alineain 5 of 4

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.4 1 1 41 1 41 1 41 1 41 1 4

114

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.411111

1

(1) ppfrSefaompmayvGwfvyfcGifh&dSap&ef

(2) tm%m&SifpepfrSefor#wdkufzsuf&ef

(3) 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh

vufwGJ aqmif&Guf&ef

(4) jynfol jynfom;wdk h.cHpm;csufudk wifjy&ef//

tvif;tdrfr l0g'tvif;tdrfr l0g'tvif;tdrfr l0g'tvif;tdrfr l0g'tvif;tdrfr l0g'

jrefrmouU&mZf 1373 ck / e,kefvc&pfESpf 2011 / ZGefv

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.4 22222

2

t v i f ; t d r f r m w d u mtvif;tdrfpum; 4

acwf+ydKifcHpm;r_ uAsm

ig rif;ok0%f 6

uAsmb0ppfppfxJu ppf atmifcdkifjrifh 7w&m;cH av;av;(wdkusdK) 8aoG;rsm;&J hqEN xGef;+idrf; 9*k%fjyKjcif; cdkif 10jrpf{&modk h wifjyjcif; tarhom; 11ra0;awmhwJh tem*wf rsdK;atmif 12

umwGef;tifwmeufay:rS umwGef;rsm; 13

tvif;tdrf oa&mfpm“vef;”vdkufcsifao;&J h aumhom; 15

*g&0jyK pmrsufESmrsm;ESvHk;om;*Dw (uAsm) atmifa0; 18jynfolawGatmifyef;+rJqifjref;ol armifpGrf;&nf 19vlxkacgif;aqmif (odk hr[kwf) h h h aZmf0if;at; 23

pmayqef;ppfcsufolykefESvHk;om; uAsmrsm; aEGOD; 52


3

EdkifiHa&; okw &oAk'<bmomESifh tm%m&Sifpepf armifomrn 26wd[dwfuav;rS wd[dwf}uD;odk h ndKjr 29a&jrihfavaomtcg t&SifoH0&mvuFm& 34vl}uD;oifykef}uD; t&SifOm%du 38trsdK;om;ynma&; OD;oef h 41ynmacwf ynmv_dif;rsm; armifcdkifatmif 44ArmjynfEdkdifiHa&;avmurSm zdk;oHacsmif; 47a':&_ h(odk hr[kwf) rdk;ausmfausmf 49a&morar$ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; 0if;Edkif 56vpfb&,f0g' arG;zGm;jcif;ESifh w&m;r#wr_ armif=unfopf 60vli,fwdk h&J h EdkifiHa&;aumif;uifopf 30 jzLjzLoif; 62vl hpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfpDrHcefhcGJr_ 0if;vJhar 64

0wKwdkjroDwmudkarG;zGm;jcif; armifpdk;csdef 67

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0wKwdk+ydKifyGJausmif;pdrf; eef;qdkifa[mif 79yg;pyf&mZ0ifxJu Zmwfvdkufrsm; vlcg; 85

EdkifiHa&;tawG;tjrif tcef;qufp=um0VmxJu 'dkif,mvufwpf 26 rdk;ajropf 112

bmomjyeftcef;quftdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrf 44 armifarmifvwf 92

EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:'Da&jrifhopf jroef;wifh 98tvif;tdrf rSwfpk tvif;tdrfrD'D,m 107


4

tvif;tdrf pum;vGwfvyf+yD; }uD;yGm;csrf;omr_udk vlwdkif;tvdk&Sd=uygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm rdrdwudk,fwnf;eJ@

rdrd aqGrsdK; todkuft0ef; trsdK;tEG,fwpk }uD;yGm;csrf;omr_udkom t&if;cH+yD; trsm;tusdK;/vlr_avmu 0ef;usiftusdK;awGudk xnfhrwGuf/ b,folaoao iawrm&if+yD;a&mqdkwJhpdwf"mwfeJ@ aqmif&Gufaexdkif =ur,fqdk&if vl@avmu[m qkwf,kwfysufpD;aerSmjzpfw,f?

'Duae@ tifrwef ,Ofaus;odrfarG@+yD; udk,fcsif;pmw&m;/ arwWmw&m; }uD;rm;=uygw,fqdkwJh jrefrmhavmu ywf0ef;usif[m urBmhtv,frSm edrfhusqkwf,kwfaewmudkjrifzdk@vdkygw,f? ppfrSefwJh jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mawG uG,faysmufysufpD;aeyg+yD?

wdkif;jynfudk ppftkyfpkudk,fpm;jyK ppfwyfvlwef;pm;u tkyfcsKyfvmaewm ESpf (50)xJa&mufaeyg+yD? vufeuftm;udk;eJ@ &ufpufpGmowfjzwfESdrfeif;+yD; tm%modrf;w,f? olwdk@udkqef@usifawmfvSefykefuefol rSefor#udk zrf;qD;owfjzwfw,f? wcsdK@udk tcGifhta&; &yfwnfvkyfydkifcGifh rqdkoavmufay;+yD; ppfuíefcHapw,f? wdkif;jynf&J@ qkwf,kwfysufpD; edrfhusaer_/ jynfolvlxkkiwfrGwfacgif;yg; edrfhusaer_udk rsufuG,fjyKum ppfuíefjyKa&;udkom wpdkufrwfrwf vkyfvmcJh/vkyfaeqJjzpfw,f?

,ae@wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfaewJh tpdk;&w&yf[m twkta,mif t&yf0wf OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&jzpfw,f? tJ'D tpdk;&tzGJ@rSm yg0ifwJh vlawGtm;vHk;eD;yg;[m twkta,mif t&yf0wfawGqdkwm vdrfr&yg? tJ'DtxJrSmrS ppfuíefjyK a'gufwdkiftjzpf wdkif;&if;om;trnfcH 'kwd,orRwwa,mufudk yg0ifxm;ap+yD; rqdkoavmufygwJh t&yf0wfawGudk trnfcHoHkxm;wmjzpfw,f?

'Dtpdk;&tzGJ@w&yfvHk;udk xdef;csKyfn$ef=um; aqmif&Gufaewmu zufqpfppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyfr_;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ppftm%m&SifawGqdkwm b,folrSjiif;r&ay? t&if;ppf+yD;ajym&&if'Duae@ jrefrmjynfrSm tkyfcsKyfaewm[m ppftm%m&SifawGu tuGufcs/ pDrHudef;cs+yD;zGJ@pnf;yHkawG/ a&G;aumufyGJawGudk aumufuspfvdrfvnf t"rRjyKvkyfaqmif&Guf+yD; jzpfay:vmwJh(vlxku a&G;aumufwifajrSufw,fqdkwm trnfcH) zufqpfppftm%m&Sif tusdK;jyK/ tumtuG,fjyK tpdk;& w&yfomjzpfw,f? zufqpfppftm%m&Sif xm0, pdkrdk;tkyfcsKyfa&;yJjzpfw,f?

bma=umifh zufqpfppftm%m&Sifvdk@ oHk;&ovJqdkawmh urBmay:rSm ay:aygufcJhwJhzufqpfEdkifiHawG[m (tDwvD/ *smr%D/ *syef) trsdK;om;a&;udk tvGefa&S@wef;wif toHk;jyK+yD;ppftkyfpk tusdK;pD;yGm;wckwnf;udkom pdkufpdkufrwfrwf vkyfwwfw,f? 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk qef@usifwdkufzsufw,f? &ufpuf=urf;=uKwf+yD; vdrfvnfaumufuspfpGm usifh}uH=uw,f?

'Duae@ jrefrmppftkyfpk&J@ &yfwnfcsuf[m 'Dtwdkif;yJjzpfw,f? zufqpfppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyfr_;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ tm%mpufatmufrSmyJ &yfwnfae&wJh twkta,mif t&yf0wftpdk;&OD;odef;pdef[m urBmudk t&yf0wftpdk;&topfyg[k b,favmufajymajym &yfwnfcsuf/vkyfaqmifcsufawG[m ppfuíefjyKa&;qdkwm odomxif&Sm;aeygw,f?


5

jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; t&yf&yfudk ppfabmif;bDcíwf vlawGeJ@rdrdtusdK; pD;yGm;&yfwnfcsuf wckom=unfh+yD; ppfuíefjyKay;aewJh twW0g'DawGom yg0ifwJhtpdk;&w&yf[m aumif;rGefoef@&Sif;aom tpdk;&w&yfr[kwfqdkwm jrifawG@ae&yg+yD? 'ga=umifhwdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsdK; tusdK;udk tppftrSefvdkvm;&if/ +idrf;csrf;om,m0ajymaom vl@abmifwckudkjrwfEdk;&if 'Dtpdk;& w&yfudk vufrcHyJ qef@usifwdkufzsuf&rSmjzpfygw,f? wGef;vSefawmfvSef&rSmjzpfw,f?

vl@avmurSm igqdkwJhtwWudk tajccH+yD; jyKrlaqmif&Guf&if vl@avmuywf0ef;usifqkwf,kwfysufpD;+yD;/ tJ'D igyg qdkwJh t&m&mawGyg ysufpD;=u&rSmjzpfw,f? uíEfkyfwdk@ &ifqdkifawG@}uHKae&wm zufqpfppftm%m&Sifpepfjzpfw,f? 'Duae@jy\emudk &_wwf&ifjzpfygw,f? aumufuspfvdrfvnf,kwfrmpGm jyKrlqufqHwwfwJh/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfpGm ajz&Sif;wwfwJh ppftkyfpkudkr,Hk=unf =uzdk@vdkygw,f? rqdkoavmuf tcGifhta&;/ vkyfydkifcGifhawG[m ppftkyfpk&J@ ig;jrSm;csdwfuig;pmawGomjzpfw,f qdkwm oabmayguf=uzdk@vdkygw,f? jrefrmjynfxJrSm ppftkyfpkudkqef@usifolawGtwGuf Ed kifiHt0Srf; axmifawGzGif hxm;w,f? ppfvufeuf ypPnf;awG/ppftiftm;awG wdk;csJ@aew,f? 'Duae@ wdkif;&if;om;a'oawGrSm t"rR xdk;ppfaoewfoHawGqlnHae+yD; jynfolawG twd'kuQa&mufae=u+yD?

zufqpf ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm ol/ig wOD;wa,mufomr[kwf/ tzGJ@wzGJ@tkyfpkwpkomr[kwf/ vlrsdK;pk wpkwnf;omr[kwf/ EdkifiHom;tm;vHk; twd'kuQawGa&mufum edrfhusysufpD;ae=u+yD? igwdk@rS igwdk@omv#if zufqpf'%fudk cHae=u&wmr[kwf/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;cHae=u&wmjzpfw,f? 'gudkjrif+yD; pkaygif;vufwGJ wdkufzsuf=uzdk@ vdkygw,f? ppftkyfpkudk wGef;vSefwdkufzsufwJhae&mrSm ppftm%m&Sifudk awmfvSef&rSmjzpfovdk/ ppftkyfpkudkvnf;+zdKcGJ&rSmjzpfw,f?

ta&;}uD;wmu ppftkyfpkudk taxmuftyHhjyK/ tumtuG,fay; &yfwnfaewJh/rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm; wckwnf;om=unfhwJh ppfuíefjyKa'gufwdkifawGudk wdkufzsuf&rSmjzpfw,f?ppftkyfpkudk ,Hk=unfudk;pm;jyK &yfwnfae=uwJh vlawG/ tzGJ@tpnf;awG/ vlrsdK;pkawGudkwifjycsifwmu twkta,mif t&yf0wf OD;odef;pdeftygt0if wdkif;&if;om;trnfcH 'korRw}uD;ESifh wuG tpdk;&opfw&yfqdkaom tpdk;&onf wdkif;jynfudk ppfrSefaumif;rGefwJh aumif;usdK;a&S@&_csif&if EdkifiHa&;tusOf;omawGv$wfyg/ wdkif;&if;om;a'oawGudk t"rRxdk;ppfqif wdkufcdkufaer_awGudk&yfwef@ay;yg/ EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pk tm;vHk;eJ@ &dk;om;pGm vufwGJaqmif&Gufyg? zufqpfppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyfr_;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ xdef;uGyfr_atmufuae vGwfajrmufatmifvkyfyg?

vlxkw&yfvHk; aumif;pm;zdk@ jrSifhwifcsif&if rdrdwdk@&J@twWtusdK;pD;yGm;udk t"duxm;tajccH&yfwnfwJh ig.....ig wdk@&J@ aqmif&Gufaer_awGudk &yfwef@vdkufyg?

tm%m&SifrSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;


6

igh rSmvnf; ig / ol hrSm igESifhigh ig ol hig / awG h=ucg0,fig ESifh ig csif; / ig ppfcif;vsufyljyif;vSsH&J ig aygufuGJ. ?

ig 'kuQay; / ig rat;Iig at;&a=umif; / cGifhcg acsmif;vsufigaumif;udk &Sm / igqdk; cGmaomfuGmavonf odk h/ jzpfo+rdK hvnf;acgif;vSsdK hudk,fhacG / yjcKyfaAGYief;ajrG rjcm; / ESJoH =um;vSsifyg;ysOf; axmifvsuf igonfxGuf. ?

tdk zGm;zuf ig / toif igESifhig ravSsmhwrf; / tm;tif prf;tHh ?tpGrf; omol / yef;qGwf,lvdrfh ?igrl ighudk atmifrnfavm? ?ighudk igu atmifrnfavm? ?

rwfv/ 1982?&SKr0 r*~Zif;rS

ig h h hig h h hig h h hig h h hig h h h

rif;ok0%f


7

b0ppfppfxJu ppfraocsmwJh tem*wft&dyfawG aphaqmfr_wdk;yGm;vmra&&mcJh qifqmjzwftwdwfrSm arG@avsmfzdk@ }udK;pm;=ur,f --- ?

tdkrif;&ifha&mfwJh cE<mtdrfxJrSma=uGvGifhoGm;cJh EkysdKjcif;rsm; jyefaumufb0c&D;waxmufrSm ,Hk=unf&m &J&Jav#muf&OD;r,f --- ?

uH=urRmrSm (azhpfbkwf ) r&SdrSef;od&J@jyefumvSefum rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf &SmazGaerdw,f --- ?

xdefcsefarhypfvdk@ r&wJh b0vrf;wdkwdkrSmtcsdefwef tdrfrjyefjzpfcJh ae@&ufrsm; ydkrsm;vmw,f --- ?

ESpftwef=um odrf;qnf;xm;wJh wcsdK@&J@ &dk;;om;jcif;rsm;rdk;cg;a&awG wdkufpm;vdk@ a&umwmvdk usdK;oGm;rSm pdk;&drfw,f --- ?twdwfta=umif;awG pOf;pm;&if;pdwfaxmif;udk,fa=ucJh +rdK@jya&=unf&m jrufEk&m &Smr&wJh tarSmifnawG ajcmufvSef@aew,f --- ?

&Sifoefjcif; teD;tem;rSm b,fudkoGm;&rSef;rodwJhaorif;wref ta0;ajy;vrf;rawG war#mfwac: /pD;yGm;a&; AdkufemwJh=um;rSm wdkufwmar#mfpOf jrifhjrifhrsm;uom;a&;orD;a&; rpOf;pm;tm;wJh edrfhusr_awG jyefjrifa,mifrdumvm&mvrf;udk r+idrf;rcsrf; vSnfhjyefzdk@ ajcvSrf;rjyifawmhtem*wfEdkifiHawmfu jcpm;+ydKysufaew,f --- ?tm;vHk;ucspfwJh a&$&nf +idrf;csrf;a&;eJ@trsm;urkef;cJh a&&Snf ppfqdkwmb,fawmhrS rqHkqnf;rJh tpdk;r& rsOf;+ydKif ESpfa=umif;qdkayrJh+ydKifjrif;awGvdk vGwfvyfpGm uqkefayguf 'kef;qdkif;vdkufcsifvdk@trsdK;om;jyefvnf oifhjrwfa&; yef;csDum;udk c%c% pdwful;eJ@ qGJaerdw,f --- ?ppf qdkwmwoufpmtwGuf a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;wpfckvdkvuf&mrysuf pkaqmif;xm;vdk@ aumif;wJht&m r[kwfbl; --- ? atmifcdkifjrifh


8

rpl;rprf;tcl;&rf;awmhql;rSef; rodyef; rodcJhql;cl; 'Dvuftqdyfwuf rScl;ol tjypfvm;ql; tjypfvm;

ar;cJhjim;rlql;ypfrzGJ@

uwWm;vufa=umifh'g%foufa&mufrljyKolomv#iftjypf0if.b,folrjyKrdrdr_ ayg@ ?

?

w&m;cHw&m;cHw&m;cHw&m;cHw&m;cH

av;av; (wdkusdK )


9

tnw& ol&Jaumif; -- wJhpma=umif;av;awG pDcGifhjyKyg -- ?

tnw& ol&Jaumif; wyg;r*~ifausmif;u ajymif;=uGoGm;+yD -- ?

tnw& ol&Jaumif;wOD;usifhpOfxl;twGuf pcef;ul;oGm;+yD -- ?

tnw& ol&Jaumif; wa,muftkwfvrf;uae c&D;=urf;av#muf+yD -- ?

ausmif;ajymif; / pcef;ul;vrf;xl;zdk@ qHk;wJhae&mtkwfumvdk@ ql;}udK;cwfbl;udkjzwfvdk@ oHwdkif=um;&ifbwf}uD;eJ@ 0ifoGm;=u+yD -- ?

aoG;rsm;&J hqEN aoG;rsm;&J hqEN aoG;rsm;&J hqEN aoG;rsm;&J hqEN aoG;rsm;&J hqEN

xGef;+idrf; ( abmufaxmfom; )

q&mawmf / bdk;awmf / ausmif;om;tv$mrwlwm tomxm;vdkuf

ESvHk;om;jzLpiftwlyif wdkufyGJ 0ifaeav&J@ -- ?

trSeftwdkif;ajym / t&Sdtwdkif;vkyftodtwdkif; qHk;jzwfawmhjynfol@&ef rdp>mqdk;awG&J@

t!SdK;eJ@ axmif'%ftrSefyif oifcHae&ayayg@ -- ?

jrefrmjynf rEk\rsm;twGufpmpDum pm&if;vkyfr&wJh

Zmenfausmf ol&Jaumif;rsm;xJutnw& pm&if;0if oifwdk@oHk;a,muf

usef;rmpGmeJ@ ,Hk=unfcsufvrf;qHk;cef;wdkifwdkif qufav#mufEdkif=uygapaomf --?

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.4 1 01 01 01 01 0

10

jzLpifonfh ESvHk;om;r[kwf&if rcH

rSefwmudk vkyf&JawmfvSef&JwJh owWdb,fol hrSmrS r&Sd ?

rSefuefwJh qHk;jzwfcsufjynfol@twGufqdk

bmrqdk vkyf&Ja&S@wef;rScsD

bmrxD wdk@ausmif;om;urBmrSm r&Sd ?*k%fjyKjcif;*k%fjyKjcif;*k%fjyKjcif;*k%fjyKjcif;*k%fjyKjcif;

cdkif (&SDemum0g )

acwf tqufqufordkif;rSmwGifvG,ftdwfudk cspmoifcef;udk ausmcdkif;cGyfa'gif;tvH udkifumpGJa&S@wef;ucsD ?

jynfol@a&S@ rm;rm;&yfrw&m;zdESdyfwJhtkyfpdk;oludk tHwktvJvJ t+ydK+ydKwdk@rr_ a&S@odk@csD&J&JeDwJh aoG;ordkif;rSm pmwifr,furBmu odapom; ? ?

H

H

H

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.41 11 11 11 11 1

11

e'D - {&migwdk@aewJh jynfjrefrm[m

47 Zlvdkif 19 wkef;uvnf;rdk;arSmifusvdk@ uHqdk;

=urRmqdk;eJ@ wdk;cJh&w,f ?

e'D - {&maemufwcg 'DwvHk;ar 30 'DyJ,if;[m

uHrqdk; rdk;arSmif=urRmqdk;eJ@ xyfwdk;cJhjyefao;w,f ?

e'D - {&mwcsufavmufjzpfjzpf

&mZ0ifordkif;udk wl;az:cGifhjyKyg /twW=uL;wJh ppfbDvl;awG[m

r[kwfw&kwfeJ@ aygif;+yDolwdk@ todkif;t0dkif; aumif;pm;a&;eJ@

tm%mwnf+rJzdk@ qdk&if

oef; 50 ausmfwJh jynfolawGudk paw;cHwdkif;jynfudkvnf;

w&kwftaygifqdkifxJxdk;tyfcsifovdk xdk;tyf

usKyfwdk@EdkifiHrSmEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG r&Sdbl;[k qdkum

r=umc%urBmeJ@ tmpD,Hudk

"gwfjym;a[mif;awG zGifhjyae+yD;twkd;t&if; ray;&wJh

tEdN, - ukvm;udkvnf;wausmfausmfeJ@

tdyfhrufxJrSm ( ygyg ) ac:aew,f --- {&m0wD ?

jrpf{&modk hwifjyjcif;jrpf{&modk hwifjyjcif;jrpf{&modk hwifjyjcif;jrpf{&modk hwifjyjcif;jrpf{&modk hwifjyjcif;

e'D - {&mig@udkig t[kwfxifae=uwJhtm%m&l; ,leDazgif;0wf - ,leDazgif;csGwfppfbDvl;awG[musaemhtxif 'DyJ,if; rajymeJ@'D yJ[if;pm;wJh ol@vdkvlZwfwlom;vnf; pm;&Jw,f ?

('DyJ,if;wGif usqHk;oGm;onfh 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ0if ol&Jaumif;tmZmenfrsm;tm;

TuAsmjzifh *k%fjyKtyfygonf )

tarhom;


12

vdkcsifwm &wmuatmifjrifr_vdk@ owfrSwfcJh&if

vdkcsifwm r&ao;wJhig wdk@ b0 ----

us&H_;olvdk@ owfrSwf&rSmvm; ?

ocsFmykp>m wpfyk'fvdktajzxkwfvdk@ r&wJh rm,mavmurSm

ra&&m oDtdk&D &Sdao;vdk@ar#mfvifhcsuf raysmufqHk;oa&G@

cg;roefvnf; cgcsOfrmefeJ@ +zdKrSmbJ ?

&wmudk ESpfoufEdkif&ifaysmf&$ifr_vdk@ owfrSwfwJh urBmrSm

rESpfoufwm&wJh igwdk@ ae@pOf&ufrsm;0rf;eJrSwfwrf;vdk@ owfrSwfrvm;vGwfvyfpGm oabmrwlEdkifbl; ?

aysmf&$ifr_twGuf vGwfvyfr_ vdkovdk+idrf;ajcmufr_uif;zdk@ ca,mif;vrf;rSm

wufrpHk &GufrvHk vnf;pdwfowWd ajryHkoHk; c&D;qHk;xd

&Gufv$ifh&HkbJ ?

vGwfajrmufwJh bDvl;rdp>mjyefcsKyfaESmifzdk@ rjzpfEdkifovdk

ydwfqdk@xm;wJh vGwfvyfewforD;xm0& csKyfaESmifxm;vdk@

r&Edkifwm "rRwm ?urBmtESH@ ae@pOf --ae@pOftm%m&Sifwdk@ us&H_;csdefrSm

igwdk@&J@ ----

ra0;awmhwJh tem*wf ra0;awmhwJh tem*wf ra0;awmhwJh tem*wf ra0;awmhwJh tem*wf ra0;awmhwJh tem*wfjrifa,mifaewJh trSefw&m;jrifa,mifaewJh trSefw&m;jrifa,mifaewJh trSefw&m;jrifa,mifaewJh trSefw&m;jrifa,mifaewJh trSefw&m;

pnf;vHk;r_ --- awGESvHk;om;&yf0ef; wdkufcwfaeoa&G@w[kef;[kef;avmifwJh awmrD;v#HjymtdrfrSm aemufqHk;vJav#mif;&ovdkArmjynfu tm%m&SifawGvnf;jynfol@tm;rmefrSm usqHk;rSmtrSefyJ ?

wcsdefrSm ---qdwf+idrfaomfvnf; at;csrf;wJhrjynfhpHkaomfvnf; +idrf;csrf;wJhrcrf;em;aomfvnf; vHk+cHKwJh+cdrf;ajcmufr_ uif;a0;&m tdrfwvHk;rSm

tdk --- rdwfaqGigwdk@rsdK;quf cdkem;EdkifrSm,Hk=unfxm;prf;yg ? ?

rsdK;atmif (yD - au - ,l )


13


14

umwGef; OD;b*srf;

“tjyKwfaqmftaotkyf”


15

tar&duef}uD;jyefawmh pum;vufaqmifwckusefcJhw,f // EdkifiHa&;t& jyKjyifajymif;vJr_ awGrvkyf&if jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&[m ta&S htv,fydkif;EdkifiHawGvdk tjzpfrsdK;eJ h }uHK&Edkifw,fwJh // 'Dpum;t"dy`g,fu bmvJ // uav;awmifodw,f // “at; h h h rif;wdk h'Dtwdkif;qufoGm;vdk huawmh vlxktHk=uGr_awGeJ h }uHK&vdrfh ”vdk h qdkvdkufwmyg // tm%m&Sif tqufquf ta=umufqHk;utJh'gbJ // OD;ae0if;vJ a=umufw,f // AkdvfapmarmifvJ a=umufw,f // Adkvfoef;a&$vJ a=umufwmbJ // tck OD;odef;pdefvJa=umufwmbJ // a=umufyg w,fqdkrS tJonfvdk tar&duef}uD;u rxdwxdav; uvdoGm;awmhOD;odef;pdef&ifxJ uvduvdeJ h usef &pfcJhrSmawmh aocsmygw,f// usef&pfr,fqdk&ifvJ usefp&maygh//

[dkwavmu [efav; umwGef;xJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$ u OD;odef;pdefudk avSwpif;eJ h yifv,fxJar#mvdkufwJh yHkygw,f /// wufr udkawmh olu ,lxm;vdkufw,f // avSay:rSm ,ufuef,ufuefeJ hygoGm;wJhOD;odef;pdef b,favmufrsm; Asm rsm;vdkufrvJ // ppfwyfausmaxmufaemufcHeJ h tm%m&SifAdkvfoef;a&$}udK;qGJ&m vdkufu+yD; orwjzpfcJh&wJh OD;odef;pdef // ol hrSm bmtm%mrS r&Sd // vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhav;awmifvlajym olajymvGwfatmif xkwfjyefay;EdkifwJh taetxm; ol@rSmr&Sd // wGJvkyf&wmu Adkvfoef;a&$ &J hvufyg;apawG // umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf eJ h 'korw &SpfvHk;}uD; // tJonfvdk hnSyfxm;wJh *GifxJ ol hbmrSvkyfvdk hr&bl;qdkwm ol hudk,fol odw,f// 'ga=umifh oef h&Sif;wJ htpdk;& wdk h aumif;wJ htpdk;&wdk h qdk+yD;ol hrdef hcGef;xJ r&J w&J xnfhajymoGm;ayrJ h tajymeJ htvkyf wxyfwnf;uszdk hqdkwm vG,fwmrSwfvdk h//

tckbJ=unhf // ol htpdk;&}uD;wufvmrS 17 ESpfavmuf ikwfwkwfarhaewJh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;jyefpae+yD // olb,ftjzpfcHcsifyghrvJ// wdkif;&if;om;xJu 'korw &Srf;}uD;vJ jynfwGif;ppfudk b,fvdkwm;ay;EdkifrvJ // “usaemfu &Srf; h h h tckjzpfaewmu ucsif” vdk h ajymcsif ajymaerSm // ol hcrsm a&$wd*Hkbk&m;oGm;vdkuf / [dkae&m / 'Dae&m aiGav;vSLvdkufeJ h wcgwcg owif;pmxJrSm ygcGifh&wmu vGJvdk@bm tm%m yg0grS r&Sdwmawmhaocsmw,f// aocsmwmuawmh OD;odef;pdef acgif; onfhxufydkajymifawmhr,f qdkwmbJ // ol hrSm 0dkif;aewJh tylrD;awGu enf;enf;rS r[kwfwm uvm;// tHkeJ h usif;eJ hAdsK h//

tJh'gudk jynfya&mufudk,fa&$ udk,frsdK; a0zefa&;q&m awGu

“csuG / cs / cs” qdk+yD; udk,fhykqdk;p udk,feif;+yD;avxefukef;wdkufyGJ 0ifaeav&J @//

“vef; ”vdkufcsifao;&J h h haumhom;

tvif;tdrfoa&mfpm

umwGef;[efav;. yHkrsm;jzpfygonf//


16

orwjzpf+yD;+yD;csif; tmqD,HrSm OuUX vkyfzdk h 0ifwdk;=unhfw,f // zdvpfydkifeJ h pifumylu 0dkif;aqmfvdkufvdk h zifydwf+yD; jyefvm&w,f// w&kwfjynfroGm;cif vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifha=unmay;w,f// rsufESmr& wJhtjyif wurBmvHk;u 0dkif;qJvdk h acgif;awmifrjyL&J&Smbl;// aemuftar&duef}uD; vm+yD; uvdoGm;w,f// tD*spf eJ hvpfAsm; vdk jzpfcsifovm;wJh // a=umufygw,fqdkrS ZGwfvmajcmufoGm;ao;w,f//tck tdkift,fvftdk urBm htvkyform;tzGJ h}uD;u &mZoHay;xm;+yD // wESpftwGif; jynfwGif;rSm vGwfvyfwJh tvkyform;or*~awG zGJ hcGifhay;&r,fwJh // vlpkvla0;qdk&if bwfpfum;wdk;pD;wmawmif r}udKufwJhtpdk;&opf}uD; vufxufrSm or*~awGzGJ hcGifhay;zdk hajymwm[m ukdufwwfwJhacG;udk oGm;oGm;“p” aeovdkjzpfraebl; vm;// 'gu urBmeJ hqdkifwJh tylawG // jynfwGif;rSm 0dkif;aewJh tylrD;udkvJ=unhfOD;//

Adkvfoef;a&$ “&dkufpm;”vkyfoGm; wJh =uufqlqDavmifpm pDrHudef;}uD;u wu,fvufawG h=ujyefawmh bmrS jzpfrvmbl;// “tif” }uD; // tJh'D “tif” pDrHudef;}uD;udk tckacwf ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG aemufuaevkdufvkyfay;wm olwdk h&J h t&nftcsif; tHhrcef;qdkwmudk jyvdkufwmbJ// aemufqHk;awmh uawmif;wjcm; / zifwjcm;eJ@v,fawGtodrf;cH& / pDrHudef;uef huGufolawG axmifxJ a&muf&wmuvGJvdk@ avmifpmqD&Sm;yg;wJh 'kuQrD;u av#mhroGm;bl;// [kwfwdywfwdeJ h yk*~vduawGvufxJ qDqdkifawGv$Jay;+yD;wu,fxJ “vef;”awmhrvdkvdkeJ h / [if; h h h tck =ujyefawmh 'kH&if;twdkif; qDarSmifckdaps;uGuf}uD;}uD;vmwmbJ tzufwifw,f// um;q,fpD;avmufpkrd&if udk,fxkwfvmwJhqD ol ha&mif;/ olxkwfvmwJhqDudk,f0,feJ h tcef hroifh&if rD;awmifavmifvkdufao;/avmifpmqDaps;eJ htwl cspfjcifi,f+ydKifaewmuawmhpm;aomufukefaps;E_ef;// a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrDuawmh 0efxrf;awG vpmwdk;ay;rvdkvdk bmvdkvdkeJ@xifa,mif xifrSm;jzpfatmif avoHypfw,f// wu,fvJtpdk;&zGJ h+yD;a&m aiGr&Sdvdk h rwdk;ay;Edkifbl;vdk hjywfjywfyJajymcsvdkufw,f// orw}uD;vJ t&if0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfwkef;u vpmbJ ,lr,fwJh // rif;wdk h0efxrf;awGvJ t&iftwdkif;bJ ,l=u / t&iftwdkif;bJ ckd;=u / t&iftwdkif;bJ 0Suf=u/ t&iftwdkif;bJ pm;=u /t&iftwdkif;bJ aiguf=u / t&iftwdkif;bJ uspf=u / t&iftwdkif;bJ 0g;ap (a0pm;) qdkawmh h h haemufqHk; “}uD;” usefcJhwmbJ tzwfwifw,f// ukefaps;E_ef; rsm;ajymygw,f//tJ'g u wrD; //

vufeufeJ h+idrf;csrf;a&; vJvdk hr&wJ hrD;u wrD; // vufeufqdkwmu udkifxm;&if ypfwmrypfwm tom;xm; “t[ef h”av;awmh jzpfao;w,f// +idrf;csrf;a&;qdkwm}uD;u udkifxm;vdk h &wmrSr[kwfwm// b,folrqdk raocsmwmudkawmh b,fudkifcsifrvJ // aocsmwmudk udkifcsifwmaygh // udk,fusawmh udkifxm;+yD; olrsm;=uawmh rudkifeJ hwJh // apwemrSef&if “rif;wdk hvJ rudkifeJ h igvJrudkifbl;” qdkwmavmufawmh tenf;qHk;jzpfoifhwmaygh // rD;qdkwm udkif&ifylw,fqdkwm uav;awmifodw,fr[kwfvm;/bma=umifhudkifovJqdkwmudk tajzr&SmbJ rudkifeJ hrudkifeJ hqdkawmh “b,fvuf”eJ hrudkif&&if “nmvuf”eJ hudkif=urSmbJav // tJh'D jynfwGif;ppfqdkwJh rD;u wrD;//

aemufwrD;uawmh 'DcsKyf qdkwJh twdkuftcHrD;bJ // Adkvfoef;a&$uawmh ol roGm;cifuav;rSmpmav;ESpfa=umif;eJ h “zsufodrf;w,f” qdkwmavmufawmh vkyfoGm;yg&J h// rpGwfryGwfav; vkyfoGm;wm uvm; // 'Dvdk tHkeJ husif;eJ h&SdaecJhwJh [m}uD;udk pmav;ESpfa=umif;avmufeJ h zsufodrf;&HkeJ h 'DcsKyfuvJb,f&rvJ // “rw&m;wJh trdef htm%mrSefor# wm0eft& zDqef=u ”qdkwJhrleJ h jyefwdkufwmaygh //jrefrm jynfrSm &SdwJ h w&m;&Hk;awG ukefoGm;w,f// tr_Edkifvm;vdk h rar;eJ h // &H_;w,f // tck ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumifpD udk wifxm;w,fajymw,f// wu,fwifoifhwmu“0” vl htcGifha&;aumifpD//bmjzpfvdk hvJqdkawmh olucsnfh ADwdkoHk;oHk;aewmudk;// yGJurjywfao;bl;// Z&ufawmifyHusdK;eJ ha=umiftdk}uD;vdkbJ // b,folurS b,fol hudk jywfjywfom;om; rvkyf=uao;bl;// tJh'gudk jynfya&muf


