all about india-history, geography,climate, economy

8/10/2019 all about india-history, geography,climate, economy

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IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, seeIndia (disambiguation).

Republic of India

Bhrat Ganarjya

Flag Emblem

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]

Anthem:Jana Gana Mana

"Thou art the rulers o the min!s o all people"[][#]

National song:

Vande Mataram

"$ %o& to Thee' other"[a][1][#]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyameva_Jayatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Manahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Manahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20031-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-india.gov.in-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-india.gov.in-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyameva_Jayatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Manahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20031-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-india.gov.in-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-india.gov.in-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_(disambiguation)


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Area ontrolle! by $n!ia sho&n in !ark green*

laime! but unontrolle! regions sho&n in light green+

Capital ,e& -elhi

./#0+., 22/1+3E

Largest city umbai

Official languagesHindi

English

[sho&]

4eognise! regional languages th !chedule[sho&]

National language ,one

"emonym $n!ian

#o$ernment Fe!eralparliamentary

onstitutional republi [1]

5

6resi!ent 6ranab ukher7ee

5

8ie 6resi!ent ohamma! 9ami!

Ansari

5

6rime inister ,aren!ra o!i(%J6)

5

:hie Justie 9+ ;+ -attu[0]

5

Speaker o the 9ouse Sumitra aha7an(%J6)

Legislature 6arliament o $n!ia

5

3@
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=India&params=28_36.8_N_77_12.5_E_type:countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hamid_Ansarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hamid_Ansarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Dattuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Dattuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitra_Mahajanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitra_Mahajanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=India&params=28_36.8_N_77_12.5_E_type:countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Informatics_Centre2005-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hamid_Ansarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hamid_Ansarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra_Modihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._L._Dattuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitra_Mahajanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic


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5

:urrent Statehoo! June @1?

Area

5

Total #'.2'3>@[2]km[b](2th)

1'0>'#?0 s mi

5

Bater (C) >+0

&opulation

5

@11 ensus 1'1@'1>#'?[.](n!)

5

-ensity #.@+1Dkm(#1st)

>.?+?Ds mi

#"&(666) @1? estimate

5

Total 2+22 trillion[>](#r!)

5

6er apita 3'222[>](1##r!)

#"&(nominal) @1? estimate

5

Total +@?2 trillion [>](1@th)

5

6er apita 1'03[>](1?#r!)

#ini(@1@) ##+>[1@]

me!ium'2>th

H"I(@1#) @+3.0[11]

me!ium'1#3th

Currency $n!ian rupee( ) ($,4)

(ime )one $ST(1

I!O *+,, code $,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Home_Affairs2011-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-wb-gini-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-UN-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:INhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Home_Affairs2011-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-imf2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-wb-gini-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-UN-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Indexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN


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Internet (L" +in

other (L"s[sho&]

India( i/n d i/), officially the Republic of India(Bhrat Ganarja),[12][c]is a country inSouth sia! "tis the se#enth$lar%estcountry &y area, thesecond$most populouscountry 'ith o#er 1!2 &illion

people, and the most populousdemocracyin the 'orld! ounded &y the "ndian ceanon the south,thera&ian Seaon the south$'est, and the ay of en%alon the south$east, it shares land &orders'ith*akistanto the 'est+[d]hina,-epal, and hutanto the north$east+andurmaand an%ladeshto the east! "n the "ndian cean, "ndia is in the #icinity ofSri .ankaandthealdi#es+ in addition, "ndia0sndaman and -ico&ar "slandsshare a maritime &order'ithhailandand "ndonesia!

ome to the ancient "ndus 3alley i#ilisationand a re%ion of historic trade routes and #ast empires,the"ndian su&continent'as identified 'ith its commercial and cultural 'ealth for much of its lon%history![14]Four 'orld reli%ions5induism, uddhism,6ainism, and Sikhism5ori%inated here,'hereas6udaism,7oroastrianism, hristianity, and"slamarri#ed in the 1st millennium 8and alsohelped shape the re%ion0s di#erse culture!9radually anne:ed &y and &rou%ht under theadministration of theritish 8ast "ndia ompanyfrom the early 1;th century andadministereddirectly &y the th century, "ndia &ecame an independent nation in1>?@ after a stru%%le for independencethat 'as marked &y non$#iolent resistanceled &yahatma9andhi!

