alterations in oxygenation 1

8/9/2019 Alterations in Oxygenation 1

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Alterations In OxygenationAlterations In Oxygenation

Gas Transport: CardiovascularGas Transport: Cardiovascular

SystemSystem


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Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

The major function of the cardiovascularThe major function of the cardiovascularsystem is transportation. Using blood assystem is transportation. Using blood asthe transport vehicle, the system cariesthe transport vehicle, the system cariesoxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones andoxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones andmany other substances vital for bodymany other substances vital for body

homeostasis to and from the cells.homeostasis to and from the cells. The force to move the blood around theThe force to move the blood around the

body is provided by the beating heart.body is provided by the beating heart.


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The HeartThe Heart


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The Heart: Coverings and WallThe Heart: Coverings and Wall

Three layers of the heart wallsThree layers of the heart walls* Epicardium* Epicardium the outer part, it is composedthe outer part, it is composed

of the visceral and parietal pericardium orof the visceral and parietal pericardium orepicardiumepicardium

* Endocardium* Endocardium the innermost, is a thinthe innermost, is a thinglistening sheet of endothelium that lines theglistening sheet of endothelium that lines theheart chambers.heart chambers.

-- it is continuous with theit is continuous with the

linings of the blood vessels leaving and enteringlinings of the blood vessels leaving and enteringthe heartthe heart

*Myocardium*Myocardium-- consists of thick bundles ofconsists of thick bundles ofcardiac muscles. It is the layer that contracts.cardiac muscles. It is the layer that contracts.


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The Heart: ChambersThe Heart: Chambers

The hearthas four hollow chambers orThe hearthas four hollow chambers orcavities:cavities:

-- two atria and two ventriclestwo atria and two ventricles

* the superior atria are primarily* the superior atria are primarilyreceiving chambers, and they are notreceiving chambers, and they are notimportant in the pumping activity of theimportant in the pumping activity of theheartheart

* The inferior, thick walled ventricles are* The inferior, thick walled ventricles arethe discharging chambers, or actual pumpsthe discharging chambers, or actual pumpsof the heartof the heart


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The Heart: ValvesThe Heart: Valves

Atrioventricular Valves or AV valvesAtrioventricular Valves or AV valves-- located between the atrial and ventricularlocated between the atrial and ventricular

chambers on each sidechambers on each side

-- the AV valves prevent backflow into thethe AV valves prevent backflow into the

atria when the ventricles contractatria when the ventricles contract* Bicuspid or Mitral Valve: consist of two cusps* Bicuspid or Mitral Valve: consist of two cusps

* Tricuspid Valve: consist of three cusps* Tricuspid Valve: consist of three cusps

Semilunar ValvesSemilunar Valves

-- guards the bases of the two large arteriesguards the bases of the two large arteriesleaving the ventricular chambersleaving the ventricular chambers

* Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve: eachhas* Pulmonary Valve and Aortic Valve: eachhasthree cuspsthree cusps


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As the heart contracts, blood pressure buildsAs the heart contracts, blood pressure builds

and pushes blood up against t

he pulmonary valve,and pus

hes blood up against t

he pulmonary valve,forcing it to open. As the heart relaxes betweenforcing it to open. As the heart relaxes between

one beat and the next, blood pressure falls. Bloodone beat and the next, blood pressure falls. Bloodflows back from the pulmonary artery, forcing theflows back from the pulmonary artery, forcing thepulmonary valve to close, and preventingpulmonary valve to close, and preventing

backflow of bloodbackflow of blood


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Cardiac CirculationCardiac Circulation


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The Blood VesselsThe Blood Vessels

Blood vessels circulate blood throug

hthe body.Blood vessels circulate blood t

hroug

hthe body.The three major types of blood vessels are theThe three major types of blood vessels are the

arteries, veins, and capillaries.arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, whileArteries carry blood away from the heart, while

veins carry blood toward the heart.veins carry blood toward the heart. Capillaries form at the junction between arteriesCapillaries form at the junction between arteries

and veins and they are the only blood vessel toand veins and they are the only blood vessel tocome into direct contact with tissue cells.come into direct contact with tissue cells.

Oxygen, nutrients, and other substancesOxygen, nutrients, and other substances

transported in blood through the arteries passtransported in blood through the arteries passthrough thin capillary walls into tissue cells.through thin capillary walls into tissue cells.Wastes and other products of cellularWastes and other products of cellularmetabolism pass from cells back through themetabolism pass from cells back through the

capillary walls and into veins.capillary walls and into veins.


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The Blood VesselsThe Blood Vessels The walls of arteries and veins are composed ofThe walls of arteries and veins are composed of

three tunics (layers) that surround a central openingthree tunics (layers) that surround a central openingcalled a lumen, through which blood flows:called a lumen, through which blood flows:

* The innermost layer is the tunica intima,* The innermost layer is the tunica intima,composed of endothelial cells that form a slick liningcomposed of endothelial cells that form a slick lining

that minimizes friction as blood moves through thethat minimizes friction as blood moves through thelumen.lumen.

** The middle layer is the tunica media.The middle layer is the tunica media.Composed of smooth muscle cells and sheets ofComposed of smooth muscle cells and sheets of

elastic tissue, this layer enables the lumen to narrowelastic tissue, this layer enables the lumen to narrowor widen to regulate blood flow in the body.or widen to regulate blood flow in the body.

* The tunica adventitia forms a protective outer* The tunica adventitia forms a protective outerlayer of the blood vessel wall and it also anchors thelayer of the blood vessel wall and it also anchors theblood vessel to surrounding structures.blood vessel to surrounding structures.


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The Blood VesselsThe Blood Vessels


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Every step of success is a food for theEvery step of success is a food for theheartheart

alterations in oxygenation 1

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