. Wtkm Dctjåotq
ltrkfhfwbb pfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnjås gthtxbc-
kbnm dct änb ghfdf b ecnfyjdbnm yjhvs, rjnj-
hst ljkéys cjåkñlfnm dct cnhfys.
Nt cnhfys, rjnjhst cnfkb cjplfntkzvb Jh-
ufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq yf Rjyathty-
wbb d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj d 1945 u., ujhjlt, rjnj-
hsq z bvtñ xtcnm ghtlcnfdkznm d änjv jhufyt
dvtcnt c vjbv lheujv bp Rfkbajhybb (u-éjq
Gtkjpb), ghbikb r pfrkñxtybñ, xnj lkz pfob-
ns jcyjdysö ghfd dctö kñltq ytjåöjlbvs yj-
dst bycnhevtyns b vtéleyfhjlyst vtöfybpvs.
Änj åskj bö ghzvsv jndtnjv yf frns étcnjrjc-
nb, cjdthityyst dj dhtvz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djq-
ys yfwbcncrjq Uthvfybtq b lheubvb cnhfyfvb,
rjulf ghjbcöjlbkb åtcghtwtltynyst b cbcntvf-
nbxtcrbt yfheitybz jcyjdjgjkfufñobö ghfd,
ghbdtlibt r ytbvjdthysv xtkjdtxtcrbv cnhf-
lfybzv.
D 1946 u. Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yf-
wbq exhtlbkf Rjvbccbñ gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf –
jcyjdyjq jhufy, pfybvfñobqcz pfobnjq ghfd
xtkjdtrf d vbht b ghbybvfñobq htitybz d
änjq jåkfcnb. Gthdsv ghtlctlfntktv Rjvbccbb
gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf cnfkf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn,
dljdf ghtpbltynf Ahfyrkbyf Ltkfyj Hepdtkmnf.
Gjl tt dljöyjdtyysv herjdjlcndjv änf Rjvbc-
cbz dpzkf yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnm gj hfphfåjn-
rt dctjåütvkñotuj cdjlf jghtltktybq ghfd xt-
kjdtrf, rjnjhsq vju ås ckeébnm jcyjdjq lkz
åeleobö ñhblbxtcrbö ljrevtynjd gj pfobnt
ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Åskj ghjdtltyj 1400 hfeylf ujkjcjdfybz,
nj tcnm ghfrnbxtcrb gj rféljve ckjde ghjtrnf
Ltrkfhfwbb. B njkmrj gjckt änjuj Utythfkmyfz
Fccfvåktz tlbyjukfcyj ghbyzkf Dctjåoeñ
ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf 10 ltrfåhz 1948 u.
d Gfkt lt Ifqj d Gfhbét. C ntö gjh 10 lt-
rfåhz vs tétujlyj jnvtxftv Vtéleyfhjlysq
ltym ghfd xtkjdtrf. Dgjcktlcndbb yf jcyjdt
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb d Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlb-
ytyysö Yfwbq åskj pfrkñxtyj åjktt 60 ljuj-
djhjd b ltrkfhfwbq.
R cjéfktybñ, vyjubt bp ghjdjpukfityysö
dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf gjldth-
ufñncz rhbnbrt d hfpysö cnhfyfö vbhf. Z ghb-
psdfñ vjbö rjkktu ghbcjtlbybnmcz rj vyt b
ghjljkébnm yfie åjhmåe pf dct ghfdf xtkjdtrf
lkz dctö kñltq, lfét tckb änj pfcnfdkztn byju-
lf ghbybvfnm ytgjgekzhyst htitybz. Rfr e
19
tlbycndtyyjq jcnfditqcz cdthölthéfds, e yfc
tcnm jcjåjt jåzpfntkmcndj gthtl åtlysvb, gt-
htl ntvb, rjuj gsnfñn b ghtcktleñn, gthtl uj-
ybvsvb b åtétywfvb – gthtl dctvb ntvb, rnj
kbity ghfdf ujkjcf, d rfrjq ås cnhfyt vbhf
jyb yb ébkb. Kñåjt ghjzdktybt ecnegxbdjcnb
d djghjcfö ghfd xtkjdtrf åskj ås ghjcnj ght-
lfntkmcndjv eåtéltybq yfitq cnhfys b ghby-
wbgjd, bpkjétyysö d yfitq Rjycnbnewbb b d
Åbkkt j ghfdfö.
Ctyfnjh CIF Fkmajyct
L’Fvfnj
LT C Z N J U J LT RF Å H Z 1948 U . Jhufyb-
pfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghbyzkf Dctjåoeñ
ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf. Nfrbv ghjdblwfv
rfr Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn b Htyt Rfccty elfkjcm
cjplfnm ljrevtyn, rjnjhsq pfrhtgbk ghbywbg
wtyyjcnb b ljcnjbycndf rféljuj jnltkmyjuj xt-
kjdtrf. Gthdst 50 ktn ceotcndjdfybz Dctjå-
otq ltrkfhfwbb jcnfdbkb gjckt ctåz juhjvyjt
yfcktlbt.
Änf Ltrkfhfwbz gjrjktåfkf bltñ j njv,
xnj yfwbjyfkmysq cedthtybntn erhsdftn ghf-
dbntkmcndf jn ghbcnfkmyjuj dybvfybz r njve,
rfr jyb cjåkñlfñn ghfdf xtkjdtrf. Hfytt kñ-
åfz cnhfyf vjukf pfzdbnm, xnj nj, rfr jyf jå-
hfoftncz cj cdjbvb cjåcndtyysvb uhfélfyf-
vb, – änj tt dyenhtyytt ltkj, b, cktljdfntkm-
yj, yt gjlktébn vtéleyfhjlyjve fyfkbpe b
rjynhjkñ. D ujls, gjcktleñobt pf Rfnfcnhj-
ajq, Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz, dshféfz gjdct-
vtcnyjt djpveotybt nhflbwbjyysvb yjhvfvb
vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq, ghtlkjébkf cj-
dthityyj yjdst: nj, rfr rfrjt-kbåj ujcelfh-
cndj jnyjczncz r cdjbv cjåcndtyysv uhfélf-
yfv, cjcnfdkztn ghtlvtn pfrjyjvthyjq jpfåj-
xtyyjcnb dctö ujcelfhcnd b yt zdkztncz bc-
rkñxbntkmyj dyenhtyybv ltkjv lfyyjuj ujce-
lfhcndf.
Dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb gthtxbcktys yt-
jnütvktvst b eybdthcfkmyst ghfdf, rjnjhst
vjuen cnfnm ghtlvtnjv ghbcnfkmyjuj fyfkbpf b
rjynhjkz. Hfpdbdfz gjkjétybz j ghfdfö xtkjdt-
rf d Ecnfdt JJY, Ltrkfhfwbz cjcnfdbkf åfpbc,
yf rjnjhjv cnhjbncz kñåjt htubjyfkmyjt b ukj-
åfkmyjt cjukfitybt j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf. Ytcvjn-
hz yf nj, xnj cyfxfkf ytrjnjhst cnhfys yt
gjllthéfkb äne ltrkfhfwbñ, ctujlyz jyf cxb-
nftncz jåzpfntkmysv ljrevtynjv lkz dctö
cnhfy, drkñxfz b ytlfdyj jåhfpjdfdibtcz ujce-
lfhcndf. B öjnz cnhfys vjuen ≤bynthghtnbhj-
dfnm≥ Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ yf cdjq cjåcndty-
ysq kfl, ghtcktlez cdjb wtkb, ybrnj yt jcvt-
kbdftncz tt jndthufnm.
Jlyfrj, gjåtlf d åbndt pf edfétybt änbö
ghfd tot yt jlthéfyf. Gjckt jrjyxfybz öjkjl-
yjq djqys ghtéybq fynfujybpv b yjdst fvåb-
wbb hfpjéukb rhjdfdsq utyjwbl b ghbdtkb r
pyfxbntkmysv yfheitybzv ghfd xtkjdtrf dj
dctv vbht – Rjcjdj, Celfy, Åbhvf... Ghtlcnj-
bn tot ghjltkfnm åjkmieñ hfåjne, xnjås änb
ghfdf cnfkb htfkmysvb b ltqcndtyysvb lkz
rféljq kbxyjcnb. B öjnz endthélftncz, xnj änb
ghfdf ≤dctjåobt≥, jyb jkbwtndjhzñn cjåjq
aeylfvtynfkmyst wtyyjcnb Fvthbrb b gjänjve
dspsdfñn dctcnjhjyyññ gjllthére cj cnjhjys
fvthbrfycrjuj yfhjlf.
Ntrcn htpjkñwbb
GH B Y B V F Z D J D Y B V F Y B T, xnj 10 lt-
rfåhz 1948 u. Utythfkmyfz Fccfvåktz Jhufyb-
pfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghjdjpukfcbkf
Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf gjckt nj-
uj, rfr jyf åskf tlbyjukfcyj ghbyznf Utyt-
hfkmyjq Fccfvåkttq;
GHBYBVFZ DJ DYBVFYBT, xnj Dctjåofz
ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf åskf jcyjdfyf yf
gjkjétybzö Åbkkz j ghfdfö, döjlzotuj d Rjy-
20
cnbnewbñ Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, b xnj jyf ås-
kf hfphfåjnfyf ghb kblbheñotq hjkb Cjtlb-
ytyysö Infnjd b, d xfcnyjcnb, ghb kbxyjv
exfcnbb Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, rjnjhfz åskf
ghtlctlfntktv Rjvbccbb JJY gj ghfdfv xt-
kjdtrf;
GH B Y B V F Z D J D Y B V F Y B T, xnj Dctjå-
ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf dsldbuftn jcyj-
djgjkfufñobt ghfdf xtkjdtrf, drkñxfz ghfdj
yf ébpym, cdjåjle b åtpjgfcyjcnm kbxyjcnb;
cdjåjle dthjbcgjdtlfybz; cdjåjle dpukzljd b
cdjåjle ckjdf; cdjåjle cjåhfybq; cfvjeghfdkt-
ybt yf jcyjdt cdjåjlysö dsåjhjd; cdjåjle jn
hfåcndf b gsnjr; cdjåjle yf xtcnyjt b cghfdtl-
kbdjt celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj b yf hfdtycn-
dj gthtl pfrjyjv; ghtpevgwbñ ytdbyjdyjcnb lj
dsytctybz jådbytybz; ghfdj yt gjlgflfnm gjl
ltqcndbt pfrjyjd c jåhfnyjq cbkjq; cdjåjle gt-
htldbétybz gj nthhbnjhbb cdjtuj ujcelfhcndf
b cdjåjle dstpéfnm bkb djpdhfofnmcz d änj uj-
celfhcndj; ghfdj yf eåtébot; ghfdj yf uhfé-
lfycndj; ghfdj bvtnm ctvmñ; ghfdj ghjnbd ghj-
bpdjkmyjuj dvtifntkmcndf d kbxyeñ ébpym, ct-
vmñ, ljv bkb gthtgbcre; ghfdj yf xfcnyeñ cj-
åcndtyyjcnm, cjwbfkmyjt cnhföjdfybt b hfåjne;
ghfdj cjplfdfnm b dcnegfnm d ghjacjñps; ghf-
dj yf ljcnjqysq ehjdtym ébpyb, jåhfpjdfybt b
jnlsö; ghfdj yf exfcnbt d rekmnehyjq ébpyb
jåotcndf;
GH B Y B V F Z D J D Y B V F Y B T, xnj Dctjå-
ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfkf cfvsv
hfcghjcnhfytyysv b jåotghbyznsv ljrevty-
njv, jghtltkzñobv ghfdf xtkjdtrf, yf rjnjhsq
ccskfñncz d htpjkñwbzö b cjukfitybzö, ghb-
ybvftvsö vyjujxbcktyysvb vtéleyfhjlysvb
jhufybpfwbzvb, d vyjujcnjhjyybö b ldecnjhjy-
ybö ljujdjhfö, d yfwbjyfkmysö rjycnbnewbzö b
vtcnysö pfrjyfö b ltrhtnfö, f nfrét
GH B Y B V F Z D J D Y B V F Y B T, xnj Dctjå-
ofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf, yt åelexb ljuj-
djhjv bkb ñhblbxtcrb jåzpfntkmysv vtéleyf-
hjlysv cjukfitybtv, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ≤jå-
oeñ yjhve, dsgjkybnm rjnjheñ cnhtvzncz dct
yfhjls b dct cnhfys≥:
GF K FN F G H T L CN F D B N T K T Q (ghb cjukf-
cjdfybb c Ctyfnjv) yf jcyjdt änjuj gjcnfyjdkz-
tn, xnj Rjyuhtcc
(1) gjlndthélftn ghbdthétyyjcnm Cjtlb-
ytyysö Infnjd jcyjdjgjkfufñobv ghfdfv xt-
kjdtrf, ghjdjpukfityysv gjkdtrf yfpfl dj Dct-
jåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, rjnjhfz cke-
ébn jnhfétybtv jcyjdjgjkfufñobö uhfélfy-
crbö b xtkjdtxtcrbö ghfd, cjlthéfoböcz d
Ltrkfhfwbb j ytpfdbcbvjcnb b d Rjycnbnewbb
Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd b, d xfcnyjcnb, d Åbkkt
j ghfdfö;
(2) dshféftn cdjñ htibvjcnm hfåjnfnm dj
bvz htfkbpfwbb b cjåkñltybz vtéleyfhjlysö
ghfd xtkjdtrf b vtéleyfhjlysö cjukfitybq gj
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, b
(3) ghbpsdftn herjdjlbntktq ghfdbntkmcnd
dctö cnhfy, ghtlcnfdbntktq xfcnysö vtéleyf-
hjlysö jhufybpfwbq åjhwjd pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf,
ghtlghbybvfntktq b ghjacjñpysö kblthjd,
hfåjnybrjd vtcnysö jhufyjd eghfdktybz b dctö
fvthbrfywtd bcgjkmpjdfnm Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhf-
wbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf rfr bycnhevtyn lkz jåtcgt-
xtybz nthgbvjcnb, gjybvfybz b åjkmituj edf-
étybt ghfd xtkjdtrf.
G H B Y Z N J G F K F N J Q G H T L C N F D B N T K T Q
1 4 C T Y N Z Å H Z 1 9 9 8 U .
21
Jhufybpfwbz JåütlbytyysöYfwbq
Rjab Fyyfy – ctlmvjq gj cxtne Utythfkmysqctrhtnfhm Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq.C ntö gjh, rfr 1 ltrfåhz 1997 u. Utythfkm-ysq ctrhtnfhm Fyyfy dcnegbk d ljkéyjcnmchjrjv yf 4 ujlf, jy ytjlyjrhfnyj yf hfp-ysö rjynbytynfö gjlybvfk djghjc j ghfdföxtkjdtrf. Ybét ghbdtltys ytrjnjhst bp tujvscktq j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, rjnjhst dpzns bptuj dscnegktybq. Änb b lheubt dscnegktybzvjéyj yfqnb yf cnhfybwt JJY d Bynthyt-nt gjl pfujkjdrjv ≤Rjab Fyyfy d wbnf-nfö≥.
12 ctynzåhz 1997 u. Vähb Hjåbycjy cnf-kf dnjhsv Dthöjdysv rjvbccfhjv gj ghf-dfv xtkjdtrf d JJY. Ldf vtczwf cgecnz, 11 yjzåhz 1997 ujlf, jyf ghjxbnfkf ktrwbñd Jrcajhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt, Dtkbrjåhbnf-ybz, d rjnjhjq jyf ujdjhbkf j pyfxtybb Dct-jåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf. Hfytt c 1990 lj 1997 uu. Vähb Hjåbycjy åskf ght-pbltynjv Htcgeåkbrb Bhkfylbz. Jnhsdrb bptt dscnegktybz d Jrcajhlt ghtlcnfdktysgjckt dslthétr bp dscnegktybq Utythfkmyj-uj ctrhtnfhz JJY.
Rjab Fyyfy, Utythfkmysq
ctrhtnfhm JJY
Z D G J K Y T J C J P Y F Ñ njn afrn, xnj yt-
rjnjhst hfccvfnhbdfñn ghfdf xtkjdtrf rfr
hjcrjim åjufnsö cnhfy, jåkflfnm rjnjhjq Fa-
hbrf tot yt ujnjdf. Z nfrét gjybvfñ, xnj lhe-
ubt jnyjczncz r änjve rfr r dvtifntkmcnde, tc-
kb yt pfujdjhe cj cnjhjys ghjvsiktyyj hfpdb-
njuj Pfgflf. Z cxbnfñ änb cjjåhfétybz ghjcnj
eybpbntkmysvb, tckb gjybvfnm, xnj cnhtvktybt
r jåhtntybñ xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf ghbcen-
cndetn d cthlwt rféljuj fahbrfywf.
Bp dscnegktybz yf tétujlyjq
Fccfvåktt ukfd ujcelfhcnd
b ghfdbntkmcnd Jhufybpfwbb
fahbrfycrjuj tlbycndf,
Öfhfht, 2 bñyz 1997 u.
Hfpdt fahbrfycrbt vfnthb yt gkfxen, rjulf bö
csyjdtq b ljxthtq eåbdfñn bkb pfödfnsdfñn
futyns htghtccbdysö htébvjd ghfdktybz?
Hfpdt fahbrfycrbt jnws yt jgtxfktys, rjulf
bö ltntq ytcghfdtlkbdj cféfñn d nñhmve bkb
gsnfñn? Hfpdt Fahbrf d wtkjv yt jåtlyttn,
tckb evjkrytn öjnz ås jlby bp tt ghtrhfcysö
ujkjcjd?
Bp dscnegktybz yf tétujlyjq
Fccfvåktt ukfd ujcelfhcnd
b ghfdbntkmcnd Jhufybpfwbb
fahbrfycrjuj tlbycndf,
Öfhfht, 2 bñyz 1997 u.
Cdjåjlf yt pyftn uhfybw... pfébufntkmysq ujkjc
cdjåjls d jlyjq cnhfyt vjétn gjlyznm leö
lheujq lfktrjq cnhfys.
Bp dscnegktybz d åbåkbjntrt bv.
Rtyytlb,
Åjcnjy, 6 bñyz 1997 u.
22
Yfcbkbt d jnyjitybb étyoby cnfkj cfvsv
hfcghjcnhfytyysv yfheitybtv ghfd xtkjdtrf,
yt pyfñobv yb utjuhfabxtcrbö, yb rekmneh-
ysö, yb ärjyjvbxtcrbö åfhmthjd.
Bp dscnegktybz yf jnrhsnbb
52-q ctccbb Utythfkmyjq
Fccfvåktb JJY,
Ymñ-Qjhr, 22 ctynzåhz 1997 u.
Gecnm yt jcnfytncz ybrfrbö cjvytybq d
njv, xnj ceotcndeñn aeylfvtynfkmyst yjhvs
xtkjdtxtcrjuj gjdtltybz, yfheitybt rjnjhsö
ghjcnj ytghbtvktvj. Jcyjdjgjkfufñobt ghfdf
xtkjdtrf – ghjlern cfvjq xtkjdtxtcrjq ghbhj-
ls b afrnbxtcrb cfvjq xtkjdtxtcrjq ébpyb.
Bp dscnegktybz yf åkfujndjhbntkmyjv
dtxtht ≤Dpukzl yf bcnjhbñ b yf
yfc cfvbö≥,
Ymñ-Qjhr, 14 jrnzåhz 1997 u.
