ammonia use's & safety

Power Plant Chemistry

Ammonia Safety Precaution

Prepared By : -

Umar Farooq Chemist “A” Chemical Section

MSC ( Chemistry ) MBA ( Marketing )

[email protected]

[email protected]

SEC Shuaibah Jeddah

Saudi Arabia 1

Mineral Analysis

Potable water Analysis

Microbiological Analysis

mailto:[email protected]





Treatment for Condensate line

Neutralizing Amines

Volatile or

neutralizing amines are employed

as corrosion inhibitors to prevent

Co2 corrosion . They neutralize

carbonic acid and raise

condensate pH . Volatile amine

are

1) Ammonia NH3

2) Cyclohexyl amine C6H11NH2

3) Morph line C4H4ONH

Umar Farooq Chemist “A”

SEC Shoaiba Jeddah 2

Morph line may be produced by the dehydration

of di ethanolamine with sulphuric acid

Neutralizing Amines

These amine are injected to

the feed water .The amino added to the

feed water volatizes together with the

steam generated in the boiler with the

condensation of steam . The amine

neutralizes Co2 to raise pH of condensate

and thereby inhibits corrosion .

NH3 + H2O NH4+HCO3

C6H11NH2 + CO2+ H2O C6H11NH3+HCO3

C4H8ONH +CO2 + H2O C4H8ONH2+HCO3



Ammonia

Ammonia is effective for

neutralizing CO2 , but it cannot be

used for a low pressure boiler

employing copper material in

steam and condensate line. the

normal method of controlling there

feed is by mean of pH analysis of

condensate water.

Other Name of Ammonia's

EU classification

Hydrogen Nitrite

Tri Hydrogen Nitrite

Nitro -Sill

Ammonia Reaction as underneath

NH3 + H2O NH4OH

NH4OH +H2CO3 (NH4)2CO3+2 H2O



Properties of Ammonia

At room temperature, anhydrous ammonia is a colorless, highly irritating

gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. It is lighter than air and flammable,

with difficulty, at high concentrations and temperatures. It is easily

compressed and forms a clear, colorless liquid under pressure. Ammonia

dissolves readily in water to form ammonium hydroxide - an alkaline

solution. The concentration of aqueous ammonia solutions for household

use is typically 5% to 10% (weight: volume), but solutions for commercial

use may be 25% (weight: volume) or more, and are corrosive. Anhydrous

ammonia is stored and shipped in pressurized containers, fitted with

pressure-relief safety devices, and bears the label "Nonflammable

Compressed Gas". Despite not meeting the Department of Transport

definition of flammable, it should be treated as such.

Anhydrous ammonia reacts with moisture in the mucous membranes to

produce an alkaline solution (ammonium hydroxide). Exposure to ammonia gas or ammonium hydroxide can result in corrosive injury to the mucous membranes of the eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract and to the skin due to the alkaline pH and the hygroscopic nature of ammonia.



Fritz Haber was the German scientist who developed an efficient way of producing ammonia from hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen.

In 1909, Fritz Haber established the conditions under which nitrogen, N2(g), and hydrogen, H2(g), would combine using

medium temperature (~ 450 °C ) very high pressure (~200atm) A catalyst (Iron)

The Industrial Manufacture of Ammonia

The Haber process

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SEC Shoaiba Jeddah

Effect of Change in Temperature

Since the forward reaction is exothermic

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g) + HEAT Increasing

The

temperature

Low yield of

Ammonia

So, industrialist always try to keep the temperature as low as

450 °C In order to favor maximum yield of Ammonia

Note: Temperature lower than this is not feasible for this

reaction, as it will take too long to attain the equilibrium

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SEC Shoaiba Jeddah

Effect of Change in pressure

Increasing the pressure causes the equilibrium position to

move to the right resulting in a higher yield of Ammonia.

Hence the Haber process is always operated at very high

pressures of about 200 at in order to get high yields of

Ammonia

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3 (g)

Increasing

The

Pressure

High yield of

Ammonia Since there are

more gas molecules

on the left hand side

of the equation (4 in

total) than there are

on the right hand

side of the equation (2).

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SEC Shuaiba Jeddah

Uses Of Ammonia

Agricultural industries are the major users of

ammonia

Ammonia is a very valuable source of nitrogen that is essential for plant growth.