17

udk,fa&$ udk,frsdK;a0zefa&;q&m awGu “csuG / cs / cs” qdk+yD; udk,fhykqdk;p udk,feif;+yD; avxefukef;wdkufyGJ0ifaeav&J h// t&Sdef,lcsdefav; awmif ray;bl;// ol hcrsm tjyifa&mufwm vydkif;av;&Sdao;w,f//wdkufyGJ0if&rJh tajctaeav;udk avhvmcGifhawmifray;csifbl;// twif;cscdkif;aewmrsm;ajymygw,f// tJh'DtwdkuftcHqdkwJh rD;uwrD;//

uJ h h h usefwJhrD;awGudk aemufrS qufa&;r,f// tJovdk 0kdif;aewJh rD;awmufawG =um;xJacgif;udsef;ae&olu ajymif}uD; ac: OD;odef;pdef // tm%m yg0gawG jynfhjynfh00 &Sdwm r&Sdwm tomxm;/avmavmq,f&Sif;&rSmu ol htvkyf // jy\emaygif;pHku ol hay:udk yHkusrJhudef;// csa=uG;wmudk tcsdefra&G;cH&Edkifovdk / axmifxJoGm;aeqdk&ifvJ zsmvdyf&rSmu olt&ifqHk; // &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if t&ifqHk;t&dwfcH&rSmu ajymif}uD; // t&ifwkef;u AdkvfcifnGef hudk 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;av; tJ h h h &mxl;}uD;ay;+yD;a=umifuav; / =uGuf uav; zrf;ovdk zrf;ypfwm tm;vHk;tod // aemufu avSmfwufudk ,lxm;wJholuawmh +yHK;pdpdeJ h AdkufykwfaerSm// ajymif}uD; b0u wu,fwrf;&Sif;=u / vif;=u pwrf;a[ hqdk&ifbkrod brod eJ ht&ifqHk; t&dwfcH&rJhol // wu,fwrf; t&dwfcHoifhwJholu tckawmh uef hvef humxJ0if+yD;ajc&_yfaeav&J h// rSm;t&dwfcH&wJh vlwa,mufta=umif; ta=umif;oifh vdk h azmufonfcsvdkufOD;r,f/

&efukefu A[dkpnf txl;uk aq;&Hk}uD;eJ h e,fuae vdyfacgif;jzwfzdk h wufvmwJh awmolaX;ESpfa,mufwdk h&J@ jzpf&yfrSefZmwfvrf;yg // tudkjzpfolu vdyfacgif;jzpfaevdk hnDeJ htwl A[dkpnfaq;&HkrSmvm+yD; txl; ukeJ h vdyfacgif;vmjzwfw,f // aq;&Hkwuf+yD;aemufae h vdyfacgif;rjzwfao;cif tudkjzpfoluaq;&Hkatmuf qif;+yD; vrf;av#mufowJh // nDjzpfol vlemapmifhu tdyfa&;ysufawmh tudkatmufqif;aewkef; vlem ukwifay:wuftdyfaew,f// c%=umawmh empfhr u tcef;xJ0ifvm+yD; tdyfaewJh nDjzpfoludkyufvufvSefcdkif;+yD; bmrajymnmrajymeJ h tar$;trSifawGtukefvHk;&dwf oef h&Sif;a&;vkyf+yD; t&ufysHawmif qGwfay;vdkufao;w,f// nae tudkjzpfol cGJcef;xJvJa&mufa&m jy\em pawmh wmbJ //

cGJpdwfrJh txl;ukq&m0efu vSefvJ=unhfvdkufa&m tar$;awGAvjypfeJ h &_yf,Swfcwfae+yD;vdyfacgif;awmif rjrif&bl;jzpfaew,f// 'gudk=unhf +yD; a'gow}uD;eJ h “'g bmoabmvJ h h h ighudkynmprf;wmvm; ” qdk+yD; qlylusdef;armif;awmhwmbJ // 0dkif;aewJh q&m0efav;awGvJ rsufaphysufrsufESmysufawG jzpfukef+yD // atmufu vlemvnf; rsufESm ZD;aph avmufyJusefawmhw,f// xGufaewJhvdyfacgif;awmif txJjyef0ifajy;+yD // yg;eyfwJh vufaxmuf q&m0efav;wa,mufu udpPjrefjref+yD;atmifcGJcef;xJrSmwif tjref&dwfay;vdkufw,f// 'DvdkeJ h vdk&if;udpP+yD;oGm;w,faygh // cGJpdwfq&m0ef}uD;udkvJvlemapmifheJ hvlemudk vlrSm;&dwfrdwJhta=umif; &Sif;jyvdkuf=uw,f// q&m0ef}uD;vJ tckrS oabmaygufoGm;w,f//

cGJcef;xJu tjzpftysuf udkrodao;wJh nDjzpfolvlemapmifhu tjcm; vlemapmifhawGudkvJolvdkt&dwfcH&w,f xif+yD; “ tif; h h h'Daq;&Hk emrnf}uD;csufuawmh h h h vlemapmifhudkawmif oef@&Sif;a&;vkyfay;w,f / tHha&m / tHha&m ” qdk+yD; &Suf+yHK;av;eJ hqdkowJh //

tckvJ avSmfwufrygbJ avSay:a&mufaewJh OD;odef;pdef / 17 ESpfavmuf aoewfwpfcsufrazmufbJ tckol orwjzpfrS wausmhjyefpwJh jynfwGif;ppfxJa&mufaewJh OD;odef;pdef / 2014 tmqD,HrSmOuUX ae&mr&&if t&SufwuGJtusdK;eJ jzpftHk;r,fh OD;odef;pdef h h h h pdef h h h pdef h h hpdefac:r_awG=um; xJbmrS rvkyfvdkuf&ao;cif “t&dwfcH” vdkuf&rSjzifh // //

tHha&m h h h tHha&m h h h qdk+yD; h h h “vef;”vdkufcsifao;&J h//

aumhom;


18

ysOf;rikwfwdk}uD;ab;u ²²² ppfom;carmufta[mif;xJrSmwaygif;v&ifckefoH&Sdr,f?

awmolrav; ta0; ²² carmufEGrf;EGrf;uav;xJ/wa,moHprf;wJhaEGOD;&Sdr,f?

uHhaumfawmu ²²² ckHwef;vsm;av;awGay:rSm/“aEGaESmif;&ufusef“oDcsif;&Sdr,f?

oHwdkif=um;u ²²² rvSao;wJh ntoacsFrSm“ay:aEGvvSsif“csD &wk&Sdr,f?

'DvdkfygyJ ²²²wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;u ²²² r&yfem;wJhprf;acsmif;av;rSmpy&if;&moDaw;oGm;&Sdayvdrfhr,f?usaemf rkcs,kHw,f? ?

(a':atmifqef;pk=unfokd@ ²²²)

atmifa0;

ESvkH;om;*DwESvkH;om;*DwESvkH;om;*DwESvkH;om;*DwESvkH;om;*Dw

ZGef 15/ 2011

ESm*g&

pm0

jyK rsuf

66ESpfjynfhvlxkacgif;aqmif


19

av;pm;tyfaom rdwfaqGrsm;cifAsm; ²²²usaemf[m ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd pufqkwfqef@usif+yD; 'Drkdua&pDa&;ukd axmufcHvkdvm;ol

uAsmq&m wOD;jzpfygw,f? 'Drk dua&pD ta&;awmfyk H }uD;rSm uAsmq&m}uD;rsm;jzpf=uwJhq&mrif;ok0%f/ q&m '*kefwm&mtp/ wifrkd;/ =unfatmif tv,f/ atmifa0;/ atmifyGifhtqkH;tm;vkH;uAsm q&mawG u axmufcHyg0ifcJh=uygw,f? pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mtm;vkH;[m tjrJwrf;'Drkdua&pDbufrSm pGJpGJjrJjrJ &yfwnfae=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&mtm;vkH;[m'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmif qef;pk=unfeJ@twl =uHh=uHhckdifckdif &yfwnfvSsuf&Sd=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh'Dae@ rdwfaqGwkd@eJ@twl a':pk 66 ESpfajrmufarG;ae@yGJrSm twlE$JcGifh&wm aus;Zl;wifygw,f?

a':pkukd,fwkdifuvnf; pmay0goem }uD;vSygw,f? ta&;awmfykHrwkdifcifuqkd&if rusef;rmwJhrdcif}uD; ukd apmifha&SmufjyKpkae&if;u tcsd efav;enf;enf;&&ifukdyJ wuUokdvfpm=unfhwkdufukd a&mufvmavh&Sdvkd@ usaemfwkd@eJ@ qkH&wwfygw,f? &efukefvrf;ab; pmtkyfa[mif;qkdifawGukdvJ ol@tukdozG,fcspfcif&wJh uAsmq&mwifrkd;eJ@twl oGm;a&mufar$aESmufzl;ygw,f? olausmif;olb0uwnf;u

jynfolawGatmifyef;_rJqifjref;olarmifpGrf;&nf

pmjyK

ESm*g&

0 rsuf

ESm*g&

pm0

jyK rsuf

66ESpfjynfh

vlxkacgif;aqmif


20

zwf¶_Œavhvmzkd@ pdwf0ifpm;wJhpmtkyfawG ua wmh '\eduaA'/ EkdifiHa&;aA' pwJh pmayusrf;*efawGeJ@twˆKy`wWd pmayawG jzpfygw,f? pma&; q&mawGeJ@awGŒ&ifawmh &orSstcsdeftwGif;rSm pma=umif;aya=umif;awGukdyJ aqG;aEG;avh&S dyg w,f? 'Drk dua&pDta&;awmfyk H }uD;xJukd ckefqif;vm+yD;tcsdefjynfhqkdovkd EkdifiHa&;udpPawGeJ@ eyef;vkH;ae &wJh=um;u oma&;ema&;udpPawGukd oGm;&w,fqkd&ifyJpma&;q&mawGeJ@ 0kdif;zGJŒ+yD; pma=umif;aya=umif;awG ukd ajymqkdavh&Sdygw,f? a':pk[m urBmŒpmay/jrefrmhpmayukd tjrJxdawGŒvSsuf&Sd wm awGŒ&wwfygw,f?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m ArmjynfrSm rlvwef;eJ@ tv,fwef; (pdef@z&efppfuGefAifhausmif;)wkd@rSm pmoifcJhygw,f? e,l;a,mufrSm oleJ@ausmif;aezufwOD;u ol[m pmawmfolwOD;jzpfw,fvkd@ajymjyyg w,f? ArmjynfrSm pmoifae&if;u rdcif}uD; a':cif=unf u oHtrwf}uD;tjzpfeJ@ tdENd,jynfukdoGm;&awmh tdENd,jynfrSm wuUokdvfa&mufwJhtxd atmifatmifjrifjrif ynmoifcJh ygw,f? tJ'DuwuUokdvfrSm '\eduaA'/ EkdifiHa&;odyHwkd@ukd (2) ESpf avhvmqnf;yl;+yD;rS t*Fvefukdul;+yD; 0dZ…mbGJŒ&onftxd ynmoifygw,f? tdENd,/ blwef/ *syef/ t*Fvef/ tar&duef wuUokdvfrsm;rSm EkdifiHwumpmayavmu/ EkdifiHwum ynma&;avmurSm 0ifxGufoGm;vm (usKdwkdrSm a':pktcef;jycef;vkyfxm;)vkyfae&if;u jrefrmvkd 0wfpm;qif,if+yD;/ jrefrmr_/ jrefrmpmayukd tjrJruif;ruGm&SdaecJhygw,f? rdcif}uD;&JŒjyKpkysKd;axmifr_a=umifh pmaytEkynm jrwfEkd;jcif;/ olwyg;ukd pmemulnDwwfjcif;/ &J&ifhwnf=unfyGifhvif;jcif;pwJh jrifhjrwfwJh *k%f&nfrsm;[m a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ *k%f&nfrsm; tjzpf jzpfxGef; xifay:aewwfygw,f?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tdENd,jynfrSm ausmif;ae&awmh vlrsKd;jcm;/ bmomjcm; vlwef;pm;trsKd;rsKd;eJ@ &if;ESD;uGsrf;0ifpGm qufqH&+yD; wuUokdvfa&mufwJhtcgrSmyJ bmompum;rwlayr,fh ynma&;rSm atmufwef;ruscJhygbl;? rdcif}uD;&JŒ jyKpkysKd;axmifr_eJ@ jrif;pD;wm/ pEN,m;wD;wm/ yef;tvSjyifwmwkd@ukdvJ oif,lavhusifhcJh&zl;ygw,f?

jynfya&muf&SdaewJhtcg a':cif=unfeJ@ nDtrvkd cifrif&if;ESD;wJh tqkdausmf bdvyfjyefoef;ac: a':oef;at; (Dora Than Aye) uvJ a':pkukd orD;t&if;ozG,f apmifha&SmufcJhygw,f?AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; bdvyfoGm;wkef;u a':oef;at;u bdvyfrSm ynmoifaeqJyg? tJh'Duwnf;uAkdvfcsKyfatmif qef;eJ@ a':oef;at;wkd@u &if;ESD;cJh=u+yD; atmifqef;rdom;pk&JŒ t&if;ESD;qkH; rdwfaqGawGjzpfcJhygw,f? a':oef;at; t,fvf*sD;,m;pfrSm tvkyfvkyfaepOfrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf [m ausmif;tm;&uf =uKHvkd@ oGm;a&mufaecJhzl;ygw,f? a':oef;at; ukvor*~rSm tr_xrf;aeawmh vJ a':pku a':oef;at; eJ@ vkdufae&if;u e,l;a,mufwuUodkvfrSm qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJhygw,f?

'Dvkdae&if; u a':pkvJ ukvor*~&JŒ bwf*sufXmewckrSm tvkyfvkyfcJh&zl;ygw,f?'DvkdtawGŒt=uKHawGa=umifhvJ EkdifiHwum tawGŒt=uKH/ oHwreftawGŒt=uHKawG &&SdcJhwJhtjyifurBmhpmayeJ@wuG Ek difiH jcm;bmompum;wcsK dŒuk dvJ avhvmwwfu|rf;cGif hawG &&S dcJ hygw,f?'DvkdtawGŒt=uKHtrsKd;rsKd; a=umifh ArmjynfrSm 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykH}uD; ay:aygufvmawmh owWd/ AswWdpG,fpk Ht&nftcsif;awGeJ@ ArmjynfolawGuvJ av;pm;avmufatmif urBmŒ jynfolawGuvJtm¶kHxm;avmufatmif opPm ynm jynfhpkHpGmeJ@ ¶kwfcsnf;yg0if OD;aqmifvmEkdifcJhwm jzpfygw,f?

'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfykH}uD;ukd a':pku 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJvkd@ armfuGef;wifcJhygw,f?rSefygayw,f? zcifAkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Armjynfukd wkdif;wyg;u|efb0u vGwfajrmufatmifOD;aqmifwkdufyGJ 0ifcJhygw,f? ckvJ a':atmif qef;pk=unfu Armjynfukd ppfu|efb0u vGwfajrmufatmif


21

OD;aqmif wkdufyGJ0ifae&ygw,f? ck jynfolvlxkuvJ ol@ukd trsKd;om; acgif;aqmifvkd@/ ol@zcif}uD;ukd[kdwkef;u jynfolawGu ac:=uovkdyJ ac:wGifae=uygw,f? trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifqkd wmu vJa&G;aumufyGJeJ@ a&G;vkd@&wmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? rdbtarGvkd pmcsKyfpmwrf;awGeJ@ v$J,lvkd@vJ &wmrsKd;r[kwfygbl;? ZmwfyGJxJu od=um;rif;}uD; rkd;ay:uqif;vmovkd bGm;ueJ qif;vmvkd@vJ &wmrsKd;r [kwfygbl;? ta&;awmfyk H }uD;wckrSm vlxkeJ@twl wkdufyG J0if&if;u ay:xGef;vm&wmrsK d;jzpfygw,f?wkdufyGJ0ifvlxk}uD;u wckwnf;aom ESvkH;om; qENtjzpfeJ@ aygif;pnf;*k%fwif bGJŒwHqdyfqif vkduf wmrsKd; jzpfygw,f? 'DtwGuf usaemfwkd@ ArmvlrsKd;awG uHaumif;yg w,f? ESpf&Snfvrsm; cHpm;ae&wJhppfu|efb0xJu vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJrSm wu,fhukd owWd/ AswWdeJ@ jynfhpkHwJh pG,fpkHt&nftcsif;&Sdolynmwwf acgif;aqmifwOD; &&Sdxm;cJh+yD r[kwfygvm;?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tzrf;tqD;tcsKyftaESmif rcH&vkd@ vGwfvyfcGifh&aewJhtcgrsKd;awGjrefrmEkdifiH tESH@ vSnfhvnf+yD; jynfolvlxkeJ@ rjywfwrf;a[majym aqG;aEG;pnf;¶kH;v_HŒaqmfaeavh&Sdyg w,f?ol@&JŒ a[majymaqG;aEG;csufawGa&m/ ol@&JŒ a&;om;csufawG[m tawG;tac:tqifhtwef; vJ jrifh+yD;jynfolvlxk vlwef;pm;ra&G; em;0ifEkdifwJh ajymqkda&;om;csufawG jzpfyg w,f? EkdifiHa&;a0g[m&tqef;w=u,fawGeJ@ avvkH;xGm;wJh a[majyma&;om;r_rsKd; r&Sdygbl;? vlukd,fwkdifvJ vlxk=um;ukdwkd;0ifa&maESmaexkdifwwf+yD; vl=um;/ ol=um;oGm;vmaexkdif pm;aomuf&wmukd pufqkyfp&m vkd@vJaemufwGef@aewwfwmrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? a=umuf&GHŒp&mvkd@vJ aemufwGef@wwfwmrsKd; r&Sdygbl;?

wae@awmh armifrkd;olwkd@eJ@ oefvsifbufukd oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;a[majym+yD; &efukef-oefvsiful; oDwmoabFmeJ@ jyefvm=uowJh? oabFmay:rSm c&D;onfawG=um;xJukd wkd;0if+yD;Zifa,mfiSufawGukd ukvm;yJeJ@vkyfwJh pmav;acGqkdwJh rkef@ av;awG 0,f+yD; tpmauGs;owJh? au|;&if;uusrvJqmvm+yD; “'gawG vlvJpm;vkd@&w,fr[kwfvm;”qkd+yD; zJhpm;owJh? wcg awmh &efukef+rdKŒxJuvrf;ab;pm tkyfta[mif;qkdifawGukdoGm;+yD; uAsmq&mwifrkd;eJ@ twl ar$=uowJh? tcsdefvifhvmawmh''usrqm+yD q&mrkd;'' vkd@ajym+yD; vrf;ab;u acgufqGJokyfqkdifrSm vrf;ab;uvlawGeJ@bJ twlwlpm;cJhzl;ygowJh?

EkdifiHa&;avmuxJ a&mufvmawmhvJ jynfolvlxku cspf=ucif=uw,f? tnmrSm zkefwaxmif;axmif;eJ@ c&D;oGm;=u&if; vrf;ab;&GmawGu tzkd;}uD;tkd/ tzGm;}uD;tkd cg;ukef;ukef;awGa&m/uav;awGua&m 0rf;om;t,fvJ xGufawGŒ=uw,f? yef;pnf;awG/ oeyfcg;wkH;awGvJ vufaqmif ay;=uygw,f? ppfom;av; wa,mufuqkd&if awmifhawmifhrm;rm;&yfae&if; u a':pktem; ukd a&mufvmawmhaoewfukd aygif=um;nSyf+yD; rwfwyf&yfuefawmh&Smygw,f? 'guwmh omrefjynfolawG=um;ukdoGm;wmukd;? tm%m¶l;ppfAkdvfcsKyfawG &JŒ aemufvkdufvufyg;apawGu aoewfawG wcsdefcdsefeJ@aygh?'DvkdtEW&m,f=um;ukdvJ a':pk u rsufESmwpufrysufbJ &ifqkdifwkd; 0ifoGm;cJhwmygyJ?

'DyJ,if;vkd vlrkduftkyfpkeJ@ ajAmifvkyf=uHr_awG=um;ukdvJ ZGwfwkd;0if oGm;cJh&zl;ygw,f?jynfol@arwWma=umifh aoab;u vGwfcJh&w,fvkd@ qkd&ygr,f? tusOf;cs/ tcsKyftcs,fcH &wmawGqkd&iftm;vkH;od=uwJhtwkdif; pkpkaygif; (15) ESpf rSs =umcJhygw,f? 'DumvawGrSm oHCmawG/ ouf}uD;0g}uD;awGukduefawmh+yD; arG;ae@tcrf;tem; tenf;tyg;av;rSs usif;ycGifh r&cJh&Smygbl;? ck 'gu tcsKyfuvGwf+yD;yxrqkH;t}udrf vleJ@oleJ@ usif;ycGifh&wJh arG;ae@yGJjzpfvkd@ xl;jcm;ygw,f? vGwf vyfcGifh&wmeJ@ c&D;xGuf+yD;vlxkeJ@ awGŒqkHzkd@ }udK;pm;pDpOfaeygw,f?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m tdEdN,jynfrSm ausmif;aeckduf i,fpOfawmifusif; uav;b0uyJ


22

r[wWr *END}uD;&JŒ t=urf;rzuf ''t[öo0g''' ukd aumif;aumif;}uD; avhvmqnf;yl;cJh&ygw,f?tar&dum; ukda&mufawmhvJ vlrJacgif;aqmif rmwifvlomuif;&JŒ “tdyfruf” w&m;ukd em;&nf0cJhygw,f? csufukd pvkdAufu jyZmwfq&m/ EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif Aufpfvuf[m;Auf&JŒ ”tm%mrJholwkd@&JŒwef;ckd;tm%m”pmwrf;ukdvJ uGsrf;0if&if;ESD;cJhygw,f? 'DvkdurBmausmf t[öow&m;awGeJ@ r$rf;xkH;}uD;jyif;vm&oljzpfvkd@vJ ArmjynfolawG&JŒ 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyGJudk t=urf;rzufwJh vlxkenf;/ tm%m&Sif wkd@uzdESdyfwmukd ikH@cH&if; wkH@jyeftmcHwJhenf;awGeJ@ rSefrSefuefuef &J&J&ifh&ifh OD;aqmifEkdifcJhvkd@yJ Armjynfolvlxku av;pm;vkdufem cspfcif=unfnKd=uovkd/ urBmŒ jynfolvlxkuvJ todtrSwfjyK+yD; +idrf;csrf;a&;Ekdb,fqk}uD;ukd csD;jrifhcH&wm jzpfygw,f?

'Dvkd Armhjynfol/ urBmhjynfolawG u av;pm;j rwfEkd;wma=umifh 'DESpf 'Dv 'D&ufrSm wzefjyef+yD;usif;ycGifh &wJh a':pk&JŒ 66 ESpfajrmufarG;ae@ukd txl;arG;ae@yGJw&yftjzpf usaemfwdk@awGvJ yg0ifqifE$J=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'DarG;ae@rSm usaemfwkd@ acgif;aqmif/ usaemfwkd@&JŒ ESri,f/ tarmifwkd@ trdwkd@&JŒ ta':trjzpfol a':atmifqef;pk=unf touf&SnfpGm temrJhvsuf qufvuf+yD; Armjynf'Drkdua&pD&atmif/&+yD;awmhvJ t"Gef@&SnfwnfwHhatmif acgif;aqmifaeygapvkd@ qkawmif;vkduf&ygw,f? ed*kH;csKyfrSmawmha':pk touf (45) ESpfa&mufwkef;rSm wacwfwa,mufxGef;aygufausmf=um;cJ hol pmqkd}uD;q&mrif;ok0%fu ol@wynfh ol@rdwfaqG AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ orD;twGuf txl;a&;zGJŒ *k%fjyKcJhwJhuAsmaw;wyk'fukd zwf¶_&Gwfqkdjycsif ygw,f? uAsmacgif;pOfu “arG;ae@qkawmif;” wJh? uAsmuawmh

jynfolawGatmifyef; jrJqifjref;onfhatmifqef;pk=unf ''&JZmenf'' ukd

jrefjynfwv$m;/ cspfolrsm;cJh?''wkd@tm;wkd@tif/ wkd@t&Sif'' ukd=unf&$ifapaom/ rmapaom[k

arG;aomae@rSm xkdol[marwWm=unfvif &$if&$ifykd@

a'gif;ysKdtkd;a0 wGefapzkd@wJh?

q&m}uD; rif;ok0%f&JŒ arG;ae@qkawmif; uAsmjzpfygw,f? 'DuAsmrSm pmqkd}uD;u orD;''pk''ukd ''&JZmenf'' wJh? '''kd@t&Sif'' wJh &nfn$ef;ac:qkdxm;ykH[m rxkdufwefolqkd&if ajrrsKdavmufygw,f?xkdufwefoltzkd@ xkdufwefwJhqkukd cH,ljynfh0rSmjzpfygw,f? usaemfwkd@wawGuvJ &JZmenf a':pk/'kd@tm;'kd@tif 'kd@t&Sif a':pkukd =unf&$ifapaom rmapaom&,fvkd@ qkawmif;arwWm ykd@=uygpkd@?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf usef;rmygap ²²²a':atmifqef;pk=unf usef;rmygap ²²²a':atmifqef;pk=unf usef;rmygap ²²²aus;Zl;wifygw,fcifAsm; ²²?

armifpGrf;&nf

ESm*g&

pm0

jyK rsuf

66ESpfjynfh

vlxkacgif;aqmif


23

vlxkacgif;aqmif(odk hr[kwf)

rw&m;aom trdef htm%mrSefor# zDqefolavmu"Hw&m;. &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom vufqkyftwGif;odk@usa&mufae&jim;aomfvnf; igum; rwkefv_yf ridka=uG;uHw&m;. &dkufykwfjcif; '%fcsufwdk@a=umifh

ig. OD;acgif;onf aoG;oHwdk@jzifh &J&JeD./ “!$wfum; r!$wf?”[kqkdovkd/ AdkvfcsKyfonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@wdk@. trsdK;rsdK;aom &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_/ zdESdyfr_ wdk@=um;rS'kuQ trsdK;rsdK;cHum/ wdkif;jynfvGwfvyf&ef/ wckwnf;aom &nfoef+yD;/ pdwfcGeftm; aumif;rGefpGmjzihf/toufudkyg pGef@v$wfum/ acgif;armh &ifaumhI/ &yfwnfoGm;cJhaom tmZmenf ppfppfwnf;?

a':pkonfvnf; zcif. aoG;tjy!fhygolyDyD/ tm%m&Sifwdk@. trsdK;rsdK;aom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_/ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm zrf;qD;cH&r_ t}udrf}udrfeJ@/ toufaoqHk;Edkifo!fhwdkifatmif vkyf}uHcH&r_rsm; }uHKawG@

aZmf0i f;at;

ZGefv wpfq,fhudk;&ufae@? ?xdkae@um; jrefrmEdkifiH. vGwfvyfa&;Adokumjzpfol AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;rS/ wcsdefrSmjrefrmvlxktwGuf/ a&S@wef;rS rm;rm; &yfum/ vlxkacgif;aqmif jzpfvmr!fh/ orD;&wem a':atmifqef;pk=unf. arG;ae@wnf;? wcsdefu AdkvfcsKyfonf oludk,fwdkift,f'Dwm tjzpf vkyfudkifI/ xkwfa0cJhaomtdk;a0 r*~Zif;xJwGif yg&Sdaom uAsmjzpfo!fh“tEdkifrcH”xJu twdkif;---

ightm; zHk;v$rf;xm;aom vuG,foef;acgifTtarSmif twGif;rSaeI tEdkifrcHt&_H;ray;wwfaomig. pdwf"mwf udkzefqif;ay;o!fh ewf/ od=um;wdk@tm; igaus;Zl;wif.? h h hqdkovdk/ tEdkifrcH t&_H;ray;aom pdwf"mwfjzifh/ jrefrmEdkifiHudk vGwfvyfa&; &atmif&,lay;Edkif cJhonf?

xd k@twl ,QKtcsdefwGifvnf;/AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ &,lay;cJhaom/ vGwfvyfa&;t&omudk/ cHpm;cGihf r&aom/ wdkif;ol jynfom; wdk@twGuf/ ,cifvdk tEdkifrcH t&_H;ray;wwfo!fh pdwf"mwfydkif&Sif/ orD; &wemudkcsefxm;ay;cJhaom AdkvfcsKyftm;/ u|Ekfyfwdk@rSxyfrHaus;Zl;wifyg.?

ESm*g&

pm0

jyK rsuf

66ESpfjynfh

vlxkacgif;aqmif


24

cJh&aomfvnf;/ ol&Jaumif;aoG;tjy!fhygolyDyD/ jynfoljynfom;wdk@. vGwfvyfcGifh/ wef;wlnDr# cGihf/w&m;r#wr_ &&Sda&;twGuf/ oludk,fwdkif 'kuQtrsdK;rsdK; cHpm;&aomfvnf;/ tm%m&Sifwdk@. +cdrf;ajcmufr_udk ra=umufrvef@/ rwkefv_yfpGmeJ@ wdkif;jynf tem*wfaumif;pm;a&;/ vlxktusdK;twGuf/“rw&m;aom trdef@tm%mrSefor# zDqef=u?” qdkaom emrnfausmf rdef@cGef;rsdK;jzifh vltrsm;udka&S@aqmifvrf;jy&if; t%m&Sifwdk@tm; OD;r!$wfwrf; awmfvSefaeqJ/ vlxk&J@ acgif;aqmifyifjzpf.?olronfum;/ olr. OD;acgif;rS aoG;pdrf;&Sif&Sifwdk@jzifh &J&JeDaeo!fhwdkif OD;!$wf 'l;axmuft!hHcHr!fhyk*~dKvfrsdK; r[kwfacs?

xdktwl a':pkonf/ vlxk&J@ acgif;aqmif qdkaom *k%fyk'fudk/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; zcifAdkvfcsKyf. orD;&wem jzpfjcif;a=umihf &&SdcJhjcif; r[kwf? olr. &dk;om;r_/ udk,fydkif t&nftcsif;/acgif;aqmifEdkifpGrf;&Sdr_wdk@eJtwl/ wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@eJ@ cHpm;csufudk wom;wnf;jzpfatmif cHpm;EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom pdwf"mwfa=umifhom jrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;. &ifxJ/ tonf;xJrS wnDw!Gwfwnf;vlxkacgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwfcH&jcif; jzpfonf? xdk@twl wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;aygif;pkH. ,Hk=unfr_udk&&Sdxm;aom “wOD;wnf;aom acgif;aqmif” [k ajymrnfqdkvnf; vGeftHh rxif?

vlxkacgif;aqmif wpfa,muftjzpf ,Hk=unfr_/ tm;udk;r_/ av;pm; =unfndKr_ qdkwm/tm%meJ@ odrf;oGif;vdk@ r&ovdk/ +cdrf;ajcmuf ,lvdk@vnf; r&ygbl;? OpPm"eeJ@ jzm;a,mif;vdk@r&ovdk/ [efaqmifr_rsm;eJ@vnf; odrf;oGif;vdk@ r&Edkifygbl;? ol@tvkdvdk &ifxJ/ tonf;xJrStvdkvdk cHpm;vm&+yD;rS/ aygufzGm;vmwJh t&mawGom jzpfvdk@/ b,fvdkt&mrsm;eJ@rSvnf; zsufqD;vdk@r&Edkifygbl;? trsm;aumif;usdK;twGuf apwemoef@oef@eJ@ b,fvdk aqmif&Gufw,f? trsm;oligtay:rSm/ b,favmuf pmem em;vnfay;Edkifw,f/ rdrdudk,fusdK;/ rdrdtwW/ rdrd&J@ rdom;pkeJ@ toufcE<myg pGef@v$wfEdkifpGrf;&Sdw,f qdkwmawG[m/ tajymeJ@ oufaojyEdkifwJh t&mawG r[kwfygbl;?vufawG@vkyf&yfrsm;/ pGef@v$wf tepfemcHr_rsm;eJ@om jyrS &&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dvdk vlrsm;om/ rnfol.wdkufwGef;r_ rygyJ/ tm;vHk;u ,Hk=unfav;pm;pGmeJ@ acgif;aqmifaumif;tjzpf/ &ifxJrSm urŠnf;wifae&may;=uwm "rRwmyg? tJ'Dvdk t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh jy!fhpHkIom/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;eJ@urBmuyg a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk jrefrmEdkifiH. wu,fhtppftrSef acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwfae&may;=u jcif; jzpf.?

Tavmb a'goudk }uD;pdk;&mXme. tjcm;rJhYum;aojcif;w&m;onf iHhvifhvsuf&Sd.?odk@aomf ightm; rwkefv_yfonfudk awG@&tHh?aemifudkvnf; b,fawmhrS ra=umufonfudkom awG@&tHh?

a':pk-um;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdk@twGuf vGwfvyfr_/ +idrfcsrf;r_udk &SmazGay;&if;/ t%m&Sifwdk@udk zDqefawmfvSefa&;vkyfaeoljzpf.? xdk@twGuf olrrSm toufyg qHk;Edkifonftxd jzpfEdkifonfudkod&Sd+yD; jzpf.? odk@&mwGif olrum; ,Hk=unfr_twGuf rwkefrv_yf/ ra=umufr&G@HeJ@ jzwfoef; &Sifoefaeonfudk ordkif;u oufaocHae.? xdk@twl olrar#mfvifhxm;aom vGwfvyfcGifh/ wef;wlnDr#cGifh/w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;cGifhawG &Sdo!fh/ 'Drdkua&pD &&Sd+yD;/ aemufqHk; yef;wdkifjzpfaom/ wdkif;jynf +idrf;csrf;r_r&oa&G@/ b,fvdkt&meJ@rS wm;qD;vdk@r&yJ/ ra=umufr&G@H/ owWd&Sd&Sdjzifh yef;wdkifxdwdkif/ olr wwfpGrf;or#jzifh ta&mufvSrf;r!fh acgif;aqmifaumif;jzpf.?

ok*wdudk oGm;&mwHcg;0onf rnfr# usOf;ajrmif;onf jzpfap


25

,rrif;. acG;a& yk&ydk'fY ightjypfwdk@udkrnfr#yif rsm;pGm rSwfom;xm;onfjzpfap

“igum; *&krjyK/ igomv#if ighuH. t&SifocifjzpfI igomvsif

ihgpdwf. t}uD;tuJ jzpfownf;?“a':pk-um;/ wdkif;jynfaumif;pm;a&;/ tm%m&Sifwdk@vufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGufqdkv#if/

rnfol. rsufESmrSraxmuf/ rnfolwOD;wa,muf. tjypfwif a0zefr_udkrS rr_yJ/ *&krpdkufyJ/ olr,Hk=unf&m twGuf/ ta&mufvSrf;r!fholom jzpf.? xdk@twl omrefvlrsm;vdk/ tpOftvm udk,fusifhw&m;tjrifawG/ t&Sdw&m;tay: tpOftvmw&m;uae/ em;vnfvufcHxm;yHkawG=um;rSm ydwfrdolr[kwfygbl;? tajctaeeJ@ tcsdefumvt&/ ordkif;. awmif;qdkr_t& rdrdEdkifiH/ rdrdvlrsdK;eJ@ urBm}uD;udk jrSifhwifay;EdkifpGrf; &Sdaom/ acgif;aqmifaumif; wpfa,muftjzpf ay:xGufvmol jzpf.?avmueDwd rsm;=um;rSm ydwfrdol r[kwfyJ/ umv/ a'o/ ya,m* [laom/ oHk;yg;aom taetxm;udkavhvm oHk;oyf+yD;ygrS/ vkyfoihfvkyfxdkufwmudk a=umuf&GH@jcif;uif;pGm wpdkufrwfrwf vkyfudkifEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom vlpm;rsdK;jzpf.? udk,fhuH=urRmudk udk,fwdkif zefwD;EdkifpGrf;&Sdovdk/ udk,fhpdwfudk apcdkif;EdkifaompGrf;aqmif&nf &Sdaom/ t&Sifocifvdk vlpm;rsdK; qdkvnf;/ rrSm;acs? xdk@jyif olwdk@[m/ olwdk@&J@pdwfxJrSm olwdk@&J@ udk,fydkif twWb0udk/ jiif;y,fxm;+yD;/ wdkif;jynfeJ@ vltrsm;twGuf +idrf;csrf;r_udkaqmif;usOf;ay;Edkifr,fh b0xJrSmyJ woufwm jrSyfESHxm;&if;/ ydkif;jzwfxm;aom t}uD;tuJqdkvnf;rSm;tHh rxifacs?

acwfumvESifh tajctaersm;u awmif;qdkvmv#if/ vlrsm;pk/ wenf;tm;jzifh tiftm;enf;aom zdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;rsm;bufrS/ rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfum/ umuG,fay;o!fh jynfolwdk@tm;udk; tm;xm;&m/ ol&Jaumif; (0g) vlxkacgif;aqmifum;/ acwfwdkif;/ acwfwdkif;rSm ay:xGufvmonfrSm avmu"rRwmyif? xdkolwdk@. acgif;aqmif!$efjyr_jzifh/ vdk&myef;wdkifxdwdkifatmif t+yD;wdkifa&muf&SdoGm;onfrsm; &Sdovdk/ w0ufwysufjzifh +yD;qHk;oGm;cJhonfrsm;vnf; &Sd.? okd@yifaomfvnf;atmifjrifjcif;/ ratmifjrifjcif;um; tajctaeESifh ta=umif;w&m;wdk@. taetxm;ay: rlwnf+yD;uGJjym;wwfaomfvnf;/ xdkolwdk@. yHk&dyfum;/ vlom;wdkif;. &ifxJrSm urŠnf;wifxm;+yD; jzpf.?ordkif;jzpfpOfrSm a&;jc,fxm;+yD; jzpf.? xdkodk@aom acgif;aqmifrsm;um; raoqHk;rD uwnf;u/udk,fhordkif;udk,f a&;p&mrvdkatmif ordkif;wif+yD;om; ordkif;0if/ }uD;us,faom vlom;rsm; jzpf.?aoqHk;oGm;o!fhwdkifatmif xm0& &Sifoefaer!fh yk*~dKvfrsm; jzpf.? a':atmifqef;pk=unfum;jrefrmhordkif;twGuf tab; Adkvfva&mif/ zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wdk@vdkyif xm0& &Sifoefaer!fhol&Jaumif;/ vlxkacgif;aqmif[k qdkv#if vGeftHh rxifacs?