Nfv, ult ceotcndetn hfåcndj, nfv jnhbwftncz
cfvj xtkjdtxtcrjt ljcnjbycndj, b nfv cnslzn
dctö ntö, rnj bcgsnsdftn cjcnhflfybt bkb cj-
xedcndbt gj jnyjitybñ r ckfåsv b ytpfob-
otyysv d yfitv vbht. Ghfdf xtkjdtrf yt pyf-
xfn ybxtuj, tckb ghb änjv yt ghtlgjkfuftncz
cdjåjlf jn jrjd dj dctö cathfö ébpyb. B ntv
yt vtytt yf gjhjut yjdjuj nsczxtktnbz vs
ghjljkéftv åsnm cdbltntkzvb cnfhsö b, rfr
änj yb gtxfkmyj, yjdsö ajhv hfåcndf. Cjnyb
nsczx kñltq dj dctv vbht ébden b evbhfñn
rfr hfås d njq bkb byjq ajhvt.
Bö Gjckfybz gj ckexfñ
Vtéleyfhjlyjuj lyz jnvtys hfåcndf,
2 ltrfåhz 1997 u.
Rjulf vs ujdjhbv j ghfdt yf ébpym bkb cj-
wbfkmyj-ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt, bkb yf cdjñ
njxre phtybz b vytybt, vs ujdjhbv j nthgb-
vjcnb. Nthgbvjcnm – gjllthéfyyfz, pfoboty-
yfz b gjxbnftvfz – cvjétn ufhfynbhjdfnm dct
ajhvs cdjåjls. Åtp ytt e yfc yt åeltn ybrf-
rbö ufhfynbq. Gj ckjdfv jlyjuj velhjuj xtkj-
dtrf, ≤dthf gjhjélftn edfétybt, f afyfnbpv
ghjdjwbhetn ytyfdbcnm≥... Ghfdf xtkjdtrf –
änj dshfétybt ntö nhflbwbq nthgbvjcnb,
ghbceobö dctv rekmnehfv, rjnjhst ckeéfn jc-
yjdjq vbhf b ghjuhtccf... Ghfdf xtkjdtrf...
yt xeéls yb jlyjq rekmneht b ghbceob dctv
cnhfyfv... Nthgbvjcnm b vbkjcthlbt dctulf b
dj dctö rekmnehfö åskb bltfkfvb ujcelfhcn-
dtyyjuj ghfdktybz b xtkjdtxtcrjuj gjdtlt-
ybz. Ctujlyz vs yfpsdftv änb wtyyjcnb xtkj-
dtxtcrbvb ghfdfvb.
Bp dscnegktybz d Ntuthfycrjv
eybdthcbntnt gj gjdjle
Lyz ghfd xtkjdtrf,
10 ltrfåhz 1997 u.
Ytkmpz dsåbhfnm jnltkmyst ghfdf xtkjdtrf, bu-
yjhbhez jlyb b yfcnfbdfz yf lheubö. Njkmrj
rjulf ghfdf jlbyfrjdj ghbvtybvs rj dctv,
njkmrj njulf bö vjéyj cxbnfnm eybdthcfkmyj
ghbtvktvsvb bkb jåotghbyznsvb. Jyb yt lj-
kéys yjcbnm dsåjhjxyjuj bkb jnyjcbntkmyjuj
öfhfrnthf, bkb ckeébnm jhelbtv yfrfpfybz lkz
lheubö. D bö gjkyjnt b åtcrjvghjvbccyjcnb –
bö dtxyfz cbkf.
Bp dscnegktybz d Ntuthfycrjv
eybdthcbntnt gj gjdjle
Lyz ghfd xtkjdtrf,
10 ltrfåhz 1997 u.
Yt ceotcndetn tlbyjq vjltkb ltvjrhfnbb,
ghfd xtkjdtrf bkb rekmnehs lkz dctuj vbhf. Yj
lkz dctuj vbhf ljkéys ceotcndjdfnm ltvjrhf-
nbz, ghfdf xtkjdtrf b cdjåjlf dshfétybz d
rekmneht.
Bp dscnegktybz d Ntuthfycrjv
eybdthcbntnt gj gjdjle
Lyz ghfd xtkjdtrf,
10 ltrfåhz 1997 u.
23
Rjulf vs ujdjhbv j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf rfr j pf-
gflyjq rjywtgwbb, nj hfpdt yt gkfxen bhfy-
crbt bkb fahbrfycrbt vfnthb, rjulf gsnfñn bö
csyf bkb ljxm? Hfpdt yt djpveoftvcz dct vs,
rjulf jlyjuj bp yfibö kblthjd ytcghfdtlkbdj
åhjcfñn d pfcntyrb? Hfpdt yt cnhflftv vs dct
jn jncencndbz pfrjyyjcnb b jn ghjbpdjkf? Hfp-
dt änj yfv xeélj? Xnj ét pltcm pfgflyjuj? F
rjulf vs ujdjhbv j ghfdt yf hfpdbnbt, gjnhtå-
yjcnb ébnm gjkyjwtyyjq ébpymñ b cgjcjåyjc-
nb ghtndjhznm vtxne d ébpym, nj änj ghbceot
dctv... Hfpujdfhbdfz c kñlmvb, dcnhtxfkbcm kb
ds rjulf-kbåj c éthndjq – xtkjdtrjv, gjldth-
ufdibvcz gsnrfv, – rjnjhsq dscnegfk ås ghj-
nbd cjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf? Dcnhtxfkbcm kb
ds c kñlmvb, rjnjhst jnhbwfkb ås ghfdf xtkj-
dtrf, ghbpdfyyst pfobofnm bö? Dj dctv, xnj
vs ltkftv, åelm-nj ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt,
åtpjgfcyjcnm, bkb xnj-nj tot, d wtynht dybvf-
ybz – xtkjdtr. B bvtyyj änj vs bvttv d dble,
rjulf ujdjhbv j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, rjulf ujdjhbv
j cdjåjlt dshfétybz d rekmneht, gjkbnbxtcrbö
ghfdfö, ärjyjvbxtcrbö ghfdfö.
Ghtcc-rjyathtywbz yf cfvvbnt
Jhufybpfwbb Bckfvcrjq
rjyathtywbb,
Ntuthfy, 11 ltrfåhz 1997 u.
Vs ljkéys tot hfp gjlndthlbnm ghbdthéty-
yjcnm Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf b
ljåbnmcz njuj, xnjås jåotcndtyyjcnm b rfélsq
jnltkmysq xtkjdtr gjyzkb, xnj änj bö ghfdf.
Änj yt ytxnj nfrjt, xnj vjétn lfnm xtkjdtre
ghfdbntkmcndj, rfr yfghbvth, ceåcblbñ, rjnj-
heñ vjéyj gjnjv jnyznm. Änj ytjnütvktvj, änj
ytjnltkbvj, b z yfltñcm, xnj vs vjétv dj-
cgjkmpjdfnmcz 50-q ujljdobyjq, xnjås ljytcnb
lj dctö äne vsckm.
Ghtcc-rjyathtywbz
d infå-rdfhnbht JJY
24 atdhfkz 1998 u.
Vähb Hjåbycjy, Dthöjdysq
rjvbccfh gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf
JJY
D C K T L E Ñ O T V U J L E vs åeltv jnvtxfnm
50-ñ ujljdobye Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xt-
kjdtrf. Z cxbnfñ, xnj änf ltrkfhfwbz cnjbn d
hzle cfvsö dtkbrbö b dljöyjdkzñobö ljrevty-
njd yfitq bcnjhbb. Jyf jkbwtndjhztn cjåjq
yfltéls b vtxns kñltq, e rjnjhsö tot yt ås-
kb pfktxtys hfys Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, rj-
njhst jgfcfkbcm djpybryjdtybz öjkjlyjq djq-
ys b njkmrj yfxbyfkb dtkbrjt jcdjåjéltybt
yfhjljd, ghbitlitt dvtcnt c hfcgfljv tdhj-
gtqcrbö bvgthbq.
Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghjdjpukfiftn jcyj-
djgjkfufñobt cdjåjls: cdjåjle ckjdf, vyt-
ybq, dshfétybz b dthjbcgjdtlfybz b pfrhtg-
kztn d rfxtcndt wtynhfkmyjuj ghfdj yf ghtl-
cnfdbntkmyeñ cbcntve ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ghfd-
ktybz, jåtcgtxbdfñott ibhjrjt exfcnbt yf-
hjlf d eghfdktybb cnhfyjq. Yj nfrét ndthlj
b c hfdysv frwtynjv jyf ghjdjpukfiftn ärj-
yjvbxtcrbt, cjwbfkmyst b rekmnehyst ghfdf b
ghfdj yf hfdyst djpvjéyjcnb. Änj ljkéyj ås-
kj cnfnm ≤jåotq yjhvjq lkz dctö yfhjljd b
dctö cnhfy≥; ghb änjv gjlhfpevtdfkjcm, xnj
bpkjétyyst d ytq ghfdf b cdjåjls ljkéys d
hfdyjq vtht ghbyflktéfnm dctv, åtp rfrjq-kb-
åj lbcrhbvbyfwbb gj nfrbv ghbpyfrfv, rfr
hfcf, wdtn rjéb, gjk, yfwbjyfkmyjt bkb cjwb-
fkmyjt ghjbcöjéltybt, bveotcndtyyjt gjkj-
étybt, vtcnj hjéltybz b ghjxtt.
Ldflwfnm ktn cgecnz gjckt ghbyznbz Ltrkf-
hfwbb tt jcyjdyst gjkjétybz åskb drkñxtys d
Ntuthfycrjt pfzdktybt 1968 u. Åjktt gjlhjåyj
änb ghfdf b cdjåjls åskb bpkjétys d ldeö gfr-
nfö Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq – Gfrnt
j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö b Gfrnt
jå ärjyjvbxtcrbö, cjwbfkmysö b rekmnehysö
ghfdfö, rjnjhst dcnegbkb d cbke d 1976 u.
24
Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz – änj ébdjq ljre-
vtyn. Njhétcndtyyj jnvtxfz tt ujljdobye yf
pfdthifñotv änfgt änjuj nsczxtktnbz, yfv yt-
jåöjlbvj eltkbnm åjkmitt dybvfybt yfceo-
ysv b ckjéysv ghjåktvfv cjåkñltybz nfrbö
ghfd xtkjdtrf rfr: ghfdj yf hfpdbnbt, ghbpyf-
ybt ghfd rjhtyysö yfhjljd, ghfdf b djpvjé-
yjcnb kñltq c abpbxtcrbvb ytljcnfnrfvb,
lbcrhbvbyfwbz gj gjke b ghjåktvs jghtltkt-
ybz bcöjlysö lfyysö lkz chfdybntkmyjq jwty-
rb gjkjétybz c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf b gjljnxtn-
yjcnb d ltkt cjåkñltybz änbö b lheubö ghfd.
D yfcnjzott dhtvz pyfxbntkmyj djphjckj
xbckj cnhfy-exfcnybw, gj chfdytybñ c 10 cty-
nzåhz 1948 u. R ybv ghbcjtlbybkbcm vyjujxbc-
ktyyst jåotcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb. Ctqxfc pf-
lfxf pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås gjlndthlbnm jå-
oeñ ghbdthétyyjcnm ajhvekbhjdrt änbö ghfd
d ghtfvåekt rj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb: ≤Ghbyb-
vfz dj dybvfybt, xnj ghbpyfybt ljcnjbycndf,
ghbceotuj dctv xktyfv xtkjdtxtcrjq ctvmb, b
bö hfdysö b ytjnütvktvsö ghfd cjcnfdkztn
aeylfvtyn cdjåjls, cghfdtlkbdjcnb b dctjå-
otuj vbhf...≥, f nfrét d njv, xnjås yjdst xkt-
ys JJY b jåotcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb ghbyzkb
exfcnbt d jåyjdktybb änjq ajhvekbhjdrb d yf-
it dhtvz.
Jwtyrf htpekmnfnjd d ltkt cjåkñltybz
vtéleyfhjlysö yjhv ghfd xtkjdtrf yfcnjz-
ntkmyj nhtåeñn yjdsö b cdtébö gjlöjljd. D öj-
lt yfitq gjlujnjdrb r 50-q ujljdobyt Dctjå-
otq ltrkfhfwbb z crfpfkf vjbv rjkktufv, xnj
z yt hfccvfnhbdfñ änj rfr gjdjl lkz ghfplyj-
dfybz. Gjcvjnhbnt yf htpekmnfns 50-ktnytq hf-
åjns vtöfybpvjd d jåkfcnb cjåkñltybz ghfd
xtkjdtrf, 30 ktn hfåjns vyjujvbkkbfhlysö
ghjuhfvv hfpdbnbz b åtcrjytxyjq hbnjhbrb yf
dscitv ehjdyt – b ds eåtlbntcm, xnj bö ukj-
åfkmyjt djpltqcndbt yt nfr pyfxbntkmyj.
D vbht dct tot ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyf
lbcrhbvbyfwbz yf jcyjdt gjkf, änybxtcrbö
ghbpyfrjd, htkbubjpyjq ghbyflktéyjcnb, ctr-
cefkmyjq jhbtynfwbb, b dct tot ckexfñncz
ghjzdktybz utyjwblf – njkmrj pf änj ltcznbkt-
nbt jy åsk jnvtxty ldféls. 48 cnhfy, ult ghj-
ébdftn jlyf gznfz xfcnm dctuj yfctktybz, éb-
dtn d eckjdbzö, rfr vs ghbdsrkb ujdjhbnm, ≤få-
cjkñnyjq åtlyjcnb≥.
Änj cdbltntkmcndj ytghtljcnfdktybz ghfd
xtkjdtrf d nfrbö rhegysö vfcinfåfö, xnj yfv
dctv ljkéyj åsnm cnslyj. Cnjkmrj ghbkjétyj
ecbkbq, cnjkmrj pfnhfxtyj chtlcnd, cnjkmrj yf-
ltél cdzpfyj c änbv... b nfrbt ytpyfxbntkmyst
htpekmnfns. Ctqxfc ytljcnfnjxyj ghznfnmcz pf
gjcktlcndbz öjkjlyjq djqys b lheubt afrnjhs,
rjnjhst juhfybxbdfkb d ghjikjv ltqcndbz
vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjjåotcndf. Yfcnfkj dhtvz bp-
dktrfnm gjkmpe bp ghjqltyysö ehjrjd. B jlby
bp ehjrjd cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås gjyznm, xnj gj
cenb ghfdf xtkjdtrf änj xnj-nj, xnj ghblftn
yfv cbks b hfcibhztn yfib djpvjéyjcnb...
Gthtgtxfnfyj c hfphtitybz Eghfdktybz Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf
gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, Étytdf,
Idtqwfhbz.
25
Xtndthj pfobnybrjd ghfd xtkjdtrf
15 fghtkz 1998 u. dj Ldjhwt yfwbq d Étytdt(Idtqwfhbz) ujcnb ltktufwbb CIF d Rjvbc-cbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b Byajhvfwbjyyjqckeéås CIF d Étytdt cjåhfkbcm lkz njuj,xnjås jnvtnbnm dsgecr ghjtrnf ljrkflf j≤Pfobnybrfö ghfd xtkjdtrf≥, gjlujnjdkty-yjuj hfåjxtq uheggjq JJY. R cjåhfdibvczjåhfnbkbcm nhjt dslfñoböcz pfobnybrjdghfd xtkjdtrf d yfib lyb: ghtpbltyn Htcgeå-kbrb Rjhtz Rbv Nä Xéey, ghtpbltyn Xti-crjq Htcgeåkbrb Dfwkfd Ufdtk b utythfkmysqctrhtnfhm Yfwbjyfkmyjq kbub pf ltvjrhf-nbñ d Åbhvt Feyu Cfy Ce Rb. Dbltjpfgbcbbö htxtq åskb ghjbuhfys gthtl felbnjhbtq.
21 ctynzåhz 1998 u. ghtpbltyn Ñéyj-fahbrfycrjq Htcgeåkbrb Ytkmcjy Vfyltkfdscrfpfk cdjb cjjåhfétybz j Dctjåotq ltr-kfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf yf Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåktt JJY.
Ybét ghbdjlzncz dslthérb bp dscnegkt-ybq änbö xtnshtö dctvbhyj bpdtcnysö ghf-djpfobnybrjd.
Bp dscnegktybz Ghtpbltynf
Rbv Nä Xéeyf
C Y FX F K F D H T V T Y dtplt, ult åskb kñlb,
ceotcndjdfkb ghfdf xtkjdtrf.
Dtplt, ult ceotcndjdfkf dkfcnm, ghfdf xt-
kjdtrf yfheifkbcm. Dtplt, ult bvtkj vtcnj nj
bkb byjt yfheitybt ghfd xtkjdtrf, gjzdkz-
kbcm nt, rnj bö pfobofk. Jyb – yfib uthjb.
Bbcec Öhbcnjc crfpfk: ≤Rnj ckeébn vtym-
itve bp cbö åhfnmtd vjbö, rnj cnhflftn b nth-
gbn ujytybz, njn ckeébn Åjue. F rnj yt ckeébn
bv, njn yt ckeébn Åjue, b gj ltkfv bö åeltn
bv yfuhflf bkb yfrfpfybt≥.
Åellf ghjdjpukfcbk jnltkmyeñ kbxyjcnm
cfvjq åkfujhjlyjq dtomñ d yfitq dctktyyjq.
Cjukfcyj rjyaewbfycrjq nhflbwbb, gjl-
lfyyst bvtñn ghfdj jn bvtyb dctö kñltq bp-
uyfnm dkfcntkbyf, rjnjhsq yfheiftn ghfdf yf-
hjlf.
C ghbyznbtv 50 ktn yfpfl Dctjåotq ltr-
kfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf cnhfys vbhf ghbpyfkb
ghfdf xtkjdtrf dctjåobvb b jcyjdjgjkfufñob-
vb. C njuj dhtvtyb vyjujxbcktyyst ghfdjpf-
obnyst jhufybpfwbb, drkñxfz Rjvbccbñ JJY
gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, b jnltkmyst åjhws pf ghf-
df xtkjdtrf ghbytckb dtkbrbt éthnds b ghbkj-
ébkb åjkmibt ecbkbz d pfobne ghfd euytnty-
ysö kñltq dj dctv vbht.
Z ndthlj eåtélty, xnj gjrf gjljåyst éth-
nds b ecbkbz dj bvz xtkjdtxtcndf ghjljkéf-
ñncz, xtkjdtxtcrbt ghfdf dctö cnhflfñobö
kñltq åelen hfcibhznmcz ltym jnj lyz. Vtyz
d ntxtybt 40 ktn ghtcktljdfkb lbrnfnjhs. Z
åtp cnhföf åjhjkcz pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf, gznm hfp
åsk yf uhfyb cvthnb b ghjdtk itcnm ktn d
nñhmvt b 10 ktn d ccskrt bkb gjl ljvfiybv
fhtcnjv.
C änjuj lyz b lj rjywf ébpyb z åele ghj-
ljkéfnm ckeébnm lfkmytqitve hfcibhtybñ
ghtljcnfdktybz ghfd xtkjdtrf.
26
Z åkfujlfhty dctv vjbv lhepmzv dj dctv
vbht, rjnjhst dscnegfñn d pfobne ghfd xtkj-
dtrf.
Lf åkfujckjdbn dfc dctö Åju.
Bp dscnegktybz Ghtpbltynf
Dfwkfdf Ufdtkf
Z D C T UL F G J L X T H R B D F Ñ dyjdm b
dyjdm, xnj Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf,
njxyj nfr ét rfr b hzl lheubö ljrevtynjd b
ghfdjdsö yjhv nfrjuj hjlf, – änj ytxnj åjkm-
itt, xtv ntöybxtcrjt cjukfitybt.
Änj pthrfkj, jnhféfñott jghtltktyyst
wtyyjcnb. Wtyyjcnb, rjnjhst vs pfoboftv, d
bcnbyyjcnb rjnjhsö vs eåtéltys, wtyyjcnb,
rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkzñncz ybcgjckfyysvb yfv
cdsit, wtyyjcnb, rjnjhst vs d ytrjnjhjv
cvsckt ufhfynbhetv.