he "ndian economyis the 'orld0s tenth$lar%est &y nominal 9A*and third$lar%est &y purchasin%po'er parity(***)![1?]Follo'in%market$&ased economic reformsin 1>>1, "ndia &ecame one ofthefastest$%ro'in% maBor economies+ it is considered a ne'ly industrialised country! o'e#er, itcontinues to face the challen%es of po#erty,corruption,malnutrition,inadeCuate pu&lic healthcare,andterrorism! nuclear 'eapons stateand a re%ional po'er,it has thethird$lar%est standin%armyin the 'orld and ranks ninth in military e:penditureamon% nations! "ndia isa federalconstitutional repu&lic%o#erned under a parliamentary systemconsistin% of 2> states and @union territories!"ndia is apluralistic, multilin%ual,and a multi$ethnic society! "t is also home to adi#ersity of 'ildlifein a #ariety of protected ha&itats!

Contents

[hide]

1 8tymolo%y

2 istory

o 2!1 ncient "ndia

o 2!2 edie#al "ndia

o 2!4 8arly modern "ndia

o 2!? odern "ndia

4 9eo%raphy

? iodi#ersity
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ia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(international_relations)#Power_as_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(international_relations)#Power_as_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Ancient_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Medieval_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Early_modern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Modern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Biodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-India.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldiveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199816.E2.80.9317-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-violent_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate_(latest_year)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialised_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(international_relations)#Power_as_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_troopshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Ancient_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Medieval_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Early_modern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Modern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Biodiversity


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D *olitics

o D!1 9o#ernment

o D!2 Su&di#isions

E Forei%n relations and military

@ 8conomy

; Aemo%raphics

> ulture

o >!1 rt and architecture

o >!2 .iterature

o >!4 *erformin% arts

o >!? otion pictures

o >!D Society

o >!E lothin%

o >!@ Sport

1 See also

11 -otes

12 Geferences

14 i&lio%raphy

1? 8:ternal links

Etymology

!ain article"#ames of Indiahe name Indiais deri#ed from the ld *ersian'ord$indu, #ia 9reek %&' and .atin India, all of'hich &roadly referred to re%ions in South sia!he name ultimately stems fromtheSanskrit'ord indhu, 'hich refers to a ri#er in %eneral, and more specifically 'as the historicallocal appellation for the "ndus Gi#er![1D]he %eo%raphical term Bharat(pronounced[ & a r ] t ( listen)),'hich is reco%nised &y the onstitution of "ndiaas an official name for the country,[1E]is used&y many "ndian lan%ua%esin its #ariations! harata, a le%endary ruler in the epic !ahabharataandother reli%ious and literary te:ts, is %enerally re%arded as the eponymfor that name![1@][1;]$industan([ n s a n] d t ( listen)+ lit! H.and of the indusH), also deri#ed from *ersian, traditionally
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Subdivisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Foreign_relations_and_militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Art_and_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Motion_pictureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_DictionaryIndia.2C_n.-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Hi-Bharat.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Hi-Bharat.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Hi-Bharat.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Law_and_Justice_2008-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Law_and_Justice_2008-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Republic_of_India_in_its_official_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_(emperor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1959.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.83-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck201247-63-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Hindustan.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Hindustan.ogghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Hindustan.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Subdivisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Foreign_relations_and_militaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Art_and_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Motion_pictureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Sporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_DictionaryIndia.2C_n.-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Hi-Bharat.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Law_and_Justice_2008-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Republic_of_India_in_its_official_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharata_(emperor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1959.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.83-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEck201247-63-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urduhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Hindustan.ogg


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7/28

[??]he empire 'as once thou%ht to ha#e controlled most of the su&continent e:ceptin% the far south,&ut its core re%ions are no' thou%ht to ha#e &een separated &y lar%e autonomous areas![?D][?E]heauryan kin%s are kno'n as much for their empire$&uildin% and determined mana%ement of pu&liclife as forshoka0s renunciation of militarism and far$flun% ad#ocacy of the uddhist dhamma![?@][?;]

he San%am literatureof the amil lan%ua%ere#eals that, &et'een 2 8 and 2 8, thesouthern peninsula 'as &ein% ruled &y the heras, the holas, and the*andyas,dynasties thattraded e:tensi#ely 'ith the Goman 8mpireand 'ithWestand South$8ast sia![?>][D]"n -orth "ndia,induism asserted patriarchal control 'ithin the family, leadin% to increased su&ordination of 'omen![D1][??]y the ?th and Dth centuries, the 9upta 8mpirehad created in the %reater 9an%es *lain acomple: system of administration and ta:ation that &ecame a model for later "ndian kin%doms! [D2][D4]


