alternative fuel vehicle

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Alternative fuel vehicle 1

Alternative fuel vehicle

Toyota Prius, a hybrid vehicle. Museum of Toyota of

Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

A Brazilian filling station with four alternative fuels for

sale: biodiesel (B3), gasohol (E25), neat ethanol(E100), and compressed natural gas (CNG). Piracicaba,

Brazil.

An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that runs on a fuel other

than "traditional" petroleum fuels (petrol or diesel); and also refers

to any technology of powering an engine that does not involve

solely petroleum (e.g. electric car, hybrid electric vehicles, solar

powered). Because of a combination of factors, such as

environmental concerns, high oil prices and the potential for peak

oil, development of cleaner alternative fuels and advanced power

systems for vehicles has become a high priority for many

governments and vehicle manufacturers around the world.

Hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius are not actually

alternative fuel vehicles, but through advanced technologies in the

electric battery and motor/generator, they make a more efficient

use of petroleum fuel. Other research and development efforts inalternative forms of power focus on developing all-electric and

fuel cell vehicles, and even the stored energy of compressed air.

As of 2011 there were more than one billion vehicles in use in the

world, compared with over 80 million alternative fuel and

advanced technology vehicles that had been sold or converted

worldwide as of October 2013[1], and made up mainly of:

About 34 million flexible-fuel vehicles as of October 2013[1],

led by Brazil with over 23 million units (made of 20 million

cars and light duty vehicles, and 3 million flex fuelmotorcycles), followed by the United States with almost 10

million flex-fuel cars and light duty trucks, Canada

(600,000),[2]

and Europe, led by Sweden (229,400).[3]

17.8 million natural gas vehicles as of December 2012[1], led by Iran with 3.30 million, followed by Pakistan

(2.79 million), Argentina (2.29 million), Brazil (1.75 million), China (1.58 million) and India (1.5 million).

17.5 million LPG powered vehicles by December 2010, led by Turkey with 2.39 million, Poland (2.32 million),

and South Korea (2.3 million).

Over 7 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide as of December 2013[1], led by Toyota Motor

Company (TMC) with more than 6 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold through December 2013, followed by

Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1 million hybrids by September 2012, and FordMotor Corporation with more than 277 thousand hybrids sold in the United States by September 2013.

[4][5][6]The

world's best selling hybrid is the Toyota Prius, with 3 million units sold by June 2013. Global sales are led by the

United States with over 3 million units sold by October 2013, followed by Japan with over 2.6 million hybrids by

September 2013,[7][8]

and Europe with more than 650,000 units by August 2013.[]

5.7 million neat-ethanol only light-vehicles built in Brazil since 1979,[9]

with 2.4 to 3.0 million vehicles still in

use by 2003. and 1.22 million units as of December 2011.

Over one million plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) sold worldwide by the end of December 2013. Most electric

vehicles in the world roads are low-speed, low-range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), with about 479,000

NEVs on the road by 2011. In addition, just in China, a total of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in

2013. As of December 2013[1], over 380,000 highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars and light utility

vehicles have been sold worldwide. Plug-in car sales are led by the United States with over 170,000 units
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delivered since 2008, followed by Japan with over 71,000 units since 2009, China with about 38,600 units since

2011, the Netherlands with 28,673 units since 2009, France with 28,560 all-electric cars and light utility vans

since 2010, and Norway with 20,486 plug-in electric vehicles since 2003. As of mid January 2014, the world's

best selling highway-capable plug-in electric car is the Nissan Leaf all-electric car, with 100,000 units sold

worldwide by mid January 2014, followed by the Volt/Ampera family of plug-in hybrids, with combined sales of

about 70,000 units sold by January 2014, the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid with about 48,600 units sold by

December 2013,[10]

and the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family of electric car and vans, with global cumulative sales of

more than 36,000 units through October 2013.

An environmental analysis extends beyond just the operating efficiency and emissions. A life-cycle assessment of a

vehicle involves production and post-use considerations. A cradle-to-cradle design is more important than a focus on

a single factor such as the type of fuel.

Single fuel source

Air engine

The air engine is an emission-free piston engine that uses compressed air as a source of energy. The first compressed

air car was invented by a French engineer named Guy Ngre. The expansion of compressed air may be used to drive

the pistons in a modified piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the use of environmental heat at

normal temperature to warm the otherwise cold expanded air from the storage tank. This non-adiabatic expansion

has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of the machine. The only exhaust is cold air (15 C), which could

also be used to air condition the car. The source for air is a pressurized carbon-fiber tank. Air is delivered to the

engine via a rather conventional injection system. Unique crank design within the engine increases the time during

which the air charge is warmed from ambient sources and a two stage process allows improved heat transfer rates.

Battery-electric

General Motors EV1 electric car.

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), also known as all-electric vehicles

(AEVs), are electric vehicles whose main energy storage is in the

chemical energy of batteries. BEVs are the most common form of what

is defined by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) as zero

emission vehicle (ZEV) because they produce no tailpipe emissions at

the point of operation. The electrical energy carried on board a BEV to

power the motors is obtained from a variety of battery chemistries

arranged into battery packs. For additional range genset trailers or

pusher trailers are sometimes used, forming a type of hybrid vehicle.

Batteries used in electric vehicles include "flooded" lead-acid,absorbed glass mat, NiCd, nickel metal hydride, Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries.

Attempts at building viable, modern battery-powered electric vehicles began in the 1950s with the introduction of the

first modern (transistor controlled) electric car - the Henney Kilowatt, even though the concept was out in the market

since 1890. Despite the poor sales of the early battery-powered vehicles, development of various battery-powered

vehicles continued through the mids 1990s, with such models as the General Motors EV1 and the Toyota RAV4 EV.
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The Nissan Leaf is the world's top selling

highway-capable all-electric car in history,

surpassed the 100,000 global sales milestone in

January 2014.

Battery powered cars had primarily used lead-acid batteries and NiMH

batteries. Lead-acid batteries' recharge capacity is considerably

reduced if they're discharged beyond 75% on a regular basis, making

them a less-than-ideal solution. NiMH batteries are a better choice, but

are considerably more expensive than lead-acid. Lithium-ion battery

powered vehicles such as the Venturi Fetish and the Tesla Roadsterhave recently demonstrated excellent performance and range, but they

remain expensive, nevertheless is used in most mass production

models launched since December 2010.

