American History FINAL EXAM Part IV

•Dwight D. Eisenhower won over Adlai Stevenson

•Said he would get U.S out of Korea

•Promoted highway interstate system

•Wanted peace in the U.S

Chapter 30 Cold War

• 1945-1989• Between U.S. and

Soviet Union• War where no

missiles were launched, but was between sports, spies, spaceships, and technical advances

• Fall of the Berlin wall

1960 Election • First televised debate between Kennedy and Nixon

• Kennedy won the election by less than 1%

March on Washington

• The 1963 March on Washington attracted an estimated  250,000 people for a peaceful demonstration to promote Civil Rights and economic equality for African Americans

• Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous speech “I Have a Dream”

Malcolm X• He believed in

black power and the use of violence to achieve goals of African Americans

• He then switched his ways to being about peace but was killed for it.

Black Power

• A movement in support of rights and political power for black people.

James Meredith - 1960s Ch. 32• He attempted to become the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi

• He was rejected admission twice

• Meredith filed a complaint with the district court on May 31, 1961

• Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect Meredith from threats of being lynched •He was rejected by the district court because of the color of his skin

Medgar Evers - 1960s Ch. 32• Civil Rights activist

• In 1954, he became the first state field secretary of the NAACP in Mississippi

• Evers organized demonstrations, voter-registration efforts, and economic boycotts for discrimination-practicing companies

• He was shot in his driveway on June 12, 1963

Robert Kennedy - 1960s Ch. 32• He managed his brothers campaign

• Kennedy was appointed Attorney General of the United States in 1960

• Fought organized crime and was a key supporter of the civil rights movement

• Was elected to the U.S. Senate after JFK’s assassination

• He represented New York

• RFK was assassinated on June 5, 1968 during the California Democratic presidential primary

Desegregation – 1960sCh. 32

• Brown vs. BOE (Board of Education)

•Made racial-based segregation illegal

• Said all children can go to whatever school they wanted to

• “Separate but Equal” – Plessy vs. Ferguson

• Stated that segregation was legal

• Made African Americans and other minorities treated like second class citizens

• Jim Crow Laws – made to keep blacks and other minorities as second class citizens to whites

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr & SCLC – 1960s

• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the leader of the civil rights movement in the 1960s after he lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Rosa Parks

• The SLCL-Southern Christian Leadership Council was founded as a civil rights group by Martin Luther King, Jr.

Little Rock Crisis – 1950s

• In Little Rock, Arkansas, a white school refused to let 9 African American students attend school; the governor of Arkansas called in the national guard to make sure they wouldn’t come in, but then the president sent in the 101st airborne to protect them as they attended school.

Influence of TV – 1960s

• TV in the 1960s mainly influenced people’s opinion on politics, specifically in the election between Nixon and Kennedy. The TV also allowed regular civilians to see what war was like, in color, meaning they saw the bloodied soldiers in Vietnam.

Growth of Suburbia & Levittown – 1950s Chapter 31

• After World War 2, people wanted to settle down, and conformity began to set in. Levittowns were designed to all be the same, and affordable for war veterans to settle down with their families.

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States

President From 1961-1963

Assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald

President through Cuban Missile Crisis and Bay of Pigs

New Frontier

The name for President Kennedy’s administration

Called for “a new generation of Americans” to rise up

Saw the creation of the Peace Corps, raised minimum wage, increased social security benefits, and the start of the “Space Race”

Keynesian Economics

Economic theory based on thoughts of John Maynard Keynes

Said the government should step in to the economy and create a circular flow of money by increasing spending, which would increase wages

Sometimes thought of as the best way to ensure growth and stability

Space Race Started in the late 1950’s

and continued through the 1960’s

Between USSR and USA Sputnik was the first

satellite launched into space by the Russians in 1957

Russians then sent Yuri Gargarin into space in 1961

United States sent Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins to the moon in 1969 on Apollo 11

Great Society- War on Poverty

• The Great Society was the policy created by President Johnson during the 60’s

• Great Society programs affected the portion of Americans living below the poverty line. The poverty line dropped from 22.2 percent to 12.6 percent

Civil Rights Act of 1964

•   The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin

• Passage of the Act ended the application of "Jim Crow" laws

• The Civil Rights Act was eventually expanded by Congress to

strengthen enforcement of these fundamental civil rights

Voting Rights Act of 1965

• The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a landmark piece of civil rights legislative in the US which outlawed literacy testing because the practice was being unfairly used to deny African-Americans their right to vote

• Require the oversight of the election practices LBJ signed it

Betty Friedman• In 1963 wrote the book The Feminine Mystique• She was a FEMINIST leader • She wanted to do the same thing as the men • She was the mother of women's rights and a lot of women

looked up to her

Rachel Carson She is the author of Silent Spring in 1962.