D änjv cjcnjbn hfpybwf vtéle bcnbyjq,
wtyyjcnmñ, bltfkjv c jlyjq cnjhjys, b byajh-
vfwbtq – c lheujq. Byajhvfwbz cdjåjlyj gt-
htlftncz, jyf vjétn gthtktnfnm gj Bynthytne
jn jlyjuj rjvgmñnthf r lheujve gj ghjdjlfv.
Bcnbyf – änj xnj-nj, xnj ytjåöjlbvj jncnfb-
dfnm, pf xnj ytjåöjlbvj hexfnmcz, xnj nhtåetn
jåtcgtxtybz b ufhfynbq. B tt vjuen jåtcgtxbnm
kñlb.
Djn gjxtve z cxbnfñ jxtym dféysv, xnjås
vs yt pfåsdfkb ntö, rnj jncnfbdftn ghfdf xt-
kjdtrf, rnj åjhtncz pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf, ntö, rnj
cgjcjåty lfét ghbytcnb jghtltktyyeñ kbxyeñ
éthnde hflb änjq åjhmås.
Båj bvtyyj jyb cfvbv afrnjv cdjtuj ce-
otcndjfybz htfkmyj jåtcgtxbdfñn htfkbpfwbñ
– ufhfynbñ – änbö wtyyjcntq, cdbltntkmcndez j
njv, xnj cnfdrjq d änjq åjhmåt ckeébn yt ghj-
cnj byajhvfwbz, f ltqcndbntkmyj bcnbyf.
Bp dscnegktybz utythfkmyjuj
ctrhtnfhz
Feyu Cfy Ce Rb
LTKJ ÅJHMÅS pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf tldf kb yeé-
lftncz d jåjcyjdfybb, b dct ét cyjdf b cyjdf
yfv ghböjlbncz ghbpsdfnm vbh pflevfnmcz j
ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, yfgjvbyfnm j njv, xnj änj rf-
cftncz dctö kñltq, f yt njkmrj ytrjnjhsö bp
yfc, ébdeobö d ytljcnfnjxyj hfpdbnsö cnhfyfö.
Åjhmåf pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf – änj åjhmåf pf xtkj-
dtxtcrjt ljcnjbycndj, xtkjdtxtcreñ åtpjgfc-
yjcnm, xtkjdtxtcreñ ceoyjcnm. Gjcrjkmre dct
vs xtkjdtxtcrbt ceotcndf, z levfñ, xnj dctv
yfv cktletn åtcgjrjbnmcz j njv, tcnm kb d änjv
vbht kñlb, cnhflfñobt jn njuj, xnj jyb yt vj-
uen ébnm gj-xtkjdtxtcrb. Euytntyyst kñlb jn-
kbxfñncz jn ntö, rnj cdjåjlty b yföjlbncz d
åtpjgfcyjcnb. C yfvb xnj-nj ghjbcöjlbn, rjulf
yfc gjlfdkzñn, rjulf yfv euhjéfñn, rjulf yfv
ghböjlbncz tétlytdyj åtcgjrjbnmcz j cdjtq
åtpjgfcyjcnb.
Ltkj åjhmås pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf d Åbhvt
rfcftncz yt njkmrj änjq cnhfys. Jyj ceotcn-
dtyyj lkz dctö ntö, rnj cnhflftn gjl uytnjv fd-
njhbnfhysö htébvjd. Cnhflfybz yfituj yfhjlf
– änj cnhflfybz dctö ntö, xmt xtkjdtxtcrjt lj-
cnjbycndj yt pfobotyj pfrjyjv. Z yfltñcm,
xnj, jncnfbdfz ltkj Åbhvs, z åele jncnfbdfnm
ltkj dctö kñltq vbhf, cnhflfñobö jn yfheit-
ybq ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Nhelyj dsåhfnm, j xtv ujdjhbnm, rjulf
htxm bltn j yfheitybzö ghfd xtkjdtrf d
Åbhvt. Ckbirjv vyjuj hfpkbxyjuj hjlf yf-
heitybq. Yj z levfñ, xnj j vyjubö bp ybö
cnfkj bpdtcnyj vtéleyfhjlyjve cjjåotcnde
åkfujlfhz hfåjnt Rjvbccbb JJY gj ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf, lheubö ghfdjpfobnysö jhufybpf-
wbq, ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq b
dctö ntö, rnj hfåjnftn hflb ltkf ltvjrhfnbb
d Åbhvt.
27
Vs cnhtvbvcz r ltvjrhfnbb d Åbhvt yt
gjnjve, xnj vs levftv, åelnj ltvjrhfnbz – änj
djkitåyjt ckjdj, rjnjhjt hfphtibn dct ghjåkt-
vs yfitq cnhfys. Vs hfåjnftv hflb ltvjrhf-
nbb gjnjve, xnj gjybvftv: ltvjrhfnbz – änj
cbcntvf, rjnjhfz jcyjdfyf yf pfobnt jcyjdysö
xtkjdtxtcrbö ghfd. Tckb yfib kñlb yt gjke-
xfn jcyjdysö ghfd xtkjdtrf, yfif cnhfyf yt
åeltn yfckfélfnmcz vbhjv b ghjwdtnfybtv.
Vyt öjntkjcm ås d pfrkñxtybt gjåkfujlf-
hbnm Rjvbccbñ JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf b dct
ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybfpwbb, rjnjhst nfr
vyjuj cltkfkb lkz ekexitybz cbnefwbb d jå-
kfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf d Åbhvt. Njn afrn, xnj
vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj dybvfntkmyj cktlbn
pf ntv, xnj ghjbcöjlbn d Åbhvt, b gjkjétybtv
c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf e yfc d cnhfyt, bvttn
ltqcndbntkmyj juhjvyjt pyfxtybt. Yfltñcm, ds
ghjljkébnt ltkfnm änj. Yfltñcm, ds åeltnt jn-
cnfbdfnm cdjb ghbywbgs, ytdpbhfz yf dct ght-
gzncndbz yf dfitv genb, gjnjve xnj änj jxtym
cbkmyj gjvjuftn yfv. Cgfcbåj dfv.
Bp dscnegktybz ghtpbltynf
Ytkmcjyf Vfyltks
DG J K Y T C G H F D T L K B D J, xnj ysyti-
yññ 53-ñ ctccbñ Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåktb pf-
gjvyzn d dtrfö rfr vjvtyn, rjulf dct vs jnvt-
xfkb b ghfplyjdfkb 50-ñ ujljdobye ghbyznbz
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf. Hjélty-
yfz dcrjht gjckt hfpuhjvf yfwbcnjd b gjckt
afibcncrbö ghtcnegktybq ghjnbd xtkjdtxtcn-
df, änf ltrkfhfwbz cjlthéfkf d ctåt yfltéle
yf nj, xnj d åeleotv dct yfit jåotcndj åeltn
cnhjbnmcz yf jcyjdfybzö njuj cdtnkjuj dbltybz
vbhf, xnj pdexbn d rféljq bp tt cnfntq.
Lkz ntö, rjve ghbikjcm åjhjnmcz pf cdjt
jcdjåjéltybt, gjljåyj yfv, rjnjhst c dfitq
gjvjomñ jcdjåjlbkbcm jn ghtcnegyjq cbcntvs
fgfhntblf, Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf
ckeébkf gjlndthéltybtv ghfdjns yfituj ltkf.
D nj ét dhtvz jyf ghbpsdfkf yfc gjcdznbnm lj-
cnbuyeneñ yfvb cdjåjle ghtndjhtybñ d ébpym
wtktq, cjlthéfoböcz d ltrkfhfwbb.
Ctujlyz vs ghfplyetv njn afrn, xnj änjn
bcnjhbxtcrbq ljrevtyn gthtébk gznm åehysö
ltcznbktnbq, yfgjkytyysö cfvsvb ytjåsxys-
vb cjåsnbzvb d hfpdbnbb xtkjdtxtcrjuj jåot-
cndf. R bö xbcke jnyjczncz rhfö rjkjybfkmyjq
cbcntvs, ghtrhfotybt ceotcndjdfybz gjkzhyj-
uj vbhf, pfödfnsdfñobt leö ecgtöb yferb b
ntöyjkjubb, f nfrét gthtöjl r ckjéyjve ghj-
wtcce ukjåfkbpfwbb.
B dct ét c ljcnbétybtv dctuj änjuj kñlb,
rjnjhsv gjcdzotyf Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz ghfd
xtkjdtrf, ghjljkéfkb cnhflfnm jn djqy b étc-
njrbö rjyakbrnjd. Jyb tot yt jåhtkb cdjåjls
jn cnhföf cvthnb d htpekmnfnt ghbvtytybz jhe-
ébz vfccjdjuj eybxnjétybz b jåsxysö djjhe-
étybq. Vyjubt lj cbö gjh yt vjuen gjkmpjdfnm-
cz jcyjdjgjkfufñobvb b ytjnxeélftvsvb lt-
vjrhfnbxtcrbvb ghfdfvb, gjpdjkzñobvb exfcn-
djdfnm d jghtltktybb celtå cdjbö cnhfy, yfhj-
28
ljd, ctvtq b ltntq b pfobofnm ctåz jn nbhf-
ybb b lbrnfnehs.
Cfvjuj ghfdf åsnm xtkjdtrjv kbitys cjn-
yb vbkkbjyjd kñltq d htpekmnfnt åtlyjcnb b
ytljcnegyjcnb cfvsö ytjåöjlbvsö dtotq: gb-
ob, hfåjns, djls b rhjdf, jåhfpjdfybz, plhfdj-
jöhfytybz b pljhjdjq jrheéfñotq chtls. Yt-
elfxf d ljcnbétybb wtktq Dctjåotq ltrkfhf-
wbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, gjkexftn lhfvfnbxtcrjt dj-
gkjotybt d rjynhfcnt vtéle åjufncndjv b åtl-
yjcnmñ, öfhfrnthyjv lkz cnhfy Ctdthf b Ñuf,
f nfrét d ghtltkfö jnltkmysö cnhfy d jåjbö
gjkeifhbzö.
Äne cbnefwbñ ltkftn jcjåtyyj ujhmrjq b
nhelyjq njn afrn, xnj cjceotcndjdfybt åjufncn-
df b åtlyjcnb, edtrjdtxtybt ysytiytq ghfrnb-
rb hfphtitybz vtéujcelfhcndtyysö b dyenhb-
ujcelfhcndtyysö rjyakbrnjd b jnhbwfybt lt-
vjrhfnbxtcrbö ghfd dj vyjubö cnhfyfö vbhf –
dct änj htpekmnfn ltqcndbq b åtpltqcndbz ntö,
rnj pfybvftn herjdjlzobt gjcns d gjkbnbrt,
ärjyjvbrt b lheubö jåkfcnzö xtkjdtxtcrjq ltz-
ntkmyjcnb.
Z bvtñ d dble cktleñott: dct änb cjwb-
fkmyst åtls, ghtlcnfdkzñobt cjåjq fnfre yf
Dctjåoeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf – yt pf-
rjyjvthysq htpekmnfn ltqcndbz cbk ghbhjls...
Änj gjcktlcndbz htitybq, rjnjhst ghbybvfñn
bkb jnrfpsdfñncz ghbybvfnm kñlb; ghbxtv dct
änb kñlb åtp rjktåfybq pfzdzn j cdjtq åtpjuj-
djhjxyjq gjllthért dpukzljd, dshfétyysö dj
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf...
Änf ltrkfhfwbz åskf ghjdjpukfityf dctjå-
otq bvtyyj gjnjve, xnj jcyjdfntkb lfyyjq jh-
ufybpfwbb b yfhjls vbhf, rjnjhst jåütlbybkb
ecbkbz d åjhmåt c euhjpjq afibpvf, drkñxfz
nt yfhjls, rjnjhsv tot ghtlcnjzkj ljåbnmcz
cjåcndtyyjuj jcdjåjéltybz, zcyj gjybvfkb, xnj
yfi vbh ghtlcnfdkzk cjåjq dpfbvjcdzpfyyjt
wtkjt. Cxfcnmt, cghfdtlkbdjcnm, xtkjdtxtcrjt
ljcnjbycndj, vbh b ghjwdtnfybt ytjåöjlbvj
cjcnfdkzñn dctjåoeñ jåzpfyyjcnm, gjcrjkmre
rfélsq yfhjl b rfélsq xtkjdtr bvtñn ghfdj
yf ybö.
D nj ét dhtvz yb jlby yfhjl yt vjétn
xtcnyj crfpfnm, xnj jy yfckfélftncz cxfcnmtv,
vbhjv b ghjwdtnfybtv, tckb lheubt, njxyj nf-
rbt ét kñlb ghjljkéfñn cnhflfnm jn ybotns,
rjyakbrnjd b nthhjhbpvf.
Gjänjve vs dghfdt crfpfnm, xnj dspjd, rj-
njhsq cnfdzn gthtl yfvb cktleñobt 50 ktn
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf yf gjhjut
yjdjuj cnjktnbz, jåkbr rjnjhjuj jyf ljkéyf gj-
vjxm cajhvbhjdfnm, cjcnjbn d njv, xnjås kñlb,
b jcjåtyyj nt, rnj åeltn pfybvfnm herjdjlzobt
gjcns, yfikb d ctåt veétcndj jåtcgtxbnm yf-
rjytw gjcnhjtybt uevfyyjuj vbhf, jndtxfñot-
uj gjkjétybzv änjq bcnjhbxtcrjq ltrkfhfwbb
b lheubv ljrevtynfv d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf,
ghbyznsv gjckt 1948 u.
Gtxfnftncz c hfphtitybz Atlthfk Ymñp Cthdbc,
620 National Press Bldg., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20045
(202) 347-1400/Info@FNS 6.com © 198 Federal News Service
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,
jrnzåhm 1998 u.
29
Htkbubjpyfz cdjåjlf, rfr
endthélftn d ghbdjlbvjq
ybét cnfnmt Atkbc Ufqth,
lbhtrnjh Bycnbnenf ghfd
xtkjdtrf bvtyb Létqrjåf
Åkfeintqyf Fvthbrfycrjuj
tdhtqcrjuj rjvbntnf,
ufhfynbhetncz yt njkmrj
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbtq
ghfd xtkjdtrf, yj b dféys-
vb ljrevtynfvb vtéle-
yfhjlyjuj ghfdf.
D gjcktlybt ujls ghfdbntkmcndf ytrjnjhsöcnhfy, d xfcnyjcnb, Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd,ghtlghbyzkb ifub lkz njuj, xnjås tot hfpgjlndthlbnm dféyjt pyfxtybt htkbubjpyjqcdjåjls. Ecbkbz flvbybcnhfwbb Rkbynjyf dänjv yfghfdktybb drkñxfñn cjplfybt Rjy-cekmnfnbdyjuj rjvbntnf gj htkbubjpyjqcdjåjlt pf heåtéjv d cnherneht Åñhj Ujce-lfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf gj djghjcfv lt-vjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelf. Dcrjht åe-ltn yfpyfxty cnfhibq rjjhlbyfnjh gj dj-ghjcfv htkbubjpyjq cdjåjls d hfyut gjckf,pflfxtq rjnjhjuj åeltn cjltqcndbt gjllth-ért ghfdbntkmcndjv CIF htkbubjpyjq cdj-åjls dj dctv vbht rfr jlyjuj bp afrnjhjdghjwtccf ajhvbhjdfybz gjkbnbrb.
YF GHJNZÉTYBB DCTQ BCNJHBB dtkbrbt
htkbubb gjlxthrbdfkb ytjåöjlbvjcnm edfét-
ybz xtkjdtxtcrjuj ljcnjbycndf rféljq kbx-
yjcnb b ytjåöjlbvjcnm pfobns xtkjdtxyjcnb d
rféljv xtkjdtrt. B dct ét rjyakbrns yf gj-
xdt htkbubjpyjq ghbyflktéyjcnb ckbirjv
xfcnj dktrkb pf cjåjq frns ytnthgbvjcnb,
5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y
Pfobnf htkbubjpyjq cdjåjls
Atkbc L. Ufqth
30
ghtcktljdfybz, yfcbkbz, djbycndtyyjcnb b
djqys. Ltqcndbz, yfghfdktyyst d pfobne ht-
kbubjpyjq cdjåjls, åskb ecbktys d htpekmnf-
nt ghbyznbz d 1948 u. Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb
ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Änjn pfvtxfntkmysq – rkñxtdjq – ljrevtyn
ldbétybz d pfobne ghfd xtkjdtrf åsk cjplfy d
ujls, ytgjchtlcndtyyj cktleñobt pf Rfnfcnhj-
ajq, rjulf d yfwbcncrbö rjywtynhfwbjyysö kf-
uthzö b ufpjdsö rfvthfö åskb eåbns itcnm
vbkkbjyjd tdhttd, åjktt vbkkbjyf bp rjnjhsö
tot yt ljcnbukb gjlhjcnrjdjuj djphfcnf. Nhfub-
xtcrbt htpekmnfns gjgsnrb eybxnjébnm dctö
tdhttd, f nfrét vyjubö lheubö kñltq åskb tot
ckbirjv cdtéb, ckbirjv phbvs, xnjås bvb
ghtytåhtxm. Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, ghtlctlfntkm-
cndjdfdifz d Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf,
yfgjvybkf ltktufnfv j njv, xnj kñlb dctuj vb-
hf élen ytpfvtlkbntkmysö ltqcndbq gj ghbyz-
nbñ Ltrkfhfwbb, rjnjhfz jåüzdbn gjljåyjt gj-
dtltybt dyt pfrjyf.
Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz yt njkmrj jghtltkz-
tn ghfdj rféljuj xtkjdtrf yf cdjåjle vsckb,
cjdtcnb b dthjbcgjdtlfybz, yj b ytjlyjrhfnyj
gjlndthélftn, xnj lbcrhbvbyfwbz yf htkbubjp-
yjq gjxdt ytljgecnbvf. Dsldbyens ldf rkñxt-
dsö fcgtrnf änjuj ghfdf: ghfdj dthbnm, xnj cj-
cnfdkztn dyenhtyybq fcgtrn änjuj ghfdf, b
ghfdj ghjzdkznm äne dthe, vjkzcm bkb ghtlfdf-
zcm vtlbnfwbzv d etlbytybb, bkb dvtcnt c
lheubvb, xnj cjcnfdkztn dytiybq fcgtrn änjuj
ghfdf.
Ltrkfhfwbz zcyj gjlndthélftn ghfdj vt-
yznm cdjt dthjbcgjdtlfybt. Jlyfrj, änj cghjdj-
wbhjdfkj nfreñ gjktvbre (jcjåtyyj chtlb
ghtlcnfdbntktq bckfvcrbö ujcelfhcnd), xnj d
gjcktleñobt ujls ajhvekbhjdrf änjuj geyrnf
åskf bpvtytyf, yj nfr, xnj jyf ghtlgjkfufkf
ghfdj rféljuj ≤bcgjdtljdfnm bkb ghbybvfnm≥
htkbubñ bkb dthe, nj tcnm cjöhfyznm tt, bpvt-
yznm bkb afrnbxtcrb jnrfpsdfnmcz jn ytt.
