amit dar – making skills programs work

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Making Skills Programs Work Future Skills International Forum, Kazan May 2015

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Page 1: Amit Dar – Making skills programs work

Making Skills Programs Work

Future Skills International Forum, Kazan

May 2015

Page 2: Amit Dar – Making skills programs work

Outline  

I.      Skills  in  the  Global  Context  II.    Key  Features  of  ECA  III.  Skills  Development  as  a  Life-­‐long  Process  IV.  Lessons  of  Experience  for  Job-­‐Specific  Skills  Development  V.    Moving  Forward  

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I.        Skills  in  the  Global  Context  

 

3  

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Skills  are  a  constraint  around  the  world  

0%  

5%  

10%  

15%  

20%  

25%  

30%  

35%  

40%  

45%  

World   Sub-­‐Saharan  Africa  

South  Asia   Eastern  Europe  &  Central  Asia  

East  Asia  &  Pacific  

Middle  East  &  North  Africa  

LaGn  America  &  Caribbean  

High-­‐income  OECD  

%  unskilled  workers,  out  of  all  producGon  workers  

%  firms  idenGfying  labor  regulaGons  as  a  major  constraint  

%  firms  idenGfying  an  inadequately  educated  workforce  as  a  major  constraint  

Source:  Enterprise  Surveys    2010   4  

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Global  Trends  Related  to  Skills  

•  Wage  differenGals  are  rising  between  skilled  and  unskilled  workers  in  many  regions  

•  Skilled  jobs  are  growing  faster  than  unskilled  employment  

•  Knowledge-­‐based  industries  are  expanding  rapidly  and  with  them  the  demand  for    ‘new  skills’  

•  Unskilled  workers  are  increasingly  more  vulnerable  to  job  loss,  extended  unemployment,  and  declining  real  wages  

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II.  Key  Features  of  ECA  

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The  ECA  region  sLll  faces  specific  challenges  that  impede  progress  toward  reducing  poverty  and  sharing  prosperity  

7  

Poverty  remains  an  issue    

•  Poverty  remains  high  in  some  countries  (e.g.,  Armenia,  Georgia,  Kosovo,  Kyrgyz  Republic,  Tajikistan)  

•  Pockets  of  poverty  remain  in  many  countries/communiGes  (e.g.,  Roma)  

Risk  of  reversal  in    shared  prosperity  

 •  Ageing  •  Long  term  unemployment  •  Long  term  erosion  of  producGvity  and  

compeGGveness;  lack  of  jobs  

Specific  challenges    In  EducaLon  

 •  Increasing    access  /Inclusion  (Pre-­‐school  and  terGary)  •  Improving  quality  and  relevance  •  Skills  not  just  diplomas  •  EducaGon  Finance  Reform  

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Uneven  access  to  early  childhood  educaLon  and  quality  basic  educaLon  threatens  progress    

toward  reducing  poverty  and  sharing  prosperity  in  ECA  

8  

61  

57  

45  44  

42   41  39  

30  28   27  

26  24   23  

21   20   20  

14  

11  

0  

20  

40  

60  

Albania  

Mon

tene

gro  

Kazakhstan  

Bulgaria  

Turkey  

Romania  

Serbia  

CroaGa

 

Hungary  

Slovak  Rep

ublic  

Lithuania  

Russian  Fede

raGo

n  

OEC

D  mem

bers  

Czech  Re

public  

Sloven

ia  

Latvia  

Poland

 

Estonia  

%  of  1

5  year  olds  s

corin

g  at  level  1  or  b

elow

   on

 PISA  2012  M

athe

maL

cs  assessm

ent  

In  some  countries,  half  of  students  compleLng  basic  educaLon  are  funcLonally  innumerate  