T 2011 ckESpf ZGefv (19) &ufonf/ jrefrmhvlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf.aetdrftus,fcsKyf b0 r[kwfaom taetxm;jzifh/ }uH K }ud Kuf&aom arG;ae@yifjzpf.? aEGOD;wGifajcmufaoG@cJhor#/ rdk;OD;umv ZGefvwGif twdk;csJ@um &GufEk/ &Gufopfwdk@ jzihf/ zHk;v$rf;um pdrf;vef;pdkajyvmovdk/ rdcif a':pk. b0 om,mcsrf;ajrhpGmeJ@ a':pk vkdvm;aom jynfolwdk@twGuf olrvkyfay;csifaom vGwfvyfcGifhatmufrSm vHkvHk+cH K +cH K ae&zdk@/ ppfrSefwJh vHk+cH Kr_ ywf0ef;usifrSm vGwfvGyfvyfaexdkifcGifh& +yD; aemufqHk;rSm txGÉftxdyf yef;wdkiftjzpf +idrf;csrf;r_udk aqmifusOf;ay;EdkifwJh usawmfwdk@tm;udk;&m vlxkacgifaqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf tjzpfeJ@ touf&mausmf &Snfygapa=umif;/jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; tm;vHk;enf;wl qkrGefawmif;&if; *k%fjyKyg.? aZmf0i fat;aZm f0i fat;aZm f0i fat;aZm f0i fat;aZm f0i fat;


26

tydkif; (9)tydkif; (9)tydkif; (9)tydkif; (9)tydkif; (9)

armifomrn

Ak'<bmomESi f@

wdkif; jynfwckud k tkyfcsKyfwJ@tpdk;&wdkif;rSm ol@tajccHtkwfjrpfeJ@ol &Sdygw,f? tajccHtkwfjrpf cdkifrmoavmuftpdk;&[m cdkifrm+yD;/ tajccHtkwfjrpf aysm@nHhoavmuf tpdk;&[mvnf; aysm@nHhaeygw,f? 'ga=umif@ tpdk;&wdkif;[m ol@tajccHtkwfjrpfudk cdkifrmonfxuf cdkifrmatmifvkyf& ygw,f? tajccHtkwfjrpf +ydKysufwmeJ@tay:taqmuftODjzpfwJ@ tpdk;&[mvnf;jydKuGJysufpD; oGm;&+rJ jzpfvdk@yg?

' Dr d kua&pDtpd k ;&& J Œ tajcc Htkwfjrpfu trsm;jynfol tusKd;pD;yGm; udka&S;&S_wJ@ w&m;Oya' jzpf yg w,f?onfw&m;Oya' r&SdawmhwJ@ae@/ onfw&m;Oya'udkrvdkufemwJ@ae@[m 'Drd kua&pD tpdk;&ysufokef; aysmufuG,fwJ@ae@ygyJ? 'ga=umif@'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&[m w&m;Oya'awGudkaumif;rGefonfxuf aumif;rGefatmifvkyfae&+yD; w&m;Oya'udkvnf; av;av;pm;pm; vdkufem usif@oHk;&ygw,f? tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ tajccHtkwfjrpfuawm@ trsm;jynfolawG&JŒ ta=umufw&m; jzp fy gw,f? trsm; jynfol& J Œta=umufw&m; aysmufuG,foGm;wJ@ae@[m tm%m&Sifpepf jyKwfusoGm;wJ@ae@ygyJ? 'ga=umif@ tm%m&Sifpepf& J Œ,mZfyv†if ay:rSm ,pfrl;ae=uolrsm;[mtrsm;jynfol a=umuf&GHŒxdwfvef@aeatmifenf;rsKd;pHkoHk;+yD; ta=umufw&m; &yf0ef;wckudk zefwD; ae=u ygw,f?

tm%m&Sifpepf wnfaqmufzdk@twGuf ESvHk;om;r&SdwJ@ vlwa,muf/vufr&GHŒ ygwDw&yfeJ@ ta=umufw&m;&yf0ef;wckyJ vdktyfw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f?jynfolvlxk. cspfjrwfEdk;rS_xuf xdwfvef@

tm%m&Si fpepf

(www.maukkha.org rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)


27

a=umuf&GHŒr_u rdrdtm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf trsm;}uD; ydkpdwfcs&onf vdk@ rufcD,m A,fvD a&;om;wJhtm%m&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfta=umif; pmtkyf (The Prince) xJrSm a&;om; xm;ygw,f? vl@ordkif;rSmay:xGe f ;c J @wJ @ tm%m&Si ftpd k ;&awG& J Œ &ufpuf =urf; =uKwfr S _awGud k =unf h&i f ' Dtcsufb,favmufrSefuefovJqdkwm odEdkifygw,f?

qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk}uD;rSm pwmviftpdk;& vufcsufa=umif@ aoqHk;&olaygif;[m oef; 60ausmf &SdcJ@ygw,f? w&kwfjynfrSm armfpDwkef; tpdk;&&JŒ vufcsufa=umif@ vl 35 oef;ausmf aocJ@ &ygw,f?*smr%DrSm [pfwvm tpdk;&a=umif@ aoqHk;cJ@&olaygif; oef; 20 ausmf &Sdygw,f? ta&SŒawmiftm&Sutm%m&Siftpdk;&awGxJrSmawm@ urfabmm'D;,m;u ydkayg@ tpdk;&a=umif@ vlaygif; 2 oef;avmufaocJ@&ygw,f? 'Dvdk vlawGudk oef;eJ@csD+yD; owfjzwf&jcif;&JŒ t"du &nf&G,fcsufuawm@ ta=umufw&m;zefwD;a&; jzpfygw,f?

jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvnf; tm%m&Sifpepf tjrpfwG,faewm ESpfaygif; 50 jynhfygawmhr,f? jrefrmtm%m&Sif tpdk;&awGu ta=umufw&m;&yf0ef;awGudk b,fvdk zefwD;cJ@ygovJ?

jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk pwifysKd;axmifoGm;wJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;[m t&J0H@qHk;ol& owdWt&SdqHk;qdkwJ@ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfjy+yD; ta=umuf w&m;&yf0ef;twGuf tkwfjrpfudk pwnfaqmufcJ@ol jzpfygw,f? oltkyfpdk;wJ@ umv wavsmuf vHk;rSmaumufuspf&ufpufwJ@ axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ hrsm;&JŒ tultnDeJ@ trsm;jynfol txdwf xdwf tvef@vef@jzp faeatmifvky f jy D ; tm%m&Si fpepfud k tcd ki ftrm wnfaqmufoGm;ygw,f? 'gayr,f@jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;&JŒ a=umufpdwfuG,faysmufoGm;wJ@ 1988 ckESpfrSmawm@ ppfwyf qdkwm ypf&ifwnfhwnfhypfw,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmuf [def;a[mufaewJ@ =um;uyJ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;[m tm%m,mZfyv†ifuvGif@pifusoGm;cJ@ygw,f?

tm%m&Sifpepfudk qufvufwnfwHhapcsifwJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;eJ@ taygif;ygrsm;[m wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;&JŒ ta=umufw&m;uif;rJ@rS_udk wefjyefzsufqD;zdk hxyfrH}udK;pm;jyefygw,f? &yf&Gm&JŒ vHk+cHKrS_awGudkvspfvsL&S_+yD; rif;rJ@taetxm;a&mufatmif zefwD;vdkufw,f? jynfol axmif aygif; rsm;pGmudk&uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfzrf;qD;ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; jyKwfus oGm;wJ@ twGuf ,dkifeJ@oGm;wJ@tm%m&Sif pepf taqmuftOD}uD;udk tcdkiftrm jyefwnfaqmufzdk h twGuf ppftpdk;&[mzdESdyfajcmufvSef@rS_awGudk rjywfwrf; wdk;jrSif@vkyfaqmif+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHol EdkifiHom;trsm;tay:rSmta=umufw&m; &yf0ef;}uD;wck v$rf;rdk;aeatmif pOfqufrjywf vkyfaqmifaecJ@ygw,f?

ta=umufw&m;udk zefwD;csifwJ@twGuf jrefrm@ppftpdk;&[m ordkif;rSm ay:aygufcJ@wJ@ urBmhtm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;&JŒ Oyrmudk ,l+yD; vlrqefwJ@ ESdyfpufnSif;yef;rS_awG/ zdESdyfrS_awGudk w&pyfusL;vGefaecJhygw,f? tpdk;&qef@usifolrsm;udk tESpfudk;q,f w&m txd axmif'%fcsygw,f?tpdk;&qef@usifrS _tay: tm;ay;olawGudk ESpf&Snfaxmif'%f csygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rSm &yfwnfvdk@ r&atmif ESdyfpufygw,f? t"du &nf&G,fcsufu jrefrmEdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm; xdwfvef@ aezdk hyJ jzpfygw,f?

ta=umufw&m;&yf0ef;}uD;wckudk pepfwuszefwD;aewJ@ ppftm%m&Sifrsm;u Ak'<bmomudkxGef;um;atmif yH@ydk;ay;aeygw,fvdk@ ajymqdkwm[m ajymifajymifwif;wif; vdrfvnfrS_om jzpfyg w,f?bma=umif@vJqdkawm@ Ak'<bmom&JŒ &nfrSef;csufeJ@ ajzmif@ajzmif@ qef@usifwJ@ tvkyfudk vkyfaevdk@yg?Ak'<bmom&Jh &nfrSef;csufu ta=umufw&m;awG uif;&Sif;wJ@ vl@avmu=uD; jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sifpepf&Jh


28

&nfrSef;csufu ta=umufw&m; v$rf;rdk;wJ@ vl@avmu jzpfygw,f?Ak'<bmomudk xGef;um;atmif yH@ydk;csif&if/ omoemawmfudk tm;ay; apmif@a&Smufcsif&if vlawG

rSm ta=umufw&m; enf;yg;aysmufuG,foGm;atmif tm;ay;ulnD&rSmom jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmomxGef;um;wJh EdkifiHwck[m ta=umufw&m;awG zHk;v$rf;yD; bmrS rvkyf&J rudkif&J rajym&J rqdk&Jjidrf0yfemcHae&wJ@ EdkifiHrsKd; vHk;0 r[kwfygbl;? Ak'<bmom0ifwa,mufqdkwm avSmifcsKdihfxJrSm xdwfvefh+idrf0yfae&wJh wd&p>mefrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? Ak'<bmom0ifqdkwm ta=umufw&m;uif;rJhpGmeJ h vGwfvyfpGm&Sifoefaexdkifa&;udk y"mexm;olrsm; jzpfygw,f?

'ga=umif@ tm%m&Sifpepf aysmufuG,fa&;twGufqdk&if jrwfAk'< a[mn$efwJ@ w&m;awGudkaoaocsmcsm vdkufemusif@oHk;zdk@ygyJ? jrwfAk'<u ta=umufw&m;uif;&Sif;a&;twGuf o'<g oDv okw0d&d, ynm qdkwJ@ tcsufig;csufeJ@ jynfhpHkatmif vkyf&r,fvdk@ vrf;n$efcJ@ygw,f? 'Dtcsufig;csufudkjznfhqnf;Edkif&if ta=umufw&m; uif;&Sif;r,fvdk@ a[mcJ@ygw,f?

jrefrmvdk jyefqdk&&if orRmw&m;awGudk jywfjywfom;om; ,Hk=unfjcif;/ pGJpGJ+rJ+rJaqmifxm;jcif;/av@vmem=um;jcif;/ tifwkduftm;wdkuf usif@}uHtm;xkwfjcif;eJ@ ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; odjrifoabm aygufjcif;wdk@yJ jzpfygw,f?

Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;[m jrwfAk'<a[mn$efwJ@ orRmw&m;awGudk wu,f ,Hk=unfyg&JŒvm;? wu,f aqmifxm;yg&JŒvm;? wu,f av@vmem,lyg&JŒvm;? wu,f tm;xkwf=u yg&JŒvm;?wu,f em;vnfoabmayguf=uyg&JŒvm;? ta=umufw&m;&yf0ef;udk jyefvnf+zdK zsufzdk htwGufonftcsufawGudk jyefppfaq;zdk@ vdkygw,f?

tusKd;&v'fudk axmufq+yD;=unfh&if Ak'<bmom jrefrmEdkifiHom;trsm;pktaeeJ@ txufygtusif@awGudk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif rusif@oHk;ao;bl;vdk@yJ ajym&ygvdrf@r,f? ta=umufw&m;udk tajccHtkwfjrpfvkyfxm;wJ@ tm%m&Sifpepf}uD;u wnf&Sdaeao;vdk@yg?

Ak'<bmom0ifawG trsm;pk aexkdif&m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ta=umufw&m;&yf0ef;}uD; wnf&SdaewJhtjzpf[m r,HkEdkif avmuf atmifjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,hf Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;taeeJ@ onfvdkta=umufw&m;&yf0ef;}uD;udk rz,f&Sm; Edkifp&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg? ta=umufw&m; uif;a0;apwJ@Ak'<bmomw&m;rsm;udk av;av; eufeuf usif@oHk;zdk@om vdktyfygw,f? o'<g oDv okw 0D&d, ynmqdkwJ@ w&m;aumif; w&m;jrwfawGudk usif@oHk;zdk@om vdktyfygw,f?

('Drdku&ufwpf jrefrmtoH a&'D,dkwGif xkwfv$if@cJ@zl;aom aqmif;yg; jzpfygw,f?)

“zdwfac:tyfygonf”“zdwfac:tyfygonf”“zdwfac:tyfygonf”“zdwfac:tyfygonf”“zdwfac:tyfygonf”EdkifiHa&;/vlr+a&;/pD;yGg;a&;tawG;tjrif aqmif;yg;rsm;

a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;

uAsm/0wKwdk/umwGef;/yef;csD rsm;udk

rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGm ay;ydk hEdkifygonf//

pmrlrsm;udk(15)&ufae h

aemufqHk;xm;jyD; ay;ydkŒ }uyg&ef

arwWm&yfcHtyfygonf//

armifomrn


29

*syef {u&mZf [D&kd[DwdkESifh ynmoifbuf oli,fcsif; / jyifopfEk di fi H aqmfbGef;wuUod kvfrSa'gufwmbJGŒ&&SdcJhol/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrm tbd"mefudk jyKpkcJhola'gufwmb[ef. nD/ jAdwdoSsacwf eef;&if;0ef/ *syefacwfjrefrmjynf. t"dywd tm%m&Sif/ trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif=uD;OD;atmifqef;u pum;ajymenf;t&mwGif pHjyK cH&ol a'gufwmbarmfudk tdk;a0OD;ndKjru pmwpfwdk@ wkd@xdcJhjcif; jzpfonf?a'gufwmbarmf. vkyfenf;udkifenf;rsm;onf tm;enf;aumif;enf;cJhayvdrfhrnf? EkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf olvkyfudkifcJh&pOfwGifjAdwdoSsonf urBmay:wGif tiftm; taumif;qkH;/ bkef;rD;aevtawmufyqkH;tcsdef jzpfaeI olomr[kwfygbl;/ b,folrSvGwfvyfa&;&atmif vkyfEkdifao; rnf r[kwfyg? 'kwd,urBmppfjyD;I jAdwdoSswdk@ =oZm usqif;vmcsdefwGif a'gufwmbarmfvnf; tm%m vufv$wfcJh&I aemufydkif; vGwfvyfa&;=udK;yrf;r_wGif ol. tcef;u¾onf rxif ay:awmh? xdk@a=umifhordkif;wGif olŒae&mu &Sdoifhoavmuf r&Sd[k ,lqygonf?odk@aomf ol. rsKd;cspfpdwf/ EkdifiHcspfpdwf/ EkdifiHvGwfvyfapvdkpdwfwd k@ud kum; rnfolrS s oHo, &S dp&mrvdkacs? zufqpfawmfvSefa&; twGuf a'gufwmbarmf. tcef;u¾rnfrSsta&;ygyk Hud k OD;Ek. ig;ESpf&moD Armjynf pmtkyfwGiftao;pdwfn$ef;qk d xm;onf udk =unfhI odEk difonf?vlwpfOD;. ordkif;wefzdk;onf =unhf&SKol. axmifh/ acwftcsdefwdk@udk vkdufI trsKd;rsKd; ajymif;vJ wwfonf jzpf&maemiftESpf (50-100) t=um ordkif;wGif &Sdaernfh a'gufwmbarmf. ae&mudk rnfolrSs rodEkdif/ rcef@rSef;Ekdifyg?

wd[dwfuav;rSwd[dwf}uD;okd h ysHoef;ol

a'gufwmbarmfrSm ydefcsKH;jcif;rSty &kyfqif;o¾mef ysuf,Gif;jcif; r&Sd? orD;ESifh aqGrsKd;rsm;.tjyKtpk xl;jcm;aumif;rGefvGef;Iom oufqdk;&Snfaejcif; jzpf.? orD;wpfOD;u q&m0ef jzpfaeI txl;apmifha&SmufEkdifavonf? olonf uG,fvGefol w&kwfacgif;aqmif=uD; armfpDwkef;ESifh oufwl&G,fwl (85)ESpf jzpf&kHomru cHpm;&aom a0'emcsif;vnf; wlnDae.? yguifqef a&m*g ac: aoG;om;xkHxdkif;jcif;jzpf.? armfpDwkef;u 0jzdK;ol/ a'gufwmu ydefol jzpfI a0'em '%fcsufudk ykdrdkcHEkdif&nf&Sdum aemufusuG,fvGefjcif; jzpf.? a'gufwm arhajrmaeonfqdkI aecsif; ncsif;yif oGm;awmhrnf xif&aomfvnf;trSe fwGi f &ufaygi f ; (50) ausm fr S uG,fvGe fc J h.? orD;rsm;. tjyKtpkum; tH h =ozG,f

ndKjr


30

aumif;rGefvSygayonf? om;orD; 0wW&m; ausyGef=uygayonf?a'gufwm ruG,fvGefrDu “Armjynf &kef;xGufjyD” ac: pmtkyfwpftkyf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh

a&;om;&m EkdifiHjcm;Y xkwfa0cJhavonf? xdkpmtkyf. aemufqufwJG tcef;wpfckudk olu qufvufa&;om;jyD;pD;csdefY u|efawmfhudk ac:um xdkpmrludk pmayAdrmefodk@ wifjy&ef ckdif;apcJh.? jrefrmrsm;t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;aom pmrlrsm;udk udk,fwkdif xkwfa0jcif; rjyKEkdifI pmayAdrmefrS ulnD&efawmif;cHjcif; jzpfavonf? u|efawmfvnf; xkH;pHtwkdif; XmerSL; OD;xif=uD;xHodk@ vGefcJhaom okH;av;ESpfuwifydk@ay;cJh.?

ola&;aom pmtkyfrSm &Sm;yg;ypPnf; jzpf.? ol@xHY wpftkyfwnf;om&Sdae&m u|efawmfuiSm;I txl;tcGifhta&; taejzifh “wpfywftwGif; zwfjyD;jyefay;” [k qdkum cGifhjyK.? u|efawmfvnf;xkH;pHtwkdif; arhavsmhae.? TwGif a'gufwmu u|efawmfhudk w,fvDzkef;qufum a'geSifh armESihf=udrf;armif;ygawmhonf? “rif;udk ig0g;pm;r,f/ owfypfr,f” [laom jcdrf;ajcmufcsufrsm; yg&Sdavonf?TwGif olteD;Y em;axmifaeaom om;orufjzpfol 0wfvkH udk&JxGef;u tu,fyif rSwfxifuma=umuf&GHŒwkefv_yf aeavonf? w,fvDzkef; wpfzufu em;axmifaeol u|efawmfum; ol. =uHK;0g;oHudkem;aomwqifum w0g;0g; w[m;[m; oabmusvsuf &Sdavonf? “[m tefu,fuvJ/ owdxm;rSaygh” ponfjzifh ol. a'gorD;udk u|efawmfu ,yfcyfIyif ay;aerd.? udk&JxGef;ESifh awGŒaomtcgu|efawmfu “udk,fhvl wu,f rSwfaeovm;/ tefu,fu ysif;ysif;&Sdvdk@ tdkufwifvkyfjyD; usKyfudk=udrf;armif;aewmyg/ cifrifwJhvlcsif; 'DvdkyspfyspfESpfeSpfav; E_wfcGef;qufo&rS wpfrsKd; t&om &Sdw,fav/wpfenf;qdk&ifvnf; t"dywd=uD;[m ckaecgrSm ajcG&Hoif;yif; enf;yg;aeavawmh usKyfwdk@vdkcifrifolrsm;udkom tEkdifusifh&awmhwmaygh” [k &Sif;jy&avonf?

t*Fvdyfacwfu yxr eef;&if;0efrSm a'gufwmbarmf jzpf.? ol. "m;rygwDu trwftiftm;(16) OD;om &Sdaomfvnf; b=uD;baz. trwf (40) ausmf &Sdaom ig;yGifhqdkiftzJGŒudk tEkdif,lumnGef@aygif;tpdk;& zJGŒEkdifcJh.? xdknGef@aygif;tpdk;&udk ocifESifh OD;apmwdk@ yl;aygif; jzKwfcscJh.?

OD;apm. rsKd;cspftzJGŒ0ifwdk@u ocifrsm;udk 0g;&if;wkwfjzifh &kdufaomtcg a'gufwmbarmfESifhyifocifwdk@ yl;aygif;=u&jyef.? odk@ESifh *syefacwf wpfavSsmufvkH; a'gufwmyif =uD;pkd;vsuf &SdcJhavonf?olonfvnf; jrefrmjynfudk 1936 ckrS 1946 cktxd q,fESpfq,frdk; v$rf;rdk;cJholyif jzpfavonf?

a'gufwmbarmf. EkdifiHa&; y&d,m,frSm pEN*kwfenf;ESifh qifwlayonf? tpkdiftcJ=uD;rm;&mA[dkt&yfudk wdkuf&kduf xdk;ESufjcif; rjyKbJ trSwfwrJh eHab;wpfavSsmufudk jzdKvSJypfjcif; jzpfonf?olŒenf;olŒ[efudk u|efawmfwpf=udrf jrif&zl;.? ynmawmfoifrsm; bdvyfodk@ xGufcGmcsdefwGif eef;&if;0efa'gufwmvnf; yef;qdk;wef; qdyfurf;odkŒ &kwfw&uf a&muf&Sdvm.? t*FvdyfacwfwGif a*:&mwHcg;rSL;uolŒudk eef;&if;0efrSef; rodojzifh 0ifcGifh ray;acs? a'gufwmu tjyHK;rysuf? u|efawmfvnf; Tta&;Ya'gufwm=uD; b,fvdkvkyfrvJ[k pdwf0ifpm;pGm apmifh=unfhae.? olu [efrysufbJ a*:&m. [ef@wm;csufudk rodav[efjzifh teD;tyg;&Sd rdwfaqGwdk@udk E_wfqufpum; ajymae.? xdk@aemuf wHcg;aygufY0ifvdkolrsm; ydkrdk rsm;jym;vmojzifh a*:&m=uD;vnf; aumif;pGm rppfaq;EkdifawmhbJ &SdaecsdefwGifa'gufwmuvnf; jyHK;jyHK;&$if&$ifESifhyif vltkyfxJY a&maESmygoGm;um oabFmay:odk@ a&mufoGm;.? odk@vSsifolonf tm%mudk okH;Ekdifygvsuf rokH;? rnfolrSs oduQmrysufapbJ tEkenf;ESifh vdk&ma&mufap.?

t*Fvdyfacwf twGif;Y ocifudk,fawmfr_ dif;u eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmudk &SKwfcsum“a&zsef;ukvm;pyfudkjzifh/ a&$eef; rtyfEkdifygbl;” [k a&;om;cJhzl;onf?


31

trSeftm;jzifh a'gufwmbarmfrSm “a&zsef;ukvm;pyf” r[kwfyg? olŒzcif OD;a=u;rSm vl&nfrGefrGeftrsKd;om;=uD; jzpfygonf? yxr t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ppfyJG jzpfyGm;jyD;aemuf &ckdifjynfe,fESifh weoFm&De,fwdk@e,fcsJŒvufatmufodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;&m armfvjrdKifjrdKŒ Y omoemjyKausmif;rsm; pwif xGef;um;ygonf?OD;a=u;onf xdkausmif;rS t*FvdyfpmESifh jyifopfpmrsm; oif,l wwfajrmufcJhonf? xdk@aemuf rEWav;aejynfawmfwGif rif;nD rif;om;wdk@. enf;jyq&m jzpfcJhonf? rif;wkef;rif;u EkdifiHjcm;odk@ oHwrefrsm;apv$wf&mwGif bmomjyefol tjzpfESifhvnf; tr_awmfxrf;cJhonf? rtlyifjrdKŒrS axmifydkif=uD;orD;a':odef;wifESifh nm;&mwGif armifb[efESifh armifbarmf ac: om;ESpfa,muf xGef;um;cJhonf? axmifykdif=uD;oD,dk'dkrSm ujym; jzpfonf? odk@aomf olŒorD;rsm;rSm rdcifudk EG,fI Ak'<bmom tppfrsm; jzpfcJhonf?xdkacwfu emrnf=uD; rtlyifr,frsm;yif? odk@vSsif rdcif a':odef;wifyifvSsif jrefrmaoG; (80) &mcdkifE_ef;&Sdaomjrefrmwd ki f;&if;ol jzpf&um; OD;a=u;ESi f h &aom om;rsm;Y jrefrmaoG; rnfrS syg& S donfud kwGufcsuf=unfh&SKEdkifayonf?

ygawmfrlcsdefY OD;a=u;rSm awmfvSefa&;orm; b0odk@ a&muf&Sdum a':odef;wifrSm vlrrnfom;ESpfa,mufESifh wJGvJ usef&pf.? TwGif &efukefjrdKŒ pdefaygausmif;odk@ rdbrJhuav;rsm; tjzpf pm&if;oGif;tyfESHvdkuf&.? odk@vSsif tpfudk armifb[efrSm c&pf,mefbufodk@ vkH;0 ouf0ifoGm;vsuf nDjzpfolarmifbarmfum; rd&kd;zvm Ak'<bmom0g'udk rpGef@cJhacs?

olarhajrmaepOf tdrfa&SŒ Y om;orD;wdk@u Ak'<bmom w&m;pmrsm; &GwfzwfaeonfudkjrifawGŒcJh&.? xdk@jyif a'gufwm usef;rmpOfuvnf; a&$ref;wifarmif. Ak'<0ifZmwf/ =umeDuef q&mawmf.,yfvSJw&m;oHrsm;/ "rRuxdu OD;vSodef;. wdwfacGrsm;udk ESpfoufpGm em,lavh&Sda=umif; =um;od&.?

*syefacwfu a'gufwmESifh b=uD;r_dif;wdk@ wcrf;wem; =udKqdkcJ h=uaom vGwfvyfa&;twkrSmvnf; aumif;aom tuGufrsm; &Sdaeonfudk rarhtyfacs? “r,f ,kH=unfatmif ajymprf;ygarmif&,f/ cspfw,f qdkwmav;udk ajymprf;yg armif&,f” [laom oDcsif;oGm;t& ppf'kuQ trsKd;rsKd;a&muf&Sdaeaom r,fArmu rdrdtm; pGef@v$wfum wpfukd,faumif; xGufajy;aom udkt*FvdyfxHrStm;ay;oHav;rsm;udk tzefwvJvJ arSsmfwvifhvifh jzpfae.? wu,fwrf;qdkawmh zufqpf*syefESifhraygif;csifygay? odk@aomf (cspf) qdkaom pum; (0g) vGwfvyfa&; [laom a0g[m&udk zGifh[&ef tvGefcufcJaeaom t*Fvdyfu ppfumv wpfavSsmufvkH; a0hvnfa=umifywf vkyfum tESpfom&uif;rJhaompuULjzLpmwrf;udkom xkwfjyefcJhavonf?

xdkodk@ ra&r&m tcsdeftcgrsKd;wGif *syefwdk@u [kwfonf jzpfap/ r[kwfonf jzpfap/(vGwfvyfa&;) qdkaom pum;udk &J&J=uD; a=uG;a=umfypfvdkufjcif;rSm rsm;pGm xda&mufvSayonf?atmifjrifaom pdwf"mwfppfqifa&;[kyif qdk&ayrnf? &mZ0if a&pD;a=umif;onf vGwfvyfa&;bufodk@pD;qif;vsufomvSsif &Sdaeonf r[kwfavm? xdkobm0 a&pD;a=umif;udk ydwfqdk@wm;qD;xm;cJh&mrSe,fcsJŒwm&kd;=uD; usKd;usum vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"mwfrsm; w&a[m pD;qif;=uap&ef *syefwdk@urdkif;AkH;azmufcJG ay;vdkufovdk jzpf.? “vGwfvyfjyD vGwfvyfjyD/ wkd@jynf vGwfvyfjyD”? tb,f e,fcsJŒonfxdka&wHcg;=uD;udk &yfwnf wGef;vSefum twdwfodk@ jyefapEkdiftHhenf;?

xdktcsdefu u|efawmfonf tjcm;aom ynmawmfoifrsm;ESifhtwl taemufEkdifiHokd@a&muf&Sdae.? r[mrdwfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaecsdef jzpf.? odk@aomf *syefwdk@u jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;a=unmaomae@Yum; txufyg pdwftm;wuf=uGr_rsm; wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufum tjcm;aomta0;a&muf jrefrmrsm;ESifhtwl vGwfvyfa&; aomufyJG atmifyJG usif;yrdyg ownf;?


32

1339 ck (c&pf 1977) e,kefvqef; (13) &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefcJhol a'gufwmbarmftwGufwuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;&Sd ol@tdrfwGif e,kefvqkwf (4) &ufae@u &ufvnfqGrf;au|;.? y&dwfowfrsm;udktkef;Ekd@acgufqJG/ =umqH=uD;/ ausmufausmESihf qEGrf;ruif;/ aumfzD ponfwdk@udk au|;.? olŒtdrfYpm;aomuf&jcif;rSm tjrJwap &ojynfhpkHvsuf jyKpkykHrSmvnf; olrwlatmif oef@jyef@ rGefjrwfykHudkowd&rd.? uefawmf=uD;tdrfwGif xdkodk@ pm;&uH =uKH=udKufpOf u|efawmfu “tefu,f taeESifhjrefrmxrif;qdkif wpfck zGifh&if odyfaumif;rSmyJ” [k ajymvdkufrd.? a'gufwmu xdkaumufcsufudkESpfouf[ef rjyacs? “igodk@aom t"dywd=uD;udk tb,fa=umifh atmufwef;pm;vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifap&efavSsmufwif0Hhoenf;” [k t"dy`g,f aumuf,l[ef &Sd.?

u|efawmfh taeESifh xdkodk@ rjrifygacs? jrefrmjynfY waumif;acwf/ yk*Hacwf/ tif;0acwfwdk@rSpI ousomuD0if rif;tqufqufwdk@ pkd;rdk;tkyfcsKyfcJh=u&mwGif ,ae@wdkif urBmhtqifhtwef;rDaomjrefrmxrif;qdkif wpfckrSs xlaxmifEkdifjcif; r&Sdao;onfrSm {&mr [muGuf=uD;/ &SufzG,f=uD; jzpfonfr[kwfygavm? Tacwftqufquf [muGuf=uD;udk a'gufwm. yJGawmfwnfenf;/ tefwD. rD;zdkacsmifn$ef=um;csuf/ rdom;pkwdk@. oyf&yfpGm cif;usif; jyKpkr_wdk@omvSsif txufwef;usus ajz&Sif;Edkifonfr[kwfygavm?

a'gufwmonf 0wfpm;qif,Ofr_Y &kd;&dk;yifeDESifh ydk;ykqdk;udkyif wpfrsKd;xGifum O'gef;qefqefausmhaeatmif zefwD; wwf ouJhodk@ olŒpm;yJGrSmvnf; jrefrmhrlrysufbJ vlwum av;pm;rufarmatmifau|;arG;wwf.?

jrefrmwdk@u xrif;[if;wkd@udk wpfcgwnf; pkaygif; okH;aqmifwwf=u.? e&oD[yawhrif;vufxufu pm;awmfyJGwGif [if;cGufaygif; okH;&mausmf yg&Sdonf qdk&mwGif ,ckumv bkef;=uD;ausmif;rsm;Y ausmif;om;rsm; aumufcH&orSs [if;cGufrsm;udk pkaygif;wnfcif;xm; ouJhodk@ &Sdacsrnf?pkHvifatmif ,liif pm;aomuf&ef vG,fulrnf r[kwf? Oa&mywdkufwGif xrif; (0g) aygifrkef@udkt&efxm;vsuf [if;cGufrsm;udk wpfckjyD;rS wpfck wnfcif;avh &Sd.? txufwef; w&kwfpm;yJGxdkifenf;rSmvnf; xdktwdkif;yif? a'gufwm. tdrfY Oa&myrludk okH;vsuf wifqufaom [if;rsm;um;tm;vkH; jrefrmppfvSayonf? vufaq;cGufESifh vufokwfy0g xm;ykHwdk@rS pI jrefrmjzpf ,Gef;cGuftnmxnfrsm; jzpfvsuf oyf&yf usufoa& &SdvS.?

rdwfquf&mY vnf;aumif;/ ta&mif;t0,f vkyf&mY vnf;aumif; pm;yJGaomufyJGESifh {nfhcHEkdifrSwGifus,f aygufa&muf.? urBmESifh qufqHa&;wGif w&kwfqdkif/ ukvm;qdkifrsm;rSm urBmt&yf&yfwGifvlrsKd;wkdif; vufcHEkdifaom tqifhokd@ a&muf&Sdae.? jrefrmwdk@um; jyifyudk csefvSyfvsuf jynfwGif;Yyifur Bmhtqifhtwef; rSDaom jrefrmxrif;qdkif wpfckrSs r&SdonfrSm ,ae@wkdif jzpf.? zdvpfydkifjynf/,kd;',m;jynfESifh tif'dkcsKdif;em;wdk@u jrefrmxuf wpfqifhomaom tajcY &Sdae.? a'gufwmESifh [email protected]&mrDvdkufaom wifZmarmf tp&Sdonfh usefrdom;pkwdk@u Txrif;qdkif ta&;awmfykHudk qufvufpOf;pm;oifh.?

a'gufwm. &ufvnfqGrf;uyfyJGodk@ OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmfjidrf;/ OD;odef;azjrifh/ OD;cifarmifav;/OD;ndKxGef;/ OD;azcif/ ocifcspfarmif (jrefatmif)/ OD;ausmfrif;/ OD;ausmfjrifh pojzifh EkdifiHa&; e,fy,frSyk*~dKvftrsm; vma&muf=u.?

u|efawmfu OD;AaqGESifh wpfpm;yJGwnf; usojzifh oGm;avol ta=umif; pyfrdpyf&m ajym=u.?wpf=udrfu tdk;a0*sme,fwGif AdkvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; cifndKu ol. tawGŒt=uKHrsm;udk a&;&mwGif p


33

*syefacwfu awmfvSefa&;ae@udk a&$Œajymif;cJh&jcif;rSm a'gufwmbarmfrS wpfqifh owif;ayguf=um;oGm;Ijzpf&av[ef pGyfpJGcJhayonf? u|efawmfu a'gufwm. acsycsufudk xdkpGyfpJGcsufESifh twl yl;wJGazmfjycJhayonf? a'gufwmu a'gESifh armESifh ajz&Sif;&mwGif twdkcsKyfrSm “igu odorSsudk [kdtcsdefuzGifhajymcJh&if rif;wdk@ tm;vkH; acgif;jyKwfukefrSmaygh” [k yg&Sd.? oufaocH tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uawmrcdkrD olŒxHodk@ a&;cJhaom twGif;pmudkvnf; wifjy.? jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm; rk'k HjrdKŒodk@wdr f;a&Smif =u&mwGif olESi f htwl zqyv acgif;aqmif =uD;rsm; ppf jy D ;cs de ftxd ruJ GruGmvkdufygcJh=uykHrsm;udkvnf; azmfjy.?