As of December 2013[1], several neighborhood electric vehicles, city

electric cars and series production highway-capable electric cars and utility vans are available in several countries,

including Tesla Roadster, GEM cars, Buddy, Mitsubishi i MiEV and its rebadged versions Peugeot iOn and Citron

C-Zero, Chery QQ3 EV, JAC J3 EV, Nissan Leaf, Smart ED, Mia electric, BYD e6, Renault Kangoo Z.E., Bollor

Bluecar, Renault Fluence Z.E., Ford Focus Electric, BMW ActiveE, Renault Twizy, Tesla Model S, Honda Fit EV,

RAV4 EV second generation, Renault Zoe, Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV, Roewe E50, Chevrolet Spark EV, Fiat 500e,

BMW i3 and Volkswagen e-Up!. Other models scheduled for market launch between 2013 and 2014 include the

Volkswagen e-Golf, Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive, Volkswagen XL1, and Tesla Model X. As of January

2014[1], the world's best selling highway-capable plug-in electric car is the Nissan Leaf all-electric car, with over

100,000 units sold since December 2010.

Solar

Nuna team at a racecourse.

A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained

from solar panels on the car. Solar panels cannot currently be used

to directly supply a car with a suitable amount of power at this

time, but they can be used to extend the range of electric vehicles.They are raced in competitions such as the World Solar Challenge

and the North American Solar Challenge. These events are often

sponsored by Government agencies such as the United States

Department of Energy keen to promote the development of

alternative energy technology such as solar cells and electric

vehicles. Such challenges are often entered by universities to

develop their students engineering and technological skills as well

as motor vehicle manufacturers such as GM and Honda.
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Nuna solar powered car, which has travelled up to

140km/h (84mph).

Trev's battery lasts over 250,000 kilometres.

The North American Solar Challenge is a solar car race across

North America. Originally called Sunrayce, organized and

sponsored by General Motors in 1990, it was renamed American

Solar Challenge in 2001, sponsored by the United StatesDepartment of Energy and the National Renewable Energy

Laboratory. Teams from universities in the United States and

Canada compete in a long distance test of endurance as well as

efficiency, driving thousands of miles on regular highways.

Nuna is the name of a series of manned solar powered vehicles

that won the World solar challenge in Australia three times in a

row, in 2001 (Nuna 1 or just Nuna), 2003 (Nuna 2) and 2005

(Nuna 3). The Nunas are built by students of the Delft University

of Technology.

The World solar challenge is a solar powered car race over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) through central Australia

from Darwin to Adelaide. The race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or

corporations although some are fielded by high schools.

Trev (two-seater renewable energy vehicle) was designed by the staff and students at the University of South

Australia. Trev was first displayed at the 2005 World Solar Challenge as the concept of a low-mass, efficient

commuter car. With 3 wheels and a mass of about 300 kg, the prototype car had maximum speed of 120 km/h and

acceleration of 0100 km/h in about 10 seconds. The running cost of Trev is projected to be less than 1/10 of the

running cost of a small petrol car.

Dimethyl ether fuel

Installation of BioDME synthesis towers at

Chemrec's pilot facility

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a promising fuel in diesel engines,[11]

petrol

engines (30% DME / 70% LPG), and gas turbines owing to its high

cetane number, which is 55, compared to diesel's, which is

4053.[12][13]

Only moderate modification are needed to convert a

diesel engine to burn DME. The simplicity of this short carbon chain

compound leads during combustion to very low emissions of

particulate matter, NOx, CO. For these reasons as well as being

sulfur-free, DME meets even the most stringent emission regulations in

Europe (EURO5), U.S. (U.S. 2010), and Japan (2009 Japan).[14]

Mobil

is using DME in their methanol to gasoline process.
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DME is being developed as a synthetic second generation biofuel (BioDME), which can be manufactured from

lignocellulosic biomass.[15]

Currently the EU is considering BioDME in its potential biofuel mix in 2030;[16]

the

Volvo Group is the coordinator for the European Community Seventh Framework Programme project

BioDME[17][18]

where Chemrec's BioDME pilot plant based on black liquor gasification is nearing completion in

Pite, Sweden.[19]

Ammonia fuelled vehicles

Ammoniacal Gas Engine Streetcar in New

Orleans drawn by Alfred Waud in 1871.

The X-15 aircraft used ammonia as one

component fuel of its rocket engine

Ammonia was used during World War II to power buses in Belgium,

and in engine and solar energy applications prior to 1900. Liquid

ammonia also fuelled the Reaction Motors XLR99 rocket engine, that

powered the X-15 hypersonic research aircraft. Although not as

powerful as other fuels, it left no soot in the reusable rocket engine and

its density approximately matches the density of the oxidizer, liquid

oxygen, which simplified the aircraft's design.

Ammonia has been proposed as a practical alternative to fossil fuel for

internal combustion engines. The calorific value of ammonia is 22.5

MJ/kg (9690 BTU/lb), which is about half that of diesel. In a normal

engine, in which the water vapour is not condensed, the calorific value

of ammonia will be about 21% less than this figure. It can be used in

existing engines with only minor modifications to

carburettors/injectors.

If produced from coal, the CO2

can be readily sequestered (the

combustion products are nitrogen and water).

Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a working

fluid, have been proposed and occasionally used. The principle is

similar to that used in a fireless locomotive, but with ammonia as the

working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air. Ammonia engines

were used experimentally in the 19th century by Goldsworthy Gurney

in the UK and in streetcars in New Orleans. In 1981 a Canadian

company converted a 1981 Chevrolet Impala to operate using ammonia

as fuel.[20]

Ammonia and GreenNH3 is being used with success by developers in

Canada, since it can run in spark ignited or diesel engines with minor modifications,also the only green fuel to power

jet engines, and despite its toxicity is reckoned to be no more dangerous than petrol or LPG. It can be made fromrenewable electricity, and having half the density of petrol or diesel can be readily carried in sufficient quantities in

vehicles. On combustion it has no emissions other than nitrogen and water vapour.[citation needed]

Biofuels
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Bioalcohol and ethanol

The Ford Model T was the first commercial

flex-fuel vehicle. The engine was capable of

running on gasoline or ethanol, or a mix of both.