Approximately 75% of all AMMONIA produced is converted into various ammonium compounds like Ammonium sulphate, Ammonium Nitrate and urea. These compounds are called Nitrogenous Fertilizers

Ammonia is also useful in the production of nitric acid.

mixture of ammonia and air is passed over a platinum

gauze catalyst at 850 °C, whereupon the ammonia is

oxidized to nitric oxide.

4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O

2 NO + O2 2NO2

The nitric oxide mixed with excess air is then allowed to

react with water to form Nitric acid.

4 NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3

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SEC Shoaiba Jeddah

http://www.rmtech.net/Chemical Plants.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide

Uses of Ammonia

Nitric acid is not only used to

make important fertilizers but also Explosives like nitroglycerine or TNT (Trinitrotoluene)

Aqueous ammonia can be a great addition to a household's cleaning supplies set. It is great for eliminating stains and tarnish, and can be the ideal solution for hard-to-remove soap buildup in tubs, sinks, and bathroom tiles.



Ammonia Poisoning Ammonia is a strong, colorless gas. If the gas is dissolved in water, it is called liquid ammonia.

Poisoning may occur if you breathe in ammonia. Poisoning may also occur if you swallow or touch

products that contain very large amounts of ammonia.



Symptoms

Airways, lungs, and chest Cough , Chest pain (severe)

Chest tightness, Difficulty breathing

Wheezing

Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and throat

Tearing and burning of eyes, Temporary blindness

Throat pain (severe), Mouth pain

Lip swelling

Heart and blood

Rapid, weak pulse

Collapse and shock

Nervous system

Altered mental state

Fever

Restlessness

Skin

Bluish-colored lips and fingernails

Severe burns if contact is longer than a few minutes

Stomach and gastrointestinal tract

Severe stomach pain

Vomiting

Route of Exposure

Inhalation” of ammonia may cause

nasopharyngeal and tracheal burns,

bronchiolar and alveolar edema, and

airway destruction resulting in

respiratory distress or failure.

Ammonia's odor threshold is

sufficiently low to acutely provide

adequate warning of its presence

(odor threshold = 5 ppm; OSHA PEL =

50 ppm). However, ammonia causes

olfactory fatigue or adaptation, making

its presence difficult to detect when

exposure is prolonged. Anhydrous

ammonia is lighter than air and will

therefore rise (will not settle in low-

lying areas); however, vapors from

liquefied gas are initially heavier than

air and may spread along the ground



Route of Exposure

Skin/Eye Contact - the extent of

injury produced by exposure to

ammonia depends on the duration of

the exposure and the concentration of

the gas or liquid. Even low airborne

concentrations (100 ppm) of ammonia

may produce rapid eye and nose

irritation. Higher concentrations may

cause severe eye injury. Contact with

concentrated ammonia solutions, such

as some industrial cleaners (25%),

may cause serious corrosive injury,

including skin burns, permanent eye

damage, or blindness. The full extent

of damage to the eyes may not be

clear until up to 1 week after the injury

is sustained. Contact with liquefied

ammonia can cause frostbite injury.



Route of Exposure

Ingestion - ingestion

of ammonium

hydroxide, while

uncommon, results in

corrosive damage to

the mouth, throat, and

stomach. Ingestion of

ammonia does not

normally result in

systemic poisoning.



Filming Amines

These represent an effective

economical approach to condensate

system corrosion control.

The purpose of filming amines in

the formation of an adherent mono

molecular film providing protection from O2

and Co2 corrosion . First the film is build up

then only the amount of amines is required

to maintain the film . Umar Farooq Chemist “A”


Typical Filming Amines

1) Octa decyl amine CH3(CH2)16 CH2NH2

2) Hexa decyle amine CH3(CH2)14CH2CH2

3) Di Octa decyle amine CH3 (CH2)16(CH2)2NH2

The general formula for filming amine is

R-NH2 where R= Alkyl group ( C10 – C12 ) the

corrosion inhibits . The effect of filming amines

on the steel material increases proportionally

with the increased number of carbon atoms.

The amines when feed in the boiler ,

also volatize with steam and condense to form

an organic film in condensate line . Umar Farooq Chemist “A”


ammonia use's & safety

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