TudpPESifh ywfoufI OD;AaqGu a'gufwm. acsycsufudk axmufcH.? olodoavmufwGifawmfvSefa&; &ufa&$ŒcJh&jcif;rSm yJcl;&Sd jrefrmwyfom;rsm; v_yf&Sm;ykHudk *syefwdk@u &dyfrdoGm;I jzpfonfqdk.? trSeftm;jzifh OD;AaqG udk,fwkdif *syefwdk@ zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifcJh&mrS a'gufwmyif y&d,m,ftrsKd;rsKd;okH;um u,fwifcJhonf? OD;cef@ (yef;waemf) . ajymjycsuft& ynmrif;=uD; OD;csKd. om;pwifvDcsKdonf r[mrdwf bufawmfom; tjzpf jrefrmjynfodk@ avxD;ESifh qif;vm&m *syefwdk@owftHhqJqJrS a'gufwmyif u,fwifcJhonf?

xkdudpPESifh ywfoufI a'gufwmu OD;ausmfjidrf;odk@ pma&;&Sif;jy&mwGif “*syefawGuocifoef;xGef;udk rouFm jzpfaecsdefrSm igudk,fwkdif olŒudk awmifil ajymif;ay;cJhwm rif;todygyJ?ocifpkd;uvnf; ol@tajctae raumif;bJ tEW&m,f &SdaejyDqdkwmudk igu tzefwvJvJ =udKwifowday;cJhw,f? igu uGefjrLepfawGudkawmif tJovdk *&kwpdkuf u,fq,fcJhao;&if jrefrmhwyfrawmfudkacsmufusatmif b,frSm vkyfrvJ” [k yg&Sdavonf?

Todk@ t"dywd=uD; taejzifh =udrfzefrsm;pGm olwwftm;oa&GŒ udk,fhvlrsKd;rsm; csrf;oma&;zefwD;cJhykHwdk@rSm vSsdKŒ0Sufcsufrsm; jzpfI olu zGifhIvnf; rajym/ tom;,ljcif;/ tjrwfxkwfjcif;vnf;r&SdcJhay? xdktcsufudk axmuf&SKI OD;AaqGu “a'gufwm[m vl=uD;vlaumif; EkdifiHa&;orm;vdk@ qdk&rSmy/olŒrSm vl=uD;pdwf&Sdw,f/ pnf;urf;&Sdw,f/ vufa0S@xdk;&mrSm csufatmufxdk;jyD; tEkdif,ljcif; r&SdwJhormorwf vufa0S@orm;vkdaygh” [k xdkae@u tuJjzwf.?

a'gufwmuG,fvGefcsdefu xl;jcm;csufrSm ol. psmyea=umfjimudk oludk,fwdkif a&;ay;cJhjcif;jzpf.? t*FvdyfbmomESifh a&;ay;cJh.? yxr ol@emrnf/ xdk@aemuf “wd[dwfuav;rS wd[dwf=uD;odk@ysHoef;ol” [k yg&Sd.? xdkrSsomyg&Sdaom a=umfjimwkduav; jzpf.? xdkaqmifyk'frSm acgrynm&Sd=uD;(yvdkwdeyf) . vuf&mudk udk;um;jcif;yif? “The flight from the alone to the Alone²-

Plotinus” [lI t*Fvdyfvdk vm&dS.? wd[dwfuav;rSm ol. ykxkZOfb0uav;udk qkdvdk.?wd[dwf=uD;um; edAŠmefr*fzdkvfudk qdkvdk.?

u|efawmfwdk@ jrefrmordkif;wGif tr&yl&acwfY trwf=uD; OD;ay:OD; uG,fvGef&m ol.vufwpfbufudk acgif;tjyif xkwfum jzef@xm;ap&ef rSm=um;cJh.? arG;zGm;pOfuvnf; bmrSs r,lvm/aooGm;aomtcgYvnf; bmrSs ygroGm;ykHudk w&m;jycsifaom oabmyif? ,ckvnf; a'gufwmonfj*dKvfwkacwfY 'kH;ysHyrm aumif;uifodk@ wuf&mwGif oHa,mZOf tnpfta=u;wdk@udk wpfckjyD; wpfck pGef@cJhjyD[kt"dy`g,f &&Sdavonf

ndKjr pmarmfuGef;/ trSwf (2)/ Zlvdkif/ 1985


34

bk&m;&Sif oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOftcgwkef;u wpfae@aomtcg od}um;rif;}uD; a&mufvm+yD;"bkef;awmf}uD;awmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;......ewfawG/ vlawG/ tol&mewfawG/ e*g;awG/ *E<AŠewfawG/ouf&SdowW0g [lor# cdkuf&efa'go uif;yum aexdkifvdk=uygw,f? vufeufOpPm'%fab; uif;a0;umaexdkifvdk=uygw,f? &efol[lor# uif;pifyum aexdkifvdk=uygw,f? pdwfqif;&J uif;um ESvHk;pdwf0rf;=unf=unfomomeJ@ aexdkif vdk=uygw,f? cdkuf&efa'go pdk;pOf;r#r&SdbJ aexdkifvdk=uygw,f? tJ'Dvdkat;at;aq;aq; csrf;csrf;omom aexdkifvdk=uayr,fh tJ'Dvdk rae&bJ cdkuf&efa'go jzpfae=u&ygw,f?vufeuf OpPm'%fab; oifha&mufae=u&ygw,f? &efolawG 0dkif;0dkif;vnfae=u&ygw,f? ESvHkromtjrJpdwfqif;&JpGm ae=u&ygw,f? b,fvdktaESmiftzGJ@rsdK;awGa=umifh tJ'Dvdk tvdkrusbJ qif;&J'kuQa&mufae=u&wmygvJ bk&m;" [k ar;av#mufavonf?

xdktcg bk&m;&Sifu "owW0gawG[m Áomrp>&d, taESmiftzGJ@a=umifh tJ'Dvdk yÉdyuQawGjzpfum qif;&J'kuQawG a&mufae=u&wmyJ"[k rdef@awmfrlonf? bk&m;&Sif. tajzudk aus;Zl;awmf&Sifr[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;}uD;u "umrbHkom; ewfvlrsm;wdk@ aumif;pm;jynfh0 ab;&efyv#ufat;jrcsrf;om aevdkygvnf; Áomrap> ol&_wfayGI xifacsrus qif;&J&wnfh" [k vuFmpD qHkrcJhonf?

xdk@tjyif "remvdkuif; 0efwdk&Sif; vufiif;csrf;om=u&rnf" [lIvnf; a&;om;qHkrum &Hk;cef;/"rRm&Hk/ qGrf;ausmif; ponfh vlolrjrifEdkifonfh ae&mrsdK;rSm pmvHk;}uD;}uD;jzifh a&;csdwfxm;aponf? tajccHvdktyfcsuf jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&onf? remvdkr_awG uif;=uv#ifjzifh/ 0efwdkr_awG &Sif;=uv#ifjzifh ,ckvufiif;csrf;omzdk@&m aocsmonf?

od=um;rif;u oHa,mZOf [laom a0g[m&udk oHk;Iar;ojzifh bk&m;uvnf; oHa,mZOf[laom a0g[m&ESifh ajzawmfrlonf? oHa,mZOf q,fyg;wGif Áomrp>&d, oHa,mZOf ESpfyg;u tqdk;qHk;jzpfyHkay:onf? xdka=umifh bk&m;&Sifu Áomrp>&d, oHa,mZOf taESmiftzGJ@a=umifh owW0gtm;vHk;'kuQa&mufae =u&onf[k ajzawmfrlonf?

t&SifoH0&mvuFm&"rRyd,q&mawmf

a&jrifhavaomtcga&jrifhavaomtcga&jrifhavaomtcga&jrifhavaomtcga&jrifhavaomtcg

”””””ÁÁÁÁÁomrp>& d, tvGeftm;}uD;aomomrp>& d, tvGeftm;}uD;aomomrp>& d, tvGeftm;}uD;aomomrp>& d, tvGeftm;}uD;aomomrp>& d, tvGeftm;}uD;aomvlrs d K ;rsm; jzp f =uonf[kvlrs d K ;rsm; jzp f =uonf[kvlrs d K ;rsm; jzp f =uonf[kvlrs d K ;rsm; jzp f =uonf[kvlrs d K ;rsm; jzp f =uonf[krSwfwrf;wifxm; avowJh”rSwfwrf;wifxm; avowJh”rSwfwrf;wifxm; avowJh”rSwfwrf;wifxm; avowJh”rSwfwrf;wifxm; avowJh”


35

wwd,urBmxJu EdkifiHwpfckonf udkvdkeDatmufrS vGwfajrmufonfrSm ESpfaygif; wpf&mem;odk@ uyfvm+yD? odk@aomf ,ckwdkif 'Hk&if; 'Hk&if; qif;&JjrJ qif;&JjrJjzpfonf? vGefcJhaomESpfwpf&mcef@uxdkEdkifiH xdkvlrsdK; ta=umif;udk okawoejyK rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom pma&;q&mwpfOD;u xdkvlrsdK; trsm;pkonfÁomrp>&d, tvGeftm;}uD;aom vlrsdK;rsm;jzpf=uonf[k rSwfwrf;wifxm; avowJh?

a&uefwpfuefxJY =umrsdK;ig;yg; pGifhpGifhum;um; yGifhvef;wifhqef; ae=uonf? xdk=umrsdK;ig;yg;onf a&edrfhonfhtcg edrfhvdkufoGm;=uonf? a&jrifhonfhtcg jrifhvdkufoGm;=uonf? =umawGjrifhaejcif;onf a&jrifhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? a&jrifhavaomtcg =umawGjrifh=u&onfrSm "rRwmjzpfonf?

udk,fydkifb0wck. ppfrSefaom tedrfhtjrifh/ b0rsm;pGmwdk@. tedrfhtjrifhonf udk,f&nfudk,faoG;/ pdwf&nfpdwfaoG;ESifh wdkuf&dkufoufqdkifonf? udk,f&nfudk,faoG;[lonf vkyf&nfudkif&nft&nftcsif;jzpfonf? xdkt&nftcsif;onf Om%f&nfOm%faoG; ESifhvnf;qdkifonf? rnfr#odoenf;?rnfr#wwfoenf;? odjcif;/ wwfjcif;a=umifh Om%f&nfOm%faoG; xufjruf&onf? Om%&nfOm%faoG; [lonfrSmvnf; Om%feDOm%feufudk rqdkvdk?tjzLa&mifOm%f/ tvif;a&mifOm%fudkom qdkvdkonf? twW/ y& ESpf0aumif;usdK; rD;armif;xdk;jyEdkif aomOm%fudkom qdkvdkonf?

,ckacwfY tdkifusLESifh tD;usL [lI cGJjcm;oHk;=uonf? tdkifusLu Om%f&nfOm%faoG; jzpfonf?tD;usLu pdwft&nftaoG;jzpfonf? tdkifusLjrifhv#if vlawmfjzpfonf? tD;usLjrifhv#if vlaumif;jzpfonf?wcsdK@u vlawmft"du/ wcsdK@u vlaumif;t"du[k 0d0g' uGJjym;aeonfvnf; &Sdonf? trSefub,f[mt"du[k ajymIr&/? ESpfckvHk;uawmh t"duusonf? awmf&HkESifhvnf; rjyD;/ aumif;&kHESifhvnf;rjzpf? wpfckom t"duqdkv#if jzif h wpfzufapmif;eif; jzpfoGm;Ed ki fonf? awmfvnf;awmf/aumif;vnf;aumif;rSjzpfrnf?

vlawmfu tvkyfvkyfvdk@aumif;onf? vlaumif;u ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&onf? vlaumif;u=unfndKzdk@/ vlawmfu av;pm;zdk@jzpfonf? tvkyfuvnf; vkyfae=u&OD;rnf? xdktcg awmfvnf;awmf/aumif;vnf;aumif;rSjzpfrnf? vlawmfESifh tvkyfvkyf&onfrSm pdwfcsrf;om ouJhodk@ vlaumif;ESifhtwlae&onfrSm pdwfcsrf;omonf? odk@aomf ol@tdkifusL/ tD;usLvdkuf+yD;awmh rnfr#awmfonf/rnfr#aumif;onf[k 'D*&D tedrfh/ tjrifhawmh uGJygvdrfhrnf? t"duuawmh tvkyfjzpfzdk@om jzpfonf?tvkyfjzpfatmif vkyfwwf=uzdk@vdkonf?

vlwpfOD;. b0wpfck/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. b0rsm;pGmwdk@udk jrSifhwif=u&mY vlawGawmfzdk@ vdkovdk/aumif;zdk@vnf; vdkygonf? awmfzdk@twGuf ynm&yfawG oif,l=u&rnf? qnf;yl;=u&rnf? avhvm=u&rnf?}udK;pm;=u&rnf? tm;xkwf=u&rnf? twwfawG/ todawG/ A[kokwawG &Edkifor# &atmif/ &SdEdkifor#&Sdatmif &SmazGpkaqmif;=u&rnf? Tum; udk,f&nfudk,faoG;/ Om%f&nfOm%faoG; twGufjzpfonf?

pdwft&nftaoG; twGufudkrl/ bmoma&;em;vnf&rnf? bmoma&;udkif;&_dif;&rnf?bmoma&;av;pm;&rnf? bmoma&;tqHktrawGudk emcH&rnf? jynfol@eDwdawGudk em;vnf&rnf?vl@usif h0wf/ vl@wm0ef / vl@0wW&m;awGud k em;vnf&rnf? vd kufem&rnf? usif hoH k&rnf?pdwft&nftaoG;udk edrfhusapwm/ jrifhrm;apwmu pdwfxJrSmom&Sdonf? xdkoabmudk em;vnf&rnf?

rl&if;yifudk,fpdwfu tjzLa&mifoufouf jzpfonf? apwodwfawG a=umifh pdwfu ta&miftrsdK;rsdK;ajymif; taumif;tqdk;jzpf&onf? tavmb/ ta'go/ tarm[/ arwWm/ u&k%m/ rk'dwm/o'<g/ ynm paom apwodwfawGa=umifh pdwfu aumif;&onf? jrifh&onf? avmb/ a'go/ arm[/


36

Áomrp>&d, paom apwodwfawGa=umifh pdwfu qdk;&onf/ ,kwf&onf/ nHh&onf/ edrfhus&onf/ao;odrf&onf/ atmufwef;us&onf?

bk&m;&Sif. ouUyOokwWef t&=unfhv#if vlwpfOD;pD. tedrfhtjrifh/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf ck.terfhtjrifh/ vlrsm;pGmwdk@. tedrfhtjrifh/ okcESifh 'kuQ jcm;em;&mY Áomrp>&d, t"duusonf[kaumufcsufcsEdkifonf? tb,fa=umifh ,ckxd rcsrf;om&oenf;? Áomrp>&d, a=umifhjzpfonf?tb,fa=umifh ,ckxd 'kuQ wGif; eufaeoenf;? Áomrp>&d, a=umifhjzpfonf? tb,fol. Áomrp>&d,avenf;?

remvdk 0efwdk[k qdk=u&mY remvdkwmu Áom jzpf.? 0efwdkwmu rp>&d, jzpf.? Áomu olwyg;pnf;pdrfudk jiLpljcif;/ uJh&J@jcif;/ onf;rcHEdkifjcif; vuQ%m&Sd.? olwyg;pnf;pdrfwdk@Y rarG@av#mfjcif;udpP&o&Sd.? olwyg;pnf;pdrfrS rsufESmv$Jonf[k tjzpfjzifh w&m;&_olwdk@tm; a&S@&_ xifvmjcif;ypPKyXmefY&Sd.? olwyg;wdk@. pnf;pdrfv#if eD;aom ta=umif;&Sd.?

a&S;a&S;b0u uHaumif;axmufrv#uf ,ckb0 Om%f0D&d,wdk@twGuf OpPmpnf;pdrf *k%fod&fwufaeoludk jrif&/ =um;&onf&Sdaomf 0rf;rajrmufEdkifygbJ/ rsufESmrJhum yg;pyf&GJ@um/E_wfcrf;plum/apmif;um/ ajrmif;um/ csdwfum/ &dwfum =unfh&_ajymqdkr_/ "udk,fhxufom remvdk" qdkonfhtwdkif;xdkol. *k%fowif;udk r=um;vdk? em;raxmifvdkr_/ "ZD;uGufavmufawmh iSufwdkif;vS&J@/ onfvdk,kefawmhcsHKwdkif;&Sd&J@"[k uJ@&J@&_wfcsr_rsm;onf Áom. oabmvuQ%m csnf;wnf;?

y&rR& uHaumif;rojzifh jynfh0*k%fod&f ol@pnf;pdrfudk r+rdefEdkifaumif; apmif;ajrmif;rJ@&GJ@uJh&J@jiLpl &_wfcsr_ rSwf,l Áom oabmwnf;? (oHbmÉD)

Tpnf;pdrf/ *k%fod&fowif; ausmfaZmjcif;paom t&mpkonf ightm;omjzpfygap?tjcm;olwdk@tm; rjzpfygapESifh[k jzpfaompdwfonf rp>&d,pdwf (0efwdkpdwf) jzpf.? ,if;0efwdkpdwfjzpfay:vmaom oabmw&m;udk "rp>&d," [kac:onf? pdwf.0efwdkr_onf rp>&d, twGufjzpf&aoma=umifh rp>&d, udk 0efwdkr_jzpfay:a=umif; oabmw&m;[k qdk&onf?

rdrd&&Sd+yD;aom OpPmpnf;pdrf *k%fod&ftrsdK;rsdK;/ &oifh/ &xdkuf/ &vwHhaom OpPmpnf;pdrf *k%fod&ftrsdK;rsdK;wdk@udk olwyg;ESifh rqufqHapvdkjcif;/ olwyg;onf ,if;OpPmpnf;pdrf/ *k%fod&f rjzpfapvdkjcif;onfrp>&d, yifjzpfonf? ,if; rp>&d, onf &&Sd+yD; pnf;pdrfudkpGJI jzpfwwfaom rp>&d,/ &vwWH@aom pnf;pdrfudkpGJIjzpfwwfaom rp>&d, [k ESpfrsdK;uGJjym;.?

rdrd&&Sd+yD;/ ydkifqdkif+yD; pnf;pdrfOpPmrsm; olwyg;wdk@ESifh qufqHoGm;rnfudk vnf;aumif;/ta=umif;wpfpHkwpfcka=umifh rdrdydkifqdkifr_ qHk;&_H;oGm;I olwyg;vufodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;rnfudk vnf;aumif;awG;awmpdk;&drfI pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfr_onf &&Sdydkifqdkif+yD; pnf;pdrfudk pGJI rp>&d, jzpfjcif;wnf;?

rp>&d, onf &oifh/ &xdkuf/ &vwWH!aom rdrdpnf;pdrfudk v#dK@0Sufjcif; vuQ%m&Sd.?rdrdpnf;pdrfudk ruG,f0Sufom/ rodk0SufomI olwumESifh qufqH&jyefv#ifvnf; ,if;odk@qufqH& onfudkonf;rcHEd kifjcif; udpP&S d.? pGef@}uJay;urf; vSL'gef;r_/ rdrdpnf;pdrfudk olwyg;ESif h qufqHapr_YwGef@wdkwkwfepfaom w&m;[lIvnf; a,m*DOm%fY xifvmwwf.? rdrdpnf;pdrfonf rp>&d,jzpfzdk@teD;qHk;aom ta=umif;w&m;jzpf.? rp>&d,onf "rR"mwftm;jzifh avmb"rR"mwf/ a'go"rR"mwfudkt&if;cHIjzpfay:wwf.? xdk@a=umifh avmb/ a'go ESpfyg;onf rp>&d,. t&if;cH rlvw&m;rsm;jzpf.?

"&vwWH@+yD; ighypPnf;ES,f tHhcsD;zG,fum; rsm;=uG,folwyg; rjzpfapum;[k jzpfyGg;wwfvsOf;0efwdkjcif; r,Gif; rp>&d, oabmwnf;"? (oHbmÉD)


37

odrf;ydkufjcif;udk tpGJjyKI 0efwdkr_ rp>&d,jzpf.? rp>&d,udk tpGJjyKI apmifha&Smufr_ tm&uQjzpf.? apmifha&Smufjcif;[laom ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh wkwfaqmif&jcif;/ vufeufaqmif&jcif;/cdkuf&efjzpfjcif;/ qef@usifjcif;/ jiif;ckefjcif;/ rcHomatmifajymqdkjcif;/ ukef;wdkufjcif;/ r[kwfrrSefajymjcif;[laom ,kwfrmaom tukod kvfw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmwwf.? pnf;pdrfcsrf;om [lor#.rlvblwjzpfaom 'geudk wm;jrpfwwfaoma=umifh rp>&d,onf pufqkwfzG,f taumif;qHk;jzpf.?rp>&d,xuf pufqkwfzG,faumif;aom w&m;rnfonfr&Sd?

rp>&d,onftm0gorp>&d,/ ukvrp>&d,/ vmbrp>&d,/ 0¾rp>&d,/ "rRrp>&d, [lIig;rsdK;&S d.? tm0go[laom ae&m/ Xme? rdrdyd kifeuf wpfckckESif hpyfI ray;vdk/ rpGef@vdk/ rr#vdkESajrmwGef@wdkjcif;onf tm0gorp>&d, jzpfonf? bwfpfum;ay:rSm odk@r[kwf tjcm;wpfae&m&mrSmae&maumif;av;wpfck &&Sdxm;onfhtcg xdkae&mudk olwyg; z,fray;vdkr_onf tm0gorp>&d, jzpfonf?

vlr_a&; yk*~dKvfa&;ESifhpyfI udk,fu tompD;&onfhtcg edrfhusolrsm;ESifh rywfoufapcsifr_/ywfouf&rnfudk pdwfwGef@wdkr_onf ukvrp>&d,jzpfonf? udk,fhcspfol/ cifol/ =unfndKoluolrsm;udkcspfcif=unfndKoGm;rSm pdk;&drfwmuvnf; ukvrp>&d,jzpfonf? udk,fydkif[k cH,lxm;aomudk,fhypPnf;/ udk,fhOpPm/ udk,fh&yd kifcGif h / udk,fhvkyfyd kifcGif hudk rr#vdk/ ra0vdk/ rpGef@vdk/ ray;vdk/ESajrmwGef@wdkaejcif;onf vmbrp>&d,jzpfonf? *k%fowif; ausmfapmjcif;ESifhpyfI udk,fhvdk olrsm;udkrjzpfapjcifwm 0¾rp>&d, jzpfonf? udk,fwwfovdk olrsm;udk rodrwwfapcsifwm "rRrp>&d, jzpfonf?q&mrsm; q&mpm;csefv#if "rRrp>&d,[k qdk&rnf?

&oifh&xdkufaom pnf;pdrfOpPmY t=uifol.&r_udk tvdkr&Sd? xdkol&I aeonfudkaomfvnf;aumif;/ &vwWH@ pifpifjzpfonfudkaomfvnf;aumif; }uHpnf=um;od&v#if pdwfyifyef;.?xdkoabmonf Áomjzpfonf? t=uif OpPmpnf;pdrfudk rdrdtvdk&Sd.? xdkxdkOpPmpnf;pdrfpkudk rdrd&rS&ygrnfvm;[k rdrd r&rnfhta&;twGuf }uHpnfI pdwfyifyef;.? xdkoabmonf rp>&d,rnf.?

avmb/ a'go/ arm[ a=umifh pdwft&nftaoG; edrfhusonf? Áomrp>&d, a=umifhyd kIedrf husonf? pdwft&nftaoG;onf Áomrp>&d, a=umifh tedrf hqHk;odk@ a&mufoGm;onf?pdwft&nftaoG; edrfhr_a=umifh vl@t&nftaoG;/ vlaer_ tqifhtwef;awGyg vdkufI edrfhus&awmhonf?a&jrifhcJhaomf =umjrifhvdrfhrnf? pdwft&nftaoG;jrifhI vl@t&nftaoG;/ Om%f&nfOm%faoG;wdk@ jrifhcJhaomfvlaer_ yk*~vdub0/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@. tqifhtwef;/ vlaer_ b0tqifhtwef; tm;vHk;jrifhoGm;ygvdrfhrnf?

Ak'<onf avmuY tjrifhqHk;/ tjrwfqHk; yk*~dKvfjzpfonf? &kyftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ pdwftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ vl@t&nftaoG;/ pdwft&nftaoG;/ Om%f&nfOm%faoG; tjrifhqHk; yk*~dKvfjzpfonf?xdktmZmenf a,mufsm;jrwfudk xdkuJhodk@ jrifhatmif/ jrwfatmif jrSifhwifay;aom w&m;um; r[m*&k%mESifh aemufyg arwWm/ rk'dwm/ OayuQm/ ynm0D&d, ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

a&jrif hv#if =umjrifhygvdrf hrnf? pdwft&nftaoG; jrif hrm;v#if Om%f&nfOm%faoG;/udk,f&nfudk,faoG;/ vlaer_b0/ vlaer_tqifhtwef; tm;vHk; jrifhrm;vmzdk@ aocsmygonf?

(2010/ arv/ tawG;tjrif rS jyefvnfaz: jyygonf)

“rl&if;yifud k,fpdwfu“rl&if;yifud k,fpdwfu“rl&if;yifud k,fpdwfu“rl&if;yifud k,fpdwfu“rl&if;yifud k,fpdwfutjzLa&mifoufouf jzpfonf? apwodwfawG a=umif h pdwfu ta&miftjzLa&mifoufouf jzpfonf? apwodwfawG a=umif h pdwfu ta&miftjzLa&mifoufouf jzpfonf? apwodwfawG a=umif h pdwfu ta&miftjzLa&mifoufouf jzpfonf? apwodwfawG a=umif h pdwfu ta&miftjzLa&mifoufouf jzpfonf? apwodwfawG a=umif h pdwfu ta&mif

trs d K ;rs d K ;ajymif; taumif;tqd k; jzpf&onf”trs d K ;rs d K ;ajymif; taumif;tqd k; jzpf&onf”trs d K ;rs d K ;ajymif; taumif;tqd k; jzpf&onf”trs d K ;rs d K ;ajymif; taumif;tqd k; jzpf&onf”trs d K ;rs d K ;ajymif; taumif;tqd k; jzpf&onf”

t&SifoH0&mvuFm&

t&SifoH0&mvuFm&"rRyd,q&mawmf


38

bkef;}uD;eJ@ pum; rajymwwfvkd@qkdwJh uav;rav; tjzpfukdawmh &ifxJ pvkH;pck jzpf+yD;usef&pfygw,f? ol@rdb/ ol@tbkd;tbGm;wkd@[m Ak'<bmomawGyg? bk&m;eJ@/ w&m;eJ@/ oHCmukdvnf;ukd;uG,f ae=uolawGyg? Ekd@ayr,fh touf 20 avmuf &Sdae+yDjzpfwJh 'Duav;rav;eJ@ ol@tpfukdrsm;acwfrSmbkef;}uD;eJ@ pum; rajymwwfbl;vkd@ ajym&atmif &[ef;oHCmeJ@ olwkd@wawGrSm tawmf}uD;tvSrf;uGma0; ae=u+yDvm;vkd@ taru pdwfraumif; jzpfrdygw,f? (vlxka':trm)

rdwfaqGwpfyg;&Jh azhpfbGwfcfrSm wifxm;wJh q&mr}uD; vlxka':trm&Jh pum;? trsKd;bmomukdcspfcifwJh pdwfxm;eJ@ ylyefr_}uD;pGm ajym=um;cJhwJh arwWmpum;yg? rsdK;qufopf vli,fawG trsdK;bmomcspfwwfzkd@ ta&;/ ukd,fh,Ofaus;r_/ ukd,fhbkd;bGm; tarGtESpfawGukd xdef;odrf;wwfapzkd@/ jrwfEkd;wefzkd;xm;wwfapzkd@ta&;/ toufqkH;onf txd raerem; a&;om;oGm;cJhwJh pmayrdcif/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdcif}uD;wpfOD;&JharwWmpum;yg?

vl}uD; oifykef;}uD;t&Sif^m%du

q&mr}uD; vlxka':trm pum;ukd zwf&awmh ol@enf;wlyJpdwfraumif; jzpf&ygw,f? rajymwwfvkd@ rajym=u&k Hwifrubkef;awmf}uD;awGqkd ta0;uae a&Smif=urSmrsKd;/ bkef;}uD; pum;qkd&ifem;raxmif&r,fh t&mrsdK;&,fvkd@ xifrSwfoGm;rSmtxd awG;+yD;pkd;&drfrdwma=umifhvnf; ukd,fhpdwfraumif;r_u tar vlxk a':trmxufyif omaumif; omavrvm;&,fvkd@yif ykdydkomom awG;rdygw,f?

&kyf0wˆK tajccH xifvG,fjrifvG,fwJh tusdK;&v'frSomv#ifwu,fh tusdK;&v'fvkd@ ,lqwJhacwfrSm olwkd@ vkdtyfcsuf jynfh0apzkd@@@xifomjrifom wkduf&kduf tultnD ray;ovkd jzpfaewJh bmoma&;tqkH;tru vli,frsm;t=um; a&yef;rpm;Ek dif jzpfaewwfwmtqef;awmhvnf; r[kwfygbl;? tod^m%f&ifhusuf &G,f&,fvkd@, lqEk di fwJ h touftwef &vmol tcs K d Œ =um;r Smyi fvsi fbmoma&;qkdwmukd a,mif0g;0g;om em;vnf aewwf=uwmrkd@vnf;vli,fawG=um;rSm bmoma&;uay;wJh tod^m%fawG a&yef;rpm;jzpfaewm tqef;qkdEkdifr,f r[kwfygbl;?

bkef;}uD;eJ@ pum;rajymwwfbl; - qkdwJhpum;u t&Sifbk&m;? wynfhawmf? wynfhawmfr -pwJh omoem awmfeJ@pyfwJh tokH;tE_ef;rsm; okH;+yD; rajymwwfbl;vkd@ qkdcsifwm jzpfrSmyg? rdb/q&morm;rsm;uvnf; bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;eJ@ pum;ajym&if wynfhawmf/ t&Sifbk&m; pojzifh ajym&r,f?tJ'DvkdrS rajym&if i&J }uD;wwfw,f? tjypfjzpfwwfw,f&,fvkd@ oif=um;xm;avawmh tjypfjzpfrSma=umuf&GHŒwmvnf; ygr,f xifygw,f?

aemuf+yD; tJ'Dvkd omoemh tokH;tE_ef;rsm;ukd qDavsmfatmif rokH;wwfolawGukd vnf;r,Ofaus;olav;awG? &kdif;pkdif;olav;awG&,fvkd@ txiftjrifao;wwf/ uJh&JŒ wwfwma=umifhvnf; ajymzkd@0efav; oGm;wwf=uwmvnf; ygr,fxifygw,f?

b,fae&mrSmyJjzpfjzpf ta=umufw&m;eJ@ ajcmufvSef@/ pnf;&kH;wwfwmawGukd =um;od&wJhtcgwkdif; “a'gaom twˆH eZmemwd - ta=umufw&m; tajccHr_uae trSefw&m; &v'faumif;xGufrvmEkdifbl;” - qkdwJhpum;ukd owd&rdwwfw,f?

(rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)


39

wu,fawmh wpfESpfwcg/ 2 ESpf 3 ESpfaevkd@rS wpfcgrS &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;eJ@ qkHzkd@}uKHzkd@rvG,fulwJh vli,fawGtaeeJ@ omoemeJ@ pyfqkdifwJh tokH;tE_ef;rsm;ukd rSefrSefuefuef okH;wwfzkd@qkdwmuvG,fr,fawmh rxifygbl;? tawG@t}uKH t&awmh oHCmawmfrsm;eJ@ wajz;ajz; &if;ESD;vmwJh tcgrSmtavhtusifh &vm+yD; rSefrSefuefuef okH;pGJvmwwfwmukd awG@&ygw,f?

'ga=umifh awG@awG@csif; tcsdefrsm;rSm usaemfyJ okH;okH;/ usryJ ajymajym em;vnf cGifhv$wfay;+yD;wajz;ajz;eJ@ oifjyoGm;zkd@ vkdr,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f? 'ga=umifh tokH;tE_ef; rSm;wJh vli,frsm;ukdq&mrdbrsm;u i&J}uD;r,f/ &kdif;pkdif;w,fvkd@ ajcmufvSef@r_/ jypfwif&_wfcsr_ rjyKyJ pmem em;vnffpGmeJ@wajz;ajz; &if;ESD;atmif zefwD;ay;+yD; oifjyoGm;zkd@ vkdygvdrfhr,f?

ukd,fawG@jzpf&yfyg? wcgu aygufazmf 'umr}uD;u w,fvDzkef;eJ@ qGrf;pm; vSrf;yifhygw,f?zkef;ukdifukdifjcif; olu ar;ygw,f?