The 1996 Ford Taurus was the first flexible-fuel

vehicle produced with versions capable of

running with either ethanol (E85) or methanol

(M85) blended with gasoline.

The 2003 VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex was the first

commercial flexible-fuel vehicle in the Brazilian

market, capable of running on any mixture of

gasoline (E20 to E25 blend) and ethanol (E100).

The first commercial vehicle that used ethanol as a fuel was the Ford

Model T, produced from 1908 through 1927. It was fitted with a

carburetor with adjustable jetting, allowing use of gasoline or ethanol,

or a combination of both.[21]

Other car manufactures also provided

engines for ethanol fuel use. In the United States, alcohol fuel wasproduced in corn-alcohol stills until Prohibition criminalized the

production of alcohol in 1919. The use of alcohol as a fuel for internal

combustion engines, either alone or in combination with other fuels,

lapsed until the oil price shocks of the 1970s. Furthermore, additional

attention was gained because of its possible environmental and

long-term economical advantages over fossil fuel.

Both ethanol and methanol have been used as an automotive fuel.

While both can be obtained from petroleum or natural gas, ethanol has

attracted more attention because it is considered a renewable resource,

easily obtained from sugar or starch in crops and other agricultural

produce such as grain, sugarcane, sugar beets or even lactose. Since

ethanol occurs in nature whenever yeast happens to find a sugar

solution such as overripe fruit, most organisms have evolved some

tolerance to ethanol, whereas methanol is toxic. Other experiments

involve butanol, which can also be produced by fermentation of plants.

Support for ethanol comes from the fact that it is a biomass fuel, which

addresses climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, though these

benefits are now highly debated,[22][23][24]

including the heated 2008

food vs fuel debate.

Most modern cars are designed to run on gasoline are capable of

running with a blend from 10% up to 15% ethanol mixed into gasoline

(E10-E15). With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered

vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85% (E85), the

maximum set in the United States and Europe due to cold weather

during the winter, or up to 100% (E100) in Brazil, with a warmer

climate. Ethanol has close to 34% less energy per volume than

gasoline,[25][26]

consequently fuel economy ratings with ethanol blends

are significantly lower than with pure gasoline, but this lower energy

content does not translate directly into a 34% reduction in mileage,

because there are many other variables that affect the performance of a

particular fuel in a particular engine, and also because ethanol has a

higher octane rating which is beneficial to high compression ratio

engines.

For this reason, for pure or high ethanol blends to be attractive for

users, its price must be lower than gasoline to offset the lower fuel economy. As a rule of thumb, Brazilian

consumers are frequently advised by the local media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when

ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the results and

seasonal harvests of sugar cane and by region. In the US, and based on EPA tests for all 2006 E85 models, the

average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was found 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline. The EPA-rated mileage of
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E85http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_thumbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neat_alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures%23E85http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E15_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_vs_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renewable_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973_oil_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prohibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carburetorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_Thttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABSB_Flex_cars_190_09_2008_Gol_TotalFlex_1_6_2003.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neat_alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures%23E20%2C_E25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Golhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AWiki_cars1_005.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Taurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALate_model_Ford_Model_T.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Model_T


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current American flex-fuel vehicles could be considered when making price comparisons, though E85 has octane

rating of about 104 and could be used as a substitute for premium gasoline. Regional retail E85 prices vary widely

across the US, with more favorable prices in the Midwest region, where most corn is grown and ethanol produced. In

August 2008 the US average spread between the price of E85 and gasoline was 16.9%, while in Indiana was 35%,

30% in Minnesota and Wisconsin, 19% in Maryland, 12 to 15% in California, and just 3% in Utah. Depending of the

vehicle capabilities, the break even price of E85 usually has to be between 25 to 30% lower than gasoline. (See price

comparisons for most states at e85prices.com[27]

)

E85 fuel sold at a regular gasoline station in

Washington, D.C..

Reacting to the high price of oil and its growing dependence on

imports, in 1975 Brazil launched the Pro-alcool program, a huge

government-subsidized effort to manufacture ethanol fuel (from its

sugar cane crop) and ethanol-powered automobiles. These ethanol-only

vehicles were very popular in the 1980s, but became economically

impractical when oil prices fell - and sugar prices rose - late in that

decade. In May 2003 Volkswagen built for the first time a commercial

ethanol flexible fuel car, the Gol 1.6 Total Flex. These vehicles were a

commercial success and by early 2009 other nine Brazilianmanufacturers are producing flexible fuel vehicles: Chevrolet, Fiat,

Ford, Peugeot, Renault, Honda, Mitsubishi, Toyota, Citron, and

Nissan. The adoption of the flex technology was so rapid, that flexible

fuel cars reached 87.6% of new car sales in July 2008. As of August

2008, the fleet of "flex" automobiles and light commercial vehicles had

reached 6 million new vehicles sold, representing almost 19% of all

registered light vehicles.[28]

The rapid success of "flex" vehicles, as

they are popularly known, was made possible by the existence of

33,000 filling stations with at least one ethanol pump available by

2006, a heritage of thePro-alcool program.[29]

In the United States, initial support to develop alternative fuels by the government was also a response to the 1973

oil crisis, and later on, as a goal to improve air quality. Also, liquid fuels were preferred over gaseous fuels not only

because they have a better volumetric energy density but also because they were the most compatible fuels with

existing distribution systems and engines, thus avoiding a big departure from the existing technologies and taking

advantage of the vehicle and the refueling infrastructure. California led the search of sustainable alternatives with

interest in methanol. In 1996, a new FFV Ford Taurus was developed, with models fully capable of running either

methanol or ethanol blended with gasoline. This ethanol version of the Taurus was the first commercial production

of an E85 FFV.[30]

The momentum of the FFV production programs at the American car companies continued,

although by the end of the 90's, the emphasis was on the FFV E85 version, as it is today. Ethanol was preferred overmethanol because there is a large support in the farming community and thanks to government's incentive programs

and corn-based ethanol subsidies. Sweden also tested both the M85 and the E85 flexifuel vehicles, but due to

agriculture policy, in the end emphasis was given to the ethanol flexifuel vehicles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Taurushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973_oil_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973_oil_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nissanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Golhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkswagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neat_ethanol_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AE85_fuel_pump_7562_DCA_09_2009.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington%2C_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E85http://www.e85prices.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marylandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E85http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midwest


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Biodiesel

Bus running on soybean biodiesel

Biodiesel (B20) pump in the U.S.