Hjkm vtéleyfhjlyjuj gfrnf
Pfrkñxtyysq JJY d 1966 u. Vtéleyfhjlysq
gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö,
bvtñobq cbke vtéleyfhjlyjuj ljujdjhf, ltkf-
tn ghtljcnfdktybt ufhfynbq cdjåjls vsckb,
cjdtcnb bkb dthjbcgjdtlfybz ñhblbxtcrb
jåzpfntkmysv lkz gjlgbcfdibö änjn ljrevtyn
ujcelfhcnd. Dyjdm gjlndthélfz ghfdj rféljuj
xtkjdtrf yf bpüzdktybt cdjtq dths d xtnshtö
jåkfcnzö – gjrkjytybt, cjåkñltybt jåhzljd,
ghfrnbrf b ghtgjlfdfybt, – jy ghtlgjkfuftn,
xnj änb dytiybt fcgtrns ghfdf vjuen gjldth-
ufnmcz ytrjnjhsv juhfybxtybzv, yj kbim ≤yt-
jåöjlbvsv lkz pfobns jåotcndtyyjq åtpjgfc-
yjcnb, gjhzlrf, pljhjdmz bkb vjhfkb kbåj jc-
yjdjgjkfufñobö ghfd b cdjåjl lheubö kñltq≥.
Yt ljgecrfñncz ybrfrbt juhfybxtybz ghf-
df dthbnm rfr nfrjdjuj, lfét dj dhtvz xhtpds-
xfqysö cbnefwbq d jåotcndt. Ghbvtxfntkmyj,
xnj ghbxbyjq juhfybxtybz ytrjnjhsö dbljd ht-
kbubjpyjq ltzntkmyjcnb vjétn åsnm jåotcndty-
yfz åtpjgfcyjcnm, yj yt åjktt hfcgksdxfnfz
≤yfwbjyfkmyfz åtpjgfcyjcnm≥. Nfrbv jåhfpjv,
åskb ghtlghbyzns ecbkbz lkz njuj, xnjås uf-
hfynbhjdfnm, xnj ghtlecvjnhtyyst gfrnjv juhf-
ybxtybz yt vjuen cnfnm ghtlkjujv, gjl rjnjhsv
ujcelfhcndj gjlfdkztn ghjzdktybz htkbubb bkb
dths.
Jåtcgjrjtyyjcnm gj gjdjle rkñxtdjq hjkb
ujcelfhcndtyyjq cbcntvs jåhfpjdfybz d cj-
ltqcndbb hfcghjcnhfytybñ jghtltktyyjq htkb-
ubb bkb djbycndeñobö fntbcnbxtcrbö dpukzljd
– rfr änj åskj, yfghbvth, dj dhtvz öjkjlyjq
djqys d Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt – gjåelbkf drkñxbnm
d ntrcn gfrnf fåpfw, cgtwbfkmyj ufhfynbheñ-
obq ghfdj hjlbntktq jghtltkznm b jåtcgtxb-
dfnm htkbubjpyjt jåhfpjdfybt lkz cdjbö ltntq.
Ghb dctö änbö juhfybxtybzö b hfpüzcytyb-
zö d Gfrnt, rfr b d Ltrkfhfwbb, yt ltkftncz
gjgsnrb jghtltkbnm, xnj bvtyyj cjcnfdkztn
31
≤htkbubñ≥, bkb d lfyyjv rjyntrcnt ≤cdjåjle
vsckb≥ bkb ≤cjdtcnb≥. JJY gjyfljåbkjcm
gjxnb 20 ktn lkz njuj, xnjås cajhvbhjdfnm cj-
ukfitybt j lheujv ljrevtynt – Ltrkfhfwbb jå
ecnhfytybb dctö ajhv htkbubjpyjq ytnthgb-
vjcnb – rjnjhfz ljgjkybntkmyj hfpüzcyztn, bp
xtuj cjcnjbn ghfdj yf cdjåjle ≤vsckb, cjdtc-
nb, htkbubb b dths≥.
Änf ltrkfhfwbz, ghbyznfz d 1981 u. ghb
frnbdyjv exfcnbb fahbrfycrbö ujcelfhcnd,
jghtltkztn pfghtns rfr yf jceotcndkztveñ uj-
celfhcndjv, nfr b yf xfcnyeñ lbcrhbvbyfwbñ;
cdjåjle jnghfdktybz htkbubb bkb dths åtp yt-
jåjcyjdfyyjuj dvtifntkmcndf ghfdbntkmcndf; f
nfrét jåzpfntkmcndj ghfdbntkmcnd ghbyznm ghf-
djdst b jåhfpjdfntkmyst vths lkz ecnhfytybz
htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnb.
Cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr
gj ghjåktvt htkbubjpyjq
ytnthgbvjcnb
Ghjzdkzz c ntö gjh jcjåjt dybvfybt r dsgjk-
ytybñ Ltrkfhfwbb, Rjvbccbz JJY gj ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf, ghtlcnfdkzñofz cjåjq jhufy eghfd-
ktybz, exhtlbkf d 1981 u. ljkéyjcnm cgtwbfkm-
yjuj ljrkflxbrf gj ghjåktvt htkbubjpyjq yt-
nthgbvjcnb – jnltkmyjuj bycgtrnjhf, yfpyfxft-
vjuj lkz hfccvjnhtybz ckexftd htkbubjpyjq
ytnthgbvjcnb b ghtlcnfdktybz tétujlyjuj lj-
rkflf Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf j gj-
ljåysö ckexfzö. Ldf xtkjdtrf, pfybvfdibt äne
ljkéyjcnm, gjctofkb lkz bpextybz ghjåktvs
htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnb cnjkm hfpyst cnhf-
ys, rfr Cjdtncrbq Cjñp, Rbnfq, Bhfy, Gfrbc-
nfy, Uthvfybz, Bylbz, Celfy, Fdcnhfkbz b d
cfvjt gjcktlytt dhtvz Cjtlbytyyst Infns. F
bö ljrkfls jödfnsdfkb ujhfplj åjktt ibhjrbq
cgtrnh ujcelfhcnd.
Cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr erfpfk, xnj r xbc-
ke yfbåjktt hfcghjcnhfytyysö dbljd yfheit-
ybq, cdzpfyysö c htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnmñ,
jnyjczncz: 1) abpbxtcrbt yfgfltybz (drkñxfz
eåbqcndf b gsnrb); 2) juhfybxtybt ghjptkbnbp-
vf b jåkflfybz htkbubjpysvb ghtlvtnfvb; 3)
pfrhsnbt b hfpheitybt vtcn gjrkjytybz, juhf-
ybxtybt htkbubjpysö bplfybq b ecnfyjdktybt
rjynhjkz yfl ghfdjv bpåbhfnm cdjbö htkbubjp-
ysö kblthjd; 4) lbcrhbvbyfwbz d jåkfcnb jå-
hfpjdfybz, pfyznjcnb, ébkmz, ghfdf cjåcndty-
yjcnb, djpvjéyjcnb gjkextybz rhtlbnjd b n.g.;
5) yfcbkmcndtyyfz ccskrf b dscskrf dtheñ-
obö; 6) xhtpvthyst juhfybxtybz cdjåjls dshf-
étybz b cjåhfybq. Ythtlrj änbv pfybvfñncz
ujcelfhcndtyyst xbyjdybrb, yj d gjljåysö
ltqcndbzö ljdjkmyj xfcnj åsdfñn dbyjdys xfc-
nyst kbwf bkb uheggs kbw.
Gjgsnrf äythubxyj htibnm äne ghjåktve
cnjkryekfcm c jghtltktyysvb nhelyjcnzvb. Uj-
celfhcndf ghjcbkb cgtwbfkmyjuj ljrkflxbrf
yfhzle c rjynhjktv pf yfheitybzvb hfcib-
hbnm lbfkju. Cj cdjtq cnjhjys JJY ghb hfc-
cvjnhtybb änjuj djghjcf d ujls öjkjlyjq djq-
ys ghjzdkzkf vtlkbntkmyjcnm b ythtibntkm-
yjcnm. Åskj lfét ghbjcnfyjdktyj hfcghjcnhf-
ytybt Ltrkfhfwbb 1986 u. yf ytrjnjhsö jab-
wbfkmysö zpsrfö JJY; d ntxtybt hzlf ktn jyf
yt djcghjbpdjlbkfcm b yt hfcghjcnhfyzkfcm yf
heccrjv, rbnfqcrjv b fhfåcrjv zpsrfö.
Jhufys JJY, pfybvfñobtcz ghfdfvb
étyoby, erfpfkb yf ghjåktvs, djpybrfñobt d
ntö ckexfzö, rjulf rekmnehf bkb htkbubz bc-
gjkmpeñncz d rfxtcndt ghtlkjuf lkz cfyr-
wbjybhjdfybz yfcbkbz ghjnbd étyoby bkb
lheubö nhflbwbjyysö jcrjhåbntkmysö ajhv
jåhfotybz. Yf vyjujxbcktyysö ajhevfö, d
njv xbckt yf Xtndthnjq Dctvbhyjq rjyathty-
wbb gj ghjåktvfv étyoby d Gtrbyt, ujcelfh-
cndf ytjlyjrhfnyj gjlndthélfkb, xnj gj-
ljåyst endthéltybz yt vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz
lkz jghfdlfybz änbö (bkb kñåsö lheubö) yfhe-
itybq ghfd xtkjdtrf.
32
Vyjubt ärcnhtvbcncrbt htkbubjpyst jhuf-
ybpfwbb cktleñn ghfrnbrt, jåtcgtxbdfñotq
gjlxbytybt b gjrjhyjcnm étyoby b kbitybt
bö ghfd yf hfdtycndj b cdjåjle. D Faufybcnf-
yt herjdjlcndj ldbétybz ≤Nfkbåfy≥ kbibkj
étyoby ghfdf yf hfåjne dyt ljvf b cfyr-
wbjybhjdfkj abpbxtcrbt gjåjb – yf ekbwfö b
ljvf – d rfxtcndt chtlcndf jåtcgtxtybz gjcke-
ifybz étyoby.
D gjcktlybt ujls ytrjnjhst fpbfncrbt uj-
celfhcndf ghtlghbyzkb ecbkbz, yfghfdktyyst
yf ghbpyfybz rekmnehyjuj htkznbdbpvf d ghb-
vtytybb r yjhvfv d catht ghfd xtkjdtrf, jn-
xfcnb herjdjlcndezcm ghbywbgjv htkbubjpyjuj
hfpyjjåhfpbz. Vyjujxbcktyyst jhufys JJY,
b, xnj tot dféytt, Dctvbhyfz rjyathtywbz gj
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, ghjdtltyyfz d 1993 u. d Dt-
yt, dyjdm ghzvj gjlndthlbkb dctjåoyjcnm
ghfd. Jyb nfrét ghbpyfkb, xnj ytjåöjlbvj
exbnsdfnm hfpyjjåhfpbt (htkbubjpyjt b rekm-
nehyjt), jlyfrj, gjlxthryekb, xnj, ntv yt vt-
ytt ljku ujcelfhcnd cjcnjbn d jåtcgtxtybb
dctö ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Dpfbvjcdzpm
pkjegjnhtåktybq
Cgtwbfkmyst ljrkflxbrb JJY ecnfyjdbkb, xnj
ytnthgbvjcnm b pkjegjnhtåktybz d catht ghfd
xtkjdtrf d djghjcfö htkbubb jåsxyj ghjzdkz-
ñncz d cjxtnfybb c lheubvb pkjegjnhtåktybz-
vb d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf. Dpfbvjcdzpfy-
yjcnm ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfyjdbncz ukeåjrj jxt-
dblyjq ghb bpextybb ckexftd htkbubjpyjq yt-
nthgbvjcnb.
Äkbpfåtn Jlfqj Åtybnj bp Rjcnf-Hbrb
(cgtwbfkmysq ljrkflxbr, ysyt dnjhjq dbwt-
ghtpbltyn cdjtq cnhfys) erfpfkf, xnj yfåjé-
yjcnm htkbubjpyjq uheggs bkb kblthf vjétn
åsnm vfcrjq lkz lheubö ghtlhfccelrjd, yt
bvtñobö ybxtuj jåotuj c htkbubtq. Dhféltå-
yjcnm vjétn jnhféfnm bcnjhbxtcrbt, rekmneh-
yst bkb abpbxtcrbt afrnjhs. B dct ét htkb-
ubjpyst extybz vjuen åsnm gjdthyens b bcnjk-
rjdfys d jghfdlfybt ghtlhfccelrjd. Ghbxbys
htkbubjpyjuj ghtcktljdfybz vyjujxbcktyys: jn
ytdtétcndf lj rjyrhtnysö rjyakbrnjd, jn jn-
cencndbz rjynfrnf b lbfkjuf lj cnhtvktybz r
dkfcnb.
Åjhmåf c htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnmñ nht-
åetn ibhjrjuj b hfpyjjåhfpyjuj fhctyfkf
chtlcnd – cjjndtncndeñobö yjhv, rjynhjkz,
geåkbxysö jnxtnjd, lbfkjuf, äaatrnbdyj
aeyrwbjybheñobö celjd, cgjcjåysö jåtcgt-
xbnm jndtncndtyyjcnm dbyjdysö d cjdthitybb
gjljåysö frnjd, f nfrét dybvfntkmyjcnm cj
cnjhjys cfvbö ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpf-
wbq. Htyt Rfccty, jlby bp fdnjhjd ghjtrnf
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf, jlyféls
pfvtnbk, xnj drkñxtybt d änjn ljrevtyn gjkj-
étybz j cdjåjlt htkbubb åskj d pyfxbntkmyjq
cntgtyb jåeckjdktyj bltzvb, nfkfynfvb b yf-
cnjqxbdjcnmñ ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpf-
wbq, jcjåtyyj htkbubjpysö.
Lkz njuj, xnjås bpåtéfnm frnjd htkbubjp-
yjq ytnthgbvjcnb, änbv b lheubv jhufybpfwb-
zv ghbltncz gjåeélfnm bycgtrnjhjd JJY b
lheubö kñltq eltkznm åjkmit dybvfybz yfhe-
itybzv cdjåjls htkbubb bkb dths b ghtcktlj-
dfybñ kñltq, bcgjdtleñobö ne bkb byeñ ht-
kbubñ, rjnjhst b ctujlyz ghjljkéfñn ghjbcöj-
lbnm gjdctvtcnyj. ❖
33
Ghfrnbxtcrb dct åtp bcrkñxtybz jcyjdystvbhjdst htkbubb ecvfnhbdfkb ukeåjrbqcvsck d ljcnjbycndt kbxyjcnb b ghtljcnfd-ktybb xtkjdtre dctjåobö b jcyjdjgjkfufñoböghfd.
Åföfb
Dctjåobt åkfuf ghjbcntrfñn bp vbkjcnb Åjét-
cndtyysö htkbubq, båj jyb dktren cdjbö bcnby-
ysö gjcktljdfntktq r bcrhtyyjcnb gjåeélt-
ybq, r dscjrjq wtkb, r xbcnjnt b ytpfgznyfy-
yjq xtcnb, r ytghtdpjqltyyjq ljåhjnt b cj-
cnhflfybñ, r dsgjkytybñ dpznsö yf ctåz jåz-
pfntkmcnd, r pfåjnt j ghfdfö lheubö, r otlhjc-
nb, r cghfdtlkbdjcnb d rféljq uhfyb ébpyb, r
xtkjdtxyjcnb b xtkjdtrjkñåbñ, r ljåktcnb b r
ytjckfåtdfñobv ecbkbzv d ckeétybb xtkjdt-
xtcnde.
Fålek-Åföf,
≤Nfqyf åjétcndtyyjq wbdbkbpfwbb≥
Åellbpv
Yj bp dctö cjrhjdbo yfbåjktt lhfujwtyyf cf-
vf ébpym. Lfét cjrhjdbof dctq dctktyyjq yt
vjuen chfdybnmcz c wtyyjcnmñ jlyjq xtkjdtxtc-
rjq ébpyb.
Ybxbhty,
jr. 1270 u. y.ä.
Öhbcnbfycndj
R cdjåjlt ghbpdfys ds, åhfnbz, njkmrj ås cdj-
åjlf dfif yt åskf gjdjljv lkz eujéltybz gkj-
nb; yj kñåjdmñ ckeébnt lheu lheue. Båj dtcm
pfrjy d jlyjv ckjdt pfrkñxftncz: ≤kñåb dkbé-
ytuj cdjtuj rfr cfvjuj ctåz≥ (Ktdbn 19, 18).
Tckb ét lheu lheuf euhspftnt b cütlftnt, åt-
htubntcm, xnjås ds yt åskb bcnhtåktys lheu
lheujv.
Gjckfybt
Ufkfnfv, 5: 13–15
Bylebpv
Lf åelen e xktyjd yfituj jåotcndf cöjébt wt-
kb. Lf bcgjkyzncz yfib cthlwf kñådb lheu r
lheue, b lf åeltv vs tlbys d jlyjq vsckb. Lf
cjtlbyzncz dvtcnt jnltkmyst ecbkbz hflb lj-
cnbétybz yfitq jåotq wtkb.
Vfynhs Dfqlbrb,
Hbudtlf, vfylfk 10, ubvy 191, vfynhf 4
Bckfv
Ds, kñlb: Vs [Åju] cjndjhbkb dfc bp tlbyjq
gfhs veéxbys b étyobys b cjplfkb bp dfc
yfhjls b gktvtyf, lfås ds vjukb epyfnm b djp-
kñåbnm lheu lheuf, f yt ghtphtnm lheu lheuf;
bcnbyyj, cfvst ljcnjqyst bp dfc gthtl Åjujv
cenm cfvst ghfdtlyst.
Rjhfy,
cehf 49:13
Belfbpv
Cjöhfytybt ébpyb jlyjuj xtkjdtrf hfdyjcbkm-
yj cjöhfytybñ wtkjuj vbhf, f eybxnjétybt
ébpyb kñåjuj xtkjdtrf hfdyjcbkmyj eybxnjét-
ybñ wtkjuj vbhf.
Nfkvel,
Cfyutlhby 4:5
Cbröbpv
D jåbnfkbot xhtdf ytn yb ghjbcöjéltybz, yb
jåotcndtyyjuj gjkjétybz. Dct ghjbpjikb jn
Ctvtyb Åjuf.
Uehe Uhfynö Cföbå,
≤Gbcfybt cbröjd≥
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,
jrnzåhm 1998 u.
34
Lädbl Gbnnc, ÑCBF,
hfccrfpsdftn jå bcnjhbb
cjcnfdktybz b ghbyznbz
Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb
ghfd xtkjdtrf d JJY.
RJULF RJVBCCBZ JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-
rf ghjdjlbkf d zydfht 1947 ujlf d Ymñ-Qjhrt
cdjt gthdjt pfctlfybt, ybrnj yt vju ufhfynbhj-
dfnm ecgtiyjuj htpekmnfnf tt hfåjns. Wtkm Rj-
vbccbb pfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnjås dsgjkybnm
åtcghtwtltynyeñ d bcnjhbb xtkjdtxtcndf pflf-
xe: hfphfåjnfnm ghjtrn Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb
ghfd xtkjdtrf lkz rféljuj veéxbys, étyobys
b htåtyrf yf yfitq gkfytnt.
C cfvjuj yfxfkf dct exfcnybrb gjybvfkb,
xnj pflfxf åeltn yt bp kturbö. Hfpkbxbz d
bltjkjubb, rekmneht b bcnjhbb åskb öfhfrnth-
ys lfét lkz cnhfy c jlbyfrjdsvb cjwbfkmyj-
ärjyjvbxtcrbvb cbcntvfvb. Yj d rfrjv-nj
cvsckt exfcnybrb åskb tlbys. Dct jyb bcgs-
nsdfkb juhjvyjt yhfdcndtyyjt gjnhzctybt d
cdzpb c rjkjccfkmysvb gjnthzvb xtkjdtxtcrbö
ébpytq d ytlfdyj pfdthibditqcz djqyt – jrj-
kj 50 vbkkbjyjd xtkjdtr.