“eifu bkef;}uD;vm; ” wJh?[kwfygw,f qkdawmh“0u ²²²+rdKhuyg? eifwkd@ukd xrif;pm; zdwfcsifvkd@? tJ'g tdrfu aumifrawGu bkef;}uD;eJ@

pum;rajymwwf=uvkd@ 0u ajymay;wm? tdrfudk vmEkdifrvm; ” vkd@ ajymygw,f?tdrfu aumifrawGu bkef;}uD;eJ@ pum;rajymwwfvkd@ 0u ajymay;wmqkdawmh pdwfxJu

tenf;i,fawmh +yKH;rdygw,f? 'gayr,fh tvm;wl tawG@t}uKHrsdK;u ukd,fh twGuf tqef;r[kwfvkd@'g[m uJh&Jhp&m wpfckvkd@awmh rjrifygbl;? aemuf+yD; &kdif;pkdif;wJh tokH;tE_ef;vkd@vnf; rxifcJhygbl;? 'l;ae&m'l;/awmfae&mawmf/ avsmfpGm okH;pG Jwwfjcif;qkdwm vkdtyfwJh t&mvkd@ vufcHayr,fh ravsmfpGmrokH;wwfwma=umifh vnf; tjypf wpfckjzpfavw,fvkd@ rxifrdygbl;?

(rtyfpyfwJh a0g[m&pum;eJ@ yifhzdwfwJh qGrf;ukd &[ef;awmfrsm; rbkef;ay; rokH;aqmifaumif;bl;qkdwJh 0denf;ynwfawmfukd rodem;rvnfvkd@ jzpfrSmayghvkd@ pGyfpGJr,f rxifygbl;/ t%krwW0aZ…okb,'\m0D - t%kjrLyrm%rSs ao;ao;i,fi,f tjypfuav;ukdyif ab;tEœ&m,fvkd@ &SKjrif&r,fvkd@a[mxm;w,f r[kwfvm;vkd@vnf; ar;cGef;xkwfcsifr,f rxifygbl;)?

wu,fawmh ukd,fhukd,f qGrf;pm;yifhwJh aygufazmfr}uD;qkd&if jrefrmjynfrSm aepOfubkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;awGukd wpfacgufrS ra&mufzl;cJholyg? jynfy a&mufcgrSom bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;eJ@&if;ESD;+yD; ckvdk eif wpfcGef;/ ig wpfvSnfh qufqH&if; bkef;awmf}uD; ausmif;rsm;ukd 0ifxGufoGm;vmusifh&vmwmyg?

ckqkd ol@ajr;awGawmif ausmif;awGukd oGm;vm0ifxGufaevkd@ bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;eJ@ &if;ESD;uGsrf;0ifaeyg+yD? tzGm; wkdufwGef;r_eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_ oifwef;awGvnf; wufa&muf=uvkd@ ckqkdolwkd@tzGm;ukdyifvsif tzGm; bkef;bkef;eJ@qkd 'Dvkdajym&w,fvkd@ olwkd@uyif tzGm;ukd jyefvnf oif=um;ay;aewwf=u+yD?

ukd,fuawmh jrefrmpum;ukd avvkH;uGJatmif rajymwwfwJh olawGeJ@ awG@wkdif; ajymwwfovkdajymyg/ ukd,fhem;rSm pum;jyefpuf wyfxm;w,f? eifyJajymajym/ igyJqkdqkd/ t&Sifbk&m;/ wynfhawmfvkd@yJjyef+yD; =um;ay;w,fvkd@ ajymxm;vkdufw,f? 'DvkdrS rajym&if olwkd@taeeJ@ bmrS rajymzkd@yJ&Sdawmhw,fav?wpfvkH;p ESpfvkH;p jrefrmpum;av;ukd }udK;pm;+yD; ajymae&wJholawGukd [kdvkdajym&r,f/ 'Dvkdajym&r,fvkd@n$ef=um;ae&if b,frSm c&D;u a&mufEkdifygawmhrvJ?

'Dvkdajymwm jynfy EkdifiHrsm;rSmawmh [kwfwmaygh? jynfwGif;rSmawmh rSefrSefuefuef


40

ajym&rSmayghvkd@ qkdaumif;qkdEkdifp&m &Sdygw,f? okd@ayr,fh jynfwGif;rSma&m vli,fawGukd oHCmawmfrsm;eJ@t}udrf b,favmufrsm;rsm; awG@cGifh&atmif qkHEkdifwJh tcGifhta&; zefwD; ay;xm;ovJqkdwmjyefar;=unfhzkd@ vkdygvdrfhr,f?

aemuf+yD; bmoma&;eJ@ vli,fawG a0;apwJh ta=umif;xJrSm tjcm; ta=umif;rsm;vnf;ygavrvm;vkd@ pOf;pm;rdygw,f?

a'gorxm;zkd@ ajymae=u olawG=um;rSm a'goawG yGm;aewwfwm/ avmbyg;zkd@ ajymaewwfolawG=um;rSm avmbawG rsm;aewwfwmuvnf; vGJrSm;r_ wpfckygyJ? 'Dvkd vGJrSm;aer_awGukd awG@jrifae&wwfwJh tajctaersdK;rSm bmoma&;qkdwm arwWmw&m;awG wkd;yGm;atmif oif=um;ay;wwfwm?rSSsa0wwfatmif vrf;n$ef ay;wwfwm&,fvkd@ ajym&if em;0ifp&m jzpfyghrvm;? b0 aexkdifr_twGuftaxmuftyHhaumif; wpfck&,fvkd@ vufcHzkd@a&m vG,fulyghrvm;? =um;od&r_eJ@ vufawG@ujcm;em;aumif; jcm;em;aeayraygh?

bkef;}uD; jzpfae+yD;uGm? taruvnf; w&m;awG 'Davmufem+yD;/ tazuvnf; w&m;awG'Davmuf xkdif +yD; - pojzif h vli,fawG&J h tvkdrus[ef pum;awG[m vli,fawG=um;rSmbmoma&;eJ@pyf+yD; b0ifrus Ekdifr_uae xGuftHvmwJh wkH@jyef pum;rsdK;yg?

'Dpum;rsdK; =um;&+yDqkd&ifawmh 'g[m ukd,fhqDrSm wpfckckrSm; ae+yDqkdwm ola&m ukd,fygem;vnf=uzkd@eJ@ jyKjyif=uzkd@ vkdae+yD&,fvkd@ odzkd@vkdygvdrfhr,f?

'DvkdtajymcH&zG,f taetxm;rsd K;awG ukd,f hzufu rjyKjyifbJeJ@awmh bmoma&;tqkH;trrsm;[m b,fvkd aumif;w,f/ b,favmufawmif wefzkd;&Sdw,f&,fvkd@ b,fvkdyif pnf;&kH;vrf;jyvkyfvkyf/ vli,fawGtaee@J vufoifh cHem;axmifay;zkd@eJ@ ,kH=unfpGm vkdufemzkd@ tqifoifhjzpfEkdifr,fr[kwfaybl;?

tESpfESpfq,favmuf toufuGmjcm;olawG=um;rSm (Generation Gap) rsdK;qufuGmjcm;r_a=umifh awG;ac:,lqykH/ vufcH ,kH=unfykHvnf; uGJjym;wwfw,fvkd@ ynm&Siftrsm;u,lqcJh=uygw,f? enf;ynmawG wkd;wufvmr_a=umifh ckaemufykdif;rSm qkdvsif rsdK;quf uGmjcm;r_u 'Dxufyifykdkrkdjrefqef/ uGJjym;r_awGuvnf; ykdrkd rsm;vm w,fvkd@vnf; ajym=uygw,f?

bmoma&;tay:/ bmoma&;ukd OD;aqmif OD;&Guf jyKaeolawGtay: touft&G,f}uD;&ifholawGeJ@ i,f&G,folawG jrifwJhtjrifjcif; uGmjcm;wwfwmukd owdxm;rdygw,f?

tpOftvmawGuk d pG Jp G J +r J +r J wefzd k ; xm;wwfolawG&J h tcs d K @tjrif[m acwfopfvli,fawGtjrifrSm tokH;r0ifwJh t&mawGom&,fvkd@ jrifwmrsdK;vnf; &Sdwwfygw,f? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifhbmoma&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; vli,fawG&Jh tcsKdŒarSsmfvifhcsufawG[m tpOftvmukd vGefpGm wefzkd;xm;

vGef;olawGtwGuf vufoifhcHzkd@ cufwmrsdK;vnf; &Sdwwfygw,f?'Dawmh taumif;qkd+yD; ay;wdkif; taumif;csnf; rjzpfEkdifwmukd

owdjyKrdapzkd@ vkdtyfovkd ukd,fh&JŒa&S;&kd;tpGJ tjrift& roifhavsmfbl;xifwJht&mayr,fh acwfopf vlom;awGtwGuf tokH;us wwfwmrsdK;&SdEkdifa=umif;ukdvnf; vufcHem;vnfay;zkd@ vkdayvdrhfr,f? ?

{jyD 5 / 2011

t&Sif^m%du


41

trsKd;om; ynma&; onf jrefrmEdkifiHY 1921 ckESpf wGif ay:ayguf vmonf? ay:aygufjcif;.ta=umif; rSm trsm; od&Sd=uonfh twdkif; 1920 ck &efukef wuUodkvf jyifqifa&;tufOya'udkoabmrusaom taeESif@ ausmif;om;=uD;i,fwdk@onf jrefrmEd k fifiH ynma&;pepfudk topfxlaxmifrnf[laom pdwfxm;jzif@ ausmif;rsm;rS oydwfarSmuf xGufvm=ujyD;vSsif trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm;udkwpifaxmif=uavonf?

trsK d;om;ynma&; tzG J @wGif rsK d ;cspfyk*~ d Kvf=uD; rsm; yg0ifI trsK d;om;ynma&;.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ud k xkwfjyef a=ujimavonf? xk d&nf&G,fcsufrsm;teuf ta&;=uD;aom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm rlv &Sd&if;pGJ ynma&; pepfonf trsKd;om;wdk@tm; tusKd;r&Sd/ t&m rxifaomvcpm; jzpfavmuf&Hkom &nf&G,fonfh ynma&; jzpfcJ@acs onf?

xkdynma&;udk pGef@pm;I EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm; igwdk@EdkifiHwGif vkyfudkif=uD;yGm;aeaom tvkyf=uD;tudkif=uD; rsm;/ owWKwGif;rsm;/ opfawmrsm;udk wdkif;&if; om;rsm; udk,fwdkif vkyfudkifpDrHEdkif&ef &nf&G,fonf[k qdkonf (1923 {jyDvwGif usif;yaom trsKd;om; ynma&; uGef@z&if@. tusKd;aqmif twGif;a&;rS_;OD;armifarmif tHk;cdkif. xkwfjyefcsuf)?

OD;oef OD;oef OD;oef OD;oef OD;oef h

trsKd;om; ynma&;


42

(

tjcm;ta&;=uD;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@twGuf bmoma&;ESif@ jrefrmpmay/jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;/ jrefrm@,Ofaus;rS_ tpkpkwdk@udk &SdjyD; ausmif;rsm;wGif ta&;ray;cJ@ojzif@ trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; oD;jcm;zGif@vSpfjyD; 4if;ynm&yfrsm;udk zGH@jzdK; aptH@[k &nfrSef;cJ@=uonf?

t*FvdyfbmomrSvGJI tjcm;bmom&yfrsm;wGif jrefrmbmomjzif@ oif=um;cGif@ay;&ef yxrvS_H@aqmfcJ@olrsm;rSmvnf; trsKd;om;ynma&; tzGJ@yif jzpfonf? jynfol@eDwdESif@ EdkifiHa&; tajccHrsm;udkvnf;vli,frsm;tm; ydk@cs&ef &nf&G,fonf? ydk@cscJ@=uonf?

T&nfrSef;csufrsm;onf rSefuefaom &nfrSef;csufrsm; jzpfa=umif;udk ynma&;vdkufpm;olwdkif;0efcH=u&ayrnf? odk@&mwGif tb,f@a=umif@ trsKd;om;ynma&;onf atmifjrifoif@oavmufratmifjrifcJ@oenf;? 1922-23 ckESpfu trsKd;om;ausmif; 91 ausmif;wGif ausmif;om; 16000 &SdcJ@&m/1935-36 ckESpfwGif ausmif; 55 ausmif;ESif@ ausmif;om; 7800 rSsom tb,f@a=umif@avSsm@uscJ@ygoenf;?

ynma&;onf tjcm;ta&;rsm;enf;wl aiGay:wGif trSDo[JjyK.? aiGtrsm;qHk; oHk;EdkifvSsifynm taumif;qHk; &Edkif.? trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; zGif@pu tpdk;&taxmuftyH@ r,lrD ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;onf riwf&Hkwr,f udk,fusKd;udk vHk;0pGef@I arwWmvkyfief; apwemvkyfief;jzif@ tepfemcHvsufoif&=um;&cJ@=uonf?

tjidrf@vljyufrsm;. a&ywfvnf 0kdif;vsuf&Sdaom ae&mudk uGsef;[kac:onf/ a=uG;ywfvnf0dkif;vsuf&Sdaom olukdk ae&Sife,f ausmif;q&m[k ac:onfqdkaom jyufvHk;onf a&S;ESpf 20 ausmfuacwfpm;cJ@zl;onf? 4if;aemuf rsm;r=umrD tpdk;&. taxmuftyH@ ,loif@r,loif@ jy\emay:aygufvmjyD;aemuf taxmuftyH@ ,laomausmif;ESif@ r,laomausmif; [lI ESpfrsKd;uGJ=ujyefonf? r,laom ausmif;q&mrsm;onf wjznf;jznf; =uufaysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufukef=ujyD; jzpfI/ ,laomausmif;rsm;omvSsif 1941-42 ckESpftxd toufrao usefcJ@avonf? toufrao[k qdk&mYusef;usef;rmrm oefoefpGrf;pGrf; &Sd=uonfr[kwf? csLcsmcsnfheJ@pGm usefcJ@jcif;jzpfonf?

taxmuftyH@udk ,laomtcg tjcm;EdkifiHjcm; omoemjyK ausmif;rsm;enf;wl t&S_Hk;.wpf0ufudk&=u.? t&S H _ ;. wpf0ufqdk&mY tu,fI ausmif;wpfausmif;. wpfESpfukefusp&dwfonfwpfaomif;jzpfI ausmif;vc av;axmif&tH@/ vdkaom aiGajcmufaxmifudk t&S_H k;[kac:ayonf?xdkajcmufaxmifteuf tpdk;&u oHk;axmif axmufyH@I ausmif;aumfrwDu &Smay;&aom oHk;axmifonftrsm;tm;jzif@ q&mrsm;. tdwfxJu ES_dufjyD; &Smay;&aom oHk;axmifjzpfojzif@ udka&$q&mwdk@onfrdrdwdk@. vcxJrS tcsKdŒudk vSL=u&avonf? q&mwpfa,mufonf cGif@jyKaom vpm 150 usyf&vSsif150d- &a=umif; vufrSwfxdk;&I/ 120d- avmufudkom ,l&&Smonf? usefaom 25d/ 30d- cef@udk vSL&onf?

a&S;oa&mtcgu ynmrif;=uD;wdk@onf xdkodk@ twif;rvSLrae& pepfudk yaysmufapjcif;tvdk@iSm/ wpfESpfvSsif wpf=udrfus ausmif;tkyfrsm;xHrS rdrd.ausmif;wGif q&m q&mrrsm;. vcudktjynfh xkwfay;&ygonf/ wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS rEkwfyg[laom vufrSwfudk ay;ap&onf? xdk@a=umif@trsKd;om; ausmif;rsm;omru tjcm; taxmuftyH@cH ausmif;[lorSsonf ‘rkom;ryg vuFmracsm’[laom pum;udk vufudkifjyKvsuf rkom;udk tm;&yg;&oHk;um vufrSwf xdk;=u&onf?

xdkudpPudk ynma&;0ef=uD;vnf; od.? ynmrif;=uD;vnf; od.? ynm0efrsm;vnf; od.?tcsKyfudk qdk&aomf bkpkc&kutp od.? odk@&mwGif ynma&;Xmeonf ‘odomodap rjrifapESif@’[laomxHk;udk ESvHk;jyK=uavonf?


43

1939 ckESpfwGif taxmuftyH@ES_ef;udk tpdk;&u wpf0ufrS oHk;yHkodk@ wdk;ay;vdkufaomtcg/taxmuftyH@cH ausmif;rsm;onf rsm;pGm oufom&m&=uavonf? t&S_H; ajcmufaxmif&Sdaomausmif;udk a&S;u tpdk;&u oHk;axmifay;&m/ ,ck av;axmif ay;jcif;jzpfI/ usefESpfaxmifudkomq&mrsm;xHrSyif a&S;uuJ@odk@ rdkufa=u;cGJ=u&jyefonf?

rkom; t=uD;pm;rS tao;pm;jzpf&HkrSs jcm;em;avonf? Ttjzpftysufwdk@onf acwfa[mif;uudpPrsm; jzpfI/ ppfaESmif;acwfwGif vHk;0 aysmufuG,foif@ayjyD?

ynmoif=um;a&;onf tpdk;&. wm0ef[laom tajccHoabmudk ydkufrdvSsif tpdk;&onfausmif;rsm;udk usyfjynfh axmufyH@&rnf? xdkodk@ usyfjynfh axmufyH@vSsif ausmif;rsm;onf tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;om jzpfvmayrnf? tpdk;&onf trsKd;om;tpdk;&jzpfI/ ynma&;0efonf trsKd;om;0ef=uD;jzpfvSsif ausmif;rsm;tm;vHk;onf tb,fa=umif@ wdk;wufonfh trsKd;om;ausmif;rsm; rjzpfEdkif&rnfenf;?trsdK;om;ynma&;udk pwif xlaxmifaom yk*~dKvf=uD;wdk@. &nf&G,fcsufonf tb,f@a=umif@rjynfhpHk&rnfenf;? trsKd;om;ynma&; tzGJ@onf trsKd;om;tpdk;&ESif@ tb,f@a=umif@ yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef 0efav;ae&ygtH@enf;?

trs K d ;om;ausmi f ;rsm;. &nf& G,fcsufonf rnfr S syi f aumif;r Ge fy gaomfvnf;trsKd;om;ynma&; pepfwGif rlvuyif rSm;,Gif;aom tajccHwpfck &SdcJ@avonf? xdktajccHrSmwjcm;r[kwf? tpdk;& ausmif;rsm;wGif q,fESpfESif@ oif&rnfh ynmudk ig;ESpf/ odk@r[kwf ajcmufESpfESif@wwfatmifoifrnf [laom pepfyif jzpf.?

ynmoif&mY aq;jrD;wdk r&Sd? aq;jrD;wdkESif@ oifI &Edkifaom ynmonf ‘ynm’ r[kwf/‘oifnm’ rSsom jzpfEdkifayrnf? rlvu q,fESpf oif,l&aom A[kokw (Informative content)

udk ig;ESpf ajcmufESpfESif@ Om%faumif;aomolrsm; &Edkifrnf rSefaomfvnf;/ xdkA[kokwonfynmr[kwfao;? jynfhjynfh00 vlwpfa,mufjzpfEdkfif&ef tjcm;tajccHrsm;vnf;yg&rnf? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;vnf; yg&rnf? ausmif;oufvnf; rwdkvGef;ap&? ausmif;om;b0onf =uD;jyif;vmaomtcgae&rnfhb0udk erlemjy jzpfap&rnf?

wpfoufvHk;twGuf ausmif;wGif pmawGŒomvSsifru/ igawGŒawGvnf; trsm;=uD;oif,l=u&onf? xdk@a=umif@ ynmoif&mY tcsdefwdkzdk@u ta&;r=uD;/ tcsdefvHkvHkavmufavmufESif@jynfhjynfh00 pHkpHkvifvif oifEdkif&efomvSsif ta&;=uD;onf? a&S;u ynmwpf&yfudk ydkrdkpHkvifatmifoif=um;Edkif&ef =udK;pm;=u&rnf?

trsm;tm;jzif@ xif=uonfrSm ausmif;uxGufvSsif ynmoif=um;jcif; jyD;qHk;jyD[k t,l&Sd=uonf?xdkxuf rSm;,Gif;aom t,lonf r&Sdacs? rnfolrqdk ausmif;wGif ae&jcif;onf ynm&Smaeenf;ed\&nf;udk av@vmjcif;om jzpfonf? wu,f@ ynmudk ausmif;xGufrS &Sm&rnf?

vl. b0onf ynmoif=um;vsuf&Sdaom ausmif;=uD;yif jzpfavonf? vlonf wpfoufvHk;ynmoif=um;vsuf &Sdonf? aorSomvSsif vl@avmu ausmif;=uD;rS xGuf&awm@onf? xdk@a=umif@ igawm@b,ftwef; atmifjyD/ ynmoifwmvnf; jyD;jyD/ aemufqufjyD; ynm&Sm&ef rvdk[laom pum;onf/ynmpdk;pdrSs r&dSaom vlay:a=um@ pum;omvSsif jzpfay.?

wu,f@ausmif;om; touftydkfif;tjcm;onf/ odwwfonfht&G,frS aoonftxd jzpf.?

(‘ArmopfESif@ ynmopf’ pmwrf;rS xkwfES_wfazmfjyygonf?) OD;oef h


44

,ae@acwfonf ynmacwf? rae@uacwfaum ynmacwf r[kwfbl;vm;[k ar;p&m¶Sdonf?vl,Ofaus;r_ESifh tod m%fynm/ rdk;ukwfpufÿdkif;udk csJ@cJhaom &Daeqef;acwf/ 19&mpk urBm}uD;udk ykHopfavmif;cJhaom pufr_awmfvSefa&;acwf/ xdkacwfumvwdk@. wyfOD;atmifvHawmfonf ynmjzpfonf?,ae@ tdkifwDawmfvSefa&;wGifvnf; ynm OD;aqmifqJyif? odk@aomf ukefcJhaom&mpkY pufr_t&if;tESD;ESifho,HZmw &if;jrpfwdk@ }uD;pdk;onf? ,ae@acwfwGif ynmt&if;tESD;ESifh ynm&if;jrpfwdk@ *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;¶Sif; urBmtm;}uD;pdk;onf? rnfodk@¶Sdap acwfwdkif;wGif vl;om;wdk@onf ynmtm; tirf;r&¶SmazGcJh=uonf? vlom;wdk@twGufynmonf oJuEWm&rS tdkatppfyrm? jynfwGif;ppf rD;cdk;wtltl=um;rS uav;i,frsm; ppfa0;+idrf;csrf;&m bkef;}uD;ausmif;rsm;odk@nSdK;i,fpGm tm;udk;pGm a&mufvmcJh=uonf? b0¶Sifoefa&;ESifhynm qufpyfaeaom ae&modk@ a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf? (rsdK;!Gef@/ twGJ 1/trSwf 30/jynfol@acwf)? usawmfhrdwfaqG OD;ausmfodef;onf t+idrf;pm;ausmif;q&m}uD;/ ,ckawmh &cdkifjynfol@udk,fpm;

vS,f v$wfawmftrwf? ol@Zmwd ausmufqdyf¶Gmonf ykÀm;u|ef;ESifheD;onf? odk@aomf uGefjrLepfwdk@}uD;pdk;onf? ol@rdbrsm;u acsmifvnfaom v,form;/ om;orD;udk ynmwwfapcsifonf? ¶GmwGifnqdkv#ifzkef;'dkif; zkef;'dkif;/ acsmifvnfolrsm; aiGa=u;ESifh v,fydkif,mydkifrsm; a=umuf&onf? odk@ESifh ynma&;toifhtwifh¶Sdaom +rdK@a[mif;(ajrmufOD;)wGif i,fi,fuwnf;u }uD;vm&onf? ppfawG+rdK@wGif pmoif&efvnf;rwwfEdkif? ol@avoHrsm;Y jynfwGif;ppfESifhaus;vufynma&; a&m,Sufum 0rf;enf;zG,f ygvmwwfonf?

,ae@umvxd aus;vufESifh+rdK@jy ynma&;uGm[aeqJ? odk@ESifh tqifajyaom ynmvdkvm;aomrdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;udk +rdK@ausmif;odk@ydk@&onf? udk,fh¶GmwGif ausmif;}uD;r¶Sd? xdk@twl +rdK@i,frsm;rSaiGa=u;wwfEdkifolrsm;rSm +rdK@}uD; +rdK@jyausmif;rsm;/ +rdK@jy abmf'grsm;odk@a&mufvm=uonf? awm+rdK@rSvli,frsm; +rdK@jywuUodkvfrsm;odk@ a&mufvmonf? om;orD;udk ynmwwfapvdkI v,fa&mif;/ EGm;a&mif;/+cHa&mif;/ tdrfa&mif;ESifh pD;ygG;a&;,dkifeJ@oGm;aom rdom;pkykHjyifrsm;udk aus;vufwGif=um;ae&onf? tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;udk tomxm;/ om;orD;udk ynma&;vlvm;ajrmufapcsifonf?

ynmacwf / ynmvdSKif;rsm; armifcdkifatmif(ppfawG)

Ref: Economist (Jan 20,2011.)

”acgif;aqmifawGrSmem;axmifpGrf;&nfeJ@odvdkpdwfjyif;zdk@vdkygw,f”


45

Tvrf;twdkif; ynmwwf "eºu,f +rdK@}uD;jy}uD;om;wdk@twGuf jynfwGif;ynma&;udkausmf=unfhvmcJh=uonf? om;orD;rsm;u ^m%f&nfxufrsuf+yD; &nfrSef;csuf}uD;onf? rdbtwGufukefusp&dwf pOf;pm;p&mrvdk? 'Dawmhb,fausmif;udk ydk@rvJ? ,dk;',m;z,fxm; puFmyl a[mifaumifvm;?tar&du ta¶S@yd kif; tdkifADvd*f 8ausmif;qdk&ifaum? tar&duef xdyfwef;wuUodkvfrsm;udktdyfrufzGJ@Edkifygonf? urBmxdyfwef; wuUodkvf 10ckESifh bÀma&;&efykHaiG 2009 tokH;wdk@rSm (1) [m;Auf (a':vm 25 bDvD,Hausmf) (2) bmuav (5 bDvD,H) (3) pwef;zdk@ (15 bDvD,H) (4) MIT (rufqmusL;quf)(8 bDvD;,H) (5) urf;b&pfcsf (7 bDvD,H) (6) u,fvfwuf/umvDzdk;eD;,m; (2 bDvD,H) (7) y&ifpwGef (15 bDvD,H) (8) udkvHbD,m (6 bDvD,H) (9) csDum*dk (9 bDvD,H) (10) atmufpzdk@'f (5 bDvD,H) jzpfonf? Edkb,fqk& ynm¶Sifrsm; arG;xkwfr_udk Ed_if;,SOf=unfh&mwGif tar&du 209OD;/ *smreD 80eD;yg;/t*Fvef 70ausmf/ jyifopf 30ausmfESifh ¶k¶S 30eD;yg;jzpfonf? [m;Awfonf jyifopfESifhtwlwl 30ausmfurf;b&pfu ¶k¶SuJhodk@ 30eD;yg;? MIT ESifhpwef;zdk@'fu 18OD;pD¶Sd=uonf? wuUodkvfrsm;onf vlrsdK;pkH EdkifiHpkHwdk@. r[mOD;aESmuf +ydKifyGJjzpfaeonf? urBm}uD;udk yHkopfavmif;aeonf? ,ae@urBmudk pdefac:aeaom jy\em}uD;rsm;onf EdkifiHe,fedrdef ausmfvGef=uonf? ynma&;wGifEdkifiH e,fedrdwfaysmufvmonf? EdkifiHjcm; ynmoifausmif;om;onf 2000jynfhESpfwGif 2oef;atmuf¶Sd&mrS 2008wGif 3.7 oef;¶Sdvmonf? tar&duESifh t*Fvdyfpum;ajym EdkifiHrsm;qDodk@t"duOD;wnf=uonf? jyifopfESifh *smreDwdk@vnf; ay: jyLvmjzpfonf? jyifopfodk@ Oa&myESifhol@udkvdkeDa[mif; tmz&duEdkifiHrsm;rSjzpfonf? ,ae@urBmonf {u0if¶dk;urBmr[kwfawmh/ tar&duef}uD;pdk;r_ usqif;ae+yD[k okH;oyfae=uonf? w¶kyfjynfEdk;xvmr_/ tdEdN,/ b&mZD; paomxGef;opfp EdkifiH}uD;rsm; Edk;xvmr_udk axmufjy+yD; tar&duefacwf ukef+yD[kyif tvGeftu|H ajymvm=uonf? rnfodk@qdkapumrl todw&m; opfyifxdyfzsm;wGif tar&duefwuUodkvfrsm; ¶SdaeqJyif? xdkwuUodkvfrsm;onf acwftqufqufwGif enf;ynmawmfvSefa&;rsm;udk t¶SdefjrSifhay;cJh=uonf? olwdk@onf *vdkb,fbdZeufrsm;ESifh qufoG,faeonf? ukr%Drsm;u ok@awoe&efykHaiGrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;=uonf? 0efxrf;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh atmifjrif+yD;om;vkyfief;}uD;rsm; yl;aygif;aqmif¶Guf=uonf? MITausmif;om;a[mif;wdk@onf ukr%Daygif; 25800wnfaxmifcJh=u+yD? 0efxrf; 3.3ESifh ESpfpOfxkwfvkyfr_wefzdk; a':vm 2bDvD,H¶Sdonf? rsufarSmufacwfwGifbmom&yfe,fy,fcsif; yl;aygif;r_rsm; tm;aumif;aeonf? 20&mpktwGif; ¶lyaA'ESifh tif*sifeD,m ynmaygif;pnf;r_onf pufr_enf;ynm wkd;wufa&;udk t¶SdefjrSifhay;EdkifcJhonf? 21&mpkwGif t"due,fy,fonfZD0aA'ESifh tif*sifeD,m ynmaygif;pnf;r_ jzpfonf? MIT.uifqm okawoeXmewGif ZD0aA'ynm¶Sifrsm;ESifh tif*sifeD,mrsm; yg0ifaeonf? pDrHcsufrsm;wGif uifqmuvyfpnf;rsm;udk zsufqD;ypfEdkifaomemEdktr_efrsm; jyKvkkyfa&;yg0ifonf? rsdK;ADZ ajymif;vJxm;aom Adkif;&yfpfrsm;jzifh vlom;tusdK;azmfaqmif


46

rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;¶SmazGonf? MITonftodynmudk xkwfvkyfovkd jzef@vnf;jzef@csDonf? jyÏmef;pmtkyfrsm;/ ydk@cscsufrsm;udktGefvdkif;ay:wGif tm;vkH;eD;yg;&Ekdifonf? T0efaqmifr_udk 2002wGifpvkyfvJh+yD; vlaygif;oef; 70okH;cJh=uonf? vuf¶Sdwufa&mufoif=um;aeol. tqaygif; 7000cef@jzpfonf? wuUodkvfrsm;onf e,fedrdwfausmf+yD; yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_ wdk;yGg;vmcJhonf? qif;&JrGJawr_/ a&m*gb,ysH@ESH@r_/ EsLuvD,m;udpP/ aomufoHk;a&jy\em/ urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_ paomvl@tzJG@tpnf;jy\emrsm;onf e,fedrdwfjzwfausmf ajz¶Sif;&onf? ajz¶Sif;EdkifpGrf;¶Sdaom EdkifiHrsm;/ acgif;aqmifrsm;onfwuUodkvfy&0k%frsm;xJrS xGufvm=uayonf? ‘pdwf0ifpm;p&m jy\emtm;vHk;[m e,fedrdwfausmfvGef=uygw,f? wcsdK@u e,fedrdwfawG cGxm;=uw,f? wcsdK@jy\emawG[m bdZeufawG/ tpdk;&awG/ wuUodkvfawGeJ@ tusdK;tjrwf rar#mfudk;wJhwJhtkyfpkawG yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufzdk@vdkygw,f? 'ga=umifh ausmif;om;awGudk e,fedrdw fjzwfausmf&Jatmifavhusifhoif=um;ay;zdk@ vdkygw,f’[k [m;Auf. uifae'D tpdk;&aumvdyfausmif;tkyf}uD; t,fvfpl;uaumufcsufqGJjycJhonf? acgif;aqmifawGrSm em;axmifpGrf;&nfeJ@ odvdkpdwfjyif;zdk@vdkygw,f[k olajymjyonf?[m;Awfausmif;om;rsm;onf tpdk;&rsm;/ aps;uGufrsm;ESifh EdkifiHom;[email protected],fr_rsm;udk tjriftrsdK;rsdK;/ ¶_@axmifhtrsdK;rsdK;rS avhvm&onf? 'Drdkua&pDudk axmufcHaom/ qef@usifaom jiif;cHkr_rsm; jyKvkyf&onf? uifae'Dtpdk;&aumvdyf. ausmif;om;xuf0ufonf EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;jzpfonf? ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;xJwGif ukvor*~ twGif;a&;rSL;csyfESifh urBmb%f OuUÏrSpum EdkifiHh0ef}uD;csKyfrsm;/ orRwrsm;yg0ifonf? urBm@pD;ygG;a&;zdk&yf udkwnfaxmifaom uavmh¶Swfvnf; yg0ifonf? urBm@taumif;qHk; wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf urBmw0ef; ^m%f&nfjrifh tkyfpkrsm;rSpka0;vmjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhwuUodkvf. pdwf"gwfcGeftm;udk wdk;jrSifhvmapovdk ausmif;om;rsm;onf urBm@ynma&;uGef&uf. tpdwftydkif; jzpfvmcJhayonf? urBm@xdyfwef; wuUodkvf20wGif 27ckonftar&duefrS[k ¶Sef[dkif;wuUodkvfrS owfrSwfonf? trsm;pkrSmcsrf;om+yD; Ed kb,fqktwGufolwdk@a0pkursm;onf? Ttcsufonf tar&duefyg0gaysmh. t"du&if;jrpfyifjzpfonf?tar&duwGifynmoif}uD;jyif;vmaom urBm@acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tar&duefwefzdk;rsm;/ pHE_ef;rsm;ESifh ,Ofyg;aeonf? *vdkb,fynmwwf tDvdkufrsm;. =oZm}uD;xGm;vmr_udk wcsdK@updk;&drfvmonf? ‘,Ofaus;r_rsm; wkdufrdjcif;’usrf;udk 1996wGifa&;om;xkwfa0cJhaom uG,fvGefol [m;AwfygarmuQ qifjrL&,f[efwifwrfu‘*vdkb,fu&ufawG[m trsdK;om;opPm apmifhodr_ tm;enf;w,f? olwdk@[m trsdK;om;tpdk;&awGudk tDvdkufawG&J@ *vdkb,fvkyfief;awG jrefqefvma&;twGuf toHk;0ifwJh "gwfawmfarGawmftaeeJ@om jrif=uw,f’[k pdk;&drfw}uD; ajymcJhonf? tenf;i,f rSefaumif; rSefEdkifygonf? odk@aomf wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;rsm;. opPmapmifhodr_onf tm;aumif;cdkifrmqJyif? EdkifiHwum xdyfwef;wuUodkvfrsm;odk@ rdrdEdkifiH. xl;céefxufjrufaomvli,frsm;a&muf¶Sd&efESifh trdEdkifiHwuUodkvfrsm; pGrf;&nfjrifhrm;vm&efrSmta&;}uD;ygonf? xdkxuf ynmiwfaeqJjzpfaomaus;vufvli,frsm;twGufaumif;rGefaom ynma&;tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm; wnfaqmuf&if; rsufarSmufEdkifiHopf wnfaqmufa&;wGif ta&;}uD;yga=umif;?

armifcdkifatmif(ppfawG)


47

i,fi,fwkef;u zefwdk@wrf; upm;=uwmudk rSwfrd=ur,f xifygw,f? udk,fhbufuaewbufe,fajrxJ pGef@0if+yD; wbufuvludk acgif;wcsufykwf/ ykcH k;wcsufwdk@+yD; udk,hfbufxJjyefajy;vm=uwmyg? wbufuvnf; 0ifvmr,fhvludk 0ifvmcsifatmif aemufqkwfay;[efjy/ae&muGufvyf zefwD;ay;/ jrLac:+yD; acgif;wcsufjyefykwfvdk@ &atmif =udK;pm;=uygw,f?

wae@uyJ tar&duef qDedwfwm rufudef;[m =uHŒzGwf t&yf0wf ppftpdk;&udk acgif;wcsufykwf+yD;ol@e,f xJudk jyef0ifoGm;yg+yD? aemuf+yD; =uyfajy;rSma&m &efukefrSmyg vlawG/ tzGJ@tpnf;awGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk acgif;ykwf/ ykcHk;wdk@ oGm;ygw,f? 'Dbufu jyefykwfzdk@ =udK;pm;=uwmawGvnf; awG@&ygw,f?'gayrJh b,fykwfcsufawGu xda&mufw,f qdkwmuawmh apmihf=unhf&rvdk jzpfaeygw,f? xl;jcm;wmujynfwGif;uwcsdKŒvlawG[m rufudef;vmwJhtcgrSm rufudef;udk rykwfyJ =uHŒzGwf tpdk;&udk vSrf;ykwfwmawG@&ygw,f? Oyrm olwdk@[m rufudef;eJ@ awG@qHk pum;ajym&mrSm qef&Sifac: ydwfqdk@r_awG zGihfay;a&;ajymwmyg? olwdk@[m rufudef;udk odapcsifwmxuf t&yf0wfppftpdk;&udk olwdk@ tpdk;&bufrSm ¶Sda=umif;odapcsifwmu ydkrsm;aew,fqdkwm xif¶Sm;aeygw,f?

