American HistoryChapter 4 Independence

New Territories

England gained a vast amount of land that it now had to govern.

It had huge debts from the French and Indian War.

Settlers wanted to pour into the new lands even though it was the Indians.

Indian resistance

Neolin- Indian that denounced the white mans ways.

Pontiacs Rebellion-

Pontiac- Ottawa Chief – killed over 2000 settlers on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains

Proclamation of 1763

English could not protect the colonists west of the Appalachians

Barred Settlement west.- hoped that it would end the fighting

1. Hard to enforce

2. Easier to control the colonists.

Financing the EmpireEngland had a huge war debt from the French and Indian War.

(America’s war debt) In fact, the tab grows by at least $200 million each and every day.

It could top 1 Trillion Dollars.

Needed to raise money to pay for it

Sugar Act of 1764Imposed a duty (import tax) on foreign sugar, molasses, and other items entering the colonies.

Americans were very gifted at smuggling and getting around the tax before.

Salutary Neglect- Not enforcing a law

They enforced it for the first time.

Stamp Act of 1765

Tax on printed material- advertisements, legal documents, newspapers and playing cards.

Stamp placed on the goods to show that the tax had been paid

Types of Taxes

Indirect tax- hidden in the price of the goods. Examples……..

Direct tax- paid after the item is purchased

Examples…….

What was the Stamp act?

Colonial Protests

Taxation without representation.

British said-

Virtual representation- Parliament represents all British subjects.

Nonimportation agreements

Not buying any British goods imported into the country.

Most protests were peaceful but in Boston they turned violent.

Sons of Liberty

Means to use

Pamphlets,

Letters to Governor

Public meetings

Violence

Repeal of the Stamp Act

Samuel Adams-

Stamp Act Congress-

Pledged allegiance to the King

Non importation agreement began to hurt Merchants in England.

Quartering Act of 1765

Colonies must provide money to house and supply troops. Can be done in peoples homes.

Same response, non importation agreement and Son of Liberty activity.

Declaratory Act of 1766

Parliament has full power and authority to make laws in the colonies-

Townshend Acts 1767

Indirect tax on tea, lead, glass and dyes.

Writs of Assistance- Special search warrants that did not have to state what they were looking for.

Boston Massacre

March 5th, 1768

• Mob Vs soldiers

• 5 Americans were dead

• Crispus Attucks- African American

• John Adams defended the soldiers at the trial.

• Kent State University was placed in an international spotlight after a tragic end to a student demonstration against the Vietnam War and the National Guard on May 4, 1970. Shortly after noon on that Monday, 13 seconds of rifle fire by a contingent of 28 Ohio National Guardsmen left four students dead, one permanently paralyzed, and eight others wounded. The closest student wounded was 30 yards away from the Guard, while the farthest was nearly 250 yards away. The National Guard arrived Saturday night. That night some other students set fire to the campus headquarters of the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). After a Sunday of relative calm, an anti-war rally at noon on Monday brought 2,000 to 3,000 people to the University Commons area. When the Guard gave the order to disperse, some in the crowd responded with verbal epithets and stones. The Guard answered with tear gas, but when the spring winds altered its effect, the Guard attempted to enforce the Ohio Riot Act with raised bayonets, forcing demonstrators to retreat. The Guard then changed formation. As the Guard approached the crest of Blanket Hill, some Guardsmen turned toward the Taylor Hall parking lot and between 61 and 67 shots were fired. Four students were killed and nine wounded.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4xtkpO7ZqU&feature=related

Section 2Shot Heard Round the

World• Repealed the Townshend Acts but kept a

small tax on tea to prove a point.

• Didn’t matter because they continued to smuggle most of the tea in the colony

• King George III-

Committee of Correspondence

• Keep the rest of the colonies informed

Tea Act of 1773

• East India Tea Company

• Makes tea very cheap

• But the tax was still there

• Colonies refused to import the tea

Boston Tea Party

• Sons of Liberty

• Dressed as Indians

• Dumped 342 chests of tea overboard.

Intolerable Acts- 1774

• 1. Closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for

• 2. Revoked charter ( government) of Massachusetts and could not hold town meetings ( General Gage)

• 3. Royal officials charged in America would have their trial in England

• 4. Quartering Act restored

Quebec Act of 1774

• 1. Expanded Quebecs borders

• 2. Full religious freedom for Roman Catholics.

• 3. Gave more freedoms to the French.

Revolutionary War Begins

• First Continental Congress- Philadelphia

• 1. Discuss grievances, consider new options

• They stated

• 1. Colonist have the same rights as British subjects

• 2. Non importation and will not sell anything to the British.