D cthtlbyt 20 dtrf, d cthlwt Tdhjgs, jlyj
bp cfvsö hfpdbnsö ujcelfhcnd vbhf gjgsnfkjcm
bcrjhtybnm lfét cfvst aeylfvtynfkmyst ghfdf
xtkjdtrf, b d ntxtybt rfrjuj-nj dhtvtyb c gjvj-
omñ gfhnythjd gj Jcb jyj ghtecgtkj d änjv yf
ljcnfnjxyj jåibhyjq nthhbnjhbb. Bvtyyj änjn
afrn cnfk vjoysv gjåelbntkmysv vjnbdjv d
cjpyfybb ntö, rnj cjåhfkcz d Ymñ-Qjhrt pbvjq
1947 ujlf, b jyb htibntkmyj åskb yfcnhjtys yf
ecgtiyjt htitybt gjcnfdktyyjq gthtl ybvb cj-
5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y
Åkfujhjlyjt yfxbyfybt
Lädbl Gbnnc
35
dthityyj jghtltktyyjq pflfxb: cjcnfdbnm Dct-
vbhyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Tot lj jrjyxfybz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys,
d 1941 ujle, åskf ghtlghbyznf gjgsnrf dct-
vbhyjuj ghbpyfybz ytjnütvktvsö ghfd xtkjdt-
rf: d Fnkfynbxtcrjq öfhnbb, f pf ytcrjkmrj vt-
czwtd lj änjuj d htxb Ghtpbltynf CIF Ahfy-
rkbyf Ltkfyj Hepdtkmnf ≤Xtnsht cdjåjls≥ d
Rjyuhtcct CIF. D Dtkbrjåhbnfybb ghtvmth-
vbybcnh Ebycnjy Xthxbkkm dshfpbk dpukzls,
fyfkjubxyst dpukzlfv fvthbrfycrjuj ghtpblty-
nf, pfzdbd, xnj gjåtlf cjñpybrjd åeltn pyfvt-
yjdfnm cjåjq ≤djpdtkbxtybt ghfd xtkjdtrf≥. F
yf dctv ptvyjv ifht yfhjls, yföjlbdibtcz
gjl uytnjv rjkjybfkbpvf, ghböjlbkb r jcjpyf-
ybñ njuj, xnj cdjåjlf b ghfdf xtkjdtrf – yt
njkmrj öjhjib lkz tdhjgtqwtd b fvthbrfywtd,
yj ytjåöjlbvs dctv kñlzv yf ptvkt.
D nj dhtvz, rfr vbh cjdthityyj gj-yjdjve
yfxbyfk levfnm j nfrbö aeylfvtynfkmysö rjy-
wtgwbzö, rfr cdjåjlf b cghfdtlkbdjcnm, celtå-
yst hfpåbhfntkmcndf djtyysö ghtcnegktybq d
Yñhyåthut b Njrbj cjplfkb ghtwtltyn: yfhe-
ibntkb ghfd xtkjdtrf ljkéys ghbdktrfnmcz r
jndtncndtyyjcnb, b ghb änjv ljkéys ceotcndj-
dfnm yfltéyst b xtnrbt vtöfybpvs lkz ghb-
dktxtybz r jndtncndtyyjcnb nfrbö ghtcnegyb-
rjd, jcjåtyyj d vfccjdjv vfcinfåt, rfr d djty-
yjt, nfr b d vbhyjt dhtvz.
Ghbyznsq d 1945 ujle Ecnfd JJY gjcnfdbk
wtkm ≤cjltqcndjdfnm b jåtcgtxbdfnm edfétybt
ghfd xtkjdtrf b aeylfvtynfkmysö cdjåjl dctö
kñltq, ytpfdbcbvj jn hfcs, gjkf, zpsrf b htkb-
ubb≥. D cjcnfdktybb ghjtrnf Ecnfdf ukfdyeñ
hjkm csuhfkb ghfdbntkmcndf. Yj vfkj rjve bp-
dtcnyj, xnj d änjv ghbybvfkb exfcnbt nfrét b
ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb åjhwjd pf
ghfdf xtkjdtrf – cdsit 1300, cjukfcyj jlyjve
bcnjxybre.
B öjnz Ecnfd JJY ghblfk ghfdfv xtkjdt-
rf yjdsq vtéleyfhjlysq ñhblbxtcrbq cnfnec,
d ytuj cgtwbfkmyj yt åsk drkñxty vtéleyf-
hjlysq åbkkm j ghfdfö, pf xnj vyjubt dscnegf-
kb. Änf pflfxf åskf djpkjétyf yf Rjvbccbñ gj
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf.
Jcyjdyst cjcnfdbntkb
Ukfdyjq abuehjq d gjlujnjdrt Dctvbhyjq
ltrkfhfwbb åskf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, dljdf
ghtpbltynf Ahfyrkbyf Hepdtkmnf, rjnjhsq
evth d 1945 ujle. Ufhhb Nhevfy, cvtybdibq
tt veéf yf gjcne ghtpbltynf, bpåhfk tt åsnm
gthdsv ghtlcnfdbntktv CIF d änjq rjvbc-
cbb.
Cjukfcyj bvtñobvcz lfyysv, Äktfyjhf
Hepdtkmn jåkflfkf ljcnfnjxyjq ytpfdbcbvjcnmñ
ghb jghtltktybb gjkbnbrb CIF d ghjwtcct
cjcnfdktybz ghjtrnf änjuj ljrevtynf. ≤Afrnb-
xtcrb u-éf Hepdtkmn b jghtltkzkf gjkbnbre≥, –
gbitn Léjpta Käi d cdjtq rybut ≤Äktfyjhf:
ujls jlbyjxtcndf≥. ≤Dsåjh ghtpbltynf gfk yf
ytt – étyobye c vbhjdsv fdnjhbntnjv, b Ujc-
ltgfhnfvtyn åsk ujnjd dsgjkyznm nj, xnj jyf
öjntkf≥. Djpvjéyj, åkfujlfhz tt åjkmijve fd-
njhbntne yt njkmrj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yj
b dj dctv vbht, xktys änjq rjvbccbb tlbyju-
kfcyj bpåhfkb tt ghtlctlfntktv.
Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn åskf ghtlctlfntktv rj-
vbntnf gj cjcnfdktybñ ghjtrnf ltrkfhfwbb, rj-
njhsq hfåjnfk gjl äubljq rjvbccbb, d cjcnfd
rjnjhjq chtlb lheubö döjlbkb: Xfhkmp Vfkbr
bp Kbdfyf, G.X. Xfy bp Rbnfz, rfyfltw Léjy
Öfvahb, lbhtrnjh jnltkf JJY gj ghfdfv xt-
kjdtrf, b Htyt Rfccty bp Ahfywbb.
Åelexb jcyjdysv ljrkflxbrjv d rjvbccbb,
Vfkbr buhfk ukfdyeñ hjkm d tt yfgbcfybb,
jcjåtyyj d jajhvktybb jrjyxfntkmyjuj dfhbfy-
nf ghjtrnf. Tuj fdnjhbntn åsk dscjr chtlb rjk-
ktu, b jy cnfk jcyjdyjq ldbéeotq cbkjq d yf-
gjkytybb änjuj ljrevtynf gjbcnbyt ukeåjrbv
cjlthéfybtv.
36
Xfy, jlby bp ldeö pfvtcnbntktq ghtlctlf-
ntkz rjvbccbb, cnfk vjoysv hegjhjv fpbfn-
crbö cnhfy, rjnjhst åskb jpfåjxtys ntv, xnj-
ås ltrkfhfwbz yt cjlthéfkf dpukzljd ckbirjv
htubjyfkmyjuj öfhfrnthf yf ghfdf xtkjdtrf. Jy
ujdjhbk, xnj ≤jyf ljkéyf drkñxfnm d ctåz bltb
Rjyaewbz, yfhzle c bltzvb Ajvs Frdbycrj-
uj≥. Rhjvt njuj, Xfye yeéyj jnlfnm ljkéyjt pf
hfphtitybt vyjujxbcktyysö negbrjdsö cbnef-
wbq d ghjwtcct lbcreccbq.
Ctrhtnfhbfn JJY jrfpsdfk gjllthére rj-
vbccbb b rjvbntne gj cjcnfdktybñ ghjtrnf
ukfdysv jåhfpjv xthtp Öfvahb. Jy dytc d änjn
ghjwtcc hfpyjcnjhjyybq drkfl, d xfcnyjcnb, jy
åsk fdnjhjv 408-cnhfybxyjuj yfåhjcrf ghjtrnf
Ltrkfhfwbb. Änjn ljrevtyn jrfpfk ytjwtybveñ
gjvjom, jcjåtyyj rjulf yfxfkcz ghjwtcc cj-
cnfdktybz ghjtrnf ltrkfhfwbb.
Rfccty, dnjhjq pfvtcnbntkm ghtlctlfntkz
Rjvbccbb, cjcnfdbk gthdsq gjkysq ghjtrn
ltrkfhfwbb, cjlthéfdibq åjkmieñ xfcnm gjkj-
étybq, drkñxtyysö d jrjyxfntkmysq dfhbfyn
ljrevtynf.
Ghbxfcnyst r änjve ghjwtcce ghtlcnfdbnt-
kb åjktt xtv 50 ghfdbntkmcnd lheubö cnhfy nfr-
ét csuhfkb dféyeñ hjkm, jcjåtyyj ghb cjcnfd-
ktybb jrjyxfntkmyjuj ghjtrnf. Ärcgthns, bpe-
xfdibt Dctvbhyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ, cxbnfñn, xnj
bvtyyj cjnhelybrb JJY c Äktfyjhjq Hepdtkmn
dj ukfdt ytckb yf ctåt d jcyjdyjv jndtncndty-
yjcnm pf nj, xnjås htfkbpjdfnm vtxne j Dctvbh-
yjq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf d nt bpyehzñobt
lyb b vtczws dcnhtx d 1947 b 1948 ujlfö. Bö
ecbkbz, bö dbltybt b, d xfcnyjcnb, bö evtybt
ghbvbhznm ghjnbdjgjkjéyst njxrb phtybz bvt-
kb dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz ecgtöf änjq hfåjns.
Nhelyfz pflfxf
Jlyfrj, änj åskf ytkturfz pflfxf. Vtéle cnhf-
yfvb-exfcnybwfvb bvtkbcm ceotcndtyyst hfp-
yjukfcbz jnyjcbntkmyj ghfd étyoby b hfcjdsö
vtymibycnd, htkbubjpyjq cdjåjls, vjvtynf, c
rjnjhjuj yfxbyftncz xtkjdtxtcrfz ébpym, uhf-
ybw, d hfvrfö rjnjhsö cktletn jöhfyznm cdjåj-
le ckjdf, ghfd yf kbxyeñ njxre phtybz b hjkb
ärjyjvbxtcrbö b cjwbfkmysö ghfd.
Cfvst cthmtpyst hfpyjukfcbz jåüzcyzkbcm
b ntv, xnj cnhfys Pfgflf b cjdtncrjuj åkjrf
bvtkb lbfvtnhfkmyj ghjnbdjgjkjéyst njxrb
phtybz gj nfrbv aeylfvtynfkmysv ghbywbgfv
cjåkñltybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, rfr cdjåjlf b lt-
vjrhfnbz. Hepdtkmn ljrfpsdfkf, xnj ≤d Cjdtn-
crjv Cjñpt yt ceotcndetn bcnbyyjq cdjåjls
xtkjdtrf, gjcrjkmre ghfdf xtkjdtrf gjlxbytys
ujcelfhcnde≥.
Ghtlcnfdbntkb cnhfy cjwbfkbcnbxtcrjuj
åkjrf jndtxfkb yf änj, xnj ≤rekmn bylbdblef-
kbpvf≥ ghbdtk r ärjyjvbxtcrjq ärcgkefnfwbb b
r njve, xnj ärjyjvbxtcrbt ghfdf cnfkb åjktt
dféysvb, xtv gjkbnbxtcrbt. ≤Änf ltrkfhfwbz
ljkéyf pfobofnm d rfxtcndt vjltkb lkz dctuj
xtkjdtxtcndf jåhfp cdjåjlysö kñltq, f yt öj-
hjij yfrjhvktyysö hfåjd≥, – jndtnbk åhbnfy-
crbq ltktufn dj dhtvz jlyjuj bp nfrbö jåvtyjd
vytybzvb. Bp änjuj dblyj, xnj ghjtrn Ltrkfhf-
wbb cjcnfdkzkcz d ghjwtcct ujhzxbö cgjhjd j
aeylfvtynfkmysö abkjcjacrbö b bltjkjubxtc-
rbö gjyznbzö.
Ltktufns bp cnhfy rjvveybcnbxtcrjuj åkjrf
dscrfpsdfkb htprbt djphfétybz d öjlt lbcrec-
cbq Rjvbccbb, ghjbpyjcz byjulf åtp jcnfyjdrb
8-xfcjdst htxb d gjgsnrt ghbåkbpbnm ajhvekb-
hjdre gjkjétybq Ltrkfhfwbb r cdjtq njxrt pht-
ybz. Åelexb ghtlctlfntktv Rjvbccbb, Äktfyjhf
Hepdtkmn ghtljcnfdkzkf bv ljcnfnjxyeñ cdjåjle
ltqcndbq, yj d cdjtq fdnjåbjuhfabb jyf dcgjvb-
yftn j njv, xnj åskf gjkyf htibvjcnb pfdthibnm
dsgjkytybt änjq pflfxb r Hjéltcnde 1948 u. ≤Z
hfåjnfñ jxtym vyjuj. B rjulf ljåthecm lj wtkb,
åele cjdthityyj dsvjnfyf, d njxyjcnb nfr ét,
rfr b lheubt xktys rjvbccbb≥, gbcfkf jyf.
37
Rhjvt lbcreccbq gj gjdjle cnfntq änjuj
ljrevtynf dtkbcm nfrét cgjhs j njv, ljkéys
kb gjkjétybz Ltrkfhfwbb bvtnm cbke vtéle-
yfhjlyjuj pfrjyf. Jlyf uheggf, d cjcnfd rjnj-
hjq döjlbkb ghtbveotcndtyyj vfkst ujce-
lfhcndf, cxbnfkf, xnj änj cktletn cltkfnm.
Lheufz uheggf, relf döjlbkb Cjtlbytyyst
Infns, ljrfpsdfkf, xnj cyfxfkf cktletn ghb-
yznm Ltrkfhfwbñ ghbywbgjd, f gjnjv eét
ghbybvfnm ñhblbxtcrb jåzpfntkmyst lkz bc-
gjkytybz cjukfitybz. Änf uheggf jcjpyfdfkf,
xnj ljcnfnjxyj ckjéyj ljcnbxm ljujdjhtyyjc-
nb gj Ltrkfhfwbb j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf, f yf-
cnfbdfybt yf drkñxtybb ñhblbxtcrb jåzpf-
ntkmysö lkz bcgjkytybz gjkjétybq, dthjzn-
yj, pfnzyekj ås ljcnbétybt cjukfitybz yf
vyjubt ujls. D rjytxyjv cxtnt gjåtlbkf
bvtyyj änf njxrf phtybz.
Pf gthbjl ldeöktnytq hfåjns d ytq åskj
vyjuj dpktnjd b gfltybq, yj Hepdtkmn b uheggf
tt ndthlsö cnjhjyybrjd ljcnbukb cdjtq wtkb.
Enhjv 10 ltrfåhz 1948 u. Utythfkmyfz fccfv-
åktz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq ghb-
yzkf Dctvbhyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ ghfd xtkjdtrf. Bp
58 xktyjd JJY, ghbcencndjdfdibö yf pfctlf-
ybb, 48 ghjujkjcjdfkb ≤pf≥, ybrnj yt ghjujkj-
cjdfk ≤ghjnbd≥, 8 djplthéfkbcm, f ldjt jncen-
cndjdfkb.
Cjdtncrbq Cjñp b tuj cfntkkbns cjcnfdkz-
kb åjkmibycndj chtlb djplthéfdiböcz; cjdtn-
crbq ghtlcnfdbntkm pfzdbk, xnj d Ltrkfhfwbb
xhtpvthyjt dybvfybt eltktyj ≤ghfdfv 18-uj
dtrf≥ d eothå ärjyjvbxtcrbv ghfdfv. Cfeljd-
crfz Fhfdbz djplthéfkfcm bp-pf njuj, xnj, gj tt
vytybñ, Ltrkfhfwbz åskf ckbirjv jhbtynbhj-
dfyf yf Pfgfl. Ñéyfz Fahbrf, rjnjhfz bvty-
yj d änjn ujl joenbkf yf ctåt dgthdst dct nz-
ujns fgfhntblf, lkbditujcz gjnjv ljkubt ujls,
nfrét djplthéfkfcm, pfzdbd, xnj Ltrkfhfwbz
ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ckbirjv ibhjreñ njxre
phtybz yf ghfdf xtkjdtrf.
Gthdfz Rjvbccbz gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf pf
hfåjnjq: ghtlctlfntkm Rjvbccbb Äktjyjh
Hepdtkmn (cghfdf) åtctletn c ljrkflxbrjv
Xfhkpjv Vfkbrjv (Kbdfy) b dbwt-ghtlctlf-
ntktv Rjvbccbb (dnjhjq cktdf)
Htyt Rfcctyjv (Ahfywbz).
38
Ytcvjnhz yf rjkbxtcndj djplthéfdiböcz,
xbckj ujkjcjdfdibö ≤pf≥ jrfpfkjcm gjlfdkzñ-
obv. Dscnegfz yf Utythfkmyjq fccfvåktt,
Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn gjlxthryekf ägjöfkmyjt pyf-
xtybt Ltrkfhfwbb:
≤Ctujlyz vs cnjbv yf gjhjut cj-
åsnbz juhjvyjuj pyfxtybz rfr d ébp-
yb Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yf-
wbq, nfr b d ébpyb xtkjdtxtcndf. Änf
Ltrkfhfwbz dgjkyt vjétn cnfnm vté-
leyfhjlyjq Dtkbrjq öfhnbtq djkmyjc-
nb kñltq dj dctv vbht. Vs yflttvcz,
xnj tt ghjdjpukfitybt Utythfkmyjq
fccfvåkttq JJY cnfytn cjåsnbtv,
chfdybvsv kbim c ghjdjpukfitybtv
≤Ghfd xtkjdtrf≥ ahfywepcrbv yfhj-
ljv d 1789 u. b ghbyznbtv ≤Åbkkz j
ghfdfö≥ yfhjljv Cjtlbytyysö Inf-
njd, f nfrét ghbyznbtv d hfpkbxyst
dhtvtyf gjljåysö ltrkfhfwbq lheub-
vb cnhfyfvb≥.
Ägjöfkmyjt pyfxtybt änjuj
ljcnbétybz
Vfcinfå änjuj cjåsnbz åsk jxtdblty lkz dctö.
Ybrjulf hfymit pf dcñ bcnjhbñ xtkjdtxtcndf
cjjåotcnde cnhfy yt elfdfkjcm cajhvekbhjdfnm
gjkjétybz jå jcjåsö ghfdfö b cdjåjlfö yt
ghjcnj lkz jlyjq cnhfys, yt ghjcnj lkz jlyjq
uheggs kñltq, f lkz dctö kñltq dj dctv vbht
b yf dct dhtvtyf.
Cnfnmz 1 Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb pflftn njy
lkz ibhjrjuj lbfgfpjyf gjkbnbxtcrbö, cjwb-
fkmysö b ärjyjvbxtcrbö ghfd, rjnjhst dsldb-
ufñncz d rfxtcndt jåotq yjhvs lkz dctö cnhfy:
≤Dct kñlb hjélfñncz cdjåjlysvb b hfdysvb
d cdjtv ljcnjbycndt b ghfdfö. Jyb yfltktys
hfpevjv b cjdtcnmñ b ljkéys gjcnegfnm d jn-
yjitybb lheu lheuf d leöt åhfncndf≥.
