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American Government

By:OpenStax American Goverment

American Government

By:OpenStax American Goverment

Online:< http://cnx.org/content/col11995/1.1/ >

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Collection structure revised: April 20, 2016

PDF generated: April 20, 2016

For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 28.

Table of Contents

1 Students and the System

1.1 American Government and Civic Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 The Constitution and Its Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 American Federalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Individual Agency and Action

2.1 Civil Liberties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 Civil Rights: Changing One Group at a Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 The Politics of Public Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 Voting and Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Toward Collective Action: Mediating Institutions

3.1 The Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.3 Interest Groups and Lobbying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Delivering Collective Action: Formal Institutions

4.1 Congress: The First Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2 The Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 The Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.4 State and Local Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5 The Outputs of Government

5.1 Bureaucracy: Public Administration Delivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.2 Domestic Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.3 Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6 Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 The Constitution of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Federalist Papers 10 and 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Electoral College Votes by State, 2012�2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

iv

Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col11995/1.1>


1

2 CHAPTER 1. STUDENTS AND THE SYSTEM

Chapter 1

Students and the System

1.1 American Government and Civic Engagement

1.1.1 Introduction to American Government and Civic Engagement1

1.1.2 De�ning Government and Civic Engagement2

1.1.3 Why Engagement is Vital in a Democracy3

1.1.4 Pathways of Engagement4

1.1.5 Elitism, Pluralism, and Tradeo�s5

1.2 The Constitution and Its Origins

1.2.1 Introduction to the Constitution and Its Origins6

1.2.2 The Pre-Revolutionary Period and the Roots of the American Political

Tradition7

1.2.3 The Articles of Confederation8

1.2.4 The Development of the Constitution9

1.2.5 The Rati�cation of the Constitution10

1.2.6 Constitutional Change11

1.3 American Federalism

1.3.1 Introduction to American Federalism12

1.3.2 The Division of Powers13

1.3.3 The Evolution of American Federalism14

1.3.4 Intergovernmental Relationships15

1.3.5 Competitive Federalism Today16

1.3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism17

1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58955/1.1/>.2This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58956/1.1/>.3This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58957/1.1/>.4This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58958/1.1/>.5This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58959/1.1/>.6This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58960/1.1/>.7This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58961/1.1/>.8This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58962/1.1/>.9This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58963/1.1/>.

10This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58964/1.1/>.11This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58965/1.1/>.12This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58966/1.1/>.


3

13This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58967/1.1/>.14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58968/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58969/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58970/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58971/1.1/>.


4 CHAPTER 1. STUDENTS AND THE SYSTEM



5

6 CHAPTER 2. INDIVIDUAL AGENCY AND ACTION

Chapter 2

Individual Agency and Action

2.1 Civil Liberties

2.1.1 Introduction to Civil Liberties1

2.1.2 What Are Civil Liberties?2

2.1.3 The First Four Amendments: Securing Basic Freedoms3

2.1.4 Rights of Suspects4

2.1.5 Interpreting the Bill of Rights Today5

2.2 Civil Rights: Changing One Group at a Time

2.2.1 Introduction to Civil Rights: Changing One Group at a Time6

2.2.2 What Are Civil Rights and How Do We Identify Them?7

2.2.3 African Americans and the History of Civil Rights8

2.2.4 Women's Rights9

2.2.5 Extension of Equal Protection to Other Groups10

2.3 The Politics of Public Opinion

2.3.1 Introduction to the Politics of Public Opinion11

2.3.2 The Nature of Public Opinion12

2.3.3 How Is Public Opinion Measured?13

2.3.4 What Does the Public Think?14

2.3.5 The E�ects of Public Opinion15

2.4 Voting and Elections

2.4.1 Introduction to Voting and Elections16

2.4.2 Voter Registration17

2.4.3 Voter Turnout18

2.4.4 Elections19

2.4.5 Campaigns and Voting20

2.4.6 Direct Democracy21




7



8 CHAPTER 2. INDIVIDUAL AGENCY AND ACTION



9

10CHAPTER 3. TOWARD COLLECTIVE ACTION: MEDIATING

INSTITUTIONS

Chapter 3

Toward Collective Action: Mediating

Institutions

3.1 The Media

3.1.1 Introduction to the Media1

3.1.2 What Is the Media?2

3.1.3 Evolution of the Media3

3.1.4 Regulation of the Media4

3.1.5 Impact of the Media5

3.2 Political Parties

3.2.1 Introduction to Political Parties6

3.2.2 What Are Parties and How Did They Form?7

3.2.3 The Two-Party System8

3.2.4 The Shape of Modern Political Parties9

3.2.5 Party in Government10

3.2.6 Partisan Polarization11

3.3 Interest Groups and Lobbying

3.3.1 Introduction to Interest Groups and Lobbying12

3.3.2 Interest Groups De�ned13

3.3.3 Collective Action and Interest Group Formation14

3.3.4 Interest Groups as Political Participation15

3.3.5 How Representative Is the U.S. Interest Group System?16

3.3.6 Pathways of Interest Group In�uence17

3.3.7 Regulation of Interest Groups18




11

13This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59018/1.1/>.14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59019/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59020/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59041/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59025/1.1/>.18This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59026/1.1/>.