ArmjynfeJ@ tar&duefwdk@&JŒ vuf¶Sd qufqHa&; tajctaerSm zefwdk@ovdk tuJprf;wmawG/b,fajcmufum ajcvSrf;wmawG vkyfae=u&OD;r,f xifygw,f? EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;awGudk v$wfay;oa,mifa,mif vkyfwm/ e*dku udk,fhEdkifiHtwGif; 0ifcGihfray;wJh etz&JŒaemufvdkuf c¶dkeDolaX;awG&JŒaqGrsdK;wcsdKŒudk vm+yD; aq;ukocGihf ay;wm pwmawG[m wbufujrSL+yD; wbufu ykwfwm/wdk@wmawGudkESpfbufpvHk;u azmfjyaewm jzpfygw,f? tcktxdawmh ESpfEdkifiH&JŒ oHwrefa&; v_yf¶Sm;r_awG[m[efa&;jywJh vuQ%m ydkaqmifaeygao;w,f?

'gayrJh zefwdk@wrf; upm;wmeJ@ rwlwJhtcsufu zefwdk@wrf;[m ESpfbuf/ ESpfzGJ@t=um;upm;wmjzpf+yD; qDedwfwm rufudef;&JŒc&D;vdk[muawmh wjcm;tzGJ@awGudkyg xnhfwGuf&w,f qdkwmygyJ?0g¶Sifwefa&m =uyfajy;yg 'DyGJrSm wbufom;udk tuJprf;wm vkyf&if; w¶kwfeJ@ tdENd,tyg tdrfeD;em;csif;EdkifiHawGu b,fvdk oabmxm; azmfjyrvJJ qdkwmudkvnf; rjywf tuJcwf ae&ygw,f? tckavmufeJ@awmhwjcm; wwd,EdkifiHwcku toHxGufvmEdkifp&m r¶Sdao;ygbl;? 'gayrJh 'Dae@vdk tm¶Swdkuf awmifydkif;eJ@ta¶SŒydkif;rSm wif;rmr_awG pjrif&aecsdefrSm 'Dc&D;pOfudk OyuQmjyKxm;=uvdrfhr,fvdk@ ,lq&if nhHvGef;&musygr,f?

}uHŒzGwftpdk;&qdkwm ay:vmwmeJ@ w+ydKifeuf 'DOD;§ AdkvfcsKyfawG vkyfwJh yxrqHk; EdkifiHjcm;a&;ajcvSrf;[m tar&duefeJ@ w¶kwft=um;rSm upm;zdk@ vHk;yrf;wmyJqdkwm owdxm;oihfygw,f? 'g[mrqv tpdk;&upvdk@ e0w-etz tv,f 'Dae@txd ArmjynfrSm wnf¶SdcJhwJh ppftpdk;& tqufquf

Armjynf EdkifiHa&;avmurSm zefwdk@wrf; upm;jcif;&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;


48

tvl;tvJ vHk;yrf;=uwJh tpOftvm oHwrmefa&; vkyfief;vdk w&yfjzpfaeygw,f? omrefEdkifiHwckqdk&if'g[m bmrS ajymp&m r¶Sdygbl;? t&ifuvnf; bufrvdkuf v_yf¶Sm;r_/ wwd, urBmv_yf¶Sm;r_ qdkwmawG¶SdcJhwmygyJ? 'gayrJh jy\emu tcktcgrSm 'djyifEdkifiHawGu “usaemf[m bufrvdkufEdkifiH ygcifAs”qdk+yD;v_yf¶Sm;jy/ axmufcHr_¶SmwmawGvkyfwm rawG@&yJ =uHŒzGwftpdk;&urS 'Dvdkvkyfaewm[m bma=umifhvJvdk@ar;p&m ¶Sdaeygw,f? wjcm;vlawGtaeeJ@ udk,hf&yfwnfr_udk EdkifiHwum tv,frSm w=udrf/ ESpf=udrfazmfjyvdkuf&if udpP at;oGm;ayrJh Armjynfu ppftpdk;&awGrawmh avSeHESpfbufudk cufcufcJcJeif;ae&ovdk [efcsufudk ¶Smvdk@ r&bl; jzpfaeygw,f? 'grsdK;qdkwmu wcg[efcsuf ysufoGm;&if [efcsufudkjyefxdef;zdk@ cufwwfovdk udk,fudk,fwdkifuvnf; wnfwnf+idrf+idrf jzpfzdk@ vdkygw,f? Armjynfvdk jynfwGif;wnf+idrfr_ r¶SdwJh EdkifiH/ avSeHawG trsm;}uD; eif;csifwJh tpdk;&/ avS=uD;ay: avSi,fwifovdk twkta,miftpdk;&awG qifhxm;csifwJh tpdk;&w&yftaeeJ@ wnf+idrfwJh [efcsufwck r&Edkifwm rqef;ygbl;?olwdk@vkyfwmawG twGuf olwdk@cHae&wmyg?

ydkqdk;wJh ta=umif;&if;wcku =uHŒzGwf tpdk;&taeeJ@ tckvdk todtrSwfjyKr_awG ¶Smaewm[mjynfolvlxk tusdK;twGuf r[kwfyJ tm%m& ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGeJ@ olwdk@&JŒaemufvdkuf c¶dkeD olaX;awG&JŒtusdK;twGuf rvnf¶_yf vkyfae jzpfw,fqdkwmygyJ? Ed kifiH=uD;awGt=um;rSm udk,fhoduQmeJ@udk,fwnfwnf+idrf+idrf &yfwnfaew,fqdk&if jynfol vlxkudk rxdcdkufygbl;? 'gayrJh udk,hft=uHtpnfeJ@udk,fEdkifiH=uD;awGt=um;rSm rjzpfnpfus,f upm;w,f qdk&ifawmh =um;nyf+yD; wdkif;jynf emwwfygw,f?

wu,fusawmh 'Dae@ ArmjynfeJ@ teD;qHk;jzpfwJh awmiftm¶SwdkufeJ@ tm¶Swdkuf ta¶SŒydkif;wdk@rSmr+idrfrouf jzpfr_awG/ wif;rmr_awG jrifawG@ae&ygw,f? bifvm'if towfcH&+yD;wJh aemufrSmwmvDbefrsm;&JŒ vufpm; acsa&;v_yf¶Sm;r_awG wdk;rsm;vm¶Hkru ygupPwefeJ@ tar&duefwdk@t=um;qufqHa&; wif;rmvmygw,f? 'geJ@ wqufxJ tdENd,/ w¶kwfwdk@uvnf; 'Dajctaeudk tm¶Hkpdkufjyifqifvmae=uygw,f? awmifudk&D;,m;eJ@ ajrmufudk&D;,m; jy\em[m vdk%facgif;tqHk;utvif;a&mifav;udkawmif rjrif&ao;wJhtjyif *syefrSmivsifeJ@ qlemrD0ifaqmifhvdkufawmh udpPawGuydk¶_yfukefygw,f? awmifw¶kwfyifv,frSm yifv,fxJu usGef;av;awG twGuf ywf0ef;usifuEdkifiHawGt=um;rSm wif;rmr_awG ay:vmaecsdefrSm tar&duefu tJ'Da'orSm¶SdwJh ol@a&wyfudktm;jznfhr,fvdk@ a=unmcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif ArmEdkifiHeJ@ teD;qHk;jzpfwJh xdkif;eJ@ uarŠm'D;,m;wdk@ t=um;uppfyGJ[m ywf0ef;usifudk ysHŒESH@vmp&m r¶Sdbl;qdkayrJh wnf+idrfat;csrf;wJh ywf0ef;usifudk ysufpD;apwmawmhtrSefygyJ?

'DvdktcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyfodef;pdef&JŒ“t&yfom;”tpdk;&[m EdkifiHwum oHwrmefa&;&mrSmtpGrf;awGjyzdk@ vkyfaeygw,f? olwdk@&JŒ zGJ@pnf;yHk Oya'wdk@ a¶G;aumufyGJwdk@/ “vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGihf”wdk@qdkwmawG[m olwdk@udk rsufESmvdktm;& vkyfaeolawGudkom vSnhfpm;vdk@ &ayrJh EdkifiHwumudkrvSnhfpm;Edkifygbl;? qDedwfwm rufudef;vkd vludku 'gavmufeJ@ olwdk@ajymif;aewJh tajymif;tvJwdk@/'Drdkua&pDvrf;a=umif;wdk@ qdkwmawGudk vufcHrwJhvm;? 'Dc&D;pOfudk jyefcsKyfvdkuf&if topfpufpuf }uHŒzGwforRw crsm “ ta¶SŒtv,fydkif; rSmvdk awmfvSefa&;awGeJ@ &ifqdkif&vdrfhr,f” vdk@ ynmay;cH&wmyJtjrwf&vdkufygw,f? zefwdk@yGJrSm ol@udk a¶SŒaevdkufay;=uwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awGuawmh zm;cGifh tjrwf&vdkuf=uygw,f?

jynfolvlxk}uD; tzdk@uawmh tajymif;tvJ[m jynfwGif;u t"du jzpf&r,fqdkwJh t,ltqydkcdkif+rJoGm;&ygw,f? &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;


49

a':¶+

rdk;ausmfausmf

(www.yoma3.org rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

a':¶_[m touf (61) ESpft&G,f trsKd;orD;wOD;jzpf+yD; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfprf;acsmif;+rdKŒe,f pnf;¶Hk;a&;rSL; wOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? olr[m tusOf;om;apmifha&Smufa&; vkyfief;udka&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;t+yD;rS pwifaqmif&GufcJh&m ,ae@txd tusOf;om;aygif; w&m0ef;usifudkapmifha&SmufaeqJ jzpfygw,f?

a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;umv aiG=um&Hausmif;wdkuf/ r*~ifausmif;wkduf/ eef;OD;ausmif;wdkuf/ykZGefawmif a&$awmifausmif;wdkuf pwJhausmif;wdkufrsm;udk tm%mydkifppfwyfu 0ifa&mufpD;eif;+yD;a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;rSm yg0ifcJhw,fvdk@ ,lq&wJh oHCmawmftajrmuftrsm;udk zrf;qD;¶Hk;wifppfaq;cJhygw,f? +yD;awmh oHCmawmfrsm;udk tif;pdefaxmifrS oufqdkif&m+rdKŒe,f w&m;¶Hk;rsm;odk@¶Hk;xkwf&mrSm tif;pdeftusOf;axmifrS eHeuf (8;00) em&Dcef@rSm ¶Hk;xkwf+yD; nae 3;00-4;00 em&Dcef@xd¶Hk;xkwfcsdef &Snfvsm;vSaomfvnf; tm%mydkifrsm;u oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ qGrf;udpPudk bmrSpDpOfay;jcif;r&SdcJhygbl;?

jrefrmjynf tusOf;axmifawGxJrSm ppftm%mydkif rsm;u 1988 aemufydkif; tqufrjywfzrf;qD;xm;wJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;aygif; ESpfaxmifausmf &Sdaew,fqdkwm vlwdkif;odwJh tcsufwckyg?jrefrmppftm%mydkifawG&JŒ tusOf;axmifqdkwmuvJ ae&xkdif&wmutp wudk,fa& oef@&Sif;r_/tpm;taomufwdk@txd tpp cufcJyifyef;vSwJh tajctaeawGeJ@yg? txl;ojzifhawmh rdrdwdka'o &yf&GmeJ@a0;vHwJh tusOf;axmifawGudk tm%mydkifrsm;u tpDtpOf&Sd&Sd ydk@aqmifxm;wmu ydkrdk cufcJapygw,f?

'DtcuftcJrsm;udk wwfEkdiforSs vufvSrf;rDorSs vdkufygaqmif&Guf apmifha&SmufaeolwOD;uawmh a':¶_ (ac: ) a':¶_oif; jzpfygw,f?

(o d k @r[kwf)

Ek di fi Ha&;tusOf;om;rsm;ud k apmif ha& Smufol


50

+yD;awmh oHCmawmfrsm;udk vl0wfvJ&mrSm }uHhzGwfrsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@rsm;&JŒ ykqdk;tuFs D tpkwft+yJ/acs;txyfxyfrsm;om 0wfay;cJh=uojzifh oHCmawmfrsm;rSm t0wfykqdk; npfEGrf;vSa=umif; a&SŒaeudknDnDvd_if/ udkzdk;jzLwdk@xHuwqifh a':¶_ =um;odcJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

tJ'Dtcg a':¶_[m pdwfrcsrf;rom jzpfcJh&+yD; w&m;¶Hk;csdef;ae@awGrSm w&m;¶Hk;rsm;odk@qGrf;vdkufvHqufuyfjcif;jzifh tusOf;om;apmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief;udk pwifvkyfaqmifcJha=umif; od&ygw,f?

olr&JŒ apmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief;rSm pwifcJhwJhoHCmawmfrsm;uawmh aiG=um&Hausmif;wdkufrSq&mawmfrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? xdkq&mawmfrsm;uwqifh aemufxyf b,folb,f0g¶Hk;xkwf b,fae@b,f+rdKŒe,frSm &Sdr,fpojzifh vufqifhurf; ajym=u&mu a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;t+yD; umvaemufydkif;wae@xJ +rdKŒe,f 3-4 cktxd qGrf;vd kufuyf&wmrsK d; jzpfvmcJ hygw,f? aemufyd kif;rSmawmhoHCmawmfrsm;omru vlyk*~dKvf EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;&JŒw&m;¶Hk;csdef;rsm;udkvnf; tqufrjywfxrif;vdkufausG;&wmrsKd; wdk;csJŒvkyfudkifcJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? a':¶_[m wmarGw&m;¶Hk;+yD;vSsif ykZGefawmif?ykZGefawmif +yD;vSsif r*Fvm'Hk? r*Fvm'Hk+yD;vSsif ajrmufOuUvmpojzifh w&m;¶Hk;rsm;vSnfhywf ausG;arG;cJhovdkykqdk; tuFsD/ axmif0wfpHkjymrsm;txd axmufyHh ay;a0cJhw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? ,ae@txd axmif0wfpHkjym0rf;quf tpHk 500 cef@axmufyHh ay;vSLcJh&+yD; t0wfykqdk;/ aq;0g;/ zdeyf/ jcifaxmif/ tdyf,m tcif;/tpm;taomuf/ uGrf;aq;vufzuf/ qyfjymtp/ oGm;wdkufaq;tqHk; tusOf;om;rsm;xHta&mufay;ydk@aeolvnf; jzpfygw,f?

“tefwDuawmh tif;pdefaxmifa&mufwmeJ@ wwfEkdiforSs ydk@ay;vdkufwmbJ? e,fuajymif;vmolawGu bmqdkbmrS ryg=uovdk aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGuvnf; vdkufrvmEdkifbl;av? 'Dawmhb,fol@rS wGufuyfraebl;? tif;pdefaxmifudk a&mufw,f =um;wmeJ@ za,mif;ykqdk; tcif;ydk@w,f?t0wfykqdk;/ jcifaxmifpwm vdkr,fxifwmudk ydk@vdkufwmbJ” vdk@ a':¶_u ajymjywwfygw,f?

'Dvdk ydk@ay;&wm[m vG,fulacsmarG@vSw,fawmh r[kwf&yg? olrtaeeJ@ om;orD; 5 a,mufvkyfpmudkifpmeJ@ tdrfrSm t+idrfhom xdkifpm;EkdifygvSsuf axmifbl;0rSm axmif0efxrf;awGu taiguf tief;cH/jiLjiLplplcH+yD; yd k@&&Smw,fvdk@od&ygw,f? wjcm;olawGudk ygq,fay;oGif;+yD; olrudk waeukefrwfwyf&yfapmifhcd kif;&ifawmifrS olruawmh rwfwyf&yf+yD; waeukefapmifhaevdk@ wcsKdŒaomoabmaumif; wJh axmif0efxrf;rsm;u vufavSsmh+yD; olrydk@csifwJh ygq,fxkyfudk vufcHay;vdkuf&w,fvdk@=um;od&ygw,f?

olr[m e,fta0;a&muf EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;xHudkvnf; vufvSrf;rDorSs pmwdkufrSwqifhygq,frsm; ay;yd k@avh&S dygw,f? 'gwifru axmif0ifpmvmawG@wJh e,faus;vufawm&GmuEkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;&JŒ rdom;pkrsm;udk olr&JŒtdrfrSm wnf;cdkap+yD; axmif0ifpmawG@zdk@ pDpOfay;wmawGvnf; vkyfygao;w,f? +yD;awmh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;wa,muf emrusef;jzpfvdk@ tif;pdefaq;¶Hkudka&mufvmw,fqdkwmeJ@ tusOf;om;vlemrsm;u olrxHta=umif;=um; today;ovdk olruvnf;aq;¶Hktxd vdkufvHapmifha&Smufwwfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; rsufpdcGJvnf; olrygw,f? tlusvnf;olrygw,f? pydkwmvdk trsKd;om;oHk;ypPnf;vdk&ifvJ olrygw,f? oDv&Sif q&mav;awG twGif;cHt0wfr&SdwmvJ olrygw,f? olr[m wu,fhudk (ygav&m yJcl;qm;) ygbJ? ygav&m yJcl;qm;qdkwJh pum;yHkuae&mwumrSm pyfpyfpkpk 0ifygwm raumif;wmudk ajymwmyg? a':¶_qdkwJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtwGufbmvdkvd k / bmjzpfjzpf ygaewJh yJcl;qm;uawmh tvGeft&om&S doGm;apwJh qm;yGif hav;awGjzpfaeygawmhw,f?


51

wu,fawmh olr[m avmuwm0ef odpdwf&S dolyg? vlqefwJ hvlvd k @bJ olrud kuAsnf;wyfcsifygw,f? olr[m EkdifiHcspfpdwf &Sdw,f? arwWmpdwf &Sdw,f? *¶k%mpdwf &Sdw,f?olr&JŒarwWmpdwf/ *¶k%mpdwfu tusOf;us om;orD;&SdwJh wdkif;ESifh jynfe,f toD;oD;u tusOf;axmifawGqD vrf;c&D;roGm;wwf rvmwwfol rdom;pkawGudkvnf; oufqdkif&mtusOf;axmifawGtxdvdkufyg ydk@aqmifay;avh &Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh olr[m usKdif;wHkaxmif/ +rdwfaxmif/ ppfawGaxmif/uav;axmif pwJh jrefrmjynfweHwvsm;u e,fta0;axmifawGtESH@ a&mufcJhbl;olvJ jzpfaeygao;w,f?

tusOf;us oHCmrsm;&Sd&m avSavSmftif;/ wdkuf}uD;/ Owdk/ rtlyif tvef;/ usKdufxdk+rdKŒe,frkyvif &Jbufpcef;awGxd EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG rSm=um;orSsudk vnf; acgufwkef@ acgufjyef oGm;a&mufapmifha&Smufwwfjyefygw,f? armfv+rdKiftusOf;axmifrS OD;Zif;wyg; tm[m&jywf+yD;b0ewfxHysHvGefawmfrla=umif; =um;od&wJhtcg olr[m }uD;pGmaom pdwfqif;&Jjcif;jzpf+yD; olvufvSrf;rrDvdk@yg? rodvdkufvdk@yg?odvd k @awmh ygq,fy d k @ay;ygw,fvd k @ qd ky gowJ h ? tcktcs de fr Sm olr[m ae@pO fae@wd ki f ;tusOf;om;apmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief;eJ@ yifyef;EGrf;e,faewwfayrJh udk,fu yifyef;ayrJh raoEkdifao;bl;?txJu vlawGu tm[m&jywf+yD; aooGm;Ekdifw,f? ig }udK;pm;rS/ ig }udK;pm;rSvdk@ olrudk,folr tm;ay;+yD;vkyfae&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?

wu,fawmh olr[m EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udkom ruyg? &efukef+rdKŒrSm wnf;cdkp&mr&Sdole,fta0;u rdom;pk0ifawG tif;pdefaxmifudk axmif0ifpmvmawG@=uvSsif olrtdrfrSm wnf;cdkap+yD;=unf=unfjzLjzLeJ@ axmif0ifpm awG@Ek difatmif pDpOfay;wwfygao;w,f? tusOf;axmifuvGwfa jrmufvmol tusO f ;om;rsm;ud kvnf; olru &e fuke f +r d K ŒtE S H @ bk&m;z l ;vdkufvHydk@aqmifay;wwfao;ovdk vGwfajrmufvmwJh oDv&Sifq&mav;rsm; oDv&Sifjyef0wfcGifhr&vdk@pm;0wfaea&; cufcJaewmudk ajz&Sif;Ek difbd k@ pufcsKyfoifwef;wufEk difatmif pDpOfwmrsK d;vJvkyfay;wwfolyg?

a':¶_u olr'Dvdk EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;apmifha&Smufa&;vkyfief;eJ@ ae@pOftcsdefukefaewmudkom;orD;awGu r=unfrjzL jzpfvmwJhtcg (eifhwdk@ igESpfvHk; oHk;vHk;xdk;vdk@ tdrfwdkifcsGwf avsmf&&ifvJukefr,f? ESpfvHk; oHk;vHk;eJ@ igtcsKyfxJa&muf/ axmifxJa&muf&ifvJ eifwdk@ t&SufuGJr,f? aiG ukefr,f?igtck trsm;aumif;usKd; vkyfaewm? eifwdk@ *k%f,lwwf=uprf;)vdk@ rdom;pktwGif; twdkuftcHvkyfwwfolyg? tm%mydkifrsm;u ac:ar;jref;&ifawmh usrEkdifiHawmf ykefuefaewm r[kwfygbl;? vlr_a&;vkyfief;vkyfaewmvdk@ ajzygowJh? oufawmifhoufom ygbJ?

jrefrmjynfrSm olvdkvlawG vl 20 &Sdr,fqdk&if tusOf;om; 2000 ausmf tusOf;axmifawGxJrSmtawmftoifhawmh oufawmifhoufom&SdEkdifygvdrfhr,f? (taru arG;/ axmifu ausG;) 'Drdkua&pDta&;eJ@axmifusaeol a':¶_&JŒ ygq,fxkwfudk vufcH&&Sdaeol EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGuawmh olrudk'kwd,tarvdk@ ac:ae=uyg+yD? &[ef;awGuawmh (bduQK rmwm) &[ef;wdk@&JŒ tarygwJh?

a':¶_ (odk@) EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;wdk@&JŒ 'kwd,tar (odk@) bduQKrmwm? olruawmh EkdifiHa&;,Hk=unfcsufa=umifh tusOf;usaeol olr&JŒ om;orD;awG tm;vHk;tjrefqHk;vGwfajrmufygapvdk@ae@pOfqkawmif;aeygowJh?

tara':¶_ -olr&JŒ qENtjrefqHk; jynfhEkdifygap?

rdk;ausmfausmf


52

(u)uAsmESifhuAsmpmtkyfrsm;udkwyfrufolrsm;tzdk²/uAsmpmtkyfxkwfa0onfhckESpf/rnfolu

xkwfa0onf/b,frSmxkwfa0onf/onfpmtkyfwGifxdktcsufrsm;udk&Smr&/oJvGefp tpwpfpbJazmffjyxm;onf?

rsufESmzkH;yef;csDudk(CoverIpo2001)[kazmfjyxm;onf?xdktcsuft&“vGwfvyfaomuavmif&Sifrsm;tzGJ²tpnf;”u2001wGifxkwffa0onf[kqGJvGJawG;p&m&Sdygonf?xdkodk²rSef;qawG;xif,lq& onfqdkuwJurwdusIjzpfonf?

wdusonfhtcsufrSmuAsmq&marmifvS0if;(jrif;jcH)jzpfonf/1960ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;umv &_r0/aiGwm&D/ aoG;aomufr*~Zif;wdk²wGifol huAsmrsm;udkazmfjycJhbl;onf/ 1970ckESpfrsm;wGifvnf;rdk;a0r*~Zif;YuAsmrsm;/ EdkifiHwumbmomjyefuAsmrsm;ESifhpmaya0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;cJhbl;onf?xdkaemufawmcdkolykefjzpfvmcJhonf?

vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wGifyg0ifum ppftm%m&SifpepfudkawmfvSefcJhol/ olykefuAsmq&m/ESpfaygif;okH;q,fausmf=umcJh+yD;rS ol.“olykef²ESvkH;om;uAsmrsm;”pmtkyfudkxkwfa0jzpfcJhonf?,if;tcsufrsm;uxif&Sm;odomvSonf/jynfwGif;wGifaysmufqkH;aysmufuG,faecJhaom uAsmq&mudk onfuAsmpmtkyfjzifh xdawG²&aomol.pmzwfy&dowfjzpfcJholrsm;taejzifh jyefvnfqkHpnf;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf?

pmaya0zef qef;ppfcsuf

aEGOD;

“&ifaoG;& J ²t[m&“&ifaoG;& J ²t[m&“&ifaoG;& J ²t[m&“&ifaoG;& J ²t[m&“&ifaoG;& J ²t[m&cs d K jrE d k @&nfomcs d K jrE d k @&nfomcs d K jrE d k @&nfomcs d K jrE d k @&nfomcs d K jrE d k @&nfom

taumif;qk H ;yg”taumif;qk H ;yg”taumif;qk H ;yg”taumif;qk H ;yg”taumif;qk H ;yg”a=unmaewJhtcd kufa=unmaewJhtcd kufa=unmaewJhtcd kufa=unmaewJhtcd kufa=unmaewJhtcd kuf

uav;tar& J ²uav;tar& J ²uav;tar& J ²uav;tar& J ²uav;tar& J ²t[m&t[m&t[m&t[m&t[m&

tcdk;cH&wJh umvtcdk;cH&wJh umvtcdk;cH&wJh umvtcdk;cH&wJh umvtcdk;cH&wJh umvrxGufEd k@eJ²rxGufEd k@eJ²rxGufEd k@eJ²rxGufEd k@eJ²rxGufEd k@eJ²

“p k d ²av“pk d ²av“pk d ²av“pk d ²av“pk d ²avpd k ²av”pd k ²av”pd k ²av”pd k ²av”pd k ²av”

tarEd k@wd kuftarEd k@wd kuftarEd k@wd kuftarEd k@wd kuftarEd k@wd kufrsuf&nf+yd Kuf+y d Kufrsuf&nf+yd Kuf+y d Kufrsuf&nf+yd Kuf+y d Kufrsuf&nf+yd Kuf+y d Kufrsuf&nf+yd Kuf+y d Kuf

acgif;id kufpd kuf? ?acgif;id kufpd kuf? ?acgif;id kufpd kuf? ?acgif;id kufpd kuf? ?acgif;id kufpd kuf? ?

HH

H


53

(c)awmfvSefa&;orm;olykefwdk²udkav;pm;*k%fjyKonfh olykefESvkH;om;uAsmrsm;pmtkyf/

tzGihfuAsm“opPmrka,m”rSonf“0e,ftusOf;om;”tydwfuAsmtxduAsmyk'fa& 22yk'fuAsmwdk/uAsm&SnfESpfrsdK;pvkH;yg0ifae=uonf?

1960rsm;wGifoDzGJ²cJhonfh“opfudkif;ajcmufav;ay:0,f”rS2001wGifzGJ²oDa&;pyfcJhonfhuAsmrsm; txdESpfaygif; 41 ESpftwGif;cHpm;r_&ifckefoHudkzGJ²EGJ²cJhaomuAsmrsm;jzpfonf?

,ckvnf;uAsmrsm;udk oDukef;zGJ²EGJ²aeqJ uAsmq&marmifvS0if;onf 0wWKwdk/ 0wWK&Snf/ &opmwrf;/ tufaq;rsm;tjyif ordkif;/ EdkifiHa&;aA'/ Armjynfajr,m jy\emponfh u¾rsm;udkvnf;a&;om;aeqJ/odk²aomfvnf; uAsmonf ol.ESvkH;om;0dOmOfjzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/uAsmudk wyfwyfrufrufa&;zGJ²oDukH;avol?

ol.uAsma&;zGJ²jc,for_c&D;onf (1960 -2011)ESpfaygif; 51 (ig;q,fwpfESpf)odk²yifwdkifchJacs+yDaum? ,if;&Snfvsm;=umjrifhaomuAsm c&D;onfol.0dnOfrSmuAsm yifjzpfa=umif; azmfjyaevsuf&Sdonf? vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wGif uAsmudkwGifwGifus,fus,fra&;Edkifawmh/ uAsmvufeufxufvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udka&S²wef;ydk²xm; cJh&ykH&onf/ArmjynfuAsmq&mrsm;xJwGif vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;odk²qif;vmcJh+yD; ArmjynfvGwfajrmufa&;/ jynfol h'Drdkua&pD/ wef;wlnDr#a&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGufwdkufyGJ 0ifcJh=uaom uAsmq&mrSmvufq,facsmif;yifjynfhyghrvm;/xdkuAsmq&mrsm;xJwGifarmifvS0if; (jrif;jcH)onfxif&Sm;aomuAsmq&mwOD;jzpfonf?

}uKH}udKufaecJhojzifh uAsmq&m/ tvSaA'ynm&Sif(tEkynmqdkif&mtawG;tac:ynm&Sif)c&pPwdkzm aumwf0Jvf udkowd&aponf/ pydefjynfwGif;ppfwGif vufeuf udkifawmfvSefa&;Y vlxktwGuftoufaoG;ay;pGef²cJhol uAsmq&maumwf0Jvf wdkufyGJxJwGifusqkH;pOf touf27 om&Sdao;onf[kowfrSwfxm;cJhbl;onf/ xdkuJhokd²aom uAsmq&m &Sdawmh&Sdonf/ &Sm;onf/ wdk;wufpGef²vGwfaomol&Jaumif;uAsmq&mwdk²onf wdkif;jynfvGwfajrmufzdk²vdktyfvmaomtcg vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;wGifESpfjrKyfcJh=u onfudkawG²&onf?

(*)q&marmifvS0if;(jrif;jcH) a&G;jc,faomuAsmta=umif;t&mrSm eif;jym;vlxk.vlr_b0t

a=umif;t&mjzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifhrnfonfhta=umif;t&mudk uAsmq&mua&G;jc,fovJ/ tcspfvm;/toJuGJudpPvm;/ trkef;vm;/ wudk,fa&woD;yk*~vb0udkA[kdjyK+yD;/ qENjrif;&dkif;rsm;udka&;zGJ²jcif;vm;/uAsmy&dowfem;vnf& cHpm;&cufcJaom &_yfaxG;ayGvDaompdwWZcHpm;r_rsm;vm;/ &Sif;vif;odomaomvlr_b0udk &_yfaxG;atmifvkyfvdkufonfhvlr_uAsmvm; uAsmq&marmifvS0if;u tzdESdyfcHeif;jym;vlxk.vlr_b0toD;oD;udk uAsma&;jc,fol acwftqufquf tm%mrJh/ ypPnf;rJh/ i&JwGif;eufxJrSvlxkb0ESifhvlxkcHpm;r_udkoluaumufE_wfa&G;jc,fcJhonf?

vlwef;pm;toD;/ vlrsdK;toD;oD;/ b0toD;oD;xJupdefpDjr&Haom ewfbkHay:ub0udkra&G;cs,f(ra&G;jc,f)// tm%m*k%f/ "e*k%fwdk;jzifhrmefwuf rmefzDaeaom zdESdyfolvlwef;pm;udk rusL;&ifh bkef;awmfbGJ²rSvrf;cGJxGufvmum bk&ifhtm%mudkzDqefonfh aus;vufZeyk'frS qif;&Jom;aus;vufv,folrudkzGJ²qdkonf? pepfqdk;/acwfqdk;. '%fudkcg;pnf;cHae&aom vlxkb0udkomzGJ²qdkonf/ Armjynfaus;vufvlxkomru/ xkdvlxkuJhodk²aome,fcsJ²t&if;&Sifpepfwdk²/ ajr&Sifya'o&mZfwdk²aoG;pkyfzdESdyfr_atmufrS tm&S/tmz&du/ vlxkudkygzGJ²qdkonf?


54

zGJ²qdk&mYeif;jym;vlxk. ukef;aumufp&mr&Sdatmif qif;&JwGif;eufr_/ ya'o&mZfwdk@."g;atmuf/ ppftm%m&Sif.aoewfatmufwGif EHkcsmEkHtaomb0udk a&;aom tcgvlwef;pm;tjrif/wdk;wufaomordkif;tjrifESifhuAsmudkzGJ²EGJ²avol? rcHr&yfEdkifonfhordkif;auG²wGif/ awmfvSef&kef;uefonfhtzdeSdyfcHHvlxk.cGeftm;/ owWd/ ZGJpdwf"gwfrsm;udkazmf usL;oDzGJ²ol? txl;ojzifhppftm%m&SifpepfudktoufoGif;aom zdESdyftEdkifusifhowfjzwfaom/ zufqpftkyfpk zdESdyfa&;ppfudkckcHawmfvSefonfhvlxkppfyGJ.aoewfoH/aoG;toufrsm; udktxif;om;jrif&onf? twdkif;om;=um;&onf/ txl;ojzifh0e,f.vlxkrsm;udkzGJ²EGJ²xm;onf?