The main benefit of Diesel combustion engines is that they have a

44% fuel burn efficiency; compared with just 25-30% in the best

gasoline engines.[31]

In addition diesel fuel has slightly higher

Energy Density by volume than gasoline. This makes Diesel

engines capable of achieving much better fuel economy thangasoline vehicles.

Biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl ester), is commercially available in

most oilseed-producing states in the United States. As of 2005, it

is somewhat more expensive than fossil diesel, though it is still

commonly produced in relatively small quantities (in comparison

to petroleum products and ethanol). Many farmers who raise

oilseeds use a biodiesel blend in tractors and equipment as a matter

of policy, to foster production of biodiesel and raise public

awareness. It is sometimes easier to find biodiesel in rural areas

than in cities. Biodiesel has lower Energy Density than fossil

diesel fuel, so biodiesel vehicles are not quite able to keep up with

the fuel economy of a fossil fuelled diesel vehicle, if the diesel

injection system is not reset for the new fuel. If the injection

timing is changed to take account of the higher Cetane value of

biodiesel, the difference in economy is negligible. Because

biodiesel contains more oxygen than diesel or vegetable oil fuel, it

produces the lowest emissions from diesel engines, and is lower in

most emissions than gasoline engines. Biodiesel has a higher

lubricity than mineral diesel and is an additive in European pump

diesel for lubricity and emissions reduction.

Some Diesel-powered cars can run with minor modifications on

100% pure vegetable oils. Vegetable oils tend to thicken (or

solidify if it is waste cooking oil), in cold weather conditions so

vehicle modifications (a two tank system with diesel start/stop

tank), are essential in order to heat the fuel prior to use under most

circumstances. Heating to the temperature of engine coolant reduces fuel viscosity, to the range cited by injection

system manufacturers, for systems prior to 'common rail' or 'unit injection ( VW PD)' systems. Waste vegetable oil,

especially if it has been used for a long time, may become hydrogenated and have increased acidity. This can cause

the thickening of fuel, gumming in the engine and acid damage of the fuel system. Biodiesel does not have this

problem, because it is chemically processed to be PH neutral and lower viscosity. Modern low emission diesels

(most often Euro -3 and -4 compliant), typical of the current production in the European industry, would require

extensive modification of injector system, pumps and seals etc. due to the higher operating pressures, that are

designed thinner (heated) mineral diesel than ever before, for atomisation, if they were to use pure vegetable oil as

fuel. Vegetable oil fuel is not suitable for these vehicles as they are currently produced. This reduces the market as

increasing numbers of new vehicles are not able to use it. However, the German Elsbett company has successfully

produced single tank vegetable oil fuel systems for several decades, and has worked with Volkswagen on their TDI

engines. This shows that it is technologically possible to use vegetable oil as a fuel in high efficiency / low emission

diesel engines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetable_oil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABiodiesel_B20_pump_DCA_07_2010_9832.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B20_%28biodiesel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASoybeanbus.jpg


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Greasestock is an event held yearly in Yorktown Heights, New York, and is one of the largest showcases of vehicles

using waste oil as a biofuel in the United States.[32][33][34][35]

Biogas

Compressed Biogas may be used for Internal Combustion Engines after purification of the raw gas. The removal of

H2O, H2S and particles can be seen as standard producing a gas which has the same quality as Compressed Natural

Gas. The use of biogas is particularly interesting for climates where the waste heat of a biogas powered power plant

cannot be used during the summer.

Charcoal

In the 1930s Tang Zhongming made an invention using abundant charcoal resources for Chinese auto market. The

Charcoal-fuelled car was later used intensively in China, serving the army and conveyancer after the breakout of

World War II.

Compressed natural gas (CNG)

The Brazilian Fiat Siena Tetrafuel 1.4, the first

multifuel car that runs as a flexible-fuel on pure

gasoline, or E25, or E100; or runs as a bi-fuel with

natural gas (CNG).

High pressure compressed natural gas, mainly composed of

methane, that is used to fuel normal combustion engines instead of

gasoline. Combustion of methane produces the least amount of

CO2

of all fossil fuels. Gasoline cars can be retrofitted to CNG and

become bifuel Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) as the gasoline tank is

kept. The driver can switch between CNG and gasoline during

operation. Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) are popular in regions or

countries where natural gas is abundant. Widespread use began in

the Po River Valley of Italy, and later became very popular in New

Zealand by the eighties, though its use has declined.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Po_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASAO_09_2008_Fiat_Siena_TetraFuel_2_views_v1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neat_alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multifuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat_Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charcoalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tang_Zhongminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yorktown_Heights%2C_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greasestock


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Buses powered with CNG are common in the United

States.

As of December 2012[1], there were 17.8 million natural gas

vehicles worldwide, led by Iran with 3.30 million, followed by

Pakistan (2.79 million), Argentina (2.29 million), Brazil (1.75

million), China (1.58 million) and India (1.5 million). As of 2010,

the Asia-Pacific region led the global market with a share of

54%.

[36]

In Europe they are popular in Italy (730,000), Ukraine(200,000), Armenia (101,352), Russia (100,000) and Germany

(91,500), and they are becoming more so as various manufacturers

produce factory made cars, buses, vans and heavy vehicles. In the

United States CNG powered buses are the favorite choice of

several public transit agencies, with an estimated CNG bus fleet of

some 130,000. Other countries where CNG-powered buses are

popular include India, Australia, Argentina, and Germany.