12CHAPTER 3. TOWARD COLLECTIVE ACTION: MEDIATING

INSTITUTIONS



13

14CHAPTER 4. DELIVERING COLLECTIVE ACTION: FORMAL

INSTITUTIONS

Chapter 4

Delivering Collective Action: Formal

Institutions

4.1 Congress: The First Branch

4.1.1 Introduction to Congress: The First Branch1

4.1.2 Institutional Design of Congress2

4.1.3 Congressional Elections3

4.1.4 Representation�A Legislator Looking Out for Constituents4

4.1.5 Responsiveness�Lawmakers Taking Collective Action5

4.1.6 House and Senate Organizations6

4.1.7 The Legislative Process7

4.1.8 Congressional Powers8

4.2 The Presidency

4.2.1 Introduction to the Presidency9

4.2.2 The Design and Evolution of the Presidency10

4.2.3 The Presidential Election Process11

4.2.4 Organizing to Govern12

4.2.5 The Public Presidency13

4.2.6 Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action14

4.2.7 Presidential Governance: Power as Persuasion15

4.3 The Courts

4.3.1 Introduction to the Courts16

4.3.2 Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights17

4.3.3 Dual Court System18

4.3.4 The Federal Court System19

4.3.5 The Supreme Court20

4.3.6 Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation21

4.4 State and Local Government

4.4.1 Introduction to State and Local Government22

4.4.2 State Power and Delegation23

4.4.3 State Political Culture24

4.4.4 Governors and State Legislatures25

4.4.5 State Legislative Term Limits26

4.4.6 County and City Government27




15

13This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59053/1.1/>.14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59055/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59058/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59059/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59060/1.1/>.18This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59061/1.1/>.19This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59062/1.1/>.20This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59064/1.1/>.21This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59068/1.1/>.22This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59069/1.1/>.23This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59070/1.1/>.24This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59071/1.1/>.25This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59072/1.1/>.26This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59074/1.1/>.27This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59075/1.1/>.


16CHAPTER 4. DELIVERING COLLECTIVE ACTION: FORMAL

INSTITUTIONS



17

18 CHAPTER 5. THE OUTPUTS OF GOVERNMENT

Chapter 5

The Outputs of Government

5.1 Bureaucracy: Public Administration Delivers

5.1.1 Introduction to Bureaucracy: Public Administration Delivers1

5.1.2 Bureaucratic Discretion2

5.1.3 Types of Bureaucracies3

5.1.4 Employee Selection: Patronage versus Merit4

5.1.5 Administrative Rulemaking and Bureaucratic Oversight5

5.2 Domestic Policy

5.2.1 Introduction to Domestic Policy6

5.2.2 What is Public Policy?7

5.2.3 Policy Categories8

5.2.4 Policy Advocates and Analysts9

5.2.5 The Policy Process10

5.2.6 Budgeting and Tax Policy11

5.3 Foreign Policy

5.3.1 Introduction to Foreign Policy12

5.3.2 De�ning American Foreign Policy13

5.3.3 The Two Presidencies Thesis14

5.3.4 Foreign Policy Instruments15

5.3.5 Presidential-Congressional Foreign Policy Relations16

5.3.6 Schools of Thought on American Foreign Policy17




19

13This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59088/1.1/>.14This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59089/1.1/>.15This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59090/1.1/>.16This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59091/1.1/>.17This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m59092/1.1/>.


20 CHAPTER 5. THE OUTPUTS OF GOVERNMENT


Chapter 6

Declaration of Independence1

1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m58972/1.1/>.