0jynfe,fESif h 0vlxkudka&;zG J²aomuAsmrSm av;yk'f&S donf? xdkuAsmav;yk'fxJwGif“0awmifwef;odk²tvGrf;uAsm”onfya'o&mZfpepf/ ppftm%m&SifpepfESifhawmf vSefa&;umvxJrS0vlxkudkzG J²EG J²r_xJ JwGif taumif;qkH;/tvSqkH;/uAsmjzpfonf? uAsm22yk'fonfol@tvSESif holudk,fpD&Sdae+yD;om;/ uAsm&Snfav;yk'frSmvnf; xdkenf;ESifESif/odk²aomf“0awmif;wef;odk²tvGrf;uAsmonf”tvSqkH;uAsmjzpfonf[ktvS aA'jzifhwefbdk;jzwf&vdrfhrnf?

0e,fawmifxdyfu um0dkif;&Gm/ um0dkif;anmifyif}uD;ESifh 0vlxk[kxif[yfxm;onf? ya'o&mZfpepfatmufrSa=uuGJp&m0vlxkonf ESpfrsm;pGmjzwfoef;cJh+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa'o/ awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;jzpfvmcJh=uonf/ vGwfajrmufa'ojzpfvm&mrS0acgif;aqmifwpku/ wdkufazmfwdkufzuf rdwfaqGygwDudkESifxkwfum &efoltkyfpkudk tm;xm;qnf;uyf aygif;pnf;vdkufonf? ppftkyfpkonfxdkacgif;aqmifwpk.u,fwif&SifjzpfvmcJhonf?,cktcgtpdk;&wyf zdeyfajc&mawG0awmifrSm ae&mrvyfajc&mcsif;xyf“um0dkif;” rGef;usyfaea&mhr,f?

uAsmq&mu&rf;a&mfwrf;wum 0awmifwef;udkvGrf;rda=umif;zGJ²EGJ²onf? 2001uzGJ²cJhonfhuAsm&Snf?(2001 aemufydkif;0acgif;aqmifwpfpkESifh 0EdkifiHa&;onf tcsdK;tauG²ordkif;xJvSnfhajymif;a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? r[m ArmvlrsdK;}uD;0g'Drsm;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDr[kwfyJ ppftm%m&Sifpepfppftkyfpkomjzpfa=umif;odoGm; yk H&onf?) uAsmq&monf xdkuAsm&SnfudktEkpdwfjc,for_/tEkpdwfjyuGufrsm;jzifhr_H;xm;onf? 0e,fvl xk. b0jzwfoef;r+ordkif; tqifhqifhudk=unf vifyDoatmifo&kyfaz:onf/ a0pnfatmifzGJ²EGJ²xm;onf?

wzefta=umif;t&mESifh ykHo¾efzGJ²pnf;r_onf nDnGwfvdkufzufae+yDqdkv#if uAsmwyk'fonfvSyvm&rSmjzpfonf/ uAsmq&m. pdwful;&kyfykHv$monf uAsmtvS.toufjzpfonf? “0awmifwef;odk²tvGrf;ajy”uAsmwGif tvStrsm;=uG,f0onf/ crf;em;onfudkawG²&onf/ xdk²a=umifhxdkuAsmonf uAsmq&mjzpf&usdK;eyfonfh uAsm[k rSwfcsufcsrdonf/ rSwfwdkifwckpdkufxl vdkufonfhuAsmvnf;jzpfonf/eif;jym; vlxk. &kyfykHv$mtjzpf ordkif;wGifusef&pf cJhayvdrfhrnf?

ta=umif;t&mESifh ykHo¾efzGJ²pnf;r_/ odyfonf;nDnGwf onfhtzGJ²tEG,frsdK;/ [efyefrsdK;udk“yef;yefwJhol&Jaumif;”“e*g;awmifa=umay:rScHpm;csufrsm;” ESifh “&Gmuav;xJrSAkHoH” uAsmwdk²wGifawG²Edkifonf/ uAsm22yk'f xJwGifuAsmwdk 5yk'fyg0ifonf? uAsmzGJ²pnf;r_uspfvpfouJhodk² tvSuvnf;odyfonf;onfudkawG²&onf/ uAsmwkd²&J²acgif;pOfu “Edk²&nftcdk;cH&wJhn”

“&ifaoG;&J²t[m&csdKjrEdk²&nfomtaumif;qkH;yg”a=unmaewJhtcdkuf


55

uav;tar&J² t[m&tcdk;cH&wJh umvrxGufEdk²eJ²“pkd²avpdk²av”tarEdk²wdkufrsuf&nf+ydKuf+ydKufacgif;idkufpdkuf? ? (1999)Edk²&nfudk rnfodk²tcdk;cHcJh& avoenf;/ uAsmy&dowfudkpOf;pm;&ef uAsmq&mu v_yfEdk;

vdkufonf/uAsm. tvSudkjzpfapzdk² pdwful;&kyfykHv$monf ta&;}uD;a=umif;&nfnGef; cJh+yD;jzpfonf?xdkpdwful;&kyfykH v$mtzGJ²tEGJ²a=umifh cHpm;rkudkydk Ixd&Saponf?

uEW&e,fcsJ²/ a0'emajrv$m/ {nfhonfZifa,mf/ ewf&xm;/ aevdarRmf/ cg;udkif;wkHcsd rdciftdk/yef;jcif;tarmuf uAsmyGifhaumuf/ ppfzdeyfajcGcsvdk² a=urGaewJh&Gmuav;/ “qEN&iftdrf/ r+idrfrouf/vd_if; =uufcGyfwdk²/ ponfhpdwful;&kyfykH v$mrsm;onf ol.uAsmrsm;xJrS &ifckefoHpdefyGifhrsm;jzpfaeum +ydK;+ydK;jyufjyuf awmufvufaeonf?

(C)uAsmq&mudkawG² csifv#ifwjcm;oGm+yD; &Smp&mrvdk/ ol²uAsmawGxJrSmbJ uAsmq&m

onfcdkatmif;ae wwfonf/ uAsmq&marmifvS0if;onf jrif;+cH+rdK²wGifr&Sd/ “teDyGifh”uAsmxJwGif“igjyefvm+yD”“0awmif wef;odk²tvGrf;uAsm”ESifh“0e,f&J²tusOf;om;”uAsmrsm;xJwGifol&Sdaeonf?ol²udkxdkae&mxdkuAsmrsm; xJwGif ol²udkawG²&rnf/ 0d k;w0g;r[kwf/ “olykef}uD;c&D;waxmufbk&m;}uD;odk²a&mufcJhw,f/ uAsmtyg t0ifxdkuAsmrsm;xJwGif/ uAsmq&mudkawG²&onf?

“0e,ftusOf;om;” uAsmwGif uAsmq&mudk 0e,f.tusOf;om;tjzpfESifhawG²&ykHrSm/ pdwfxdcdkufp&maumif;onf/ 0e,fvlxktwGuf toufay;umuG,fcJhol/ 0e,fvlxk tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf/Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDESifhtwl xrf;ydk;&GufaqmifcJhol/ q,fESpft=umwGif olonf0e,ftusOf;om;jzpfvmcJhonf? ao&rnfhtcsdefudkapmifhpm; aeonfhuAsmq&m ol²tm;vGwfay;zdk² 0e,fvlxku[pfa=uG;awmif;qdkoHudk tusOf;axmifxJrS =um;&pOfao&GmoGm;vJ aysmfaysmfyJ[k tm;wufajzodrfhcJhol/vlxk.apwem/ arwWm&dyf wGifaornfh &ufudkaysmf&Gifvd_ufvSJpGm apmifhcJh&ol? xdkuAsmonfol²uAsmpmtkyf.Ekwfquftydwf uAsmyJ b0.tpdwf tydkif;rsm;udkaz: jyxm;onfh uAsmrsm;wGif uAsmq&mudkxdkodk²awG²&Sd&p_rJ?

xyfar;Edkifygao;onf uAsmq&monf uAsmxJwGiftb,fuJhodk² olu&Sdaeygoenf;/ vlxkESifhtwlol&Sdaeonf udkawG²&onf/ pdwWZrdk;n tdrfrufjzLxJwGifr[kwf/ vlr_vufawG²b0wdkufyGJxJwGif vlxkESifhtwl&Sdaejcif; jzpfonf? uAsmq&monfyifv#if vlxkjzpfojzifh vlxkcHpm;r_onf uAsmq&m.cHpm;r_tjzpfvlxkESifh wom;wv$mwnf; uscJhonf? xdkrSwqifhwufvmum vlxkppfyGJuAsmq&mESifh twlwdkufcJhonfh vGwfajrmufa&;wdkufyG JxJrS ol&Jaumif;vlxkudk a&;jc,fzG J²oDaomtcg olonfjynfol²uAsmq&momru awmfvSefa&; uAsmq&mtjzpfodk²a&mufvm&awmhonf/ jiif;Ir&awmh?

aEGOD;ZGef/14/2011


56

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif Edk0ifbmv(7)&ufae@rSm a&G;aumufyGJusif;yjyD;pD;jyD; tpdk;&opfw&yfay:aygufvmjyDjzpfonf? tm%m&vmaomtpdk;&onf jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;usif;yjyD; orRw'k-orRweJ@0ef }uD; (30)OD;udkvnf; twnfjyKjyD;jzpf.? wdkif;a'o=uD;ESif h jynfe,fv$wfawmftpnf;ta0;udkvnf; wpfjydKifwnf; usif;yjyD; jzpf.? xkdwdkif;a'o=uD;ESifhjynfe,fv$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;wGif orRwu tqdkjyKxm;onfh wdkif;a'oESifh jynfe,f 0ef}uD;csKyfrsm; 0ef}uD;Xmersm;udkvnf; v$wfawmfrS twnfjyKcJh.?

'Drdkua&pDenf;t& a&G;aumufyGJjyKvkyf usif;y&jcif; &nf&G,fcsufrSm jynfolrsm; taejzifhOya'jyK v$wfawmfwGif rdrdaexdkif&m jrdK@e,fudk udk,fpm; (rdrdwdk@udk,fpm;) v$wfawmfwGif ajymqdk aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf jyKvkyfEdkifrnfh udk,fpm;vS,f wOD;udk a&G;cs,f&ef a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJxnfhjcif;jzpfonf? usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfrnfh orRw(odk@) 0ef}uD;csKyfudkyg a&G;cs,fjcif; oabmvnf;oufa&muf.? wEdkifiH eJ@ wEdkifiHum; orRwpepf (jyifopf/ &k&Sm; / tar&duef) ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyf t"dupepf(jAdwdef / Oa&my) EdkifiHrsm;uJhodk tkyfcsKyfr_yHko¾mef uGmjcm;r_um;&Sd.? a&G;aumufyGJusif;yI rJay;&jcif;&nf&G,fcsufum; jynfoljynfom;wdk@. qENudk taumiftxnf azmfaqmifay;Edkifrnfh tpdk;&w&yfudk'Drdkua&pDenf;usus ydkifqdkifEdkif&ef jyKvkyfjcif;om jzpf.?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yI rJay;&csdefwGif 'Drdkua&pDenf;usus tpdk;&w&yfudkazmfaqmifEdkif&ef jynfolrsm;taejzifh tcGifhta&;&cJhygovm; h h h h h tJh'DtcsufupI pOf;pm;&ef vdkygonf?tb,fa}umifhqdkaomf trsm;eJ@ oufqdkifaomcdkifrmwJ@ oabmwlnDcsuf wckudk yËdOmnf tjzpfaqmif&GufwJhtcgrSm Oya'a=umif;t& ta&;=uD;wJh tcsufwcsuf &Sdygw,f? tJh'guawmh rJay;&rnfhum,uH&SifawG&J@ oabmqENyg ravsmfuefwJh =oZmtm%mudk toHk;cswm/ jcdrf;ajcmufwm/tusyfudkifwmawG uif;&Sif;jyD;rS rdrdqENtavsmuf oabmwlnDpGm rJJay;wmrsdK; aqmif&GufwmrsdK;udkqdkvdkwmyg/ tJh'DtcsufawGeJ@ rnDn$wfcJh&if 'Da&G;aumufyGJ[m 'Drdkua&pDenf; rusovdk w&m;r#wr_vnf;r&Sdyg? xdk@jyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jyKvkyfaom a&G;aumufyGJwGif orRwtm; jynfolrS wdkuf&dkuf a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufcGifh (tar&duef) uJhodk@ r&Sdacs//

'Drdkua&pD qdkonfrSm t=uGif;rJh trSDtcdk uif;wJh pepfwckjzpf.?'Drdkua&pDudk tajccHwJh t"du

a&morar$ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin)

”tqHk;rSmawmh 'Hk&if; 'Hk&if;ygyJ vdk@yJtoGifopf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;udk apmifhar#mfaewJhacgif;&SdjyD; OD;xkyfr&SdoleJ@OD;xkyf&SdjyD; acgif;r&SdolawGudkowif;yg;vdkufygw,f”


57

ta=umif;t&mawG[m yHkaorl csrSwfxm;jyD;jzpfygw,f? 'g[m jyefjyifvdk@ r&ygbl;/ t"duuswJhta=umif;t&mawG ryg0ifbl; pHrrSDbl; qdk&if b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS 'Drdkua&pDvdk@ rowfrSwfEdkifyg? 'gayrJhEdkifiH wEdkifiHcsif;pDtvdkuf vdkwdk;ydkavsmheJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif vkyf&wmrsdK; &Sdovdk vdkvnf;vdktyfwm rSefygw,f// 'gudkvnf; wOD;wa,muf tzGJ@tpnf; wck&J@ tusdK;twGuf jyKjyifoHk;pGJ&if 'Drdkua&pDpHeJ@ rudkufnDyg? 'Dvdk vdkwdk; ydkavsmh vkyfzdk@&m EdkifiH wpfckvHk;&J@ trsm;pku oabmwlzdk@vdkygw,f?

xdk@tjyif a&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrDSuwnf;u rnfonfhpepf usifhoHk;rnfqdkaom tajccHOya'udk twdtvif; jyXmef;&ygw,f// a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m Oya'ESifh enf;Oya' rsm;udk =udKwif jyXmef;&rnfjzpfygw,f// a&G;aumufyGJ umvwGif rormr_rsm; ray:ayguf&ef ESifh ta&;,lEdkif&ef jynfoleJ@ EdkifiH wumu todtrSwfjyKEdkifaom a&G;aumufyGJ apmifh=unfh xdef;odrf;rnfh w&m;a&; r¾dKif tzGJ@tpnf; w&yfrv$JraoG vdktyfwmtrSefyg? 'gawG r&SdyJeJ@ rSefuefwJh w&m;r#wwJh 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;uswJh a&G;aumufyGJrjzpfEdkifygbl;?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usif;yjyD;oGm;aom a&G;aumufyGJ yHkpH taetxm;udk =unfh&if 'Drdkua&pD&J@tajccH pHn$ef;rsm;eJ@ b,fvdkrS rudkufnDovdk tESpfom&tm;jzifh bmrSr&SdwJh ta&+cHK 'Drdkua&pDqdkwm&Sif;&Sif;=uD; ay:vGifaeygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfvkyfudkifaeaom AdkvfcsKyfrSL;=uD;oef;a&$ rSmurBmay:wGif tqdk;0g;qHk;aom tm%m&Sifrsm;wGif wOD;tygt0if jzpf.// xdk@twl tEdkif&&Sdaom=uHhzGH@ygwDrSmvnf; ppfwyfrS t&m&Sdrsm;eJ@ taygif;tyg OD;aqmifaom ppfwyfudk,fpm;jyKygwD yifr[kwfvm;? tpdk;& tzG@JwGif taygif;yg cef@tyfcH&aom 0ef=uD; (30)OD;rSm tm%m&Siftpdk;&vufxufwGif0ef=uD;wm0ef ,lxm;olrsm;ESifh umuG,fa&; OD;pD;XmerS xdyfwef; t&m&Sd trsm;pkomjzpfojzifha&GaumufyGJ usif;yjyD; tpdk;&opfw&yf wnfaxmif&m rajrmufacs? tm%m&Sif tpdk;&. vlrajymif;rlrajymif;onfh w&m;0if tpd k;&jzpfap&ef jyKvkyfr_om ajymvdk@&aomfvnf; trSefwu,f'Drdkua&pDenf;usus wdkif;jynfudk ajymif;vJ&ef =udK;pm;aeonf[k ,Hk=unf&efrSm udkufnDwm wckrSr&Sdacs?

tqdk;0g;qHk;rSm orRwjzpfolonf EdkifiHawmfeJ@ tpdk;& t=uD;tuJjzpfonf [k qdkaomfvnf;wyfrawmf. t=uD;tuJ r[kwf[k tajccH zGJ@pnf;yHk Oya'rSm =udKwifjyXmef;xm;jcif;jzpf.? TuJhodk@aomOya'rsdK; b,f'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawG rSmrS r=um;zl;acs? rnfonfh'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;twdkif; oGm;aomEdkifiHwGifrqdk a&G;aumufyGJjyD;v#if v$wfawmf ac:,lusif;yjyD; tEdkif&ygwDudk,fpm;vS,favmif;rsm; trnfpm&if ;e J @twl jyXmef ; jy D ;aom tajcc HOya't& orRwtrnfud k a=ujimpjr Jyi f / xd kod k @udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pk. qENjzifh a&G;jc,fcH&aom orRwrS rdrdpdwf=udKuf tpdk;&tzGJ@0if 0ef=uD;rsm;udka&G;cs,fcef@tyf a=ujim.?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&G;aumufyGJjyD;I &ufaygif;rsm;pGm =umonftxd a=ujimxkwfjyefjcif;r&Sdacs?xdk@tjyif tajccH Oya'wGif umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfudk orRwrS wdkuf&dkufcef@xm;cGifhr&SdbJ vuf&Sd tm%m&SifumuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfom tpdk;&opfudk cef@tyfEdkifovdk orRw. txufwGif &Sdaeonfh orRwrSmEdkifiHawmfudk tkyfcsKyfaom &kyfao;tpdk;&tzGJ@ acgif;aqmifvdk jrifae.?

xdk@twl rnfonfh EdkifiHawmfwGifrqdk tjrifhqHk; w&m;pD&ifa&; tzJG@rSm w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfjzpf.? odk@&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. tpdk;&opf usifhoHk;rnfh tajccH Oya'wGifrl umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfuqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh r&Sd[kqdk.? qdkvdk&if;rSm wyfrawmfom;rsm;onfvnf; EdkifiHom; jynfolyif jzpfaomfvnf;&mZ0wfr_ wpfckck usL;vGefonfhwdkifatmif olwdk@tay:wGif EdkifiH. w&m;Oya'rSm oufa&mufr_r&SdEdkifatmif wrif zefwD; a&;qGJxm;jcif;vdk jzpfae.? xdkuJ@odk@ tajccH Oya'udk jyefvnfjyifqif&efrSmvnf;


58

jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f tm;vHk;. av;yHkoHk;yHk axmufcH&ef vdktyf.// xdkaxmufcHr_ &&efrSmvnf;rjzpfEdkifacs?

tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf v$wfawmfwGif jynfolvlxku a&G;aumufwifajrSmufwm r[kwfyJwdkuf&dkufcef@xm;onfh ppfwyf udk,fpm;vS,f 25% ygjyD;jzpfaoma=umifh 'Dvdk tpdk;&rsdK;eJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_yHkpHudkjynfol@v$wfawmfu tkyfcsKyfaom EdkifiHa&; yHkpHvdk owfrSwfvdk@ r&Edkifygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDrSm wpfydkif;wpfp&,fvdk@ r&Sdyg? 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;udk azmfaqmifaeygonf vdk@vnf; ajymvdk@ r&Edkifygbl;? vuf&Sd tpdk;&taejzifh trSefwpfu,f 'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;udk azmfaqmifvdkv#if t&ifOD;qHk; EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;v$wfay;&ygw,f? xdk@twl rw&m; nSif;cHxm;&aom ygwDrsm; zdwfac: jyD; aqG;aEG;&ef vdktyfovdktjydKiftqdkif ygwDrsm;tjzpf vdktyfaom cGifhjyKjcif; vkyfaqmifcGifhrsm;ay;tyfrSom rSefuefaom 'Drdkua&pDvrf;a=umif;udk azmfaqmif&m a&mufygrnf//

vlwpfa,mufonf rJ&Hkodk@ oGm;I rJay;vkdufjcif;onf bmrSrjzpfavmufygbl; [k xifjrifapaomfvnf; trsm;pkaygif;I rJay;jcif;a=umifh xGufay:vmaom &v'fonf vlwpfOD;csif;pD. uH=urRm(EdkifiHom;wdk@. tajccH &ydkifcGifh) ESifh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. rl0g'rsm; ajymif;vJoGm;onftxd ta&;ygvSygonf?'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;ususjzifh w&m;r#wr_&Sdaom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif; jynfolrS rvdkvm;aomtpdk;&wpf&yfudk z,f&Sm;Edkif&ef tcGifhta&; &Ekdifrnfjzpf.? odk@aomf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usif;y jyD;oGm;aoma&G;aumufyGJwGifum; xdktcGifhta&; r&Edkifa=umif;udk 2008ckESpf tajccH Oya' jyXmef; jyD;uwnf;uodEdkifayonf//

a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;rnf[k qdkuwnf;u twdkuftcHygwDrsm;ESifh tm%m&Sif wdk@. =uH@zHG@ygwDrsm;=um; wef;wl tcGifhta&; &Sdoifhonf? pme,fZif; rD'D,mrsm;rS tqifhwef;wl vGwfvyfpGm rdrdwdk@. rl0g'udk vGwfvyfpGm a[majymcGifh a&;om;cGifh &&rnf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGifum; xdktcGifhta&; r&Edkif&SdjyD; jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmuJhodk@ owif;pmrsm;rS tpdk;&ydkif jzpfaejcif; yk*~vduydkif owif;pm xkwfa0cGifhvdk enf;vrf; trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ydwfqdk@xm;jcif; owif;*sme,frsm; tay:wGif pmaypdppfa&; [k ac:aomowif;vGwfvyfcGifhudk ydwfqdk@aom tzGJ@rsm;&Sd.? EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm; rJqG,f&ef ukefusrnfh aiGa=u; tvSLaiGxnfh0ifolrsm;. yg0if ywfoufr_onf &dk;om;oavm/ tcGifhta&;twGuf xnfh0ifjcif;avm qdkaomapmifh=unfh avhvmrnfh EdkifiHwpfum u todtrSwfjyKEdkifavmufonfh a&G;aumufyGJ apmifh=unfhxdef;odrf;a&; w&m;r¾dKif r&Sdjcif;onf w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJ &v'frsm; ray:aygufEdkifacs?

EdkifiHawmftvH ajymif;vJjcif;udkvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yjyD; tEdkif&ygwDrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifhta&G;cs,fcH udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifaom v$wfawmf(trsdK;om;v$wfawmf/ jynfol@v$wfawmf) rS wwfodem;vnfaom ynm&Sifrsm;. tultnDjzifh a&G;cs,fjyD;rS jyifqifjcif; ajymif;vJjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&dk; xHk;pH&Sd.?yHkrSeftm;jzifh EdkifiHawmf tvHonf vGwfvyfa&; &pOf uwnf;u toHk;jyKcJhaom tvHawmfudk tpOftquftpdk;& tzGJ@tpnf; ajymif;vJonfhwdkif toHk;jyK=u.? EdkifiHawmf. tvHawmfonf EdkifiH. tESpfom&t"dyg,frsm;pGm yg0ifatmif ynm&Sifrsm; ordkif; ynm&Sifrsm; pOf;pm;awG;ac: jyD; ygvDref v$wfawmfrSmtm;vHk; axmufcHr_ESifh vGwfvyfa&; &jyD; tpOf tquf toHk;jyKcJhjcif;jzpf.? ,ae@ ppftpdk;&rSm rnfonfht"dy`g,f / rnfonfh tESpfom&rS r&SdyJ jynfaxmifpk pdwf"gwfudk udk,fpm;jyKxm;onfh jrefrmEdkifiHawmftvHudk =uHhzGH@ ta&mif udk,fpm;jyKxm;aom ta&mifay:wGif wyfrawmf trSwftom; =u,fwpfvHk;jzifhajymif;vJjcif;wGif EdkifiHom;wdk@. qEN ryg0ifyJ rdrdwdk@ oabmt& ajymif;vJypfvdkuf.? Tonfum;jrefrmEdkifiHawmf. ordkif;0if trSwftom; ordkif;0if udk,fpm;jyKxm;aom t&mwpfckudk zsufqD;


59

azsmufypfwmeJ@ twlwlyif // EdkifiHeJ@,SOfaom tvGef=uD;rm;onfh jypfr_udk jyKvkyfjcif;yifjzpf.?a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yay;&Hk/ jynfol@v$wfawmfrSm t&yfom; udk,fpm;vS,f tenf;i,frS

vufndL;axmif acgif;ndrffh yg0ifcGifh &&HkeJ@ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u awmif;qdkaomm pD;yGm;a&; ydwfqdk@r_udktar&duef ESifh Oa&my EdkifiH=uD;rsm;u cGifhjyK&ef rvHkavmufyg? w&m;r#wr_ &Sdaom 'Drdkua&pDvrf;a=umif;rSef razmfaqmifEdkifoa&G@ rjzpfEdkifbl; qdkwmudk Edk0ifbmv (7)&ufae@ xGufay:vmnfh &v'fw&m;r0if[k tar&duef EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0ef=uD;Xme ajym=um;csuft& odomygw,f? jrefrmhedkifiHa&;taetxm; ajymif;vJ&efrSm w&kwftpdk;&. tcdkiftrm tumtuG,fay;r_ atmufrSm&Sdaeoa&G@EdkifiHwpfum. xda&mufulnD yH@ydk;r_ r&Edkifygbl;? tuef@ towfeJ@ yH@ydk;r_om &Edkifr,f qdkwmoabmaygufjyD; udk,fhEdkifiH&J@ ta&;udpPudk usaemfwdk@ jynfolawGom a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@acgif;aqmifr_eJ@twl udk,ftm;udk,fudk; ajz&Sif; &rSmyg?

a&G;aumufyGJudk apmifh=unfh xdrf;odrf;aom tzGJ@ &Sdaomfvnf; a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'. yk'fr(87)t& w&m;r#wr_udk razmfaqmifEdkifaejcif;rSm ay:vGifap.? 4if;wGif aumfr&SifESifh aumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;aumfr&SiftzGJ@cJGtqihfqifhESifh ,if;wdk@. tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ a&G;aumufyGJa=umif;t& jzpfap jypfr_a=umif;t&jzpfap w&m;pGJqdkjzif; rcHxdkufap& [k jyXmef;xm;onf? tm%m&Sifwdk@ pdwf=udKuf vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftumtuG,f ay;xm;jcif; jzpfojzifh vGwfvyfjyD; w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJESifh qef@usifbuf jzpfae.?jynfolrsm;xH jynfol@v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJOya' rl=urf;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjyjcif;/ t=uHjyKcsufoabmxm;qENrsm; awmif;cHjcif;r&SdyJ tm%m&Sifwdk@ pdwf=udKuf wzufowf a&;qGJ jyXmef;jyD; a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yojzifhw&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyGJ jynfolrsm;twGuf 'Drdkua&pD vrf;pOfudk azmfaqmifEdkifaom tpdk;&udkjzpfay:vmrSm b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifyg?

'Drdku&pD&J@ tajccHrlrSm vlxku tpdk;&udk a&G;cs,fwifajrSmuf&wJh udpP jzpfaomfvnf;jrefrmEdkifiHwGif azmfaqmifaom 'Drdkua&pDrSm tm%m&Sifrsm;u vljrifaumif;atmif ay;vmwJha&G;cs,fp&mudkyJ jynfolawGu wdkuf&dkufa&G;cs,fcGifh&wJh wdkuf&dkuf'Drdkua&pD tqifhyJ&Sdygw,f?ta&;=uD;udpP tm;vHk;udk tm%m&Sif tpdk;&uyJ qHk;jzwfygw,f? jynfol@ taejzifh tpdk;&udkrJay;a&G;cs,fcGifh r&ygbl;? 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf t"du tusqHk;jzpfwJh Rule of Law vdk@ac:wJhw&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;r_ r&Sdjcif;[m jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;ay: ra&muf&SdEdkifjcif;&J@ tajzqdkvnf;rrSm;ygbl;? vuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHa&; ajymif;vJr_[m ppfwyf tkyfcsKyfr_rS 'Drdkua&pD twkta,miftm%m&Sifqef vl@abmiftodkif;t0kdif;eJ@ tpm;xdk;wJh ajymif;vJr_ygyJ?

tem*gwf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tkyfcsKyfr_ tm%mudk wpdwfwa'o v$wfawmf &&SdawmhjyKjyifajymif;vJr_ tenf;i,fvkyfEdkifwmaygh [k ajymqdkaeaomfvnf; vuf&Sd a&G;aumufyGJ tjyD; tem*gwfjrefrmEdkifiHrSm vlvnf;rajymif; rlvnf;rajymif;bJ ESvHk;om;r&SdwJh tm%m&SifawG ppfcarmufrSacgif;aygif;ajymif;wmyJ &S dygw,f? usefwmuawmh bmrS rajymif;vJyg? jynfol@ udk,fpm;jyKv$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; taejzifhvnf; wdkif;jynfudk jyKjyifpdwf b,favmufyJ tm;aumif;aumif;tajccHOyga' t& bmrSrwwfEdkifwJh taetxm; r[kwfygbl;? tqdk;0g;qHk;rSm tajccHOya'ygtcsufrsm;rSm wyfrawmf wzufapmif;eif; tompD;,lum a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpf.? tqHk;rSmawmh 'Hk&if;'Hk&if;ygyJ vdk@yJ toGifopf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;udk apmifhar#mfaewJh acgif;&SdjyD; OD;xkyfr&SdoleJ@ OD;xkyf&SdjyD;acgif;r&SdolawGudk owif;yg;vdkufygw,f? w&m;r#wr_ r&SdwJh tajccHOyga'eJ@ rw&m;wJh trdef@tm%mrSefor#udk zDqef=uygpdk@ // / / 0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin)


60

w&m;atmufwGifarG;zGm;/ ¶Sifoefaexdkif=u&aomvlom;wdkhonf tm;vHk;omwlnDr#jzpfIobm0tcGifhta&;udkvnf; wef;wlnDr# &¶Sd=u.? obm0tcGifhta&;(Natural Right) qdkonfrSmb0&yfwnfcGifh/vGyfvyfcGifhESifhypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifcGifhwdk@jzpf.?,if;tcGifhta&;wdk@udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;o[ZmwjzpfjzpfusifhoHk;Edkifa&;twGuf vlom;wdk honftcsif;csif; tjyeftvSefoabm wlnDcsufjyKumvlr_yËdnmOf(social contract)csrSwfI rdrdwdk htay: pDrHcef hcGJr_jyK&ef tpdk;&tzGJ htpnf; (0g)EdkifiHawmftm%mudk wnfaxmifzGJ hpnf;=uonf// xdktcgEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJ htpnf;onf4if;udk wifajrSmufzGJ@pnf;ay;aomEdkifiHom;wdkh.rlvobm0tcGifha&;rsm;jzpf=uonfhb0&yfwnfcGifh/vGyfvyfcGifhESifhypPnf;OpPmydkifqdkifcGifh wdkhudktmrcHcsufay;I obm0w&m;ESifhtnD tkyfcsKyf&rnfjzpf onf?xdk@a=umifh avmhcftvdkt&EdkifiHawmftm%monf vlwpfOD;wa,mufwGifvnfaumif;/tzGJ@ wpfzGJ@wGifvnfaumif;rwnf¶Sday?vl@tzGJ htpnf;wpf&yfvHk;Yomwnfayonf? xdk@jyifavmhcfu a¶$;aumufyGJpepfjzifh jynfol hudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkrJay;Itpdk;&zGJ hpnf;jcif;onftaumif;qHk;pepfjzpfonf[kqdkayonf? Todk@EdkifiHom;trsm;pkua¶G;aumufwifajrSmuf+yD;EdkifiHawmftm%mtyfESif;cH&aom tpdk;&tzGJ@onf EdkifiHom;[email protected]&;udk umuG,fapmifha¶SmufEdkifjcif;r¶Sdaomtcg odk@wnf;r[kwf 0ifa&mufpGufzuf xdyg;vmaomtcgwGif rlvoabmwlxm;cJh=uaomvlr_yËdnmOfonfysufjy,foGm;aoma=umifh EdkifiHom;wdk@onftpdk;&tm;awmfvSefydkifcGifh(Right of Revolution)¶S dayonf? Todk@aomavmhcf. ‘obm0tcGif hta&;’/‘trsm;pktkyfcsKyfa&;’ESifh‘awmfvSefydkifcGifh¶Sda&;’[laomt,ltqrsm;onf acwfopf'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;wGifaoG;a=umrsm;yrmpdrfh0ifysH@ESH@vsuf¶Sdayonf?

vpfb&,f0g'arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhw&m;r#wrSK

armif=unfopf


61

‘EdkifiHawmftm%m. rlvydkif¶SifrSmEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfaoma=umifh EdkifiHom;tm;vkH;onfEdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifaqmif¶GufEdkifcGifh¶Sdolrsm; jzpf=uonf’[laom avmhcf.t,ltqudk tar&duefvGyfvyfa&; a=unmpmwrf;wGifxnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ayonf? xdktcsdefrSpI vlwdkif;yg0ifaqmif¶Guf=uaomEdkifiHa&;pepfonfurBmwpf0ef;ysH@ESH@oGm;.? ,if;pepfonfurBmhEdkifiHa&;orkdif;wGif ta&;tygqHk;aomzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ jzpfonf[kqdkEdkifayonf?

avmhcf.EdkifiHa&;'\eudk tajccHIay:xGef;vmaom awmfvSefajymif;vJr_ wpf&yfrSm‘EdkifiHa&;t&w&m;0ifjzpfr_’(Political Legitimacy)jzpf.? ,if;rSm tkyfcsKyfcHEdkifiHom;wdk@. auseyfcGifhjyKcsuf(0g)oabmwlnDcsuf &¶SdrSomv#if EdkifiHawmftpdk;&wpf&yfonf w&m;0ifjzpfonf[laomtcsufjzpfonf? ,ae@umvwGif rif;qdk;rif;npf tm%m¶Sif tpdk;&jzpfap/'Drdku&ufwpftpdk;&jzpfaptpdk;&wdkif;[email protected](consent)&¶Sdxm;olrsm; jzpfonf[koma=uG;a=umf=u.? rnfonfhtpdk;&acgif;aqmifr# [email protected]&%monf bk&m;ocifucsrSwfay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf[lIvnf;aumif; / obm0w&m;upOfqufrjywfcsrSwfay;onf[lIvnf;aumif;rajym=um;=uawmhay? EdkifiHom;[email protected] &¶dSaomtpdk;&[lonfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wpf&yfvHk; EdkifiHom;tm;vkH;. vdktifqENudkjynfhqnf;ay;&onfh ,EW&m;jzpfayonf? rsufarSmufacwfwGif EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;/EdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@onf oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuf&¶Sdaomtpdk;&omv#ifa&¶SnfwnfwHhrnfjzpfa=umif; aumif;pGmoabmaygufem;vnf=u.? [email protected]#if tpdk;&w&yfonfaumif;pGmv_yf¶Sm;vnfywfI r&Edkifaoma=umifhjzpf.?xdk@a=umifhvnf;enf;vrf;rsdK;pk HudktoHk;jyKI‘w&m;0iftpdk;&rsm;’udkxlaxmif=u.? Tae&mwGifEd kifiHa&;w&m;r#wr_(Political justice)onfta&;ygayonf?w&m;r#wpGmjzif h jynfolwdk@.,Hk=unfaxmufcHr_(0g) oabmwlcGifhjyKcsuf&¶Sdaomtpdk;&onf w&m;0iftm%mudk rSefuefpGm&¶Sdaomtpdk;&jzpf+yD; rdrd.vkyfief;pOfrsm;udkvnf; acsmarG@pGmvnfywfEdkifatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifrnfjzpfayonf?Todk@r[kwfv#if EdkifiHom;jynfolwdk@. ,kH=unfr_ysufjy,foGm;+yD; pdwfa&mudk,fygyl;aygif; aqmif¶Gufr_udkvnf; qHk;¶_H;oGm;um zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_vnf; &Edkifrnfr[kwfacs? a&¶SnfwGif qlyltHk=uGr_rsm;/rauseyfr_rsm;/t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufqENjyr_rsm;vnf; xdkEdkifiHrsm;wGif qufwdkufay:vmrnfomjzpfonf?