103  103  101  

94  91   90   90   90  

87   85   83  80   78   78   77  

69  64  

61  58  

56  54  

51  

29  26   25   25   25  

16  

9  

0  

25  

50  

75  

100  

Czech  Re

public  

Belarus  

Ukraine

 Sloven

ia  

Slovak  Rep

ublic  

Russian  Fede

raGo

n  Latvia  

Estonia  

Hungary  

Bulgaria  

OEC

D  mem

bers  

Moldo

va  

Poland

 Ro

mania  

Lithuania  

Albania  

CroaGa

 Mon

tene

gro  

Georgia  

Serbia  

Kazakhstan  

Armen

ia  

Turkey  

Maced

onia,  FYR

 Azerbaijan  

Uzbekistan  

Kyrgyz  Rep

ublic  

Bosnia  and

 Herzegovina  

Tajikistan  

Pre-­‐prim

ary  gross  e

nrollm

ent  rate  

(2012  or  latest  available  year)  

In  some  countries,  3  out  of  every  4  children  are  not  enrolled  in  preschool  

Source:  EdStats.  

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9  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

Num

ber  o

f  Cou

ntrie

s    EU10+1  and  Turkey  Western  Balkans  LI  CIS  MI  CIS  

     

 AZE    BIH    KOS    MKD    SRB    SVN                      

     

ARM    GEO    KGZ    ALB    BGR    TUR      

Mean  =  30.2                        TJK                    UZB                    CZE                      EST                      HRV                                  LVA                                  POL                              SVK                          

   UKR    MDA    LTU    ROM  

             MNE    HUN                        

KAZ    RUS  

     

BLR  

Countries  where  more  than  40%  of  firms  report  “skills”  as  a  severe  constraint  to  

growth    

ECA  faces  Supply  Side  LimitaLons  

Ø  Workers'  skills  had  become  a  constraint  on  firm  expansion  by  2008  (percent  of  firms  considering  factor  a  'major'  or  'very  severe'  constraint).  

Ø  Available  data  mostly  focuses  on  educaLon  aeained,  not  the  skills  acquired.  

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III.  Skills  Development  as  a  Life-­‐long  Process    

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Different  Sorts  of  Skills  

Many  skills,  diverse  gaps  •  Different  types  of  skills  that  maeer  for  employment  and  

producLvity:  –  Problem-­‐solving  skills  –  Learning  (foundaGonal)  skills:  ability  to  acquire  new  knowledge  –  CommunicaGon  skills  –  Personal  skills:  self  management,  sound  judgment,  managing  risk  –  Social  skills:  team,  manage  client  relaGons,  leadership,  resolve  conflict,  

etc.  –  Technical  skills:  job/producGon  specific    

•  Skills  are  acquired  at  different  stages  in  the  lifecycle:  across  sectors  and  across  generaLons.    

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                                             Source:  World  Bank  2010.      

AnalyGcal  Framework:  Stepping  Up  Skills  for  Employment  and  ProducGvity  (STEP)  

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                                                         Source:  World  Bank  2010.    

…where  skills  development  is  a  cumulaGve  life-­‐cycle  process  

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IV.  Evidence  of  Lessons  for  Job-­‐Specific  Skills  Development  –  Investment  in  Early  IntervenGons  and  FoundaGonal  Skills  –  Basic  Skills  –  Role  of  Government  –  Role  of  Employers  –  Financing  –  Private  Providers  –  Monitoring  and  EvaluaGon  

 

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A.  Investment  in  Early  IntervenGons  and  FoundaGonal  Skills  

 

–  Invest  in  early  intervenGons  (e.g.  nutriGon,  health  inputs,  preschool  educaGonal  inputs),  which  is  essenGal  for  school  readiness  

–  Improving  student  learning  for  all  through  investment  in  access  to  quality  primary  educaGon  for  all    

 

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B.  Basic  Skills  

•  Introduce  literacy  and  so0  skill  development  modules  as  part  of  programs…  –  In  most  countries,  large  numbers  of  school  goers  drop  out  early;  and  large  parts  of  the  workforce  have  liple  knowledge  and  few  skills  that  would  make  them  more  employable.  

