The interplay of eventsWhen Bonifacio started the Revolution, the

Cubans were already fighting for their independence (1895) headed by Jose Marti who was hailed as their national hero.

Interest of America in CubaAguinaldo in Hong KongCommodore Dewey in Hong KongTheodore RooseveltAssistant Secretary of the US Navy

AMERICAN OCCUPATION, 1898-1946

“The Filipinos under the second colonizers – United States of

America.”

 The Spanish-American War

and the Battle of Manila Bay:

A Prelude to America’s Intervention in Philippine Affairs

The Spanish-American War

Two events that hastened the aggressive attitudes of the United States towards Spain.

The Enrique Dupuy de Lome letter

Bombing of the warship Maine in the harbor of Havana in Cuba

Enrique Dupuy de Lome’s letter about McKinley

De Lome’s Letter

In that letter, Pres. McKinley was called by de Lome as a “ weak, soft-handed politician and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.”

Letter was secretly obtained. The remarks of the Spanish

diplomatic minister created a strong feeling of resentment that needed more than de Lome’s recall as Spanish minister to cover this diplomatic blunder

William McKinley

Warship Maine in the harbor of Havana in Cuba

Bombing of the warship Maine in the harbor of Havana in Cuba – Feb. 15,

1898

Remember the Maine!

The Americans blamed the Spaniards for their wrong accusations. A court inquiry composed of the American navy officers investigated the incident and found no evidence. The Americans and anti-Spanish newspapers convicted Spain in 1898 – without any proof of guilt.

The US ResponseOn April 11, 1898, in a message to

Congress, President McKinley asked for an advice regarding the most appropriate action that must be done.

In a resolution signed by McKinley on April 20, the United States Congress announced that the Cubans are free and independent.

The United States government demand that Spain must relinquish its authority and government control over Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and its water

US Declaration of War

Spain was criticized by the United States for her unfitness and inability to maintain colonies.

The war declaration was passed on April 25, 1898.

Spain’s misrule and colonial unfitness in the Philippines were not mentioned.

Mahan, Cabot Lodge and Roosevelt: Architects of the US Battle Plan against Spain

Captain Alfred Mahan Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge

Theodore Roosevelt

Assistant Secretary of the US Navy

In Roosevelt’s letter to Sen. Lodge, he wrote that “our Asiatic Squadron should blockade and if possible, take Manila.

Roosevelt also decided on who should be the best person to act as commanding officer of the Asiatic squadron .

A naval officer “with a record for aggressiveness.”

Commodore George Dewey

Battle of Manila Bay

Dewey vs. Montojo: Battle of Manila Bay

Battle of Manila Bay

Battle on Manila Bay

American Asiatic Squadron in Hong KongMay 1, 18989 vessels, 6 of which are warships – US12 vessels, 7 were war ships – Spain5:41 till 12 noonOlympia vs. Reina Cristina167 killed214 wounded

Pratt to Aguinaldo: “No need to put the agreement into writing”

Pratt and Dewey’s words “were sacred and would be fulfilled unlike the Spaniards.”

The “United States government was an honorable, just and powerful one.”

Official policy of the Washington State Department

Diplomatic talks between the American consuls and Aguinaldo were acceptable.

Washington wanted diplomats to utilize the help of Aguinaldo.

What was prohibited by the State Department was the forging of any agreement that gives assurance to Aguinaldo that the United States government will help the Filipinos achieve their independence.

After the defeat of the Spaniards in the Battle of Manila Bay, the Spanish forces were willing to surrender Manila to the American forces.

Spaniards insisted that there should be no joint occupation of Manila by the American and Filipino revolutionary forces.

Negotiations were made between the Spaniards and the American forces in Manila.

British Consul Rawson Walker and Belgian Consul Andre acted as negotiators.

Mock Battle of Manila

The Agreement

To save the Spanish honor, a token of bombardment would be made by the Americans after which the Spaniards would raise the white flag.

Mock Battle of ManilaOn the morning of

August 13, 1898, the American forces conducted a brief bombardment of the outer fortifications in Fort San Antonio in Malate and other Spanish fortifications in the walled city.

Mock Battle of ManilaAt 10:25 am, a white flag was flying on the

appointed place on the southwestern bastion of the city wall.