Lexington and Concord• April 18th 1775

• Try to seize patriot supplies of guns and powder

• Paul Revere and William Dawes –

• What did they shout?

• The redcoats are coming….

• Why not “ the British are coming”

Lexington

• Minutemen were waiting on the village green.

• “shot rings out” who fired it?

• Killed 8 Americans, wounded 2

• Went on to concord to destroy the supplies

Concord

• On the way back

• Americans fired at the Redcoats at every possible position.

Second Continental Congress

• Some wanted independence and some wanted reconciliation.

• George Washington- chosen to lead the rebels army

Battle of Bunker (Breeds) Hill

• Surrounded Boston

• Attacked the American positions 3 times

• Ran out of ammunition

• British lost 1,054

• Americans 450

• British win the battle.

Fort Ticonderoga-

• Took fort with out firing a shot

• Gain cannons and supplies

Quebec

• Lose chance to gain Canada

• Benedict Arnold

• Richard Montgomery

• New Years Eve 1775

Dorchester Heights-

• Henry Knox - Bring back the cannonsBritish evacuate Boston

• Cannons on the hills/ no ammunition

British

• Left Boston with 4000 men

• Come back 40,000 men

Olive Branch Petition

• Stated that we were loyal to the King and only he could stop the war.

• King rejected the petition and sent the Royal Navy and Hessians to America.

Toward the Declaration of Independence

• Why should America move towards independence.

• 1. Violations of Rights

• 2. Economics

• 3. Some had already died in the cause.

Patrick Henry

• “Gentlemen may cry peace, peace- but there is no peace. Then war is actually begun… Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God!

• I know not what course others may take;

• but as for me, give me liberty

• or give me death.”

Thomas Paine

• Common Sense- January of 1776

• Called for American Freedom

• 1. Monarchy was not a great form of Government.

• 2. Treated as prisoner of war, not traitors

• 3. Help from other countries

• 4. Make our own rules

• What is propaganda?

Declaration of Independence

• Richard Henry Lee- June 7th, 1776

• “ that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States… and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is …. totally dissolved.”

Committee

• Thomas Jefferson was chosen to write the document.

• Lets look at the main points of this great document.

Extra Credit………

• Memorize the preamble to the Declaration of Independence for extra credit

• 40 points…… for the whole thing

Can do less for less points..

July 2nd, 1776• Officially became independent

• Formally adopted it on July 4th, 1776

• Borrowed ideas from John Locke

• Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness

• All men created equal- what did that mean?

• Law of Nature and Natures God intended?

• What about women, Indians, slaves

• We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.

Reactions to Independence

• 1/3 were loyal to the king

• Loyalist or Tories• 1/3 were patriots

• 1/3 did not care

Fighting the War• Problems that faced the Americans in the war.

• Supply shortages, high prices, poor leaders, cleanliness, illness, short terms for enlistment.

Section 3- American Advantages• 1. Style of fighting 2. Kentucky rifles

• 3. Great Leadership` 4. Defensive War

• 5. Amount of land to conquer

• 6. Smugglers 7. French Aide

• 8. Fighting for a cause

• 9. Minutemen 10. Knew the land better

British Advantages

• 1. Best Navy in the World

• 2. One of the best armies in the world

• 3. Very wealthy nation

• 4. German Mercenaries

• 5. Loyalists in the colonies

• 6. Better discipline

• 7. Naval blockade of the colonies

American disadvantages

• 1. Poorly trained army

• 2. No big cannons or equipment

• 3. Low pay for troops

• 4. Inflation in the country

• 5. No central government

• 6. Divided country

• 7. No manufacturing

British disadvantages• 1. Distance to fight-3000 miles

• 2. No strategic place to conquer

• 3. Poor leadership

• 4. Keep troops supplied

• 5. Not fighting for a cause

• 6. New type of warfare to learn

• 7. Criticism of the war in England

• 8. American Spy network

Who fought?

• Young poor men- less then 23 years old

• African Americans- The last war that the American Army will be colorblind until WWII.

• Indians- helped both sides

• Women- a few fought. Cooks, nurses, keeping the farm running, spies.

Battle of Long Island 1776

• A- Washington

• B- W. Howe and R. Howe

• Why was New York impossible for patriots to defend?

• Washington escapes through a miracle- Storm

• Lose several other battles.

Troubles in the country

• Washington’s army is down to 3000 men

• Congress fled to Baltimore

• Asked for a day of prayer

• American morale was at very low

• Washington even thought we were finished

Thomas Paine- “Crisis”

• These are the times that try mens soul.

• Tyranny like hell itself is not easily conquered.

Battle of Trenton- December 26th

Washington Crosses the Delaware

• Captured 1000 Hessians

• Cornwallis is sent to put Washington away

Battle of Princeton- Jan 3 1777

• Camp fires were lit, out maneuvered Cornwallis

• Went to winter quarters at Morristown.