–  Introducing  modules  focused  on  literacy  and  soq  skills  as  part  of  basic  and  secondary  educaGon  and  training  programs  can  help  break  the  vicious  circle  of  the  unskilled  being  trapped  in  jobs  that  require  liple  skills,  establish  accessible  pathways  for  acquiring  skills  (e.g.  Vietnam,  Russia).    

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C.  Role  of  Government    

•  Government  has  a  cri:cal  role  to  play…  – mainly  in  regulaGon,  standard  serng  ,  M+E,  and  selecGve  financing  (e.g.  Australia,  ArgenGna)  

– Exploring  innovaGve  public-­‐private  partnerships  to  enhance  provision  of  market  relevant  skills  (e.g.  Korea,  Malaysia)  

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 Role  of  Government  

ArgenGna  –  Quality  Assurance  Systems      

ArgenGna  is  developing  the  workforce  skills  of  disadvantaged  workers    through:      •  Diversifying  Pathways  for  Skills  AcquisiLon  for  disadvantages  workers-­‐  Making  qualificaGons  

more  transparent  and  portable  through  the  Government  face-­‐liqing  at  the  processes  of  serng  standards  by  employers  and  workers,    

–  Providing  credibility  for  skills  tesLng  and  cerLficaLon  -­‐    Ensuring  the  funcGoning  of  qualified  third-­‐party  assessment  centers  and  cerGficaGon  organizaGons  •  ExponenGal  growth  in  non-­‐state  providers  is  a  posiGve  development  but  underscore  the  

importance  for  the  development  of  clear  standards  to  ensure  quality  training  programs    •  Making  qualificaLons  more  transparent  and  portable    -­‐  Developing  a    framework  for    

competency-­‐based  training  and  cerGficaGon    

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D.  Role  of  Employers  

•  Ensure  employers  play  a  cri:cal  role  in  system….  –  Employers  need  to  have  an  important  voice  at  the  table  at  the  policy  level  

– At  the  insGtuGon  level  –  employers  need  to  be  involved  in  management  of  insGtuGons  and  decide  on  how  resources  are  spent  and  what  type  of  investments  to  make    

–  Relatedly  –  this  can  only  work  if  insGtuGons  have  the  academic  and  financial  autonomy  to  make  decisions  and  are  held  accountable  for  them  (e.g.  Chile)    

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Delivery  of  subsidized  training  and  technical  assistance  for  Small  Enterprises    

–  Promoters  provide  iniGal  diagnosGc  –  Training  on  a  cost-­‐sharing  and  sliding  basis:  CIMO  70%,  Firm  30%,  declining  

to  50-­‐50  cost-­‐sharing  –  Different  modaliGes  -­‐-­‐  (1)  integrated  training,  (2)  training  plus  

individualized  consulGng  services  –  Group  training  delivered  by  local  training  providers,  as  well  as  cluster-­‐

based  training    

Compared  to  a  control  group,  CIMO  firms:  –  Increased  investments  in  worker  training,    –  Had  higher  rates  of  capacity  uGlizaGon,    –  More  likely  to  adopt  quality  control  pracGces.    –  Increased  wage  and  employment  growth,  and  –  Reduced  labor  turnover,  absenteeism,  and  rejecGon  rates  for  products.    

**    The  most  drama=c  impacts  were  among  micro  and  small  firms.  

Employers  Mexico’s  Comprehensive  Quality  and  ModernizaGon  

Program  (CIMO)      

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E.  Financing  

•  Introduce  performance  financing  of  programs  …  – Currently,  nearly  all  public  funding  is  input  based.      –   A  shiq  in  this  relaGonship  towards  financing  linked  to  outputs/outcomes  will  be  criGcal  to  make  training  more  relevant  for  labor  market  needs.  (e.g.,  Brazil)  

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F.  Private  Providers  

•  Clear  and  lenient  laws  result  in  a  vigorous  response  from  private  providers.  