CNG vehicles are common in South America, where these vehicles are mainly used as taxicabs in main cities of

Argentina and Brazil. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve

installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics. The Brazilian GNV fleet is

concentrated in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo. Pike Research reports that almost 90% of NGVs in Latin

America have bi-fuel engines, allowing these vehicles to run on either gasoline or CNG.[37]

In 2006 the Brazilian subsidiary of FIAT introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, a four-fuel car developed under

Magneti Marelli of Fiat Brazil. This automobile can run on 100% ethanol (E100), E25 (Brazil's normal ethanol

gasoline blend), pure gasoline (not available in Brazil), and natural gas, and switches from the gasoline-ethanol blend

to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.[38]

Other existing option is to retrofit an

ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle to add a natural gas tank and the corresponding injection system. Some taxicabs in So

Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, run on this option, allowing the user to choose among three fuels (E25, E100 and

CNG) according to current market prices at the pump. Vehicles with this adaptation are known in Brazil as "tri-fuel"cars.

HCNG or Hydrogen enriched Compressed Natural Gas for mobile use is premixed at the hydrogen station.

Hydrogen

The 2009 Honda FCX Clarity is an hydrogen fuel cell

automobile launched to the market in 2008.

A hydrogen car is an automobile which uses hydrogen as its

primary source of power for locomotion. These cars generally use

the hydrogen in one of two methods: combustion or fuel-cell

conversion. In combustion, the hydrogen is "burned" in engines in

fundamentally the same method as traditional gasoline cars. In

fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is turned into electricity through

fuel cells which then powers electric motors. With either method,

the only byproduct from the spent hydrogen is water, however

during combustion with air NOx can be produced.

Honda introduced its fuel cell vehicle in 1999 called the FCX and have since then introduced the second generation

FCX Clarity. Limited marketing of the FCX Clarity, based on the 2007 concept model, began in June 2008 in the

United States, and it was introduced in Japan in November 2008. The FCX Clarity is
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_FCX_Clarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_FCXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NOxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel-cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AFCX_Clarity.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_FCX_Clarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HCNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_de_Janeirohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxicabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retrofithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E25http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neat_alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magneti_Marellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiat_Sienahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi-fuel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A3o_Paulohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_de_Janeirohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxicabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_transithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia-Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_gas_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_fuel_vehicle&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMetrobus_powered_with_CNG_5198_DCA_03_2009.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bus


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Hydrogen fueling station in California.

Sequel, a hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicle from

General Motors.

available in the U.S. only in Los Angeles Area, where 16

hydrogen filling stations are available, and until July 2009, only 10

drivers have leased the Clarity for US$600 a month. At the 2012

World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Daimler AG, Honda,

Hyundai and Toyota all confirmed plans to produce hydrogen fuel

cell vehicles for sale by 2015, with some types planned to enter theshowroom in 2013.

[39]

A small number of prototype hydrogen cars currently exist, and a

significant amount of research is underway to make the technology

more viable. The common internal combustion engine, usually

fueled with gasoline (petrol) or diesel liquids, can be converted to

run on gaseous hydrogen. However, the most efficient use of

hydrogen involves the use of fuel cells and electric motors instead

of a traditional engine. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen inside the

fuel cells, which produces electricity to power the motors. One

primary area of research is hydrogen storage, to try to increase the

range of hydrogen vehicles while reducing the weight, energy

consumption, and complexity of the storage systems. Two primary

methods of storage are metal hydrides and compression. Some

believe that hydrogen cars will never be economically viable and

that the emphasis on this technology is a diversion from the

development and popularization of more efficient hybrid cars and

other alternative technologies.[citation needed]

Buses, trains, PHB bicycles, canal boats, cargo bikes, golf carts, motorcycles, wheelchairs, ships, airplanes,

submarines, and rockets can already run on hydrogen, in various forms. NASA used hydrogen to launch SpaceShuttles into space. A working toy model car runs on solar power, using a regenerative fuel cell to store energy in the

form of hydrogen and oxygen gas. It can then convert the fuel back into water to release the solar energy.[40]

BMW's Clean Energy internal combustion hydrogen car has more power and is faster than hydrogen fuel cell electric

cars. A limited series production of the 7 Series Saloon was announced as commencing at the end of 2006. A BMW

hydrogen prototype (H2R) using the driveline of this model broke the speed record for hydrogen cars at 300 km/h

(186 mi/h), making automotive history. Mazda has developed Wankel engines to burn hydrogen. The Wankel uses a

rotary principle of operation, so the hydrogen burns in a different part of the engine from the intake. This reduces

pre-detonation, a problem with hydrogen fueled piston engines.[citation needed]

The other major car companies like Daimler, Chrysler, Honda, Toyota, Ford and General Motors, are investing inhydrogen fuel cells instead. VW, Nissan, and Hyundai/Kia also have fuel cell vehicle prototypes on the road. In

addition, transit agencies across the globe are running prototype fuel cell buses. Fuel cell vehicles, such as the new

Honda Clarity, can get up to 70 miles (110 km) on a kilogram of hydrogen.[citation needed]

Liquid nitrogen car

Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is a method of storing energy. Energy is used to liquify air, and then LN2 is produced by

evaporation, and distributed. LN2 is exposed to ambient heat in the car and the resulting nitrogen gas can be used to

power a piston or turbine engine. The maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from 1 kg of LN2 is 213

W-hr or 173 W-hr per liter, in which a maximum of 70 W-hr can be utilized with an isothermal expansion process.

Such a vehicle with a 350 liter (93 gallon) tank can achieve ranges similar to a gasoline powered vehicle with a 50liter (13 gallon) tank. Theoretical future engines, using cascading topping cycles, can improve this to around 110
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative_fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_Shuttlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airplanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair_%28hydrogen%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ENVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golf_carthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freight_bicycle_%28hydrogen%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canal_boat_%28hydrogen%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PHB_%28bicycle%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cell_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diesel_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Hydrogen_Energy_Conferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Los_Angeles_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ADSCN1474.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Motors_Sequelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHydrogen_vehicle.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California


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W-hr/kg with a quasi-isothermal expansion process. The advantages are zero harmful emissions and superior energy

densities compared to a Compressed-air vehicle, and a car powered by LN2 can be refilled in a matter of minutes.

Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)

Liquified natural gas is natural gas that has been cooled to a point at which it becomes a cryogenic liquid. In this

liquid state, natural gas is more than 2 times as dense as highly compressed CNG. LNG fuel systems function on anyvehicle capable of burning natural gas. Unlike CNG, which is stored at high pressure (typically 3000 or 3600 psi)

and then regulated to a lower pressure that the engine can accept, LNG is stored at low pressure (50 to 150 psi) and

simply vaporized by a heat exchanger before entering the fuel metering devices to the engine. Because of its high

energy density compared to CNG, it is very suitable for those interested in long ranges while running on natural gas.

In the United States, the LNG supply chain is the main thing that has held back this fuel source from growing

rapidly. The LNG supply chain is very analogous to that of diesel or gasoline. First, pipeline natural gas is liquified

in large quantities, which is analogous to refining gasoline or diesel. Then, the LNG is transported via semi trailer to

fuel stations where it is stored in bulk tanks until it is dispensed into a vehicle. CNG, on the other hand, requires

expensive compression at each station to fill the high pressure cylinder cascades.

Autogas (LPG)

A propane-fueled school bus in the United States.

LPG or liquified petroleum gas is a low pressure liquified gas mixture

composed mainly of propane and butane which burns in conventional

gasoline combustion engines with less CO2

than gasoline. Gasoline

cars can be retrofitted to LPG aka Autogas and become bifuel vehicles

as the gasoline tank stays. You can switch between LPG and gasoline

during operation. Estimated 10 million vehicles running worldwide.

There are 17.473 million LPG powered vehicles worldwide as of

December 2010, and the leading countries are Turkey (2.394 millionvehicles), Poland (2.325 million), and South Korea (2.3 million).

[]In the U.S., 190,000 on-road vehicles use propane,

and 450,000 forklifts use it for power.Whereas it is banned in Pakistan(DEC 2013) as it is considered a risk to public

safety by OGRA.

Hyundai Motor Company began sales of the Elantra LPI Hybrid in the South Korean domestic market in July 2009.

The Elantra LPI (Liquefied Petroleum Injected) is the world's first hybrid electric vehicle to be powered by an

internal combustion engine built to run on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel.

Steam

The Stanley Steam Car

A steam car is a car that has a steam engine. Wood, coal, ethanol,or others can be used as fuel. The fuel is burned in a boiler and the

heat converts water into steam. When the water turns to steam, it

expands. The expansion creates pressure. The pressure pushes the

pistons back and forth. This turns the driveshaft to spin the wheels

forward. It works like a coal-fueled steam train, or steam boat. The

steam car was the next logical step in independent transport.

Steam cars take a long time to start, but some can reach speeds

over 100 mph (161 km/h) eventually. the late model doble could

be brought to operational condition in less than 30 seconds, and

were fast, with high acceleration, but they were ridiculously

expensive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_trainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driveshafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACars-stanleysteamcar-amoswolfe.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Steamerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquefied_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elantra_LPI_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyundai_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquified_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APropane_powered_blue_bird_vision.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquified_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compressed-air_vehicle


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A steam engine uses external combustion, as opposed to internal combustion. Gasoline-powered cars are more

efficient at about 25-28% efficiency. In theory, a combined cycle steam engine in which the burning material is first

used to drive a gas turbine can produce 50% to 60% efficiency. However, practical examples of steam engined cars

work at only around 5-8% efficiency.

The best known and best selling steam-powered car was the Stanley Steamer. It used a compact fire-tube boiler

under the hood to power a simple two-piston engine which was connected directly to the rear axle. Before HenryFord introduced monthly payment financing with great success, cars were typically purchased outright. This is why

the Stanley was kept simple; to keep the purchase price affordable.

Steam produced in refrigeration also can be use by a turbine in other vehicle types to produce electricity, that can be

employed in electric motors or stored in a battery.

Steam power can be combined with a standard oil-based engine to create a hybrid. Water is injected into the cylinder

after the fuel is burned, when the piston is still superheated, often at temperatures of 1500 degrees or more. The

water will instantly be vaporized into steam, taking advantage of the heat that would otherwise be wasted.

Wood gas

Vehicle with a gasifier

Wood gas can be used to power cars with ordinary internal

combustion engines if a wood gasifier is attached. This was quite

popular during World War II in several European and Asian

countries because the war prevented easy and cost-effective access

to oil.

Multiple fuel source
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Flexible fuel

Six typical Brazilian full flex-fuel models from several

carmakers, popularly known as "flex" cars, that run on

any blend of ethanol and gasoline(actually between

E20-E25 to E100).

A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle is an alternative

fuel automobile or light duty truck with a multifuel engine that can

use more than one fuel, usually mixed in the same tank, and the

blend is burned in the combustion chamber together. These

vehicles are colloquially called flex-fuel, or flexifuel in Europe, or

just flex in Brazil. FFVs are distinguished from bi-fuel vehicles,

where two fuels are stored in separate tanks. The most common

commercially available FFV in the world market is the ethanol

flexible-fuel vehicle, with the major markets concentrated in the

United States, Brazil, Sweden, and some other European countries.

In addition to flex-fuel vehicles running with ethanol, in the US

and Europe there were successful test programs with methanol

flex-fuel vehicles, known as M85 FFVs, and more recently there

have been also successful tests using p-series fuels with E85 flex

fuel vehicles, but as of June 2008, this fuel is not yet available to

the general public.

Ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles have standard gasoline engines that

are capable of running with ethanol and gasoline mixed in the

same tank. These mixtures have "E" numbers which describe the

percentage of ethanol in the mixture, for example, E85 is 85%

ethanol and 15% gasoline. (See common ethanol fuel mixtures for more information.) Though technology exists to

allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture up to E100, in the U.S. and Europe, flex-fuel vehicles are optimized to run

on E85. This limit is set to avoid cold starting problems during very cold weather. The alcohol content might be

reduced during the winter, to E70 in the U.S. or to E75 in Sweden. Brazil, with a warmer climate, developed vehiclesthat can run on any mix up to E100, though E20-E25 is the mandatory minimum blend, and no pure gasoline is sold

in the country.