• British pull back their troops to New York

• America’s morale is given a shot.

British 3 part plan to win

• Cut off New England from the rest of the colonies

• 1. Burgoyne- from Canada

• 2. St. Leger- from the west

• 3. Howe from the south

Army of the north

• Burgoyne- from Quebec-8000

• ST. Ledger from Fort Oswego-1500

• Planned to meet in Albany New York

• Took back Fort Ticonderoga without firing a shot

• Moved slowly south

• Had a large amount of personal belongings with him.

Howe goes to Philadelphia instead

1777-1778• Battle of Brandy Wine Creek- British victory

• Germantown- Fog stops Americans

• British Victory

• Washington takes his troops to Valley Forge

Army of the north

• Burgoyne- from Quebec-8000

• ST. Ledger from Fort Oswego-1500

• Planned to meet in Albany New York

• Took back Fort Ticonderoga without firing a shot

• Moved slowly south

• Had a large amount of personal belongings with him.

St. Ledger- Lost at the battle of Oriskiny

• A- Herkimer- shot in leg but stayed in battle

• A- Arnold-rumor of the large Army

• Indians leave St. Ledger

• British are force to retreat to Ontario

Saratoga

• Horatio Gates- A

• Cut trees, diverted water, sniper fire

• Burgoyne begins to run out of supplies

• Gates army was getting larger

Sent troops to Bennington

• look for supplies

• John Stark- A- cuts them off

• Bemis Heights- British win, but lose so many men, they are in trouble.

• Attacked a 2nd time- Benedict Arnold won the day

Saratoga

• Oct 17, 1777

• Burgoyne surrenders to the Americans

• Benjamin Franklin- France

• France will enter the war.

• Key victory for the Americans

• British stay by the coast, Why?

Extreme Hardship 1778-79

• Valley Forge

• Lack of food, clothing, shelter.

• Would not steal from farmers

• Baron Von Steuben-trained the troops

• F-Marquis de Lafayette-Washington's aide

Back in Philadelphia-1778

• Clinton takes over for Howe

• British abandon Philadelphia

• Go back to New York

• Washington attacks

• Monmouth Court House

• Was a draw

War in the north

• Washington - watch the British in New York.

• Last major battle of the war in the north.

Fighting out west 1778

• A-George Rogers Clarke

• B- Henry Hamilton

• A- Wins several victories

Rest of the war will be fought in the south

• Why in the south?

• More Loyalist to count on

• Less patriotism

Battles

• Capture Savannah Georgia- 1778

• 1779- Charleston-

• British Victory

• A-Benjamin Lincoln

• 5000 troops captured

Guerrilla Warfare

• A- Francis Marion-

• Swamp Fox

• Kept the resistance alive

Battle of Camden-

• A- Horatio Gates

• B- Lord Cornwallis

• Fed the wrong thing the night before

• Entire army- Diarrhea

• Americans were wiped out

• Gates flees back to Philadelphia

• Tarletons Quarter- No surrender

Kings Mountain

• Loyalist Vs Patriots

• American victory

B-Cornwallis heads north

• A-Nathanael Greene

• Strategic Retreats and tactics help

• Wears out the British

Cowpens

• A-Daniel Morgan

• B- Tarleton

• Big American Victory

• Strategic placement of the militia

Benedict Arnold

• Hero at ________________

• Peggy Shippen Arnold

• West Point- commander

Yorktown-1781

• Cornwallis heads for the coast for supplies

• Greene follows him

• B- began to fortify their position

• French fleet comes to Washington

• F- Count Rochambeau- 5000 men

• F- Admiral De Grasse- 28 warships

Washington comes to Virginia

• A-18000 men against B-7000

• Siege of Yorktown

• British wanted to rescue Cornwallis

• Oct 19 1781 - formal surrender

• Evacuate Chaleston and Savannah

• Held only New York-2 years

American Navy

• John Paul Jones-

• “I have not yet begun to fight”

Peace treaty of 1783

• Benjamin Franklin

• John Adams

• John Jay

Terms

• 1. Independence of America

• 2. Atlantic to Mississippi River

• 3. Compensation of Loyalist

What about the….

• Women

• Loyalist

• Indians

• Slaves

• Most historians estimate that about 7,200 Americans were killed in battle during the Revolutionary War. Approximately 8,200 more were wounded. About 10,000 others died in military camps from disease or exposure. Some 8,500 died in prison after being captured by the British. American military deaths from all causes during the war thus numbered about 25,700. In addition, approximately 1,400 soldiers were missing. British military deaths during the war totaled about 10,000.