21

22 CHAPTER 6. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE


Chapter 7

The Constitution of the United States1



23

24 CHAPTER 7. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES


Chapter 8

Federalist Papers 10 and 511



25

26 CHAPTER 8. FEDERALIST PAPERS 10 AND 51


Chapter 9

Electoral College Votes by State,

2012�20201



27

28 ATTRIBUTIONS

Attributions

Collection: American GovernmentEdited by: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/col11995/1.1/License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to American Government and Civic Engagement"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58955/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "De�ning Government and Civic Engagement"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58956/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Why Engagement is Vital in a Democracy"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58957/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Pathways of Engagement"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58958/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Elitism, Pluralism, and Tradeo�s"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58959/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to the Constitution and Its Origins"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58960/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 29

Module: "The Pre-Revolutionary Period and the Roots of the American Political Tradition"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58961/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Articles of Confederation"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58962/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Development of the Constitution"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58963/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Rati�cation of the Constitution"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58964/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Constitutional Change"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58965/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to American Federalism"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58966/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Division of Powers"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58967/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Evolution of American Federalism"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58968/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


30 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Intergovernmental Relationships"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58969/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Competitive Federalism Today"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58970/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Advantages and Disadvantages of Federalism"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58971/1.1/Page: 2Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to Civil Liberties"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58976/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "What Are Civil Liberties?"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58977/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The First Four Amendments: Securing Basic Freedoms"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58978/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Rights of Suspects"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58979/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Interpreting the Bill of Rights Today"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58980/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 31

Module: "Introduction to Civil Rights: Changing One Group at a Time "By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58981/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "What Are Civil Rights and How Do We Identify Them?"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58982/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "African Americans and the History of Civil Rights"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58983/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Women's Rights"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58984/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Extension of Equal Protection to Other Groups"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58985/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to the Politics of Public Opinion"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58986/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Nature of Public Opinion "By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58987/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "How Is Public Opinion Measured?"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58988/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


32 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "What Does the Public Think?"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58989/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The E�ects of Public Opinion"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58990/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to Voting and Elections"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58991/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Voter Registration"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58992/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Voter Turnout"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58993/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Elections"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58994/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Campaigns and Voting"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58995/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Direct Democracy"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58996/1.1/Page: 6Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 33

Module: "Introduction to the Media"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58997/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "What Is the Media?"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58998/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Evolution of the Media"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58999/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Regulation of the Media"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59000/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Impact of the Media"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59003/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to Political Parties"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59004/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "What Are Parties and How Did They Form?"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59016/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Two-Party System"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59010/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


34 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "The Shape of Modern Political Parties"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59013/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Party in Government"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59014/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Partisan Polarization"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59015/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to Interest Groups and Lobbying "By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59017/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Interest Groups De�ned"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59018/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Collective Action and Interest Group Formation"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59019/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Interest Groups as Political Participation"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59020/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "How Representative Is the U.S. Interest Group System?"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59041/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 35

Module: "Pathways of Interest Group In�uence"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59025/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Regulation of Interest Groups"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59026/1.1/Page: 10Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to Congress: The First Branch"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59027/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Institutional Design of Congress"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59028/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Congressional Elections"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59029/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Representation�A Legislator Looking Out for Constituents"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59044/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Responsiveness�Lawmakers Taking Collective Action"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59034/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "House and Senate Organizations"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59035/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


36 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "The Legislative Process"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59046/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Congressional Powers"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59040/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to the Presidency"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59048/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Design and Evolution of the Presidency"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59050/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Presidential Election Process"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59051/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Organizing to Govern"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59052/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Public Presidency"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59053/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59055/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 37

Module: "Presidential Governance: Power as Persuasion"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59058/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to the Courts"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59059/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59060/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Dual Court System"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59061/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Federal Court System"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59062/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Supreme Court"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59064/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59068/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to State and Local Government"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59069/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


38 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "State Power and Delegation"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59070/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "State Political Culture"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59071/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Governors and State Legislatures"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59072/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "State Legislative Term Limits"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59074/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "County and City Government"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59075/1.1/Page: 14Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to Bureaucracy: Public Administration Delivers"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59076/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Bureaucratic Discretion"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59077/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Types of Bureaucracies"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59078/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 39

Module: "Employee Selection: Patronage versus Merit"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59079/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Administrative Rulemaking and Bureaucratic Oversight"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59080/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Introduction to Domestic Policy"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59081/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "What is Public Policy?"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59082/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Policy Categories"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59083/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Policy Advocates and Analysts"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59084/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Policy Process"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59085/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Budgeting and Tax Policy"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59086/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


40 ATTRIBUTIONS

Module: "Introduction to Foreign Policy"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59087/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "De�ning American Foreign Policy"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59088/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Two Presidencies Thesis"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59089/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Foreign Policy Instruments"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59090/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Presidential-Congressional Foreign Policy Relations"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59091/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Schools of Thought on American Foreign Policy"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m59092/1.1/Page: 18Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Declaration of Independence"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58972/1.1/Page: 21Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "The Constitution of the United States"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58973/1.1/Page: 23Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


ATTRIBUTIONS 41

Module: "Federalist Papers 10 and 51"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58974/1.1/Page: 25Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Module: "Electoral College Votes by State, 2012�2020"By: OpenStax American GovermentURL: http://cnx.org/content/m58975/1.1/Page: 27Copyright: OpenStax American GovermentLicense: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


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