•  Public  funding  can  encourage  private  provision  of  programs  –  through  leveling  the  playing  field  between  public  and  private  sector  (e.g.  Czech  Republic).  

•  Business  oriented  skills  are  the  first  to  proliferate  the  private  market,  but  rapid  industrial  growth  can  lead  to  strong  private  supply  of  technical  skills  (e.g.  Indonesia).  

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GOVERNMENT  RECOGNITION  §  Approval    §  Licence    INCENTIVES  §  Training  Support  (HRDF)  §  Double  deducGon  IncenGve  §  Tax  ExempGon  

INFRASTRUCTURE  §  FaciliGes  §  Building    CAPITAL  GRANT  §  Set  Up  Grant  §  Equipment  Grant  §  Building  Grant  

     

INDUSTRY  LEADERSHIP  §  New  Concepts/Ideas  §  Processes  &  Systems    SHARING  §  Resources/ExperGse  §  Technology  §  Trainers    ACADEMIA  TRAINING  RESOURCE  §  Lecturers  §  Content  Experts    PROGRAM  DEVELOPMENT  §   Training  Materials    

 Private  Providers  

Malaysia  -­‐  The  Penang  Skills  Development  Centre  (PSDC)  

Roles  of  the  Various  Stakeholders      

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G.  M+E  

•  Par:cipate  in  the  interna:onal  or  develop  a  na:onal  systems  of  tes:ng  for  competencies/skills:  –  Countries  can  make  a  start  by  considering  parGcipaGng  in  a  few  systems  that  are  present  –  for  example,  SABER  and  STEP  (World  Bank)  and  PIAAC  (OECD)  which  will  allow  them  to  get  valuable  experience  at  relaGvely  low  cost.    

–  Always…evaluate  programs    -­‐  feed  lessons  into  improving  design  (e.g.  India  study)  

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Lessons  of  Experience:  M+E  India:  Value  of  Measuring  Performance  of  System  •  EvaluaGon  of  five  flagship  GoI  Skill  Development  Programs  (SDPs)  in  five  States    

•  Although  sGll  fairly  recent,  these  programs  are  not  pilots,    already  more  than  five  million  people  trained  since  2011  

 •  Push  for  expansion:  Of  the  overall  GoI  target    of  skilling  500  million  by  2022,  the  five  SDPs  

have  a  combined  target  of  285  million      •  Findings:    

–  Only  25-­‐30%  of  trainees  are  placed  with  support  from  their  TPs.  About  2  years  aqer  training,  the  %  of  trainees  with  jobs  remains  roughly  the  same.  

–  SD  programs  give  a  posiGve  earnings  premium:  trainees  who  have  got  a  job  earn  on  average  about  21%  more  than  non-­‐trainees  (  with  same  age,  educaGon,  marital  status,  state  of  residence)  

 –  Work  experience  before  training  period  (strong  effect),  knowledge  of  English,  and  

programs  combining  classroom  training  with  pracGcal  training  in  industry  increase  probability  of  employment  aqer  training.  

•  Findings  of  the  Study  have  been  presented  to  the  PM’s  office  and  our  now  a  part  of  the  naLonal  dialogue  on  how  to  improve  the  skills  development  system.  

 

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V.  Moving  Forward  

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Moving  Forward:  Progress  in  Our  Skills  Development  Work  

 •  Strong  demand  for  our  skills  development  work  across  the  

region  as  countries  are  apempGng  to  improve  labor  producGvity  and  employment  

•  Building  evidence  base  on  what  works  and  incorporaGng  into  program  design  

•  PiloGng  skills  development  programs  for  increased  producGvity  of  entrepreneurship  and  self  employment  in  informal  serngs  

•  SupporGng  governance  reforms  of  skills  systems  •  SupporGng  skills  for  innovaGons  in  more  formal  serngs  •  Leveraging  work  done  with  other  GPs  and  DPs