Gj jrjyxfybb cfvjq dfhdfhcrjq djqys pf
dcñ bcnjhbñ xtkjdtxtcndf cnhfys vbhf ghbyz-
kb yfrjytw rjvgktrc ghbywbgjd, rjnjhst, rfr
jyb yfltzkbcm, yfghfdzn xtkjdtxtcndj gj yjdj-
39
ve genb: dct cnhfys ljkéys ytcnb jndtncndty-
yjcnm pf cdjb ltqcndbz, rfr dyenhb cnhfys, nfr
b pf tt ghtltkfvb.
Jlyfrj, åelexb jlyjq bp htpjkñwbq Utyt-
hfkmyjq fccfvåktb Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö
Yfwbq, Dctvbhyfz ltrkfhfwbz yt jåkflftn cb-
kjq pfrjyf. Htpjkñwbb Fccfvåktb ghtlcnfdkz-
ñn cjåjq htrjvtylfwbb lkz ujcelfhcnd vbhf, f
yt ñhblbxtcrb jåzpfntkmyst frns. Yj, rfr
Létr Ljytkkb b Hjlf Ujdfhl gjlxthryekb d
≤Vtéleyfhjlyjv cghfdjxybrt gj ghfdfv xtkj-
dtrf≥, c ntxtybtv ktn ≤Dctvbhyfz ltrkfhfwbz
ghtdhfnbkfcm d ytxnj åjkmitt, xtv ghjcnfz ht-
rjvtylfwbz≥.
Änf ltrkfhfwbz dljöyjdbkf kñltq yf gjl-
gbcfybt wtkjuj hzlf htubjyfkmysö rjydtywbq
gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf d cnhfyfö Tdhjgs, Kfnby-
crjq Fvthbrb b Fahbrb, f nfrét jrfpfkf dkbz-
ybt yf cjcnfdktybt vyjubö ghjtrnjd Rjycnbne-
wbb yjdsö ytpfdbcbvsö ujcelfhcnd, rjnjhst gj-
zdkzkbcm yf vbhjdjq fhtyt d 50-t, 60-t, f pfntv
b 90-t uu. Gj lfyysv Bycnbnenf Ahfyrkbyf b
Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn d Ymñ-Qjhrt, Ltrkfhfwbz
gjckeébkf bcnjxybrjv lkz jcyjdysö gjkjétybq
ghbåkbpbntkmyj 90 yfwbjyfkmysö rjycnbnewbq,
rjnjhst åskb cjcnfdktys gjckt 1948 u.
Yjhvs b ghbywbgs, cjlthéfobtcz dj Dct-
vbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb, åskb gjplytt hfpdbns d
cthbb cjukfitybq b rjydtywbq, d jcjåtyyjcnb,
d Vtéleyfhjlyjv gfrnt gj uhfélfycrbv b gj-
kbnbxtcrbv ghfdfv b d Vtéleyfhjlyjv gfrnt
gj ärjyjvbxtcrbv, cjwbfkmysv b rekmnehysv
ghfdfv. Änb gfrns cxbnfñncz ñhblbxtcrb jåz-
pfntkmysvb lkz gjlgbcfdibö bö cnhfy, rfr b
ghtlecvfnhbdfkb cjplfntkb Ltrkfhfwbb.
Hfåjnf Rjvbccbb
ghjljkéftncz
Rfélsq ujl Rjvbccbz JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdt-
rf – nf ét jhufybpfwbz, ghtlctlfntktv rjnjhjq
åskf Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn gjkdtrf yfpfl, cjåbhf-
tncz d Étytdt, xnjås jwtybnm, rfr cnhfys vb-
hf cjåkñlfñn yjhvs d jnyjitybb ghfd xtkjdt-
rf, b ghbpdfnm r jndtncndtyyjcnb yfheibntktq.
B öjnz vyjubt åjhws pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf rhbnb-
reñn bvtñobtcz d hfcgjhzétybb Rjvbccbb
vtöfybpvs lkz dshfétybz djkb vtéleyfhjlyj-
uj cjjåotcndf, b öfhfrnthbpeñn bö rfr ytfltr-
dfnyst, ntv yt vtytt ytkmpz ytljjwtybdfnm tt
djpvjéyjcntq d dszdktybb ntö, rnj yfheiftn
ghfdf xtkjdtrf.
Rfr crfpfkf Éthfkmlby Athhfhj, ghtlcnf-
dbntkm CIF d Rjvbccbb c 1994 u. gj 1996 u.:
≤Yf yfc d Rjvbccbb ktébn jåzpf-
ntkmcndj uhjvrj ujdjhbnm j yfheityb-
zö, vs ytctv jndtncndtyyjcnm gthtl
dctvb kñlmvb. Yfc ljkéys ecksifnm.
Yfi ujkjc – änj ujkjc éthnd: htåtyrf,
rjnjhjve ytxtuj tcnm, vfkmxbrf, rjnj-
hjuj pfcnfdbkb dpznm heémt b cnfnm
cjklfnjv, ltdjxrb, rjnjhfz dsyfibdf-
tn htåtyrf jn yfcbkmybrf, vfnthb, rj-
njhfz hslftn, nfr rfr jyf yt vjétn
yfrjhvbnm cdjñ ctvmñ, jnwf, rjnjhsq
njvbncz d jrjdfö, gjnjve xnj jy jcvt-
kbkcz dscrfpfnm dckeö cdjb vsckb≥.
Nfrbv jåhfpjv, hfåjnf Rjvbccbb b lheubö
cnherneh JJY, yfghfdktyyfz yf nj, xnjås clt-
kfnm Dctvbhyeñ ltrkfhfwbñ htfkmyjcnmñ, ghj-
ljkéftncz. Ghjljkéftncz b hfåjnf ghfdbntkm-
cnd, rjnjhst hfccvfnhbdfñn tt gjkjétybz rfr
cdzotyyst. Dj dctv vbht ghjljkéftncz nfrét
hfåjnf nsczx ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpf-
wbq, åjhwjd pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf, rjnjhsö ljöyjd-
kztn ljrevtyn, 50-ktnbt rjnjhjuj vs åeltv jn-
vtxfnm d ltrfåht änjuj ujlf.
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,
jrnzåhm 1998 u.
40
åktvfv étyoby, dcgjvbyftn nfrét, xnj Äktf-
yjhf Hepdtkmn ≤evtkj yföjlbkf genb, xnjås jn-
cnjznm ne bkb byeñ dsbuhsiyeñ gjpbwbñ bkb
ajhvekbhjdre b pfrhtgbnm ghjuhtcc, yt pflt-
dfz ntö, rnj c ytq åsk yt cjukfcty≥.
≤Ytn ybrfrbö cjvytybq d njv, xnj ecgtiyjt pf-
dthitybt änjq hfåjns åskj dj vyjujv pfcke-
ujq Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, rjnjhfz kbxyj frnbdyj
exfcndjdfkf dj vyjubö pfctlfybzö≥, – dcgjvb-
yftn Äyy Rjnhtkm, éehyfkbcnrf, jcdtofdifz
njulf äne hfåjne d ≤Ymñ-Qjhr Uthfkml Nhb-
åñy≥. D cdjtv ytlfdytv bynthdmñ Rjnhtkm jn-
lftn ljkéyjt ≤eåtlbntkmyjcnb b htibntkmyjc-
nb≥ Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, c rjnjhjq jyf dsgjk-
yzkf cdjñ hfåjne. ≤Jcjåtyyj pfåjnbkb tt
ghfdf étyoby b vtymibycnd, yj afrnbxtcrb
jyf åjhjkfcm pf ghfdf rféljuj≥.
Hjkm Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn
Nfvjhf Öfhbdty, jlyf bp vyjubö åbjuhfajd
Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, gbitn d rybut ≤Cjdtcnm
Fvthbrb≥, xnj åelexb ghtlctlfntktv Rjvbc-
cbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, åsdifz gthdfz ktlb
htibntkmyj yfcnfbdfkf yf njxyjv b zcyjv
jghtltktybb ghfd xtkjdtrf, ≤gsnfzcm ghb
änjv yfdtcnb vjcns vtéle hfpysvb xktyfvb
rjvbccbb b ghbvbhbnm hfpkbxyst njxrb phtybz,
rjnjhst åskb htpekmnfnjv hfpyjjåhfpbz rekm-
neh≥. Vyjubt bccktljdfntkb Dctvbhyjq ltrkf-
hfwbb cxbnfñn, xnj tckb ås yt kblbheñofz
hjkm Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn, hfåjnf, djpvjéyj
ås, yt elfkfcm.
Nfrjq ét njxrb phtybz ghblthébdftncz Vjkkb
Åhec, rjnjhfz ghbybvfkf exfcnbt dj vyjubö
gthdsö pfctlfybzö Rjvbccbb b yfåkñlfkf pf
Äktfyjhjq Hepdtkmn d hfåjnt. ≤Jcjåtyyj evt-
kj jyf ltqcndjdfkf dj dhtvz gthtujdjhjd≥, –
dcgjvbyftn jyf d jlyjv bp bynthdmñ. – ≤Änj
jxtym ytpfdbcbvfz étyobyf≥. Åhec, rjnjhfz d
nj dhtvz yfxfkf hfåjnfnm d Ctrhtnfhbfnt
JJY, f pfntv djpukfdbkf ghjuhfvve gj ghj-
Äyy Rjnnhtkk, d nj dhtvz htgjhnth ufptns
≤Ymñ-Qjhr Uthfkml Nhbåmñy≥, åthtn bynthdmñ
e Äktfyjhs Hepdtkmn
41
D cdjtq cnfnmt Ebkmzv Rjhb
ujdjhbn j dféyjq hjkb, rjnjhfz
ghbyflktébn ytghfdbntkmcndty-
ysv jhufybpfwbzv d eukeåktybb
b hfcibhtybb vtéleyfhjlyjuj
ldbétybz d pfobne ghfd xtkjdt-
rf pf gjcktlybt 50 ktn . Rjhb –
fdnjh vyjubö rybu j pfrjyjlf-
ntkmcndt, jnyjczotvcz r ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf, b bcnjhbb åjhmås pf
ghfdf xtkjdtrf, d njv xbckt
rybub ≤Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst
jhufybpfwbb b Dctjåofz ltrkf-
hfwbz ghfd xtkjdtrf≥.
GZ N M LT C Z N K T N Y F P F L ckjdjcjxtnfybt
≤ghfdf xtkjdtrf≥ htlrj abuehbhjdfkj d chtlcn-
dfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb, extåybrfö bkb lbg-
kjvfnbxtcrbö yjnfö. Ctujlyz ét jyj pfybvftn
dféytqitt vtcnj yf fhtyt jåotcndtyyjq vsc-
kb. D änjv jcyjdyfz pfckeuf ytghfdbntkmcndty-
ysö jhufybpfwbq, bkb YGJ. Dpsdfz r ghfdb-
ntkmcndfv bkb r exhtéltybzv JJY, pfybvfzcm
vjåbkbpfwbtq gjllthérb cdjbö pflfx d chtlcn-
dfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb bkb chtlb frnbdbc-
njd yf vtcnfö, ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpf-
wbb d ntxtybt dnjhjq gjkjdbys ysytiytuj dt-
rf cnfkb dféytqitq cjcnfdkzñotq ldbétybz d
pfobne ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Rhegysv bvgekmcjv r ltzntkmyjcnb YGJ
d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfkj gtxfkmyjt yf-
cktlbt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys – 50 vbkkbjyjd
gjubåibö. YGJ csuhfkb jcjåtyyj dféyeñ
hjkm, dsyelbd cjcnfdbntktq Ecnfdf njkmrj xnj
cjplfyyjq njulf Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö
5 0 - z u j l j d o b y f L t r k f h f w b b g h f d x t k j d t r f J J Y
Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb: 50 ktn åjhmås pfghfdf xtkjdtrf
Ebkmzv Rjhb
42
Yfwbq drkñxbnm d ytuj gjkjétybz j ghfdfö
xtkjdtrf.
D åjktt hfyybö dthcbzö Ecnfdf JJY ghf-
df xtkjdtrf egjvbyfkbcm kbim dcrjkmpm. Vyjuj-
xbcktyyst YGJ, rfr d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö,
nfr b yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt, djpukfdbkb ecb-
kbz gj bpvtytybñ ghjtrnf Ecnfdf. Nfr, yfghb-
vth, Gfyfvthbrfycrfz rjyathtywbz gj ghfdfv
xtkjdtrf d Vtöbrj ≤rjycjkblbhjdfkf htib-
vjcnm kfnbyjfvthbrfycrjq jåotcndtyyjcnb lj-
åbnmcz drkñxtybz geyrnjd j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf d
ntrcn ecnfdf≥, j xtv cdbltntkmcndeñn lfyyst,
ghtljcnfdktyyst ymñ-qjhrcrbv Bycnbnenjv
Äktfyjhs b Ahfyrkbyf Hepdtkmn.
D cfvbö Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö rfvgfybñ
gj drkñxtybñ d Ecnfd JJY gjkjétybq j ghf-
dfö xtkjdtrf djpukfdbkb nhb YGJ: Fvthbrfy-
crbq tdhtqcrbq rjvbntn, Yfwbjyfkmysq cjdtn
wthrdtq b Rjvbccbz gj bpextybb jhufybpfwbb
vbhf. D vft 1945 u. gjckt gjkextybz gjllth-
érb cj cnjhjys wtkjuj hzlf jåotcndtyysö jh-
ufybpfwbq, jabwbfkmysq ghtlcnfdbntkm nhtö
dsitegjvzyensö YGJ eåtlbk njulfiytuj uj-
celfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz CIF Älefhlf Cntn-
nbybecf d ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjlxthryenm dfé-
yjcnm ghfd xtkjdtrf d ntrcnt Ecnfdf, pfzdbd,
xnj, tckb änj yt åeltn cltkfyj, dyjdm cjplfy-
yeñ JJY vjétn gjcnbuyenm nf ét celmåf, xnj
b Kbue Yfwbq, nj tcnm, fvthbrfycrbq Ctyfn
ghjujkjcetn ghjnbd exfcnbz CIF d änjq jhuf-
ybpfwbb.
Gjckt änjuj Cntnnbybec eåtlbk cjñpybrjd
CIF d ytjåöjlbvjcnb gjllthéfnm äne bltñ yf
dcnhtxt d Cfy-Ahfywbcrj, exfcnybrb rjnjhjq
eét hfphfåfnsdfkb gkfys gj cjplfybñ JJY. D
htpekmnfnt ghfdf xtkjdtrf cnfkb jlybv bp wty-
nhfkmysö äktvtynjd Ecnfdf JJY. Ctvm geyrnjd
änjuj ecnfdf gjcdzotys ytgjchtlcndtyyj dj-
ghjcfv ghfd xtkjdtrf, jlby bp rjnjhsö gjcke-
ébk gjdjljv lkz cjplfybz Rjvbccbb JJY gj
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf.
Hfphfåjnrf ghjtrnf
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb
Gthdfz pflfxf Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf,
rjnjhjq evtkj herjdjlbkf åsdifz gthdfz ktlb
CIF Äktfyjhf Hepdtkmn, cjcnjzkf d hfphfåjn-
rt ntrcnf Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Gjckt gjxnb ldeöktnytq hfåjns 10 ltrfåhz
1948 u. – d ltym, rjnjhsq c ntö gjh jnvtxftn-
cz dj dctv vbht rfr Ltym ghfd xtkjdtrf –
ntrcn Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb åsk jabwbfkmyj
ghbyzn Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåkttq JJY.
Ltrkfhfwbz cjcnjbn bp 30 cnfntq, rfcfñ-
oböcz uhfélfycrbö, gjkbnbxtcrbö, ärjyjvbxtc-
rbö, cjwbfkmysö b rekmnehysö ghfd. Dct jyb
dvtcnt dpznst cjcnfdkzñn cvtkeñ b lfktrj
bleoeñ ghjuhfvve, rjnjheñ ghbpdfys jceotcn-
dkznm ghfdbntkmcndf dctö cnhfy vbhf; cajhve-
kbhjdfyyst d Ltrkfhfwbb gjkjétybz yfghfd-
ktys yf nj, xnjås pfobnf cdjåjls b åkfujgj-
kexbz rféljuj xtkjdtrf cnfkf dféytqibv fc-
gtrnjv ltzntkmyjcnb vbhjdjuj cjjåotcndf.
Htyt Rfccty (Ahfywbz), jlby bp jcyjdysö
hfphfåjnxbrjd ntrcnf Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb,
yfpdfk tt ≤fdnjhbntnyjq bynthghtnfwbtq Ecnf-
df JJY≥. Gj vytybñ E Nfyf (Åbhvf), rjnjhsq
d 1960-ö ujlfö åsk Utythfkmysv ctrhtnfhtv
JJY, Ltrkfhfwbz ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ≤Dtkb-
reñ öfhnbñ djkmyjcntq dctuj xtkjdtxtcndf≥.
Yf hfyytq cnflbb ltzntkmyjcnb rjvbccbb
jlybv bp tt ukfdysö exfcnybrjd åsk Xfhkmp
Vfkbr (Kbdfy), rjnjhsq lfk djpvjéyjcnm ghtl-
cnfdbntkzv ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq
ghbyznm ibhjrjt exfcnbt d gjlujnjdrt ntrcnf
Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb d rfxtcndt ≤ytjabwbfkm-
ysö rjycekmnfynjd, rjnjhst ghtlkfufkb bv bltb
b dsldbufkb ghtlkjétybz≥. Gjplytt Rfccty
erfpsdfk yf jcjåtyyeñ hjkm, rjnjheñ YGJ csu-
hfkb d hfcghjcnhfytybb Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb.
Bvtyyj YGJ, crfpfk jy, ≤gthdsvb cnfkb ibhj-
rj jåceélfnm ghbywbgs Ltrkfhfwbb≥ d åhjiñ-
43
hfö, gthbjlbxtcrbö bplfybzö, cnfnmzö b dscneg-
ktybzö yf vyjujxbcktyysö rjyathtywbzö.
Vtéle ntv, gsnfzcm cltkfnm wtkmñ JJY
åjhmåe c htfkmysvb yfheitybzvb ghfd xtkjdt-
rf, YGJ cnfkrbdfkbcm cj pyfxbntkmysvb nhel-
yjcnzvb. Eét d 1947 u. Rjvbccbz JJY gj ghf-
dfv xtkjdtrf jabwbfkmyj jåüzdbkf j njv, xnj
jyf yt åeltn ghtlghbybvfnm ltqcndbz gj éfkj-
åfv j yfheitybzö ghfd xtkjdtrf. Ytcvjnhz yf
nj, xnj vyjubt cnhfys, d xfcnyjcnb, cnhfys c
njnfkbnfhysvb htébvfvb, jljåhbkb Dctjåoeñ
ltrkfhfwbñ, d ltqcndbntkmyjcnb jyb yfheifkb
ghfdf xtkjdtrf b gsnfkbcm dctvb cbkfvb bpåt-
ufnm rhbnbrb. Yj afrnbxtcrb vyjubv cnhfyfv,
ult ltkf c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf jåcnjzn ytdféyj,
elftncz ltkfnm änj b ctqxfc.
