all cells in a person have the same dna yet eye cells differ from nose cells central dogma of...
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All cells in a person have the same DNAYet eye cells differ from nose cells
Central dogma of biologyGenetic engineeri
ng
Tissue therapy
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Other Cells
Matrix MoleculesSelf-Renewal
Soluble Factors
Differentiation
Little, et al. Chemical Reviews (2008).
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Low stress levels Regular exercise Enriching experiences Learning new information Healthy diets: rich in antioxidants Avoid excessive drinking
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Skin cells iPS cells
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Are fully differentiated cells Can not become any other cell type Can only divide to make more
fibroblasts Contact inhibition
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Randomly inserts DNA into genome of cells
Can make special retroviruses with whatever gene you want
Can’t really control how many copies of genes
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Only turn on a drug resistance gene when stem cell state
Do this by using a gene that is only expressed in stem cells
Add drug resistance to promoter region of that gene
Takes around 16 days for resistance gene to be expressed- some secondary change
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Sox2- Self Renewal Oct4- Differentiation switch Klf4- p53 pathway, Oncogene c-Myc- Global Histone Acetylation,
Oncogene
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Without Oct 3/4 or Klf: no colonies Without Sox2: rough morphology Without c-Myc: flatter cells, now know
actually can do without c-myc-just very low efficiency
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Tried to inject into blastocyst to make baby mice but failed
Final and best test of pluripotency
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Still working with mouse model Used different drug selection marker Same 4 genes Much more closely resemble ES cells
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Treatment of DNA with bisulfite converts cytosine residues to uracil, but leaves 5-methylcytosine residues unaffected
Introduces specific changes in the DNA sequence that depend on the methylation status of individual cytosine residues
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Used Oct3/4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28
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Used the animal’s own cells- no immune rejection!
Transfected with all four genes, but c-myc taken out after time- prevent tumors!
Sickle Cell Anemia has known genetic basis-so target that gene and change it back to normal!
Inject it back into the animal after radiation to reconstitute the whole blood system!
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Any disease with a single genetic mutation could be easily cured!
Tissue regeneration after accidents or diseases
“Nanobots” Companies have already started
testing iPS for therapy
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No way FDA will approve a therapy with an oncogene
Use of retroviruses can lead to mutations and cancers
So many changes in the DNA can be harmful
Probably hard to target to some areas