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DEVELOPMENT OF FACE

BYAmbili nanukuttan

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Contents

• Introduction• Embryology• Stomatodeum• Face formation• Formation of

Upper lip formation Lower lip Nose Cheeks External ear Eye

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Palate Tongue Mouth Teeth• Developmental anomalies• Conclusion• References

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INTRODUCTION.

Face is an important structure of our body. It’s the mirror of expressions and our character. Its development is an important factor of concern.

It develops in the fourth and eighth week of embryonic life.

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EMBRYOLOGY

The embryonic layers :

Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm are involved in the facial development.

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STOMATODAEUM

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Frontonasal process in future : - forehead - bridge of the nose - primary palate - nasal septum and all structures related to medial nasal process.

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FACE FORMATION

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Structures contributing to formation of Face

Frontonasal Fore head, nasal septum, median part of upper lip

Medial nasal Philtrum, crest and tip of nose, middle part of upper lip

Lateral nasal Alae of nose

Maxillary Cheeks, lateral portion of upper lip

Mandibular Lower lip, lower part of cheek

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UPPER LIP FORMATION

Initiated -- 4th week .

Each Maxillary processes - sides of the upper lip. 2 medial nasal processes - middle of the upper lip.

Completed -- 6th week.

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LOWER LIP FORMATION

The mandibular process of the two sides grow towards each other and fuse in midline.

The fused mandibular process give rise to the lower lip and to the lower jaw.

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NOSE

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External nares - when the nasal pits are cut off from stomatodaeum.

Fronto nasal process narrows - nasal septum.

Medial nasal process fuses together -- middle portion of nose from root to apex ,centre portion of lip and philtrum .

Lateral nasal process forms alae or sides of nose.

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DEVELOPMENT OF CHEECK

After formation of lips, stomodeum is very broad. Its lateral part is bounded above by the maxillary process

and below by the mandibular process These undergo fusion with each other to form cheeks.

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DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL EAR

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DEVELOPMENT OF EYE

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DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE

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Hard Palate At a later stage, the mesoderm in the palate undergoes

intramembranous ossification to form the hard palate.

Soft Palate• Ossification does not extend into the most posterior

portion, which remain as soft palate.

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DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE

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TEETH

After 37 days of development, a continuous band of thickened epithelium forms around the mouth in upper and lower jaws.

Horse shoe shaped - correspond in position of future dental arches of the upper and lower jaws.

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DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL CAVITY Derived - from stomatodeum and foregut.

Epithelium is partly ectodermal and partly endodermal.

lips cheeks palate ECTODERMAL ORIGIN teeth gums tongue ENDODERMAL ORIGIN

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LIP ANOMALIES

Congenital lip pits/ commissural pits and fistula

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Hare lip

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OBLIQUE FACIAL CLEFT

The nasolacrimal duct is not formed.

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ANOMALIES OF MOUTH

Macrostomia

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Microstomia

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First arch syndrome Treacher Collin’s syndrome

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FACIAL HEMIATROPHY

Atrophy of the soft tissues of half of the face i.e skin, muscles, bones, soft palate.

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ANOMALIES OF JAW

Agnathia

Characterized by hypoplasia or absence of mandible with abnormally positioned ears.

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Micrognathia Small jaw, either maxilla or mandible

MacrognathiaAbnormally large jaws.

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ANOMALIES OF NOSE

Arrhinia: Complete absence of external nose and nasal airway

• Polyrrhinia: Double nose can be seen

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PROBOSCIS

The nose will be bifid. The nose forms a projection ,jutting out from just below the

fore head . Fusion of two eyes (cyclops)

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Simple furrow on nasal dorsum usually associated with some widening of nasal bones

Median Nasal Cleft

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Anomalies of Nasal Septum Deviated nasal septum Thin nasal septum

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CLEFT PALATE

Less common than cleft lip.

Due to interference with elevation of palatal shelves.

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ANOMALIES OF TONGUE

•Macroglossia

•Microglossia

•Aglossia

•Anlkyloglossia

•Fissured tongue

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CONCLUSION

 

Human face is the area, which is most likely to develop malformations. Knowledge of normal development will aid in the understanding the potential reasons for preventing or treating of anomalies.

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REFERENCES

• B.D. Chaurasia : Human Anatomy- volume three -4th edition

• I.Singh : Human Embryology- 7th edition

• Shafer’s oral pathology-5th edition

• Tencate’s Oral histology- development, structure and function; Antonio Nanci; 7th edition

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