YGJ ghjljkéfkb djpltqcndjdfnm yf rjvbc-
cbñ, ljåbdfzcm bpvtytybz tt gjlöjlf. Jlyfrj
Cjdtncrbq Cjñp b lheubt njnfkbnfhyst htébvs
jrfpsdfkb yf rjvbccbñ nfrjt vjoyjt lfdktybt,
xnj gjyfljåbkjcm ldf ltcznbktnbz lkz njuj, xnj-
ås rjvbccbz cjukfcbkfcm ghbybvfnm r hfccvjn-
htybñ ltkf j ≤uheåsö yfheitybzö≥ ghfd xtkj-
dtrf, d rjnjhsö ghjcktébdfkbcm ≤ecnjqxbdst
ntyltywbb≥. Yj lfét gjckt änjuj ghbyznst rj-
vbccbtq ghjwtlehs åskb vfkjäaatrnbdysvb,
b vyjubt ckexfb ghbvtytybz gsnjr, bcxtpyjdt-
ybz kñltq b rfpytq åtp celf b cktlcndbz, cj-
dthifdiböcz c cjukfcbz ghfdbntkmcnd hzlf
cnhfy, pfvfkxbdfkbcm rjvbccbtq. D flhtc YGJ,
ghjntcnjdfdibö ghjnbd änbö yfheitybq, åskj
dscrfpfyj ghtleghtéltybt j njv, xnj jyb vjuen
gjnthznm cdjq rjycekmnfnbdysq cnfnec d JJY,
tckb åelen cjjåofnm j gjlhjåyjcnzö nfrbö yf-
heitybq yf pfctlfybzö JJY.
Frnbdbpfwbz ltzntkmyjcnb YGJ
Ytljdjkmcndj gjkbnbrjq JJY pfcnfdbkj Vté-
leyfhjlyeñ kbue pf ghfdf xtkjdtrf djjåot jn-
rfpfnmcz jn rjynfrnjd c ytq b ghbdktrfnm dyb-
vfybt vbhjdjq jåotcndtyyjcnb r yfheitybzv
ghfd xtkjdtrf gentv geåkbrfwbb cgtwbfkmysö
bccktljdfybq b jåceéltybz änbö yfheitybq d
chtlcndfö vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb. Nfrbv jåhf-
pjv, Kbuf cnfkf jlyjq bp gthdsö YGJ, rjnjhst
ddtkb ghfrnbre ≤gjhbwfybz b jceéltybz≥ njnf-
kbnfhysö htébvjd, djtyysö lbrnfneh b lfét
ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö cnhfy, ljgecrfñobö gjljåyst
yfheitybz.
Jlyf bp yfbåjktt äaatrnbdyj ltqcndeñ-
obö d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf YGJ – ≤Ävybc-
nb Bynthytiyk≥, cjplfyyfz d Kjyljyt d 1961 u.
Tt bccktljdfntkmcrbq jnltk yfrjgbk cfveñ jå-
ibhyeñ åfpe lfyysö j yfheitybzö ghfd xtkj-
dtrf dj dctv vbht. Gfhfkktkmyj ghfrnbrt gj-
hbwfybz b jceéltybz, ≤Ävybcnb≥ yfxfkf yfps-
dfnm éthnds ujcelfhcndtyysö htghtccbq ≤epyb-
rfvb cjdtcnb≥. D 1974 u. ≤Ävybcnb≥ jgeåkbrj-
dfkf lfyyst j ghbvtytybb gsnjr 61 htébvjv,
ghbxtv åskb jåyfhjljdfys b eéfcfñobt gjl-
hjåyjcnb änbö yfheitybq. Jcjåtyyj äaatrnbd-
ysvb åskb hfpjåkfxtybz djtyysö htghtccbq d
cnhfyfö Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb – bvtyyj jyb gj-
ckeébkb jcyjdfybtv lkz ghbceéltybz änjq jh-
ufybpfwbb Yjåtktdcrjq ghtvbb vbhf d 1977 u.
Ghfrnbrf vtéleyfhjlyjuj jåyfhjljdfybz
pkjegjnhtåktybq bvttn, jlyfrj, b cdjb juhfyb-
xtybz, gjcrjkmre ytrjnjhst htébvs yfcnjkmrj
étcnjrb, xnj fåcjkñnyj buyjhbheñn äne byajh-
vfwbñ. Gj vytybñ YGJ, äne ghjåktve vjéyj
htifnm c gjvjomñ vtéleyfhjlysö vtöfybpvjd
ghfrnbxtcrbö vth yf jcyjdt gjkexftvjq jn
YGJ byajhvfwbb.
Gjrf YGJ ghjljkéfkb rfvgfybñ pf cjplf-
ybt nfrbö vtöfybpvjd, 1 fduecnf 1975 u. åsk
ghbyzn Ötkmcbyrcrbq Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn, gjl
rjnjhsv gjcnfdbkb cdjb gjlgbcb Jhufybpfwbz
Ctdthjfnkfynbxtcrjuj ljujdjhf, ytqnhfkmyst b
ytghbcjtlbybdibtcz ujcelfhcndf Tdhjgs, f
nfrét exfcnybrb Jhufybpfwbb Dfhifdcrjuj lj-
ujdjhf. Cnfd jlyjq bp dféytqibö dtö d ädjkñ-
44
wbb vtéleyfhjlyjq cbcntvs ghfd xtkjdtrf,
ötkmcbyrcrbt cjukfitybz nhtåjdfkb jn gjlgb-
cfdibö bö cnhfy cjåkñltybz ≤ghfd xtkjdtrf b
jcyjdjgjkfufñobö cdjåjl≥ (ghbywbg 7). Yf gj-
cktleñobö ajhevfö, cjcnjzdiböcz d Åtkuhflt,
Vflhblt b Dtyt, åsk dsldbyen hzl bltq, åhj-
cbdibö dspjd cjdtncrjve njnfkbnfhbpve b d rj-
ytxyjv bnjut cgjcjåcndjdfdibö rheitybñ rjv-
veybcnbxtcrjq bvgthbb.
D vft 1976 u. Ñhbtv Jhkjdsv åskf cj-
plfyf Vjcrjdcrfz ötkmcbyrcrfz uheggf. Änf
uheggf ltkfkf dféytqieñ hfåjne gj gjlujnjd-
rt gjlhjåyj ljrevtynbhjdfyysö lfyysö j yf-
heitybzö ghfd xtkjdtrf d Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt,
rjnjhst Pfgfl pfntv bcgjkmpjdfk yf hfpkbxysö
vtéleyfhjlysö dcnhtxfö, gjcdzotyysö ghby-
wbgfv Ötkmcbyrcrjuj Pfrkñxbntkmyjuj frnf, b
cjlthéfybt rjnjhsö gthtlfdfkjcm vtéleyfhjl-
ysvb hflbjcnfywbzvb, dtofdibvb yf Djcnjx-
yeñ Tdhjge.
Tot jlyjq YGJ, ltqcndeñotq gj ntv ét
yfghfdktybzv, gj rjnjhsv hfpdbdfkcz Ötkm-
cbyrcrbq ghjwtcc, cnfk gjkmcrbq Rjvbntn pf-
obns hfåjxbö (RJH). Cjplfyysq d ctynzåht
1976 u., änjn rjvbntn dgjcktlcndbb cnfk jcyj-
djq ldbétybz ≤Cjkblfhyjcnm≥. Dcktl pf änjq
gjkmcrjq bybwbfnbdjq d zydfht 1977 u. yf cdtn
gjzdbkfcm ≤Öfhnbz 77≥, dj ukfdt rjnjhjq dcnfk
Dfwkfd Ufdtk.
Tot jlyjq YGJ, bvtditq juhjvyjt pyfxt-
ybt lkz Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs, cnfkf jhufybpfwbz
gj yfåkñltybñ pf Ötkmcbyrcrbv ghjwtccjv –
≤Ötkmcbyrb Ejnx≥, rjnjhfz åskf cajhvbhjdf-
yf d 1978 u. Tt herjdjlbntkm Léthb Kfåth
xfcnj åsdfk d Ghfut b Dfhifdt, dcnhtxfkcz c
frnbdbcnfvb ötkmcbyrcrjuj ldbétybz b åsk
cdjtuj hjlf ghjdjlybrjv byajhvfwbb j ybö.
Änf byajhvfwbz ibhjrj geåkbrjdfkfcm yf Pf-
Ñéyjfahbrfyws dscnhfbdfñncz
d jxthtlm e geyrnf ujkjcjdfybz d Cjdtnj
gjl Qjöfyytcåehujv, xnjås ghbyznm exfc-
nbt d gthdsö d bcnjhbb Ñéyj-fahbrfy-
crjq htcgeåkbrb dctjåobö vekmnbhfcjdsö
dsåjhfö d fghtkt 1994 ujlf.
Ajn
juhfa L
tybc Afhhtkk (E
fql Ejhkl A
jnjc)
45
gflt. Rjulf gjckt ghfécrjq htdjkñwbb Dfwkfd
Ufdtk dgthdst gjctnbk Cjtlbytyyst Infns,
jy chfpe yfghfdbkcz d infå-rdfhnbhe jhufybpf-
wbb ≤Ötkmcbyrb Ejnx≥ d Ymñ-Qjhrt, ult jy
crfpfk d cdjtv dscnegktybb: ≤Djpvjéyj, tckb
ås yt ds, e yfc yt åskj ås htdjkñwbb≥.
Gjljåyj cdjbv tlbyjvsiktyybrfv d Dj-
cnjxyjq Tdhjgt, frnbdbcns ghfdjpfobnysö
ldbétybq d cnhfyfö Fahbrb b Fpbb, åjhjd-
ibtcz pf jcdjåjéltybt jn rjkjybfkmyjuj uytnf,
nfrét xthgfkb dljöyjdtybt bp ghbywbgjd Dct-
jåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Änj ét vjéyj crfpfnm b j nsczxfö ghfdj-
pfobnybrfö b cjnyzö YGJ dj dctv vbht, rjnj-
hst cgjcjåcndjdfkb kbrdblfwbb fgfhntblf d
Ñéyjq Fahbrt. B ltqcndbntkmyj nf hjkm, rj-
njheñ Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq
dvtcnt c ghfdjpfobnysvb jhufybpfwbzvb csu-
hfkf d åjhmåt c fgfhntbljv, ghtlcnfdkztn cj-
åjq kexibq ghbvth ghfrnbxtcrjuj htpekmnfnf,
rjnjhjuj jyf vjétn ljåbnmcz d ltkt pfobns jc-
yjdjgjkfufñobö ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Dscnegfz d ctynzåht 1998 u. yf ctccbb
Utythfkmyjq Fccfvåktb JJY, ghtpbltyn Ñé-
yjq Fahbrb Ytkmcjy Vfyltkf ghbpyfk änj,
crfpfd: ≤Lkz ntö, rjve ghbikjcm åjhjnmcz pf
cdjt jcdjåjéltybt, gjljåyj yfv, rjnjhst c
dfitq gjvjomñ jcdjåjlbkbcm jn ghtcnegyjq
cbcntvs fgfhntblf, Dctjåofz ltrkfhfwbz
ghfd xtkjdtrf ckeébkf gjlndthéltybtv ghf-
djns yfituj ltkf≥.
Gjllthérf cj cnjhjys
Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd
Hjcn xbcktyyjcnb b dkbzybz ytghfdbntkmcndty-
ysö jhufybpfwbq, f nfrét bö exfcnbz d ghfdj-
pfobnyjv ldbétybb yfikb jnhfétybt b d gj-
kbnbrt CIF. D cdjtq byfeuehfwbjyyjq htxb d
zydfht 1977 u. Ghtpbltyn Lébvvb Rfhnth gjl-
xthryek, xnj ≤ghbdthétyyjcnm yfitq cnhfys
ghbywbgfv ghfd xtkjdtrf ljkéyf yjcbnm fåcj-
kñnysq öfhfrnth≥. Ltqcndez yf jcyjdt ghbyz-
njuj Rjyuhtccjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, Rfhnth
cajhvbhjdfk åñhj gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf d cjcnf-
dt Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf; ghb ytv ét
åskb jgeåkbrjdfys gthdst ljrkfls j gjkjét-
ybb c ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf d hfpysö cnhfyfö vb-
hf. D gthdsö ljrkflfö, gjzdbdiböcz d 1977 u.,
egjvbyfkbcm njkmrj nt cnhfys, rjnjhst gjkexb-
kb gjvjom jn Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd – bö xbc-
kj cjcnfdbkj 82; d ljrkflfö, jgeåkbrjdfyysö d
1997 u., eét abuehbhjdfkb 184 cnhfys.
Rfhnth nfrét cgjcjåcndjdfk åjktt xfcnsv
rjynfrnfv vtéle ghfdbntkmcndjv CIF b ghf-
djpfobnysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Änj gjvjufkj fl-
vbybcnhfwbb gjkexfnm dféyst cdtltybz, rjnj-
hst gjnjv vjukb åsnm bcgjkmpjdfys lkz jrfpf-
ybz lfdktybz yf ghfdbntkmcndf cnhfy Kfnby-
crjq Fvthbrb b cnhfy, yföjlbdiböcz d jhåb-
nt cjdtncrjuj dkbzybz. Gj ckjdfv htlfrnjhf
jlyjq bp fhutynbycrbö ufptn Léfrjåj Nbvth-
vfyf, frwtyn yf ghfdfö xtkjdtrf ≤gjvju cgfc-
nb vyjubt nsczxb ébpytq≥. Jcdjåjéltybt bp-
gjl ljvfiytuj fhtcnf cfvjuj Nbvthvfyf, fr-
nbdyjuj rhbnbrf ≤uhzpyjq djqys≥, rjnjheñ dt-
kf fhutynbycrfz djtyobyf, cjcnjzkjcm dj vyj-
ujv åkfujlfhz lfdktybñ cj cnjhjys nfrbö
YGJ, rfr ≤Å’yfq Å’hbn≥, f nfrét cj cnjhjys
ghfdbntkmcndf CIF. Flvbybcnhfwbz Rfhnthf
nfrét dscnegfkf d gjllthére ghfdf YGJ yf
åjktt gjkyjt exfcnbt d ltzntkmyjcnb JJY. Cj-
dvtcnyst ecbkbz yfxfkb ghbyjcbnm gkjls d
1980 u., rjulf xktys Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xt-
kjdtrf ghjujkjcjdfkb pf cjplfybt hfåjxtq
uheggs gj hfccktljdfybñ bcxtpyjdtybz kñltq
d htpekmnfnt yfcbkmcndtyysö ltqcndbq. Ldevz
ujlfvb gjpét åskf exhtéltyf ljkéyjcnm Cgt-
wbfkmyjuj ljrkflxbrf gj eåbqcndfv kñltq,
cnfdibö htpekmnfnjv ghjbpdjkf bkb dytceltå-
ysö ltqcndbq. D 1985 u. åskf exhtéltyf lj-
kéyjcnm tot jlyjuj ljrkflxbrf gj bpextybñ
46
cjjåotybq j ghbvtytybb gsnjr c jljåhtybz b
cjukfcbz ghfdbntkmcnd.
Dcrjht gjckt änjuj åskb exhtéltys lj-
kéyjcnb Cgtwbfkmysö ljrkflxbrjd gj hfcckt-
ljdfybñ ckexftd htkbubjpyjq ytnthgbvjcnb,
hfcbpvf b yfcbkbz d jnyjitybb étyoby, f
nfrét gj hfccktljdfybñ yfheitybq cj cnjhjys
cybcrfdibö ctåt gtxfkmyeñ ckfde htébvjd d
Bhfyt, Bhfrt, Åbhvt, Celfyt b yf Reåt. Änb
dféyst cjåsnbz cnfkb djpvjéysvb, d jcyjd-
yjv, åkfujlfhz bybwbfnbdfv YGJ. Ytghfdb-
ntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb nfrét cltkfkb jxtym
vyjuj lkz gjdsitybz äaatrnbdyjcnb dctö änbö
ghjwtleh b lkz jåtcgtxtybz hfåjxbö uhegg b
cgtwbfkmysö ljrkflxbrjd ytjåöjlbvjq byajh-
vfwbtq – byajhvfwbtq, rjnjheñ ghfdbntkmcn-
df xfcnj jnrfpsdfkbcm ghtljcnfdkznm. Dtlm yt-
rjnjhst xktys Rjvbccbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf
ghjljkéfñn jnrfpsdfnm cgtwbfkmysv ljrkflxb-
rfv dj dütplt d cdjb cnhfys, ghbxtv JJY gj-
rf yt vjétn ybxtuj c änbv gjltkfnm.
Åjkmifz pfckeuf YGJ cjcnjbn b d hfpdb-
nbb lheujuj fcgtrnf vtéleyfhjlyjq ghfdjpf-
obnyjq cbcntvs, f bvtyyj d pfrkñxtybb hfp-
yjuj hjlf gfrnjd b rjydtywbq d jåkfcnb ghfd
xtkjdtrf. Yfbåjktt dféyst bp ybö – Vtéleyf-
hjlysq gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö
ghfdfö b Vtéleyfhjlysq gfrn jå ärjyjvbxtc-
rbö, cjwbfkmysö b rekmnehysö ghfdfö. Änb gfr-
ns jåkflfñn cbkjq vtéleyfhjlysö cjukfitybq
b åskb cjplfys lkz njuj, xnjås ghblfnm Dct-
jåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf cnfnec ñhb-
lbxtcrb jåzpsdfñotuj ljrevtynf.
Gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gjkbnbxtcrbö ghf-
dfö dcnegbk d cbke d 1976 u., öjnz Cjtlbyty-
yst Infns hfnbabwbhjdfkb tt njkmrj gjckt
ghböjlf r dkfcnb flvbybcnhfwbb Rkbynjyf.
Jcyjdyfz vsckm änjuj ljrevtynf cjcnjbn d njv,
xnj gjlgbcfdibt tuj cnhfys ljkéys ljrkfls-
dfnm j öjlt tuj dsgjkytybz Rjvbntne gj ghf-
dfv xtkjdtrf – jhufye, cjcnjzotve bp ärcgth-
njd, ltktubhjdfyysö cnhfyfvb, hfnbabwbhjdfd-
ibvb änjn gfrn. D ntxtybt gjcktlybö ldeö lt-
cznbktnbq änjn rjvbntn ghbjåhtk pyfxbntkmyst
gjkyjvjxbz b cnfk jcyjdysv rfyfkjv gjcneg-
ktybz byajhvfwbb b ghtlkjétybq jn YGJ.
Nfr, d xfcnyjcnb, Rjvbntn ñhbcnjd pf ghfdf xt-
kjdtrf ghtljcnfdkztn rjvbntne jcyjdyeñ ljre-
vtynfwbñ, f nfrét htrjvtylfwbb, rfcfñobtcz
rjyrhtnysö yfheitybq, ljgecrftvsö ujcelfh-
cndfvb-exfcnybrfvb gfrnf.
Dcnegbkb d cbke b ytrjnjhst lheubt ghf-
djpfobnyst rjydtywbb, ytjåöjlbvjcnm ghbyz-
nbz rjnjhsö gjlxthrbdfkfcm YGJ. D bö xbckj
döjlzn Rjydtywbz j kbrdblfwbb dctö ajhv
lbcrhbvbyfwbb d jnyjitybb étyoby (1981),
Rjydtywbz j ytljgecnbvjcnb ghbvtytybz gs-
njr (1987) b Rjydtywbz j ghfdfö htåtyrf
(1990). Nfr ét, rfr b Gfrn j uhfélfycrbö b gj-
kbnbxtcrbö ghfdfö, gthtxbcktyyst rjydtywbb
ghtlecvfnhbdfñn yfkbxbt jhufyf gj bö ghfrnb-
xtcrjq htfkbpfwbb, d rjnjhsq YGJ yfghfdkz-
ñn dféytqibt vfnthbfks c wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybz
dsgjkytybz gjkjétybq änbö vtéleyfhjlysö
cjukfitybq.