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took the initiati#e as 'ell, 'ith many soBournin% in "ndian seminaries and translatin% uddhist andindu te:ts into their lan%ua%es! [E]

fter the 1th century, uslim entral sian nomadic clans, usin% s'ift$horseca#alry and raisin%#ast armies united &y ethnicity and reli%ion, repeatedly o#erran South sia0s north$'estern plains,leadin% e#entually to the esta&lishment of the "slamic Aelhi Sultanatein 12E![E1]he sultanate 'asto control much of -orth "ndia, and to make many forays into South "ndia! lthou%h at first disrupti#efor the "ndian elites, the sultanate lar%ely left its #ast non$uslim su&Bect population to its o'n la'sand customs![E2][E4]y repeatedly repulsin%on%ol raidersin the 14th century, the sultanate sa#ed"ndia from the de#astation #isited on West and entral sia, settin% the scene for centuries ofmi%ration of fleein% soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that re%ion intothe su&continent, there&y creatin% a syncretic "ndo$"slamic culture in the north! [E?][ED]he sultanate0sraidin% and 'eakenin% of the re%ional kin%doms of South "ndia pa#ed the 'ay for theindi%enous3iBayana%ara 8mpire![EE]8m&racin% a stron% Shai#itetradition and &uildin% upon themilitary technolo%y of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular "ndia, [E@]and 'asto influence South "ndian society for lon% after'ards![EE]

Early modern India

Writin% the 'ill and testament of the u%hal kin% court in *ersian, 1D>I1D>D

"n the early 1Eth century, northern "ndia, &ein% then under mainly uslim rulers, [E;]fell a%ain to thesuperior mo&ility and firepo'er of a ne' %eneration of entral sian 'arriors![E>]he resultin% u%hal8mpiredid not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, &ut rather &alanced and pacified themthrou%h ne' administrati#e practices[@][@1]and di#erse and inclusi#e rulin% elites,[@2]leadin% to moresystematic, centralised, and uniform rule![@4]8sche'in% tri&al &onds and "slamic identity, especiallyunderk&ar,the u%hals united their far$flun% realms throu%h loyalty, e:pressed throu%h a*ersianised culture, to an emperor 'ho had near$di#ine status![@2]he u%hal state0s economicpolicies, deri#in% most re#enues from a%riculture [@?]and mandatin% that ta:es &e paid in the 'ell$re%ulated sil#er currency,[@D]caused peasants and artisans to enter lar%er markets![@4]he relati#epeace maintained &y the empire durin% much of the 1@th century 'as a factor in "ndia0s economice:pansion,[@4]resultin% in %reater patrona%e of paintin%, literary forms, te:tiles, and architecture![@E]-e'ly coherent social %roups in northern and 'estern "ndia, such as the arathas, the GaBputs,and the Sikhs, %ained military and %o#ernin% am&itions durin% u%hal rule, 'hich, throu%hcolla&oration or ad#ersity, %a#e them &oth reco%nition and military e:perience![@@]8:pandin%commerce durin% u%hal rule %a#e rise to ne' "ndian commercial and political elites alon% the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998127.E2.80.93128-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courser_(horse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200268-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200268-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf20066-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200267-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850.E2.80.9351-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200612-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200612-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200180-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998164-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008115-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200190.E2.80.9391-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008158-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998169-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998169-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008186-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623.E2.80.9324-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998127.E2.80.93128-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courser_(horse)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200268-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf20066-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200267-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850.E2.80.9351-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200612-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200853-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200180-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998164-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008115-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200190.E2.80.9391-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200617-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008158-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998169-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008152-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008186-80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623.E2.80.9324-81