By October 2013 cumulative global sales of flexible-fuel vehicles have reached around 34 million units, led by

Brazil with 20 million automobiles and light trucks, and 3 million flexible-fuel motorcycles, followed by the United

States with about 10 million units, Canada (600,000), and Europe, led by Sweden (229,400). In Brazil, 65% of

flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol fuel regularly in 2009, while, the actual number of American FFVs being

run on E85 is much lower; surveys conducted in the U.S. have found that 68% of American flex-fuel car owners

were not aware they owned an E85 flex. This is thought to be due to a number of factors, including:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E85http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E100http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E85http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P-series_fuelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanol_fuel%23Methanol_fuel_programs_in_the_U.S._and_other_nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colloquialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combustion_chamberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multifuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light_duty_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible-fuel_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASix_full_flex-fuel_Brazilian_automobiles_09_2008.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neat_alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_%28fuel%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil


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Typical labeling used in the US to identify E85 vehicles. Top left: a

small sticker in the back of the fuel filler door. Bottom left: the bright

yellow gas cap used in newer models. E85 Flexfuel badging used in

newer models from Chrysler (top right), Ford (middle right) and GM

(bottom right).

The appearance of flex-fuel and non-flex-fuel

vehicles is identical;

There is no price difference between a pure-gasoline

vehicle and its flex-fuel variant;

The lack of consumer awareness of flex-fuel

vehicles;

The lack of promotion of flex-fuel vehicles by

American automakers, who often do not label the

cars or market them in the same way they do to

hybrid cars

By contrast, automakers selling FFVs in Brazil

commonly affix badges advertising the car as a

flex-fuel vehicle. As of 2007, new FFV models sold in

the U.S. were required to feature a yellow gas cap

emblazoned with the label "E85/gasoline", in order toremind drivers of the cars' flex-fuel capabilities. Use of E85 in the U.S. is also affected by the relatively low number

of E85 filling stations in operation across the country, with just over 1,750 in August 2008, most of which are

concentrated in the Corn Belt states, led by Minnesota with 353 stations, followed by Illinois with 181, and

Wisconsin with 114.[41]

By comparison, there are some 120,000 stations providing regular non-ethanol gasoline in

the United States alone.

US E85FlexFuel Chevrolet Impala LT 2009.

There have been claims that American automakers are motivated

to produce flex-fuel vehicles due to a loophole in the Corporate

Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) requirements, which gives the

automaker a "fuel economy credit" for every flex-fuel vehicle sold,

whether or not the vehicle is actually fueled with E85 in regular

use. This loophole allegedly allows the U.S. auto industry to meet

CAFE fuel economy targets not by developing more fuel-efficient

models, but by spending between $100 and $200 extra per vehicle

to produce a certain number of flex-fuel models, enabling them to

continue selling less fuel-efficient vehicles such as SUVs, which

netted higher profit margins than smaller, more fuel-efficient cars.

In the United States, E85 FFVs are equipped with sensor that automatically detect the fuel mixture, signaling the

ECU to tune spark timing and fuel injection so that fuel will burn cleanly in the vehicle's internal combustion engine.

Originally, the sensors were mounted in the fuel line and exhaust system; more recent models do away with the fuelline sensor. Another feature of older flex-fuel cars is a small separate gasoline storage tank that was used for starting

the car on cold days, when the ethanol mixture made ignition more difficult.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E85http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport_Utility_Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loopholehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AChevrolet_Impala_FlexFuel_34_MIA_12_2008_with_logo.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_Impalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures#E85http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisconsinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minnesotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_Belthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_carshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AThree_US_E85_flex_fuel_badges_Ford_GM_Chrysler_copy.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Motorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Motor_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chryslerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E85


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The Honda CG 150 Titan Mix was the first flex-fuel

motorcycle launched to the market in the world.

Modern Brazilian flex-fuel technology enables FFVs to run an any

blend between E20-E25 gasohol and E100 ethanol fuel, using a

lambda probe to measure the quality of combustion, which

informs the engine control unit as to the exact composition of the

gasoline-alcohol mixture. This technology, developed by the

Brazilian subsidiary of Bosch in 1994, and further improved andcommercially implemented in 2003 by the Italian subsidiary of

Magneti Marelli, is known as "Software Fuel Sensor". The

Brazilian subsidiary of Delphi Automotive Systems developed a

similar technology, known as "Multifuel", based on research conducted at its facility in Piracicaba, So Paulo.[42]

This technology allows the controller to regulate the amount of fuel injected and spark time, as fuel flow needs to be

decreased to avoid detonation due to the high compression ratio (around 12:1) used by flex-fuel engines.

The first flex motorcycle was launched by Honda in March 2009. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda

da Amaznia, the CG 150 Titan Mix is sold for around US$2,700. Because the motorcycle does not have a

secondary gas tank for a cold start like the Brazilian flex cars do, the tank must have at least 20% of gasoline to

avoid start up problems at temperatures below 15C (59F). The motorcycles panel includes a gauge to warn the

driver about the actual ethanol-gasoline mix in the storage tank.

Hybrid

The Toyota Prius is the top selling hybrid electric

vehicle with over 3 million units sold by June

2013.

The Chevrolet Volt/Opel Ampera family is the

world's top selling plug-in hybrid with about

70,000 units sold by mid January 2014.

A hybrid vehicle uses multiple propulsion systems to provide motive

power. The most common type of hybrid vehicle is the

gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles, which use gasoline (petrol) and

electric batteries for the energy used to power internal-combustion

engines (ICEs) and electric motors. These motors are usually relatively

small and would be considered "underpowered" by themselves, butthey can provide a normal driving experience when used in

combination during acceleration and other maneuvers that require

greater power.

The Toyota Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997 and it is sold

worldwide since 2000. By 2010 the Prius is sold in more than 70

countries and regions, with Japan and the United States as its largest

markets. In May 2008, global cumulative Prius sales reached the 1

million units, and by September 2010, the Prius reached worldwide

cumulative sales of 2 million units, and 3 million units by June 2013.

The Honda Insight is a two-seater hatchback hybrid automobile

manufactured by Honda. It was the first mass-produced hybrid

automobile sold in the United States, introduced in 1999, and produced

until 2006. Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in Japan in

February 2009, and the new Insight went on sale in the U.S. on April

22, 2009.[43]

Honda also offers the Honda Civic Hybrid since 2002.