She was a conservationist who wrote about how pesticides were ruining the environment.

Environmentalists, reformers, and organic farmers agreed with her.

It made way for the upcoming Green movement.

Silent Spring stills upsets conservatives and inspires environmentalists today.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of North Vietnam

Constant rebellions against France and Communist ideas led to Vietnam War.

In 1975, takes over Saigon and South Vietnam.

Vietcong/Vietminh

Vietminh were the Nationalist party under Ho Chi Minh who fought Japanese and French. They stayed mostly in the north during Vietnam War.

Vietcong were Vietnam Communists in South Vietnam who used guerilla warfare.

Dien Bien Phu

Battle between French and Vietminh.Dien Bien Phu was an important city in northwestern Vietnam.Falls to the Vietminh in 1954. This ends French involvement in Vietnam.

Geneva Accords

A 50-page draft peace agreement created by Israeli politicians, who negotiated the deal without the backing of the current Israeli government, and senior Palestinian representatives in October 2003.

Focused on resolving the war between French forces and those of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Leader: Ho Chi Minh

Chapter 33

Gulf of Tonkin Resolutions

Purpose was to approve and support the determination of the president, as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to fight off any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression

This resolution of Congress dated August 7, 1964, gave President Lyndon Johnson authority to increase U.S. involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam

Operation Rolling Thunder

This was the name given to America’s sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam during the Vietnam War

It was started in an effort to disappoint the North Vietnamese people and to undermine the capacity of the government in North Vietnam to govern

Both attempts failed President Johnson declared Operation Rolling Thunder to

end in 1969 Peace talks began in January 1969 just two months after

Johnson ordered the ending of Operation Rolling Thunder

TET Offensive

Was a series of surprise attacks by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese forces, on scores of cities, towns, and hamlets throughout South Vietnam

Launched January 30th, 1968 Victory went to North Vietnam Known as a turning point in

the Vietnam War

Chapter 33

William Westmoreland

Became permanent commander of MACV (Military Assistance Command, Vietnam )---Given command of all U.S. troops in Vietnam

*This led him to call for troops to be pulled from South Vietnam causing the TET Offensive*

Responded by defeating the Viet Cong

Reported everything was fine but the actions taken by North Vietnam proved him wrong

Replaced by General Creighton Abrams in June 1968

Henry KissingerAppointed Nixon’s adviser on National Security

Affairs in 1969

Improved relations with both China and the Soviet

Union in the early 1970s.

Was put in charge of peace talks in 1972

As a result of bringing the Vietnam War to an end Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

VietnamizationA plan proposed by Richard Nixon to withdraw US troops from Vietnam

1969, Nixon announced the first of the US troop withdrawals.

The 540,000 US troops were to be reduced.

Nixon's advisers told him that they feared that the gradual removal of all US troops would end with North Vietnam winning.

Richard NixonElected the 37th president in 1969

Promised the American public that he would reduce U.S. troop levels in Vietnam

His presidency ended in dishonor and shame

Nixon resigned in 1974 because of the Watergate scandal.

War Power Resolution Act

• Limits the power of the President of the United States to wage war without the approval of congress

• Gives a 90 day limit

• Passed in 1973

Cambodia and Laos

• Americans during Vietnam fought in Cambodia and Laos

• Americans didn’t support this

26th Amendment

• Lowered voting age from 21 to 18 years of age

• Unfortunately, the younger people didn’t vote at first and the voting rate went down

Kent State Shooting

• May 4, 1970 members of the Ohio National Guard fired and wounded 9 students while killing 4 students on the Kent State University

• The students were protesting the Vietnam War

• This was one of the events that destroyed the Nixon Aministration

Earth Day• In the spring of 1970 Senator Gaylord Nelson created Earth Day because of

all the toxic waste infecting the air from factories. • 20 Million Americans demonstrated in different U.S cities, that his idea

worked. • In December 1970, Congress authorized the creation of new Federal

Agency to tackle environmental issues. Which is known as the U.S Environmental Protection Agency.

• Earth Day is currently April 22nd

Equal Rights Amendment & Women’s Movement

• First proposed in 1923, written by Alice Paul.• Letting women and men have equal rights under the law.• Passed out of congress in 1972.• In 1972, ratified by 35 of the necessary 28 states.• Was passed by congress but never ratified by the required number

of states.

Ronald Reagan

• 40th President of United States. From January 20th, 1981- January 20th, 1989

• 33rd Governor of California• There was an attempted assassination against him in 1981.• Focused on Reaganomics• Cutting taxes• Decreasing spending • Deregulation • Started Star Wars (SDI)

Star Wars (SDI)

• Strategic Defense Initiative • First initiated on March 29, 1983, under President Reagan• Intent was to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in

order to prevent missile attacks from other countries. • Eventually abandoned after a few years since INF treaty was

signed.