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coasts of southern and eastern "ndia! [@@]s the empire disinte%rated, many amon% these elites 'erea&le to seek and control their o'n affairs![@;]he Hsin%le most important po'erH that emer%ed in theearly modern period 'as thearatha confederacy![@>]

y the early 1;th century, 'ith the lines &et'een commercial and political dominance &ein%increasin%ly &lurred, a num&er of 8uropean tradin% companies, includin% the 8n%lish 8ast "ndiaompany, had esta&lished coastal outposts! [;][;1]he 8ast "ndia ompany0s control of the seas,%reater resources, and more ad#anced military trainin% and technolo%y led it to increasin%ly fle: itsmilitary muscle and caused it to &ecome attracti#e to a portion of the "ndian elite+ &oth these factors'ere crucial in allo'in% the ompany to %ain control o#er the en%alre%ion &y 1@ED and sideline theother 8uropean companies![;2][;][;4][;?]"ts further access to the riches of en%al and the su&seCuentincreased stren%th and siJe of its army ena&led it to anne: or su&due most of "ndia &y the 1;2s![;D]"ndia 'as then no lon%er e:portin% manufactured %oods as it lon% had, &ut 'as instead supplyin%the ritish empire 'ith ra' materials, and many historians consider this to &e the onset of "ndia0scolonial period![;]y this time, 'ith its economic po'er se#erely curtailed &y the ritish parliamentand itself effecti#ely made an arm of ritish administration, the ompany &e%an to more consciouslyenter non$economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture![;E]

Modern India

he ritish "ndian 8mpire, from the 1>> edition ofThe Imperial Ga*etteer of India!reas directly %o#erned &y the

ritish are shaded pink+ theprincely statesunder ritish suJeraintyare in yello'!

istorians consider "ndia0s modern a%e to ha#e &e%un sometime &et'een 1;?; and 1;;D! heappointment in 1;?; of .ord Aalhousieas 9o#ernor 9eneral of the8ast "ndia ompanyset thesta%e for chan%es essential to a modern state! hese included the consolidation and demarcation ofso#erei%nty, the sur#eillance of the population, and the educationof citiJens! echnolo%ical chan%es5amon% them, rail'ays, canals, and the tele%raph5'ere introduced not lon% after their introductionin 8urope![;@][;;][;>][>]o'e#er, disaffection 'ith the ompany also %re' durin% this time, and set offthe"ndian Ge&ellion of 1;D@! Fed &y di#erse resentments and perceptions, includin% in#asi#e ritish$style social reforms, harsh land ta:es, and summary treatment of some rich lando'ners and princes,the re&ellion rocked many re%ions of northern and central "ndia and shook the foundations ofompany rule![>1][>2]lthou%h the re&ellion 'as suppressed &y 1;D;, it led to the dissolution of the8ast "ndia ompany and to the direct administration of "ndia&y the ritish %o#ernment! *roclaimin%

a unitary state and a %radual &ut limited ritish$style parliamentary system, the ne' rulers alsoprotected princes and landed %entry as a feudal safe%uard a%ainst future unrest! [>4][>?]"n the decadesfollo'in%, pu&lic life %radually emer%ed all o#er "ndia, leadin% e#entually to the foundin% of the"ndian-ational on%ressin 1;;D![>D][>E][>@][>;]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623.E2.80.9324-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008256-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200644.E2.80.9349-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200644.E2.80.9349-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200198.E2.80.93100-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden2002128.E2.80.93132-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden2002128.E2.80.93132-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200651.E2.80.9355-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200668.E2.80.9371-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008289-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzeraintyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Education_Act_1835http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001151.E2.80.93152-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001151.E2.80.93152-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200694.E2.80.9399-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200694.E2.80.9399-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199483-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199483-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200650-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100.E2.80.93103-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199485.E2.80.9386-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998239-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006103.E2.80.93108-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006103.E2.80.93108-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001183-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar19831.E2.80.934-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland2001ix.E2.80.93x-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006123-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200623.E2.80.9324-81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008256-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200644.E2.80.9349-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb200198.E2.80.93100-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden2002128.E2.80.93132-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200651.E2.80.9355-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200668.E2.80.9371-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008286-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot2008289-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzeraintyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Education_Act_1835http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001151.E2.80.93152-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200694.E2.80.9399-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199483-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeers200650-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006100.E2.80.93103-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199485.E2.80.9386-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998239-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006103.E2.80.93108-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb2001183-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar19831.E2.80.934-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland2001ix.E2.80.93x-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006123-102


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6a'aharlal -ehru(left) &ecame "ndia0s first prime minister in 1>?@!ahatma 9andhi(ri%ht) led the independence

mo#ement!