American soldiers entered the city. Spanish flags were hauled down and the

American flag was raised over the walled city. The guns of all American ships were fired.The American regiments played the Star-

Spangled Banner; troops saluted; officers uncovered and raised the American flag for the first time in Manila

Protocol of PeaceThe Protocol of Peace was signed on August 12, 1898 by Secretary William

R. Day for the United States and Ambassador Jules Cambon for the Spanish government.

William Day Jules Cambon

Protocol of PeaceSpain relinquished her claim over

Cuba and ceded Guam, Puerto Rico to the United States.

The armistice ended the Spanish-American War but it created new problems and the most difficult among these problems was the disposition of the Philippines.

  According to Article III of the Peace Protocol:

“The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay and harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a Treaty of Peace which shall determine the control, disposition and government of the Philippines.”

The Treaty of Paris

The Protocol of Peace had provided for the opening of the peace conference in Paris on October 1, 1898.

Pres. William McKinley

American Panel Members

Cushman K. Davis Minnesota (Republican)

Member, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

William D. Fyre Maine (Republican)

President Pro-tempore of the Senate and Member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

George Gray Delaware (Democrat) and Member of the Senate

Committee on Foreign Relations

William R. DaySecretary of State

Whitelaw ReidEditor of the New York Tribune

John Moore

Assistant Secretary of State Secretary and Counsel of the American panel

Spanish Panel MembersDon Eugenio Montero Rios, President

of the SenateDon Buenaventura de Abarzuza,

Senator of the Kingdom and former minister of the crown

Don Jose de Garnica, Deputy to the Cortes

Don Rafael Cerero, General of the Division

Don Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa- UrrutiaEnvoy extraordinary

Final Decision: Acquire the entire archipelago

After consulting a number of people, McKinley changed his original policy and decided to acquire the entire archipelago.

His change of heart can be attributed to a number of factors.

McKinley’s Final Decision: Acquire the entire archipelago

Leaving the islands to Spain would not be justified on political, commercial and humanitarian grounds.

Annexation of the entire islands will cause less problem and best secure the interest of the Filipinos.

McKinley finally ordered the commissioners to acquire all of the islands

The Spanish and American commissioners signed the treaty on December 10, 1898.

The Treaty of Paris

The Treaty of ParisSpain relinquishes her claim of

sovereignty over and title to Cuba. She cedes to the United States the

island of Puerto Rico and other islands under the Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies and the island of Guam in the Marianas.

Spain also cedes to the United States the Philippine archipelago.

The Treaty of Paris

In exchange for the ceded territories, the United States will pay Spain US$20,000,000 within three months after the exchange of ratifications of the treaty

The Treaty of Paris

Under the treaty, the United States respects all private property owned by public or private establishments, both ecclesiastical and civic bodies and any other association, having legal capacity to acquire and possess property.

The treaty also provides for the free exercise of religion of the inhabitants.

Protocol of Peace and Treaty of Paris:

A Violation of Philippine Declaration of Independence

MOTIVES OF USA

DOLLARSRESOURCES- SUGAR, COCONUT OIL,

TOBACCO, ABACAMARKET FOR AMERICAN GOODSFOOTHOLD TO THE MARKETS OF EAST

ASIASOURCE OF CAPITAL AND INVESTMENT

FOR AMERICAN BUSINESS

DEFENSETO BE A NAVAL POWER – COALING

AND REFUELING STATION

DEITY

SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM

RHETORICS - WHITE MAN’S BURDEN

BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION PROCLAMATION

DEC, 21, 1898ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES TO

PROTECT THE LIFE, LIBERTY AND PROPERTY OF THE FILIPINOS

TO CIVILIZE AND EDUCATE THE FILIPINOS

NEW MANIFEST DESTINY

USA DESTINED TO CONTROL PHILIPPINES AS THEIR COLONY IN THE PACIFIC

ANTI-EXPANSIONIST GROUP

AGRICULTURAL GROUPSLABOR GROUPSPOLITICIANSLITERARY FIGURES

Sen. George Hoar

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC POLICIES

“The different political and economical policies that the Americans imposed on

the Philippines.”