As of December 2013[1], there are over 50 models of hybrid electric

cars available in several world markets, and over 7 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide, led by

Toyota Motor Company (TMC) with more than 6 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold by December 2013,

followed by Honda Motor Co., Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1 million hybrids by September 2012,

and Ford Motor Corporation with more than 277 thousand hybrids sold in the United States by September 2013. The
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world's best selling hybrid is the Toyota Prius, with 3 million units sold by June 2013. Global sales are led by the

United States with over 3 million units sold by October 2013, followed by Japan with over 2.6 million hybrids by

September 2013, and Europe with more than 650,000 units by August 2013.

Until 2010 most plug-in hybrids on the road in the US were conversions of conventional hybrid electric vehicles, and

the most prominent PHEVs were conversions of 2004 or later Toyota Prius, which have had plug-in charging and

more batteries added and their electric-only range extended. Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker BYD Autoreleased the F3DM to the Chinese fleet market in December 2008

[44][45]and began sales to the general public in

Shenzhen in March 2010. General Motors began deliveries of the Chevrolet Volt in the U.S. in December 2010.

Deliveries to retail customers of the Fisker Karma began in the U.S. in November 2011. During 2012, the Toyota

Prius Plug-in Hybrid, Ford C-Max Energi, and Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid were released. The Honda Accord Plug-in

Hybrid, Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Ford Fusion Energi and McLaren P1 (limited edition) were released in 2013.

As of January 2014[1], the Volt/Ampera family of plug-in hybrids, with combined sales of about 70,000 units, is the

top selling plug-in hybrid in the world, and the second best selling plug-in electric car after the Nissan Leaf.

The Elantra LPI Hybrid, launched in the South Korean domestic market in July 2009, is a hybrid vehicle powered by

an internal combustion engine built to run on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel. The Elantra PLI is a mild

hybrid and the first hybrid to adopt advanced lithium polymer (LiPoly) batteries.

Pedal-assisted electric hybrid vehicle

In very small vehicles, the power demand decreases, so human power can be employed to make a significant

improvement in battery life. Two such commercially made vehicles are the Sinclair C5 and TWIKE

References

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php?title=Alternative_fuel_vehicle&action=edit

[2][2] As of 2008

[3][3] As of September 2013, see Graph "Bought flexifuel vehicles"

[4][4] By June 2012 Ford had sold 200,000 full hybrids in the US since 2004.

[5][5] See the section: December 2012 Hybrid Cars Numbers. A total of 434,498 hybrid electric vehicles were sold during 2012. Ford sold 32,543

hybrids in the U.S. during 2012, including 14,100 Ford Fusion Hybrids, 10,935 C-Max Hybrids, 6,067 Lincoln MKZ Hybrids, and 1,441 Ford

Escape Hybrids.

[6][6] See the section: September 2013 Hybrid Car Sales Numbers: A total of 389,910 hybrid vehicles were sold in the U.S. between January and

September 2013.

[7] Select Year 2012 and see total sales from January to December. A total of 266,567 Aquas were sold in 2012.

[8] Select Year 2013 and see total sales from January to September. A total of 208,678 Aquas were sold between January and September 2013.

[9][9] pp. 62-63.

[10][10] , Prius PHEV cumulative sales in Japan totaled 15,400 units and global sales reached 48,600 units.

[11] nycomb.se, Nycomb Chemicals company (http://www.nykomb. se/index.php?s=Chemicals)

[12] http://www.topsoe.com/site.nsf/all/BBNN-5PNJ3F?OpenDocument topsoe.com

[13] http:/

/

www.

sciencedirect.

com/

science/

article/

pii/

S0378775305007846[14] http://www.japantransport.com/conferences/2006/03/dme_detailed_information.pdf, Conference on the Development and Promotion

of Environmentally Friendly Heavy Duty Vehicles such as DME Trucks, Washington DC, March 17, 2006

[15] http://www.biodme.eu/

[16] Biofuels in the European Union, 2006 (http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/draft_vision_report_en.pdf)

[17] http://www.volvo. com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/NewsItemPage.htm?channelId=2184&ItemID=47984&

sl=en-gb

[18] http://www.volvo. com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+ group/ourvalues/environment/renewable_fuels/biodme/biodme. htm

[19] Chemrec press release September 9, 2010 (http://www.chemrec.se/admin/UploadFile.aspx?path=/UserUploadFiles/Pressreleaser 2010/

The-first-BioDME-plant-in-the-world-inaugurated_1.pdf)

[20][20] CBC National News Nov. 6, 2006

[21][21] Hunt, V, D, The Gasohol Handbook, Industrial Press Inc., 1981, pp 9, 420,421, 442

[22][22] Oxfam Briefing Paper 114.

[23] Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008. See Letters to Science by Wang and Haq. There are critics to these

findings for assuming a worst case scenario.

[24][24] Originally published online in Science Express on 7 February 2008. There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst case scenario
http://www.chemrec.se/admin/UploadFile.aspx?path=/UserUploadFiles/Pressreleaser%202010/The-first-BioDME-plant-in-the-world-inaugurated_1.pdfhttp://www.chemrec.se/admin/UploadFile.aspx?path=/UserUploadFiles/Pressreleaser%202010/The-first-BioDME-plant-in-the-world-inaugurated_1.pdfhttp://www.chemrec.se/admin/UploadFile.aspx?path=/UserUploadFiles/Pressreleaser%202010/The-first-BioDME-plant-in-the-world-inaugurated_1.pdfhttp://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/volvo+group/ourvalues/environment/renewable_fuels/biodme/biodme.htmhttp://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/NewsItemPage.htm?channelId=2184&ItemID=47984&sl=en-gbhttp://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/pressreleases/NewsItemPage.htm?channelId=2184&ItemID=47984&sl=en-gbhttp://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/draft_vision_report_en.pdfhttp://www.biodme.eu/http://www.japantransport.com/conferences/2006/03/dme_detailed_information.pdf,http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775305007846http://www.topsoe.com/site.nsf/all/BBNN-5PNJ3F?OpenDocumenthttp://www.nykomb.se/index.php?s=Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_fuel_vehicle&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWIKEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinclair_C5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium_polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mild_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mild_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquefied_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elantra_LPI_Hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_electric_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chevrolet_Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_fuel_vehicle&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McLar

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