he rush of technolo%y and the commercialisation of a%riculture in the second half of the 1>thcentury 'as marked &y economic set&acks5many small farmers &ecame dependent on the 'himsof far$a'ay markets![>>]here 'as an increase in the num&er of lar%e$scalefamines,[1]and, despitethe risks of infrastructure de#elopment &orne &y "ndian ta:payers, little industrial employment 'as%enerated for "ndians![11]here 'ere also salutary effectsK commercial croppin%, especially in the

ne'ly canalled *unBa&, led to increased food production for internal consumption! [12]he rail'aynet'ork pro#ided critical famine relief, [14]nota&ly reduced the cost of mo#in% %oods,[14]and helpednascent "ndian$o'ned industry![12]fter World War ", in 'hich some one million "ndians ser#ed,[1?]ane' period &e%an! "t 'as marked &y ritish reforms &ut also repressi#e le%islation, &y more strident"ndian calls for self$rule, and &y the &e%innin%s of a non$#iolent mo#ement of non$cooperation, of'hich ohandas =aramchand 9andhi'ould &ecome the leader and endurin% sym&ol![1D]Aurin% the1>4s, slo' le%islati#e reform 'as enacted &y the ritish+ the "ndian -ational on%ress 'on#ictories in the resultin% elections! [1E]he ne:t decade 'as &eset 'ith crisesK "ndian participation inWorld War "", the on%ress0s final push for non$cooperation, and an upsur%e of uslim nationalism!

ll 'ere capped &y the ad#ent of independence in 1>?@, &ut tempered &y the partition of "ndiaintot'o statesK "ndia and *akistan![1@]

3ital to "ndia0s self$ima%e as an independent nation 'as its constitution, completed in 1>D, 'hich

put in place a secular and democratic repu&lic![1;]"n the E years since, "ndia has had a mi:edrecord of successes and failures! [1>]"t has remained a democracy 'ith ci#il li&erties, an acti#eSupreme ourt, and a lar%ely independent press![1>]8conomic li&eralisation, 'hich 'as &e%un in the1>>s, has created a lar%e ur&an middle class, transformed "ndia into one of the 'orld0s fastest$%ro'in% economies,[11]and increased its %eopolitical clout! "ndian mo#ies, music, and spiritualteachin%s play an increasin% role in %lo&al culture![1>]Let, "ndia is also shaped &y seemin%lyunyieldin% po#erty, &oth rural and ur&an+ [1>]&y reli%iousandcaste$related #iolence+[111]&y aoist$inspired -a:alite insur%encies+[112]and &y separatism in 6ammu and =ashmirandin -ortheast "ndia![114]"t has unresol#ed territorial disputes 'ith hina,[11?]and 'ith*akistan![11?]he "ndiaI*akistannuclear ri#alry came to a head in 1>>;![11D]"ndia0s sustained democratic freedoms are uniCue amon%the 'orld0s ne' nations+ ho'e#er, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from 'ant forits disad#anta%ed population remains a %oal yet to &e achie#ed! [11E]

Geography!ain article"Geograph of India

ee also" Geolog of India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998260-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998260-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseJalal2011117-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998258-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006163-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006167-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006195.E2.80.93197-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006203-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006231-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006231-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_growth_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_growth_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_Agriculture-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_Agriculture-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006266.E2.80.93270-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006266.E2.80.93270-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006253-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006253-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006274-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations#1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations#1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247.E2.80.93248-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247.E2.80.93248-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006293.E2.80.93295-119http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006304-120http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998260-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseJalal2011117-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein1998258-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf200697-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006126-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006163-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006167-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006195.E2.80.93197-110http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006203-111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006231-112http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_growth_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_growth_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Department_of_Agriculture-114http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006265.E2.80.93266-113http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006266.E2.80.93270-115http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006253-116http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006274-117http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations#1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247.E2.80.93248-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006247.E2.80.93248-118http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006293.E2.80.93295-119http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006304-120http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_India