POLITICAL POLICIES:

Establishment of a Military Government August 1898-July 4, 1901

General Wesley Merritt

General Wesley Merritt

POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL POLICIES:Military Government

General Elwell Otis (succeeded late in 1898)

General Elwell Otis

Arthur MacArthur

POLITICAL POLICIES:SENDING OF

INVESTIGATIVE COMMISSIONS

SCHURMAN COMMISSION (4th of March 1899)Dr. Jacob Schurman

Dr. Jacob Schurman

Second Commission in the Philippines ( 16th of March 1900)Taft CommissionHeaded by William H. TaftJune 1900 – September

1900 – toured the PhilippinesSeptember 1900- acted as

legislature of the Military Government

July 1901- Taft became civil governor

POLITICAL POLICIES:

POLITICAL POLICIES:

Establishment of the Civil Government

Spooner Amendment of 1901

John Spooner of Wisconsin

Civil Government in the Philippines

John Spooner of Wisconsin

WILLIAM TAFT, FIRST CIVIL GOVERNOR

Philippine Bill of 1902

Cooper ActFreedom of ReligionBill of RightsCensus of the Philippines in 1903Establishment of the Philippine Assembly

in 1907

Jones Law

Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

Independence after a stable government had been established

Establishment of the House of Representatives and the Philippine Senate

William Atkinson Jones

FILIPINIZATION PROGRAM

FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON

Hare-Hawes Cutting Act

Tydings-McDuffie Law

TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAW

EXACT DATE OF INDEPENDENCE- JULY 4, 1946CREATION OF THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENTDRAFTING OF THE COMMONWEALTH

CONSTITUTIONESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT

1935-19451O YEAR TRANSITION GOVERNMENTPRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT

WILL BE ELECTEDNATIONAL ASSEMBLY LATER AMENDED INTO HOUSE OF

REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATENATIONAL DEFENSE ACT

ECONOMIC POLICIES

PAYNE-ALDRICH ACTUNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACTTYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAWHOMESTEAD ACTFREE PATENT ACTPURCHASE OF FRIAR LANDS

PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT

PARTIAL FREE TRADEFREE TRADE WITH QUOTA LIMITSFULL TARIFF BEYOND QUOTA LIMITUS GOODS ENTERING THE PHILIPPINES

NO QUOTA AND TARIFF

UNDERWOOD-SIMMONS ACT

TOTAL FREE TRADENO QUOTA OR TARIFF ON FILIPINO

GOODS TO US

TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE LAW

FIRST 5 YEARS, 1936-1940 – FREE TRADE WITH QUOTA

6TH YEAR, 1941 – THERE WILL BE A 5% GRADUATED TARIFF. ON THE 11TH YEAR, GOODS WILL BE IMPOSED WITH 100% TARIFF.

FREE PATENT

ANCESTRAL LANDS CAN BE OWNED BY FILIPINOS

PROVE THAT LAND WAS OWNED BY ANCESTORS

NEED FOR LANDS TO BE SURVEYED

HOMESTEAD

FIND AN UNOCCUPIED LANDPROVE THAT THE LAND IS

UNOCCUPIEDOWNERS MUST SETTLE IN THE

LANDS THAT THEY OCCUPY

SELLING OF FRIAR LANDS

TAFT SOUGHT AN AUDIENCE TO THE POPE REGARDING THE PURCHASE OF THE FRIAR LANDS FROM THE SPANISH FRIARS IN THE PHILIPPINES.

SOCIO-CULTURAL POLICIES

DISEASE CONTROL- PGHINFRASTRACTURE- BAGUIOPUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEMFREEDOM OF RELIGIONAMERICANIZATION OF FILIPINOS

FILIPINO RESPONSE

PRO-USAPEDRO PATERNOCAYETANO ARELLANOTRINIDAD PARDO DE TAVERAMANUEL QUEZONFELIPE BUENCAMINO

Macabebe Scouts

Throng of Macabebes awaiting enlistment into the United

States Army, Macabebe, P.I.  Photo was taken in 1900.

ANTI- USA

EMILIO AGUINALDOANTONIO LUNAAPOLINARIO MABINIMACARIO SAKAYREVOLUTIONARY GENERALS

SIMEON OLA

VICENTE LUKBAN

LUCIANO SAN MIGUEL

CALLE SOCIEGO, STA.MESA, MANILA

Filipino outpost at the Santa Mesa end of the San Juan Bridge

Corner of Sociego and Silencio Streets, Santa Mesa District, Manila

Pvt. William W. Grayson (1876-1941):  The Englishman who fired the shot that ignited the Philippine-American

War.

Pvt. William W. Grayson:  Photo was taken near

Blockhouse No. 7 on the spot where he fired the first shot.

FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR, 1899-1902

Father and son killed by Americans

Feb. 5, 1899: Americans fire on Filipino forces from Blockhouse No. 13 in Manila while a Filipino boy --seemingly

oblivious to the fighting behind him-- ponders the camera  

US soldier on picket duty. Photo taken in 1899

Americans with loot and prisoners; photo taken in 1899

WATER CURE