Dctvbhyfz rjyathtywbz gj
ghfdfv xtkjdtrf
Jlyj bp yfbåjktt dféysö cjåsnbq d ghfdjpf-
obnyjq ltzntkmyjcnb jhufybpfwbq b exhtélt-
ybq cbcntvs JJY ghjbpjikj d öjlt Dctvbh-
yjq rjyathtywbb gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, ghjdj-
lbditqcz d Dtyt (Fdcnhbz) d bñyt 1993 u. Rfr
b hfymit, YGJ dpzkb yf ctåz dféyeñ hjkm, jh-
ufybpjdfd äaatrnbdyeñ vtéleyfhjlyeñ rfvgf-
ybñ pf ghtljcnfdktybt bv ghfdf exfcndjdfnm d
änjv vthjghbznbb. D nj ét dhtvz jyb pfhexb-
kbcm frnbdyjq gjllthérjq cj cnjhjys flvbyb-
cnhfwbb Rkbynjyf, rjnjhfz r njve vjvtyne yf-
öjlbkfcm e dkfcnb eét ytcrjkmrj vtczwtd. Gj
cenb ltkf, fvthbrfycrfz ltktufwbz yf Dtycrjq
47
rjyathtywbb bvtkf d cdjtv cjcnfdt ghtlcnfdb-
ntktq fvthbrfycrbö YGJ, yfhzle c jabwbfkm-
ysvb ghtlcnfdbntkzvb ghfdbntkmcndf – nj
tcnm, cjcnfd ltktufwbb ajhvbhjdfkcz gj njq ét
cötvt, xnj b cjcnfd fvthbrfycrbö ltktufwbq yf
lheubö vtéleyfhjlysö ajhevfö d ghjikjv.
D cjnhelybxtcndt cj cdjbvb tlbyjvsikty-
ybrfvb bp lheubö cnhfy, ghtlcnfdbntkb YGJ b
ghfdbntkmcnd cevtkb jåtcgtxbnm ghbyznbt hzlf
dféytqibö htitybq yf Dtycrjq rjyathtywbb,
d njv xbckt gjkexbditt tlbyjleiyjt jljåht-
ybt htitybt jå exhtéltybb gjcnf Dthöjdyjuj
rjvbccfhf JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, f nfrét
ghbyznbt ltrkfhfwbb, gjlndthélfñotq dctjå-
obq öfhfrnth ghfd xtkjdtrf. Dthöjdysq rjvbc-
cfh gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, ljkéyjcnm rjnjhjuj d
yfcnjzott dhtvz pfybvftn Vähb Hjåbycjy, pf-
ybvftncz djghjcfvb pfobns ghfd xtkjdtrf d
cbcntvt JJY, f nfrét pfobns ghfd yf vtéle-
yfhjlyjq fhtyt.
Exfcnbt d Dtycrjq rjyathtywbb ghtlcnf-
dbntktq yjdjuj gjrjktybz YGJ bp cnhfy Fpbb,
Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb b Fahbrb, cnfditt ht-
pekmnfnjv ghjwtccf, rjnjhsq lkbkcz ytcrjkmrj
ktn, jpyfvtyjdfkj cjåjq gjzdktybt yjdjuj äkt-
vtynf d vtéleyfhjlyjq ghfdjpfobnyjq cbcnt-
vt; r yfxfke hfåjns rjyathtywbb htubcnhfwbñ
ghjikb nhb nsczxb YGJ. Cktletn jcjåj jnvt-
nbnm gjlujnjdbntkmyeñ dcnhtxe d Åfyurjrt, yf
rjnjhjq YGJ bp cnhfy Fpbb ghbyzkb ltrkfhf-
wbñ j ytjåöjlbvjcnb cjåkñltybz vtéleyfhjl-
ysö cnfylfhnjd d jåkfcnb ghfd xtkjdtrf b ex-
htéltybz gjcnf dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf gj ghf-
dfv xtkjdtrf.
Exfcnybrb Dtycrjq rjyathtywbb nfrét
ghbdktrkb dybvfybt vtéleyfhjlyjq jåotcn-
dtyyjcnb r ghfdfv étyoby, ghtlcnfdkzñobv
cjåjq, gj bö vytybñ, cjcnfdyeñ xfcnm jåotxt-
kjdtxtcrbö ghfd. Dscrfpfyyfz bvb htibntkm-
yfz gjllthérf ghfd étyoby cjplfkf jcyjde
lkz ghjdtltybz bvtdituj bcnjhbxtcrjt pyfxt-
ybt Xtndthnjuj dctvbhyjuj rjyuhtccf gj ghj-
åktvfv étyoby d Gtrbyt (1995 u.), f nfrét
lkz ghbpyfybz hfcneotq hjkb étycrbö jhufyb-
pfwbq b uhegg yf vtéleyfhjlyjq fhtyt.
Yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn eéfcfñobt yf-
heitybz ghfd xtkjdtrf, ghjbcöjlbdibt d 20-v
dtrt, pfcnfdkzkb YGJ, jcjåtyyj jhufybpfwbñ
≤Yfåkñltybt pf ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf≥, ghbpsdfnm
r ytjåöjlbvjcnb ddtltybz gjljnxtnyjcnb d jce-
otcndktybb ghfdjcelbb b ecnfyjdktybz ltqcn-
dbntkmyj ceotcndeñotuj gjkjétybz ltk. R vj-
vtyne cjpsdf Dtycrjq rjyathtywbb djqyf d
Åjcybb eét eåtlbkf vyjubö exfcnybrjd ghfdj-
pfobnyjuj ghjwtccf d ytjåöjlbvjcnb cjplfybz
yjdjuj vtöfybpvf lkz ghbdktxtybz r jndtncn-
dtyyjcnb kbw, dbyjdysö d uheåtqibö yfheit-
ybzö ghfd xtkjdtrf, nfrbö, rfr utyjwbl b ght-
cnegktybz ghjnbd xtkjdtxtcndf.
D cdzpb c änbv d 1993 u. Cjdtn Åtpjgfc-
yjcnb JJY exhtlbk Vtéleyfhjlysq eujkjd-
ysq nhbåeyfk lkz åsditq Ñujckfdbb. Gjl-
lthéfd änj yfxbyfybt, jhufybpfwbz ≤Yfåkñlt-
ybt pf ghfdfvb xtkjdtrf≥ ghtljcnfdbkf nhbåe-
yfke ljrevtynfwbñ, rjnjheñ tuj ukfdysq jådb-
ybntkm Hbxfhl Ujklcnjey (Ñéyfz Fahbrf) yf-
pdfk åtcwtyyjq. Nhbåeyfk jnlfk ljkéyjt b
ltzntkmyjcnb lheujq YGJ – ≤Dhfxb pf ghfdf
xtkjdtrf≥, rjnjhfz jrfpfkf gjvjom d ghjdtlt-
ybb celtåyj-vtlbwbycrjq ärcgthnbps ärcuevb-
hjdfyysö ntk gjubåibö. Tdhjgtqcrbt YGJ
jrfpfkb pyfxbntkmyeñ gcböjkjubxtcreñ b vf-
nthbfkmyeñ gjvjom cdbltntkzv, dscnegfdibv
yf ghjwtcct.
Yf cktleñobq ujl JJY exhtlbkf fyfkj-
ubxysq nhbåeyfk lkz Hefyls, hfåjxbq jhufy
rjnjhjuj yföjlbncz d u. Fheif, Nfypfybz. B öj-
nz fvthbrfycrjt ghfdbntkmcndj b hfpkbxyst
YGJ dj vyjujv yt cjukfifkbcm lheu c lheujv
pf ljkubt ujls hfåjns, jåt cnjhjys ghblfñn
dféyjt pyfxtybt ltzntkmyjcnb jåjbö nhbåeyf-
kjd b ghbywbge jndtncndtyyjcnb pf yfheitybt
48
ghfd xtkjdtrf. Nfr, Cjtlbytyyst Infns dpzkb
yf ctåz pyfxbntkmyeñ xfcnm hfcöjljd, cdzpfy-
ysö c hfåjnjq änbö nhbåeyfkjd.
Ukjåfkmyjt ldbétybt YGJ
D rjywt 20-uj dtrf exfcnbt ytghfdbntkmcndty-
ysö jhufybpfwbq dj dctö fcgtrnfö ghfdjpfobn-
yjq ltzntkmyjcnb pyfxbntkmyj ecbkbkjcm. Ct-
ujlyz ghfrnbxtcrb dj dctö cnhfyfö vbhf ceot-
cndeñn ghfdjpfobnyst jhufybpfwbb b frnbdbc-
ns ghfdjpfobnyjuj ldbétybz. Ytrjnjhst bp
ybö hbcreñn cjåcndtyyjq ébpymñ, jncnfbdfz
cdjåjle ckjdf, ltvjrhfnbñ, htkbubjpyeñ b hf-
cjdeñ nthgbvjcnm. Jlyb dscnegfñn ghjnbd
ghbvtytybz gsnjr, ghjbpdjkmysö fhtcnjd b cj-
dhtvtyysö ajhv hfåcndf. Lheubt gsnfñncz
jrfpfnm djpltqcndbt yf vtéleyfhjlyst abyfy-
cjdst bycnbnens, cgjcjåcndjdfnm ghjwtcce hfp-
dbnbz, juhfybxbdfnm ltncrbq nhel, ddtcnb pf-
ghtn yf yfptvyst vbys b åjhjnmcz c njhujdktq
étyobyfvb b ltdjxrfvb.
D vbht cjdthiftncz tot vyjuj cthmtpysö
yfheitybq ghfd xtkjdtrf, b ghbywbgs, cajh-
vekbhjdfyyst dj Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd
xtkjdtrf, dsgjkyzñncz lfktrj yt dj dctö cnhf-
yfö. Vtéle ntv, cbkf b frnbdyjcnm vtéle-
yfhjlyjuj ghfdjpfobnyjuj ldbétybz lftn gj
rhfqytq vtht yfltéle yf nj, xnj d cktleñotv
cnjktnbb elfcncz ljåbnmcz åjkmituj ghjuhtccf
d änjq jåkfcnb. Ytjåöjlbvj nfrét gjvybnm jå
eét jlthéfyysö gjåtlfö – jyb yt ljkéys jc-
nfdfnmcz ytpfvtxtyysvb.
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth 3,
jrnzåhm 1998 u.
49
Brownlie, Ian, ed.Basic Documents on Human Rights.3d edition. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1993.
Ching, Frank“Responsibilities and Rights,”Far Eastern Economic Review, vol. 60, no. 46,November 13, 1997, pp. 38–39.(Review of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.)
Claude, Richard P., and Burns H. WestonHuman Rights in the World Community: Issues and Action.2d edition. Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992
Clinton, William J.“Remarks Celebrating the 50th Anniversaryof the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsin New York City.”Weekly Compilation of Presidential Docu-ments, vol. 33, no. 50, December 15, 1997, pp. 2002–2005.
Danieli, Yael, Elsa Stamatopoulou andClarence J. Dias, eds.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights:Fifty Years and Beyond.New York: Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.,1998.
Donnelly, JackInternational Human Rights.2d edition, Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1998.
Donnelly, JackUniversal Human Rights in Theory and Practice.Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press,1989.
Elshtain, Jean Bethke“The Right Rights,”The New Republic, vol. 218, no. 24, June 15,1998, pp. 11–13.(The fight for adoption of the U.N. UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights.)
Forsythe, David P., Louis Henkin, Margaret E.Galey, et al.Symposium, “Free and Equal in Dignity andRights: the Universal Declaration of HumanRights,”PS: Political Science and Politics, vol 31, no. 3, September 1998, pp. 505–534.(A series of five articles.)
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt InstituteBibliography and Further Resources on theUniversal Declaration of Human Rightshttp://www.udhr50.org/history/default.htm(Includes historical source documents,sources consulted and suggestions for further reading.)
Glendon, Mary Ann“Knowing the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights,”Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 73, no. 5, May 1998, pp. 1153–1190.
Å b å k b j u h f a b z
Ljgjkybntkmyfz kbnthfnehf gj ghjåktvfv ghfd
xtkjdtrf b Dctjåotq ltrkfhfwbb ghfd xtkjdtrf
50
Hobbins, A.J.“Eleanor Roosevelt, John Humphrey andCanadian Opposition to the Universal Decla-ration of Human Rights: Looking Back on the50th Anniversary of UNDHR,”International Journal, vol. 53, no. 2, Spring 1998, pp. 325–342.
International Secretariat of Amnesty International“International Women’s Day – 50 years of Women’s Rights?”Press Release, 6 March 1998.
“Into the Future,”Index on Censorship, vol. 27, no 3, May–June 1998, pp. 184–190.(Comments on the successes and failures ofthe U.N. Universal Declaration of HumanRights.)
Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancementof Human RightsAdvocating Human Rights – Selected Publi-cationshttp://www.ajc.org/jbi/pubs.html
Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancementof Human RightsTo Reaffirm Faith in Fundamental HumanRights: The U.N. and Human Rights,1945–95, The Institute, 1995.
Morsink, Johannes“Women s Rights in the Universal Declara-tion,”Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 2, 1991,pp. 229–256.
Robinson, Mary“Shame of Failure on Human Rights,”The World Today, vol. 54, no. 2, February 1998, pp. 45–49.(Commentary on the 50th anniversary of theU.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.)
Sen, Amartya“Universal Truths: Human Rights and theWesternizing Illusion,”Harvard International Review, vol. 20, no. 3,Summer 1998, pp. 40–43.
Steiner, Henry J., and Philip AlstonInternational Human Rights in Context: Law,Politics, Morals.New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Tongue, Kathryn A.“Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.”Human Rights, vol. 25, no. 3, Summer 1998.pp. 2–5.
United Nations High Commissioner for Human RightsFiftieth Anniversary of the Universal Declara-tion of Human Rights, General Assembly Re-solution 52/117 of 12 December 1997http://www.UNHCHR.CH./html/menu4/gares/gares117.htm
Weiming, Tu“Joining East and West: A Confucian Perspe-ctive on Human Rights.”Harvard International Review, vol. 20, no. 3,Summer 1998, pp. 44–49.
Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb • Äktrnhjyyst éehyfks ÑCBF • Njv 3, yjvth
3, jrnzåhm 1998 u.
51
Ybétcktleñobt flhtcf – änj kbim ytrjnjhst
bp juhjvyjuj xbckf flhtcjd, gj rjnjhsv vjéyj
yfqnb byajhvfwbñ j ghfdfö xtkjdtrf. ÑCBF yt
ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt b ljcneg-
yjcnm htcehcjd, yt jnyjczoböcz r ÑCBF.
D C T J Å O F Z L T R K F H F W B Z
G H F D X T K J D T R F –
L J C N E G Y F Y F H F P Y S Ö
Z P S R F Ö :
Fhfåcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/arabic_menu.htm
Rbnfqcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/chinese_menu.htm
Fyukbqcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_udhr.htm
Ahfywepcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/french/html/menu3/b/a_udhr_fr.htm
Heccrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/rusian_menu.htm
Gjhneufkmcrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/udportug.htm
Bcgfycrbqhttp://www.unhchr.ch/spanish/html/menu3/b/a_udhr_sp.htm
Lheubt zpsrbhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/1/univdec1.htm
L H E U B T D T Å - C F Q N S ,
G J C D Z O T Y Y S T G H F D F V
X T K J D T R F
Egjkyjvjxtyysq JJY gj ghfdfv xtkjdtrfhttp://www.unhchr.ch/
Cnhfybwf Dthöjdyjuj rjvbccfhf gj ghfdfxtkjdtrf JJY, gjcdzotyyfz 50-jq ujljd-obyt ghbyznbz Dctjåotq Ltrkfhfwbbghfd xtkjdtrfhttp://www.udhr50.org/
Yf änjq cnhfybwt, cgjycjhjv rjnjhjq ds-cnegftn Bycnbnen bvtyb Ahfyrkbyf b Äktf-yjhs Hepdtkmn, ghtlcnfdkty ibhjrbq rheuytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, rjhgj-hfwbq, ghjatccbjyfkmysö ghjacjñpjd, htkbubjpysö uhegg, yfwbjyfkmysö b vtéle-yfhjlysö futyncnd, yfexysö bycnbnenjd, ghjatccbjyfkmysö fccjwbfwbq b jnltkmysökbw, rjnjhsö jnkbxftn ukeåjrfz ghbdthéty-yjcnm ghbywbgfv ghfd xtkjdtrf b jcyjdysöcdjåjl.
C n h f y b w s d B y n t h y t n t
52
Cnhfybwf, gjcdzotyyfz 50-ktnbñ JJYhttp://www.unhchr.ch./html/50th/50anniv.htm
Vtéleyfhjlyfz Ötkmcbyrcrfz atlthfwbzgj ghfdfv xtkjdtrfhttp://www.ihf-hr.org/
Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyfz uheggf, wtkm rjnjhjqpfobnf ghfd xtkjdtrf d cnhfyfö Tdhjgs,Ctdthyjq Fvthbrb b d chtlytfpbfncrböhtcgeåkbrfö åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf.
Åbåkbjntrf kbnthfnehs gj ghfdfv xtkj-dtrf ghb Eybdthcbntnt infnf Vbyytcjnfhttp://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/
Jlby bp yfbåjktt dctjåütvkñobö cfqnjd,ult ghtlcnfdktys kñåst vfnthbfks gj ghj-åktvt ghfd xtkjdtrf, d njv xbckt ljrevty-ns, åbåkbjuhfabb, jåexfñobt vfnthbfks,bvttncz djpvjéyjcnm dsöjlf yf lheubtcfqns, gjcdzotyyst djghjcfv, cdzpfyysv c ghjåktvjq ghfd xtkjdtrf.
Ujcltgfhnfvtyn CIF, Åñhj gj ghjåkt-vfv ltvjrhfnbb, ghfd xtkjdtrf b nhelj-dsv djghjcfvhttp://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/index.html
Cnhfybwf Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndfCIF (ÑCBF) gjcdzotyyfz ghjåktvtghfd xtkjdtrfhttp://www.usia.gov/topical/rights/hrpage/
Bvttncz djpvjéyjcnm dsöjlf yf cnhfybwslheubö jhufybpfwbq, nfrbö rfr ≤Ävytcnb by-nthytiyk≥ b ≤Ömñvfy hfqnc ejnx≥
Ddtltybt d ghjåktve ghfd xtkjdtrfhttp://www.usia.gov/topical/rights/hrpamp/hrintro.htm
Jåyjdktyyfz dthcbz åhjiñhs ÑCBF≤Ghfdf xtkjdtrf≥.
Jåütlbytybt xktyjd Rjyuhtccf CIF gjghjåktvt ghfd xtkjdtrfhttp://www.house.gov/lantos/caucus/caucuswebpage.htm
Jåütlbytybt xktyjd Rjyuhtccf CIF gjghjåktvt ghfd xtkjdtrf åskj cjplfyj d1983 ujle rjyuhtccvtyfvb Njvjv Kfynjcjvb Léjyjv Äldfhljv Gjhnthjv lkz ghbdkt-xtybz dybvfybz jåtbö gfhnbq r cfvsv aey-lfvtynfkmysv wtyyjcnzv fvthbrfycrjujjåotcndf – cdzotyysv b ytjnütvktvsvghfdfv uhfélfy, yf jcyjdt rjnjhsö jnws-jcyjdfntkb cjplfkb Cjtlbytyyst Infns.
‚ Ó Ô Ó Ò ˚
ù Î Â Í Ú Ó Ì Ì ˚ È Ê Û Ì ‡ Î û ë à Ä
é Í Ú fl · ¸ 1 9 9 8
í Ó Ï 3 ç Ó Ï Â 3
ÇÒ β‰Ë Óʉ‡˛ÚÒflÒ‚Ó·Ó‰Ì˚ÏË Ë ‡‚Ì˚ÏË
‚ Ò‚ÓÂÏ ‰ÓÒÚÓËÌÒÚ‚Â Ë Ô‡‚‡ı.
Ç Ò Â Ó · ˘ Â È Ñ Â Í Î ‡ ‡ ˆ Ë ËÔ ‡ ‚ ˜ ÂÎ Ó ‚ Â Í ‡50ÎÂÚ
Ñe Ï Ó Í ‡ Ú à à
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