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topo%raphic map of "ndia

"ndia comprises the &ulk of the "ndian su&continent, lyin% atop the "ndian tectonic plate, and part ofthe"ndo$ustralian *late![11@]"ndia0s definin% %eolo%ical processes &e%an @D million years a%o 'henthe "ndian plate, then part of the southern supercontinent 9ond'ana, &e%an a north$

east'arddriftcaused &y seafloor spreadin%to its south$'est, and later, south and south$east![11@]Simultaneously, the #astethynoceanic crust,to its northeast, &e%an tosu&ductunderthe8urasian plate![11@]hese dual processes, dri#en &y con#ection in the 8arth0s mantle, &oth createdthe"ndian ceanand caused the "ndiancontinental cruste#entually to under$thrust 8urasia and touplift theimalayas![11@]"mmediately south of the emer%in% imalayas, plate mo#ement created a#ast trou%hthat rapidly filled 'ith ri#er$&orne sediment[11;]and no' constitutes the"ndo$9an%etic*lain![11>]ut off from the plain &y the ancientra#alli Gan%elies thehar Aesert![12]

he ori%inal "ndian plate sur#i#es aspeninsular "ndia, the oldest and %eolo%ically most sta&le part of"ndia! "t e:tends as far north as theSatpuraand 3indhyaran%es in central "ndia! hese parallelchains run from the ra&ian Sea coast in 9uBarat in the 'est to the coal$richhota -a%pur*lateauin 6harkhand in the east![121]o the south, the remainin% peninsular landmass, the Aeccan*lateau, is flanked on the 'est and east &y coastal ran%es kno'n as theWesternand 8astern9hats+[122]the plateau contains the country0s oldest rock formations, some o#er one &illion years old!onstituted in such fashion, "ndia lies to the north of the eCuator &et'een EM ??0 and 4DM 40 northlatitude[e]and E;M @0 and >@M 2D0 east lon%itude! [124]

he =edar Gan%e of the 9reater imalayas rises &ehind=edarnath emple("ndian state of ? kilometres (1,4 mi) to the ndaman, -ico&ar, and.akshad'eep island chains![12?]ccordin% to the "ndian na#al hydro%raphic charts, the mainlandcoastline consists of the follo'in%K ?4N sandy &eaches+ 11N rocky shores, includin% cliffs+ and?EN mudflatsor marshy shores![12?]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Australian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Australian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor_spreadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg7-122http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg7-122http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash_et_al.2000-123http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravalli_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg11-124http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpura_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpura_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpura_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg8-125http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg9.E2.80.9310-126http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-127http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-127http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting20071-128http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotirlingahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotirlingahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotirlingahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Australian_Platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor_spreadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-121http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_(geology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg7-122http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash_et_al.2000-123http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravalli_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg11-124http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satpura_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Rangehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg8-125http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshit_.26_Schwartzberg9.E2.80.9310-126http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-127http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting20071-128http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedarnath_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotirlingahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumarPathakPednekarRaju2006-129


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aBor imalayan$ori%in ri#ers that su&stantially flo' throu%h "ndia include the 9an%esandtherahmaputra,&oth of 'hich drain into theay of en%al![12D]"mportant tri&utaries of the 9an%esinclude the Lamunaand the =osi+the latter0s e:tremely lo' %radient often leads to se#ere floods andcourse chan%es![12E]aBor peninsular ri#ers, 'hose steeper %radients pre#ent their 'aters fromfloodin%, include the9oda#ari, theahanadi, the =a#eri, and the=rishna, 'hich also drain into theay of en%al+[12@]and the -armadaand the apti,'hich drain into thera&ian Sea![12;]oastal

features include the marshy Gann of =utchof 'estern "ndia and the allu#ialSundar&ansdelta ofeastern "ndia+ the latter is shared 'ith an%ladesh! [12>]"ndia has t'o archipela%osK the.akshad'eep,coral atolls off "ndia0s south$'estern coast+ and the ndaman and -ico&ar "slands, a #olcanic chainin thendaman Sea![14]

he "ndian climateis stron%ly influenced &y the imalayas and the har Aesert, &oth of 'hich dri#ethe economically and culturally pi#otal summer and 'intermonsoons![141]he imalayas pre#ent coldentral siankata&atic 'indsfrom &lo'in% in, keepin% the &ulk of the "ndian su&continent 'armerthan most locations at similar latitudes! [142][144]he har Aesert plays a crucial role in attractin% themoisture$laden south$'est summer monsoon 'inds that, &et'een 6une and cto&er, pro#ide themaBority of "ndia0s rainfall![141]Four maBor climatic %roupin%s predominate in "ndiaK tropical 'et,tropicaldry,su&tropical humid, and montane![14?]

Biodiversity!ain article"+ildlife of India

Sholahi%hlands are found in=udremukh -ational *ark,hikma%alur'hich is part of the Western 9hats!

"ndia lies 'ithin the "ndomalaya ecoJoneand contains three &iodi#ersity hotspots![14D]ne of1@me%adi#erse countries,it hosts ;!EN of all mammalian, 14!@N of all a#ian, @!>N of all reptilian,EN of all amphi&ian, 12!2N of all piscine, and E!N of all flo'erin% plant species! [14E][14@]8ndemismishi%h amon% plants, 44N, and amon% ecore%ionssuch as the sholaforests![14;]a&itat ran%es fromthetropical rainforestof thendaman "slands,Western 9hats, and -orth$8ast "ndiatotheconiferous forestof the imalaya! et'een these e:tremes lie the moist deciduous salforest ofeastern "ndia+ the dry deciduousteakforest of central and southern "ndia+ and the&a&ul$dominated thorn forestof the central Aeccan and 'estern 9an%etic plain! [14>]


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animal species, or 2!>N of endan%ered forms! [1?4]hese include thesiatic lion, theen%al ti%er, andthe"ndian White$rumped #ulture, 'hich, &y in%estin% the carrion of diclofenac$laced cattle, nearly'ent e:tinct!

he per#asi#e and ecolo%ically de#astatin% human encroachment of recent decades has criticallyendan%ered "ndian 'ildlife! "n response the system of national parksand protected areas, firstesta&lished in 1>4D, 'as su&stantially e:panded! "n 1>@2, "ndia enacted the Wildlife *rotection

ct[1??]and*roBect i%erto safe%uard crucial 'ilderness+ the Forest onser#ation ct 'as enacted in1>; and amendments added in 1>;;![1?D]"ndia hostsmore than fi#e hundred 'ildlifesanctuariesand thirteen &iosphere reser#es,[1?E]four of 'hich are part of the World -et'ork ofiosphere Geser#es+t'enty$fi#e 'etlandsare re%istered under the Gamsar on#ention![1?@]

Politics!ain article"olitics of India

parliamentary Boint session &ein% held in the Sansad ha#an!

he Gashtrapati ha#anis the official residence of the president of "ndia!

"ndia is the 'orld0s most populous democracy![1?;]parliamentary repu&lic'ith a multi$party system,[1?>]it has si:reco%nisednational parties,includin% the "ndian -ational on%ressand the haratiya6anata *arty(6*), and more than ? re%ional parties![1D]he on%ress is considered centre$left or

Hli&eralH in "ndian political culture, and the 6* centre$ri%ht or Hconser#ati#eH! For most of the period&et'een 1>D5'hen "ndia first &ecame a repu&lic5and the late 1>;s, the on%ress held amaBority in the parliament! Since then, ho'e#er, it has increasin%ly shared the political sta%e 'ith the6*,[1D1]as 'ell as 'ith po'erful re%ional parties 'hich ha#e often forced the creation of multi$party coalitionsat the centre! [1D2]

"n the Gepu&lic of "ndia0s first three %eneral elections, in 1>D1, 1>D@, and 1>E2, the 6a'aharlal-ehru$led on%ress 'on easy #ictories! n -ehru0s death in 1>E?, .al ahadur Shastri&riefly&ecame prime minister+ he 'as succeeded, after his o'n une:pected death in 1>EE, &y "ndira9andhi, 'ho 'ent on to lead the on%ress to election #ictories in 1>E@ and 1>@1! Follo'in% pu&licdiscontent 'ith the state of emer%encyshe declared in 1>@D, the on%ress 'as #oted out of po'erin 1>@@+ the then$ne' 6anata *arty, 'hich had opposed the emer%ency, 'as #oted in! "ts%o#ernment lasted Bust o#er three years! 3oted &ack into po'er in 1>;, the on%ress sa' a chan%e

in leadership in 1>;?, 'hen "ndira 9andhi 'as assassinated+ she 'as succeeded &y her sonGaBi#9andhi, 'ho 'on an easy #ictory in the %eneral elections later that year! he on%ress 'as #otedout a%ain in 1>;> 'hen a -ational Frontcoalition, led &y the ne'ly formed6anata Aalin alliance'ith the .eft Front, 'on the elections+ that %o#ernment too pro#ed relati#ely short$li#edK it lasted Bustunder t'o years![1D4]8lections 'ere held a%ain in 1>>1+ no party 'on an a&solute maBority! ut theon%ress, as the lar%est sin%le party, 'as a&le to form a minority %o#ernmentled &y*! 3! -arasimhaGao![1D?]

t'o$year period of political turmoil follo'ed the %eneral election of 1>>E! Se#eral short$li#edalliances shared po'er at the centre! he 6* formed a %o#ernment &riefly in 1>>E+ it 'as follo'ed
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_animals_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace19944-148http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace19944-148http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-rumped_vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-rumped_vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environments_and_Forests_1972-149http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Environment_and_Forests1988-150http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_and_Forests-151http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_and_Forests-151http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTESecretariat_of_the_Convention_on_Wetlands-152http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India#Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India#Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Population_Division-153http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnellCalvert1999125-154http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recognised_political_parties_in_India#Nationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recognised_political_parties_in_India#Nationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recognised_political_parties_in_India#Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElection_Commission_of_India-155http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar200784-156http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar200784-156http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChander2004117-157http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Front_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhambhri1992118.2C_143-158http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Raohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Raohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Raohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Raohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu_2008-159http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_animals_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace19944-148http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-rumped_vulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diclofenachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_parks_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environments_and_Forests_1972-149http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tigerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Environment_and_Forests1988-150http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_and_Forests-151http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Conventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTESecretariat_of_the_Convention_on_Wetlands-152http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India#Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Population_Division-153http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnellCalvert1999125-154http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recognised_political_parties_in_India#Nationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recognised_political_parties_in_India#Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElection_Commission_of_India-155http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar200784-156http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChander2004117-157http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janata_Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Front_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhambhri1992118.2C_143-158http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Raohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Raohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu_2008-159


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&y t'o comparati#ely lon%$lastin% ;? to 'in a maBority and %o#ern 'ithout the support of other parties![1D;]

Government!ain article"Go-ernment of India

ee also" lections in India

"ndia is a federation'ith a parliamentary system%o#erned under the onstitution of "ndia, 'hich

ser#es as the country0s supreme le%al document! "t is a constitutional repu&lic and representati#edemocracy,in 'hich HmaBority ruleis tempered &y minority ri%htsprotected &y la'H! Federalism in"ndiadefines the po'er distri&ution &et'een the federal %o#ernment and the states! he %o#ernmenta&ides &y constitutional checks and &alances!he onstitution of "ndia, 'hich came into effect on2E 6anuary 1>D,[1D>]states in itspream&lethat "ndia isa so#erei%n,socialist, secular, democraticrepu&lic![1E]"ndia0s form of %o#ernment, traditionallydescri&ed as HCuasi$federalH 'ith a stron% centre and 'eak states,[1E1]has %ro'n increasin%ly federalsince the late 1>>s as a result of political, economic, and social chan%es![1E2][1E4]

he federal %o#ernment comprises three&ranchesK

8:ecuti#eK he *resident of "ndiais the head of state[1ED]and is elected indirectly &y anational electoral colle%e[1EE]for a fi#e$year term![1E@]he *rime inister of "ndiais the head of%o#ernmentand e:ercises most e:ecuti#e po'er![1E;]ppointed &y the president,[1E>]the primeminister is &y con#ention supported &y the partyor political alliance holdin% the maBority of seatsin the lo'er house of parliament![1E;]he e:ecuti#e &ranch of the "ndian %o#ernment consists ofthe president, the #ice$president, and the ouncil of inisters5the ca&inet&ein% its e:ecuti#ecommittee5headed &y the prime minister! ny minister holdin% a portfolio must &e a mem&er ofone of the houses of parliament![1ED]"n the "ndian parliamentary system, the e:ecuti#e is

National symbols[1]

Flag TriolourEmblem Sarnath ;ion :apital

Anthem Jana Gana Mana

Song Vande Mataram

:urreny ($n!ian rupee)

:alen!ar Saka

Hame ,ot !elare![10?]

Flo&er ;otus

Fruit ango

Tree %anyan

%ir! $n!ian 6eao&l

;an! animal Tiger

Auati animal 4iver -olphin

4iver Hangaor Hanges
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