,ckvwfwavm wleD;¶Sm;/ tD*spf/t,fab;eD;,m; wdk h.w&m;0iftpdk;&rsm;}uHKawG@ae&aomtjzpfqdk;rsdK;jzpfayonf?odk hjzpfIacwfopfEdkifiHa&;ody`Hynm¶Sifrsm;u avmhcfajymovdkEk difiHom;[email protected]&;Y yg0ifvkyfaqmifEdkifcGif hESif hEd kifiHa&;t&w&m;0ifjzpfr_wdk@onf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwnfaqmufjcif;twGufta&;}uD;ouhJodk@ jynfolwdk@.,Hk=unfr_udk wnfaqmufay;EdkifaomEdkifiHa&;w&m;r#wr_onfvnf; r¶Sdrjzpfta&;yga=umif;qdk=uayonf? xdk@a=umifhrsufarSmufacwfEdkifiHa&;'\eynm¶Sif *|efa&m(Jhon Raws)u‘w&m;r#wr_onfvlr_tzJG@tpnf; wnfaqmufa&;wGiftajccHtusqkH;aom aumifjrwfjcif;w&m;jzpfonf’[kqdkcJhjcif;jzpfayrnf?

armif=unfopf Ref: 1. James Barber, ‘Citizen Politics’,1786 .

2. Oxford Dictionary of Politics,2003.

jynfol@acwf twGJ1 /trSwf34 / 3rwf/ 2011 =umoyaw;


62

wavmwkef;u EkdifiHa&;orm;a[mif;rsm;wjzpfvJ pma&;q&mrsm;/ vuf&Sdv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fqdkwJhyk*~dKvfrsm;u v$wfawmfwGif;EkdifiHa&; qkdwJhtoHawG tawmfav;nHatmif ajym=uqkd=uwmawG em;rqef@atmif =um;cJh&ao;ygw,f?

ckxufxdawmh rD'D,mtrnfcH tpdk;&tvkyfauGs;jyK pmapmifawGavmufrSmom v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fawG&JŒ v$wfawmftawG@=uHKawG/ ar;jref;cef;avmufom zwf&ygao;w,f? bmeJ@tvm;o¾mefwlovJqdkawmh ay: jyLvmjzpfvkqJ ay: jyLvmjzpfavmufw,f qkdwJh wufopfp tqdkawmf/o¶kyfaqmifawGudk tifwmAsL;ay;wmrsKd; jzpfaewmawmh &ifarmp&myg?

“v$wfawmfEk difiHa&;qkd +yD; ZGwfajymae=uwmygAsm? w&ufvm; usaemfwkd@ ae@pOfjrifae&wmyJav/ 15 rdepf v$wfawmfac:w,fAsm/ b,favmufrsm; [mo}udKufaewJh vlawGvnf;awmhrodbl;? 15 rdepfeJ@t+yD;owfvdkufwJh v$wfawmfrsKd;u usaemfwkd@ wkdif;jynfu pwmaygh/ tpuwnf;uudkv$wfawmf em,u}uD;qdkwJhvlu ajymxm;om;vm;Asm/ jiif;ckef aewmeJ@ tcsdefrukefaeeJ@/ bmjzpfr,fnmjzpfr,faygh? aumif;ygw,f/ wkdif;jynfa&;&m 15 rdepfwm qkd+yD;awmh EkdifiHwumudkawmif jzef@oifhw,f?'grS 'Drdkua&pDqkdwm v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f 400 avmuf 15 rdepf awG@&w,fqkdwm odoGm;rSmaygh?twk,lr,fh wkdif;jynfawGuvnf; twk,lEkdifwmaygh?

Ek d@rd k@tvum;ae orRwudkvnf; apm'uwuf/ [dkpDrHudef;qkdvnf; apm'uwuf/EdkifiHjcm;a&;&mvnf; apm'uwufqkd&if rjzpfawmhbl;av? ckvdk pDpDrHrHvkyfxm;wm 45 rdepfavmufaqG;aEG;&if b,favmufaumif;avrvJAsm? 'Drdkc&uf 'Drkdc&uf qkdwJh txl;tqef; vlom;awGvnf;15 rdepf 'Drdkc&uf jzpfzl;oGm;wmaygh?

jzLjzLoif;

o¶kyfazmf aumufa=umif;yef;csD - rif;ausmfcdkif

vli,fwkd h&JŒEdkifiHa&; aumif;uifopf (30)

(www.moemaka.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)vlawGu jrefrmyDyDyJ csdwfvHkcsnfawG0wfacgif;aygif;wvlvleJhukef;ukef;uGuGMuD;awGvkyfqdkawmhusaemfwkd huawmh oabmusw,f?ADpD'Do&kyfaqmifawG vdkayghaemf/

DH


63

'Dwdkif;oGm;&if [mopma&;q&mwkd@/ [mo¶kyf&SifqdkwmawG aysmufoGm;Ekdifw,fav?bmjzpfvkd@vJqkdawmh n 8 em&Dwdkif&if 0wf¶Hk}uD;awGjcHK aygifcsdefvdkyJ wlawGxk ygw,f? 'Dvlvnf;¶kyf&nftm;jzifhawmh usefwmuawmh jrefrmhtoHu vlwa,mufu 0if0ifajymay; vlawGu jrefrmyDyDyJcsdwfvHkcsnfawG0wf/ acgif;aygif;wvlvleJ@ ukef;ukef;uGuG}uD;awGvkyfqdkawmh usaemfwkd@uawmhoabmusw,f? ADpD'Do¶kyfaqmifawG vdkayghaemf/ tJhvdkqkdawmh usaemfwkd@ twGuf vrf;cif;wHwm;aqmufwmtjyif vlaygif; 400 ausmf[m ADpD'DawGjyay;awmh t&rf; aus;Zl;wifw,f ajym&rSmaygh”

'guawmh pdwftcsnfaygufaewJh vli,fwa,mufu tjyif;txef a0zefjyoGm;wmyg?wu,fwrf;awmh 'Dvdkv$wfawmfEkdifiHa&; wGifus,fvmwmeJ@trSs vlxkEdkifiHa&; aysmufoGm;avrvm;qdkwJh tm%m&SifawG&JŒ pdwfrlrrSefr_udk vlxku aumif;aumif; odae+yD;om;yg? 'D v$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fawGtaeeJ@uvnf; [D&d=owyw&m;udk qifjcifoifhaeyg+yD? udk,fpm;vS,fawGtaeeJ@ rdrdukdjynfolu b,favmufxd ,Hk=unfw,f/ rJ b,favmuf ay;cJhw,fqkdwmawmif odyg&JŒvm;vdk@ar;cGef;xkwf&rvdk jzpfaeyg+yD?

trSefudk trSeftwdkif;0efcH&Jzkd@ vdktyfygw,f? udk,fu rJEdkifcJhwmvm;/ tm%m&Siftvdkus0ifujy toHk;awmfcH&wmvm;/ tm%m&Sifcif;usif;wJh 'Drk dua&pDZmwfysufxJrSm vl&$ifawmf0ifvkyfae&wmvm;qdkwm udk,fhzmom todqHk;yg? a&G;aumufyGJ}udKumvawGrSmwkef;u ajymcJhwJhjynfolawG&JŒtoHukd v$wfawmfrSm zGifh[r,fqkdwJh tcsif;t&mawG ajymcGihf&r&qdkwmvnf; 'Dyk*~dKvfawGujynfolvlxkxuf odae+y D ;om; jzp fy gw,f? tck trde f @ay;wmawG vk du fvky fae&olwyfrawmfom;awGuawmif rdrdeJ@rxdkufwefwJh &mxl;awGay;vdk@ jiif;y,fvkdufw,f qkdwJh toHawGvnf;xGufay:vmaeygw,f? 'Dvkyf&yfawG rSefrrSefvdk@ usrtaeeJ@ rajymvdkayr,fh rdrdeJ@xkdufwefw,f/rwefbl;qkdwmudk odaewmudku 'D wOD;wa,mufcsif;pDrSm&SdaewJh t&nftcsif; udk,f&nfukd,faoG;awGjzpfygw,f?

'ga=umifh trdef@awGeJ@oGm;wmawGukd Oya'a=umif;t& jyKjyifcsifygw,fqkdwJh vlawGtaeeJ@xyfrH pOf;pm;p&mawGjzpfaeyg+yD? wqifhcsif;pDoGm;rS 'Drdkua&pD&r,fqkdwJh tkdif'D,mrsKd;[m wdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsKd;udk apmfum;wmvkd@rsm; bma=umifh rpOf;pm;=uavovJqkdwm ar;cGef;xkwfp&myg? v$wfawmfEkdifiHa&;b,favmuf &Sifoefaeae vlxktusKd;rjyKEkdif&ifawmh v$wfawmfqkdwmvnf; tvum;oufoufvkdjzpfaerSmyg?

'Dv$wfawmfrSm b,fol@wifjycsufawGudk axmufcHw,f? b,fol@tqkdjyKcsufuawmhbmqdkwmrsKd;awGudkvnf; ckxd xkwfazmfrajymEkdif=uao;ygbl;? usrwkd@ 'Drdkua&pD vdkcsifwmyg?pum;vHk;awG vdkcsifaewm r[kwfygbl;? w¶kwfpum;yHkwck&Sdygw,f? “jrifomwJhae&mrSm zGufyg” qkdwJhpum;&yfav;yg? jynfolukd udk,fpm;jyKjcif; rjyKjcif;qkdwm tom;xm;vkdufvkd@ v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;usif;yaewmawGukdawmh ae@pOfeD;yg; jrifawG@ae&ygw,f?

'Dv$wfawmfu xifomjrifom&SdaewJhae&m wckyg? 'D xifomjrifomae&mrSm usrwdk@vdkcsifaewJh 'Drdkua&pD[m ajrjrSKyfcHxm;&ovdk jzpfaewmyg? 'ga=umifh usrwkd@ vli,fxkawGtaeeJ@nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ@ ppfppfrSefrSef 'Drdkua&pDudk azmfxkwf=uygpdk@vdk@ usr qENjyKvkduf&ygw,f? usrrjzLjzLoif;yg? (vGwfvyfwJh tm&StoH a&'D,dktpDtpOfudk jyefvnfwifqufwm jzpfygw,f)

D


64

vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkonfrSm rdrd&J@pD;ygG;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Yaomf4if;/vlr_a&;EdkifiHa&; v_yf¶Sm;r_tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;Yaomf4if; 0efxrf;rsm;/tzGJ@0ifrsm;wpfOD;csifpD&J@pGrf;aqmifr_udk rdrd&J@organization firm(tzGJ@tpnf;) twGufvkyfief;atmifjrifatmif azmfxkwfpDrHcef@cGJ toHk;jyKjcif;vdk@qdkcsifygw,f? vlom;wdkif;rwlnDwJh t&nftcsif;rsm;pGm¶Sdygw,f? wcsKd@uazmfxkwfokH;pGJcGifh¶Sd=uovdk wcsdK@rSmazmfxkwfokH;pGJcGifh r&¶Sd=u¶Smygbl;? wcsdK@rSm tcGifh¶Sd&J@om;eJ@ azmfxkwfoHk;pGJzdk@r}udK;pm;=uygbl;? wpfOD;csif;pD&J@ rwlnDwJ@t&nftcsif;awGay:rSm rwlnDwJ@wm0efcGJa0ay;aqmifapjcif;jzifh vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfawGudk jynfhjynfh00 aqmif¶GufapEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f?

vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf vl@pGr f;tm;t&if;tjrpf vl@pGr f;tm;t&if;tjrpf vl@pGr f;tm;t&if;tjrpf vl@pGr f;tm;t&if;tjrpf pDrHcef hcGJr+qdkwm bmvJ h h h usrwdk@tm;vHk; rdrdwdkif;jynfeJ@vlrsdK; zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufwm/ aumif;pm;wmjrifcsif=uwm csnf;yJjzpfygw,f? t&rf;wdk;wufaewJ@EdkifiHawG¶Sdovdk qif;&JwJ@EdkifiHawGvnf; trsm;}uD;¶Sdygw,f? ‘bma=umifhqif;&JEGrf;yg;ae=u&ovJ?’ ‘bma=umifha&m*gawGcHpm;ae&ovJ?’‘bma=umifhacwfynmwwfawGenf;oxufenf;vm&ovJ?’qdkwmudkqifjcifoifhygw,f? usrwdk@vlrsdK;awGuyJ tvGefnHhwma=umihfvm;? ?aocsmwmwpfckuawmh vlrsdK;uvkH;0rnHhbl;qdkwmygyJ?jrefrmvlrsdK;awG[m awmf=uygw,f? jzwfxdk;Om%feJ@udk,fcsif;pmw&m;vnf; ¶Sd=uygw,f?tJ'DtwGufa=umifh tajz¶Smoifhygw,f? usrwdk@EdkifiH aumif;wJhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_twGuf tajz¶Smzdk@qENr¶Sd&ifawmh usrwdk@EdkifiHtwGuf raumif;wJhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_eJ@y}JuHK=u&rSmjzpfygw,f? b,fvdkzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_eJ@ wdk;wufcsifovJqdkwmvJ udk,fudk,fwdkifaocsmodxm;em;vnfzdk@vdkygw,f? em;vnfatmifvnf;}udK;pm;oifhygw,f? qif;&JwJhEdkifiHawGrSm wdkif;jynfzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf (1)tajcaetcsdeftcg (2)t,ltqoabmxm; (3)tzGJ@tpnf; toif;t0if;tkwfjrpfckdifrmr_ (4)tusdK;&v'feJ@aemufqufwGJ qdkwJhtcsuftvufawGudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhw,fvdk@ vlr_odyHynm¶Sif yD/'Avl/y&ufpfwefu qdkygw,f? vl@pGrf;tm;

t&if;tjrpfb,fuvmovJ? vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfb,fuvmovJqdk&if ynma&;pepfuvmygw,f?EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrSm ynma&;pepfraumif;&if vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf enf;yg;oGm;ygr,f? vlom;t&if;tjrpfenf;yg;oGm;&if obm0t&if;tjrpfrnfr#yifaygºu,f0ygap/ pDrHcef@cGJr_u|rf;usifolr¶SdwJhtwGuf wdk;wufzdk@cufcJapygw,f? ynma&;aumif;zdk@qdk&mY oufqdkif&mtpdk;&&J@ ynma&;ay:vpDay:rlwnfygw,f? uswdk@jrefrmjynfolawGrSm tvG,fwulA[kokwrSD;p&m pm=unfhwdkufr¶Sdbl;? oufqdkif&mvl}uD;awGeJ@ ynma&;0ef}uD;awGu arhaeovm;/ wrifyJrvkyfay;ovm;/ rajymwwfatmifygyJ? pm=unfhwdkufr¶SdwJhtwGuf ausmif;pmoifcef;u oif¶dk;!$ef;wrf;tjyif wjcm;pmayjzpfwJ@tcspf0wKawG odkif;0wKawGuvGJ&if zwfwJhtusifh r¶Sd=uygbl;? oif¶dk;!$ef;wrf;awmif tjyifA[kokweJ@,SOf+yD; roifay;awmhwJhtwGuf‘.’‘onf’ra¶G; tvGwf&atmifoif/ ajzqdk=uwmyJ t[kwfxifae=uw,f? 'DtwGufOD;aESmufawG[m tvkyfrvkyfwwfawmhbl;/ awG;awmwwfwJh tusifhawGqHk;¶_H;vmygw,f? pifumylEdkifiHrSm rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0u tpjyK+yD; wcgwavrSm pmtkyfrzGifhyJ ideayJoifoGm;wJhtcsdefawG ¶SdcJhygw,f? wpfa,mufwnf;&J@tajzxuf tzGJ@vdkuf(group discussion) vkyf+yD;(team

work) tzGJ@vdkufvkyfaqmif+yD; xGufvmwJh&v'fudkyJ OD;pm;ay;=uw,f? usrwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ynma&;pepfrSm oif=um;ae&wJh ausmif;om;awG[m bmeJ@wlovJqdk&if jrif;vSnf;rSm csnfxm;wJh jrif;awGvdkyg

0if;vJhar(acwW *syef) 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef) 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef) 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef) 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef)


65

yJ? ab;0J,m r=unfhrdatmif rsufvkH;ab;ESpfzufudk um+yD; vdk&mc&D;udk jrefjrefa&mufatmifyJ }udrfeJ@wkd@armif;ESifovdk jzpfae=uygw,f? 'D=um;xJrSmrS wcsdK@rdbawGu uav;i,fawG pl;prf;ar;jref;xl&if olwdk@twGuf auseyfwJhtajz ay;Edkifatmif}udK;pm;rJhtpm; atmfaigufwwf=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh }uD;vmwmeJ@tr# ar;wwfwJhtusifh survey(pl;prf;wJhtusifh)awG wpfpwpfp aysmufqHk;vm=u&ygw,f? rar;awmhrod/ rodawmhrwwf/ rwwfawmh olrsm;jyKor#udk vufcHae&wJhtxd a&mufae&ygw,f? usrwdk@jrefrmawG trsm;pk[m EdkifiHjcm;om;qdk jzLjzLrJrJ txif}uD;+yD; udk,fhEdkifiHu Mineral resources(obm0t&if;tjrpf)awG xkwfokH;cHae&wmawmif vufydkuf=unfhae&wJh b0a&mufae&ygw,f? rdrdEdkifiHrSm0ifa&mufvmwJh EdkifiHjcm;ukr%Dwck[m bmtwGuf 0ifa&mufvmwmvJ/ b,fvdk Trade (ukefoG,fr_)awG vkyfrSmvJ pOf;pm;+yD; rdrdEdkifiH&J@obm0t&if;tjrpfawG/ vlom;t&if;tjrpfawG rqHk;¶_H;atmif umuG,f&rJhwm0ef tm;vHk;rSm¶Sdygw,f? xdk@twl 4if;tzGJ@tpnf;xHrS jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf b,fvdktusdK;aus;Zl; jyefvnf&¶Sdatmif aqmif¶Guf}udK;yrf;zdk@vJ vdkygw,f? wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyf rif;vkyfaewJhvlrsm; ydkowdcsyfoifhygw,f? ynma&;e,fy,fwGifvnf; ausmif;om;wpfa,muf pmrawmfwmeJ@ txufuazmfjycJhwJhtwdkif;./ / onfra¶G; r&wmeJ@avmurSmbmrS oHk;pm;vdk@r&atmif vl}uD;rdb/q&mawG qlqHk;rwmawG}uHKzl;ygw,f? ausmif;pmr&ayrJh tjyifpD;ygG;a&;qdkif&m tawG;tac: EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: eJ@vlr_a&;qdkif&mqufqHa&;awG[m ykHao,lqcsufawGa=umifh vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfawG aysmufqkH;apygw,f? vGJrSm;pGm tokH;csjcif;cHae&ygr,f? xkd@twl ppftpdk;&&J@ vufvGwfpyg,f toHk;csr_a=umifh obm0t&if;tjrpfawG wpfpwpfp ukefqkH;aeygw,f? 4if;tjyif vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfawG[mvJ wkdif;jynftusdK;/jynfol@tusdK;twGuf aumif;pGmazmfxkwftoHk;cscGifh r&¶Sd=uygbl;? *syefEdkifiH/ awmifudk&D;,m;/ xdkif0rf/ puFmyl/rav;¶Sm; pwJhEdkifiHawG wdk;wufvmwm[m tm¶Swdkufom;awGtxJrS ydkrdkxl;jcm;+yD; Om%f&nfjrifhrm;aevdk@ r[kwfygbl;? tJ'DEdkifiHwcsdK@[m EdkifiHa&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm tm%m¶SifvHk;csKyfudkifwJh pepfudkwjznf;jznf;ESifh pGef@v$wftkyfcsKyfvJjcif;a=umifhvJ jzpfygw,f? usrwdk@EdkifiHESifh,SOfajym&v#if@@@@@1? ausmif;pmoifcef;rStp pD;yGg;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;e,fy,fawGrSm group discussion(tzGJ@vdkufaqG; aEG;qHk;jzwfjcif;) rjyKoavmuf¶Sm;yg;aejcif;/ team work(tzGJ@ zGJ@IwufnDvufnD vkyfaqmifjcif;) enf;yg;aejcif; @@@2? trSef/ trSm;udk &J0Hhjywfom;pGm axmufjya0zefEdkifr_ tm;enf;jcif;3? jy\em&J@ source(t&if;tjrpf)udk ¶SmazGqef;ppf&rJhtpm; blame(tjypfwifjcif;)udk jyKvkyfae=ujcif; awGu usrwdk@EdkifiH zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ aemufusae&jcif; ta=umif;rsm;pGmxJrS t"duta=umif;&if;vdk@ xifrdygw,f? EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;r_rSm Management(pDrHcef@cGJr_)u t"duusygw,f? 'ga=umifhHuman Resource Management bmom&yf[m vlom;wdkif;wwfodem;vnfxm;oif hw,fxifygw,f?HRMbmom&yfudk jrefrmjynfrSm 1996-97avmufrS oifwef;awG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@zGifhvSpfcJhygw,f? odk@ayrJh 4if;bmom&yfxuf Accounting ManagementvdkbmomrsdK;Yaomf4if;/ Fi-

nancial ManagementvdkynmrsdK;awGrSm avhvmol rsm;cJhygw,f? 1 semester pmoifESpfwpfck&J@pmar;yGJwdkif;rSm &efukefrSausmif;om; 3000avmuf¶Sdygw,f? pmayvdkufpm;olrsm;av wdkif;jynftwGufynma&;Trend jrif hvmwJhtwGufaumif;wJhtaygif;vuQ%mvJ jzpfygw,f? tJ'DynmawGudktokH;cs&rJhae&m toHk;cscGifh r&&SdwJhtwGufvJ wdkif;jynftwGuf t&rf;epfemygw,f? 4if;twGif;rSmrS


66

ppftpdk;&&J@vufvGwfpyg,f toHk;csr_awGa=umifhmineral resource(obm0t&if;tjrpf)awG¶Sm;yg;vmaeygw,f? 'D¶Sm;yg;vmwJh resources awGae&mrSmusrwdk@ Ed kifiHom;awGtm;vHk;&J@vlr_pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfeJ@ 0ifa&mufxdk;azmuf ae&m,loifh+yDjzpfygw,f?ta¶S@awmiftm¶SrSmwpfckwnf;aom obm0t&if;tjrpfrS rxGuf¶SdwJh puFmylEdkifiH[m olwdk@EdkifiHom;awG&J@ vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfudk aumif;pGmem;vnfudkifwG,f toHk;cscJh&if;jzifh wkd;wufzGH@+zdK;wJh EdkifiHtjzpf&yfwnfaecJhwm,ae@rsufarSmuf tm;vHk;awG@jrif&wJhtwdkif;ygyJ? ,ae@rsufarSmufumvrSm xl;jcm;atmifjrifwJh pD;ygG;a&;/ ynma&;/ vlr_a&; tzGJ@pnf;wkdif;rSmtzGJ@vdkufaqG;aEG;aqmif¶Gufjcif; u¾u txl;ta&;ygvmygw,f? nD!GwfpGm aqmif¶GufEdkifjcif; r¶Sdv#if vkyfaqmifaewJh udpPwdkif;rSm ,SOf+ydKifr_awGudk awmfawmf}udK;pm; vkyfaqmif&ygvdrfhr,f? rdrdwdk@yef;wdkifa&mufzdk@ ZGJ/ vHk@v/ cH,lcsufeJ@ twlwuG !SdEd_if;aqmif¶GufrS tqifajyrSmjzpfygw,f? vltrsm;pk[m team work ta=umif;vnf; em;vnf=uygw,f? odk@ayrJh atmifjrifr_tenf;trsm;[m vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfudk tokH;csr_enf;yg;aejcif; a=umifhvJjzpfygw,f? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;wJhaemuf tEkjrLAkH;'%fcH&wJh*syefEdkifiH[m ol@rSmtqifhtwef;jrifhrm;wJh vlom;t&if;tjrpfeJ@ tkwfjrpfcdkifrmr_a=umifhvJjyefvnfwdk;wuf atmifjrifvmwm jzpfygw,f? w¶kyfEdkifiHrSm ,ckqdk olwdk@EdkifiHom;awGudk 1ESpfwpfcgtrdajrjyefvm&rJh ay:vpD csrSwfvdkufygw,f? 'g[m olwdk@EdkifiHrS vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfeJ@ywfoufwJhtusdK;pD;yGg;r,kwfatmif aqmif¶Gufjcif;vnf;jzpfygw,f? udk&D;,m;EdkifiH[mvJ ppf+yD;acwf}uD;rSm tar&duefOD;aqmifwJhtkyfpkeJ@ qdkAD,uf,leD,H OD;aqmifwJhtkyfpkwdk@&J@ ppfab;wdkufyGJtwGif;rSm aiG/ pufr_enf;ynmeJ@ wjcm;vdktyfwJh tultnDrsm;udk udk&D;,m;wpfEdkifiHxJudk t&if;¶SifEdkifiHawGu apmifr=unfh¶_cJhjcif; cHcJh&ygw,f? xdk@tjyif udk&D;,m;awG&J@ ZG/JvHk@v/0d&d, rcHcsifpdwfeJ@ rdk;¶Gmwkef;a&cHqdkovdk &wJhtcGifhta&;udk rvGwfwrf;cHEdkifcJh=uvdk@ ,ckvdk wdk;wufaewmjzpfygw,f? pD;yGg;a&;qdkif&m EdkA,fqk¶Sif tdENd,EdkifiHom;ygarmuQ trmw&mcefu‘zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGufvGwfvyfr_qdkwm r¶Sdrjzpfvdktyfygw,f/ vGwfvyfr_r¶Sd&if zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_ r¶SdEdkifyg’vdk@ajymcJhzl;ygw,f?usrwdk@jrefrmawG[m vl}uD;olr&J@qHk;rpum;udkemcHzdk@ i,fpOfuwnf;u oif=um;cJh=u&ygw,f? qHjzLoGm;}udK;txd vl}uD;rdbvJ ¶dkaoudkif;¶_dif;=uygw,f? acguf¶dk;a=uaewJh aumif;wJh"avhwpfckyg? odk@ayrJh wcgwavrSm rdrdvufatmufu wifjyaqG;aEG;csufawGudk q&mvkyf/apmfum;w,fxif+yD; vspfvsL¶_wwfwJhtwGuf trSm;trSefudk vGwfvyf&J0H@pGm raxmufjyawmhygbl;? txufvl}uD;auseyfatmif jyKrlaqmif¶Gufr_a=umifh rdrd&J@tzGJ@tpnf;rSm tEkwfvuQ%m jzpfvmapygw,f? xdkif;EdkifiH[m ppftpdk;& c%c%tm%modrf;wm cH&ayrJh olwdk@EdkifiHpD;yGg;a&;[m jrefrmjynfvdkedrfhusoGm;jcif; r¶Sdygbl;? 'gbma=umifhvJqdkwm qef;ppfzdk@vdkygw,f? jrefrmjynfrSm ppfwyftm%modrf;cJhwJhwav#muf jrefrmjynf&J@ pD;yGg;a&; r,fr,f&&rvkyfcJhyJ b,fol@rSmtjypf¶Sdw,f b,f0grSmtjypf¶Sdw,feJ@ tjypfwif(blame) vkyfaewmeJ@ urBmrSmqif;&JwJh EdkifiHtjzpf owfrSwfjcif;cHae&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk@EdkifiH&J@ ukefqHk;vkjzpfaewJh obm0t&if;tjrpfawGtpm; vl@pGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfeJ@ wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyf }udK;yrf;oifhygw,f? 'Dvdkaqmif¶Gufzdk@twGuf vGwfvyfwJh w&m;r#wwJh 'Drdkua&pD &¶Sdzdk@vkdygw,f? odk@rSom vGwfvyfpGm awG;awm}uHqEdkif+yD; aumif;rGefwJh ynma&;pepfudk xlaxmifEdkifrSmyg? ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh jynfya&mufvm=u&ayrJh rdrdwdk@&JvlrsdK;/ wdkif;jynftwGuf taumif;qHk;jzpfatmif/ vGwfvyfr#wwJh 'Drdkua&pD &¶SdwJhtcsdefrSm toHk;cscGifh&atmif pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGmeJ@rdrdudk,fwdkifowdrxm;rdwJh t&nftcsif;awGudk tjyKoabmeJ@,ckcs defrSpI jyifqif}udK;yrf;aqmif¶GufoGm;=uygpdk@? 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef) 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef) 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef) 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef) 0if;vJhar(acwW *syef)


67

jroDwmudkarG;zGm;jcif;

pma&;pm;yG Jp Ge f ;wGi f xyfwifxm;aomuAsmpmtkyfyHkay:rS xdkuAsmpmtkyfudk apmapmuwJuw±Gufcsif;zwf=unfh cHpm;aerdonf? jroef;wif hbmomjyefonfh &m0d¹ENmw*dk;. “avvGif haeaomiSufi,frsm;” stay birds uAsmxJrS xdkuAsmyk'fudkpdwfjzifh±Gwfvdkufrdonf? ol@rsufESmonf wcsuf+yHK;

a&!d‡rsm;onf opfyiftdk}uD;wGifvdrf;uyfouJhodk@trnfrodaom ae@rsm;.vGrf;armzG,fwdk@onfvnf;ighESvHk;om;wGif

vdrf;uyfaeonfwum;? &m0d¹ENmewfw*dk;

vufoGm;onf? ESpf&Snfvrsm;a0;uGmcJhonfh trdajrudk onf&ufxJwGif vGrf;arm&Da0 aewwfonf?vGifhyg;ajrmygaeaom wdrfwdkufawG ±GufEkopfwdk@ESifh pdrf;a0!kd@qdkif;aeaom awmtkyfawG/

pdrf;pdrf;vJh aom uwWDyg aumfaZmudk qGJqef@xm;onfh war#mfwac: jrufcif;jyifawGu ol@pdwfudk n‡Kd@ac:cJhavovm;? ol@ pdwfonf !$wfajymif;!hHoufum ol@ESvHk;om;yifpnfwGif vdrf;uyfaeaom vGrf;armbG,fwdk@udk owdw& &SdaecJhonf? wu,fu owd&onfxuf emusnf;emusifr_ rsm;/ pdwfrcsrf;ajrhr_rsm;/vGrf;armr_wdk@jzifh &pfywfaESmifzGJ@ xm;onfh aqG;ajrhr_rsm; jzpfaecJhavonf?

arG;&yftdrfodk@ vGrf;onfh tdrfvGrf;a0'emonf &ifhusufjcif;qDa&mufrvmyJ woo wajrhajrhw&pf0J0J cHpm;&onfh tvGrf;jzpfaewwfonf? xdkcHpm;r_onf ±l;oGwfjcif;wrsKd;yif jzpfaeavrvm;rod?jroDwmudk pdwfwGifowd&wdkif; wa0h0J0J jrifa&mif&rf;a&mfrdaeonfom? bma=umifhrsm; jroDwmudkrcspfEdkifcJh&wmvJ? nDrav;wpfa,mufvdk cspfolwpfa,mufvdk b0c&D;azmftjzpf apmifha&Smufaz;ulzdk@trlt&mjzifh t&dyfjycJhonfudkbma=umifhrsm; rodusKd;u|HjyKcJh&ovJ? bma=umifh vpfvsL±_ OyuQmjyK cJh&ovJ? xdkar;cGef; r#m;tpif;pif;u &ifodk@ 0ifpl;&if; jroDwmudk pdwfwGifjrifae&onf?

'D&ufawGrSmyJ vjcrf;avmif;avS ±GufvGifharsmaeaom aumif;uifwGif nDrav;jroDwmudkawG@ae&avonf? waomaom wdkufcwfaeaom avwdk;oH/ opfudkif;zsm;rsm;qDrS avc|efoHrsm;xJwGifjroDwm. tudka&ætudka& qkdaom aqG;eifhac:oHudk pdwfem;xJwGif r#ifr#ifoJhoJh=um;ae&onf?npfax;usKd;a=uaewJh b0xJrSm taumif;qHk; trGefqHk; tjzLpifqHk; vkyfvdkufrdwmeJ@ toufwacsmif;vJaoqHk;oGm;awmhwmyJ tudk&,f- [k jroDwmajymcJhavovm;? tudkom jroDwm eHab;rSm&SdaecJh&iftckvdk ajymrSmyJqdkwm tudkodw,f? tckawmhrSef;q+yD; &rf;a,mf=um;a&mifaerdw,f? a&v_dif;vdyfrsm;ay:rS c&rf;jym aA'gyGifhrsm;ES,f jroDwm. ±kyfyHk rsm;onfvnf; jrKwfajcay:ajc pdwftawG;jrpfjyifYawG@&avonf?

armifpdk;csdef


68

w*dk;. uAsmpmyk'fu wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif usL;&ifhaejyefonf?onfae@nrSmtkef;vufawGu wzsyfzsyfv_yfvdk@?yifv,fu v_dif;awGu qlnHvdk@?vjynfh0ef;}uD;u urBm}uD;&JŒESvHk;aoG;pufvdk wGJvGJusvdk@tcspf&JŒ emusifwJh v#KdŒ0Sufcsufudkb,faumif;uifursm; wdwfwqdwf,laqmifvmcJh avovJuG,f? ?

w*dk;vGefcJhonfh ESpfq,fhoHk;ESpfu azsmufzsufr&Edkifaom twdwfudk b,frdk;aumif;uifu

,laqmifo,fydk; vmcJhygvdrfh? jroDwmudk rdwfqufay;cJhol[m a':av;aiG r[kwfvm;? ol@awmaus;vufrSa&mufvmcJhpOf rdcif. nDr0rf;uGJ a':av;tdrfwGif aexdkifonf? oHk;usyfq,fhig;jym; wae@pmvkyftm;c&&Sdonfh tvkyfudk vkyf&if; vli,fha&;&m nausmif;wufonf? q,fwef;udk wpfESpfwnf; wpf}udrfwnf;atmifcJhaomfvnf; atmufwef;pma&; tvkyfudk&Smr&? xdk@a=umifh jrLeDpy,f ukefavSmif±HkwGif ae@pm;v&Sif;xdktvkyfudkyJ qufvkyf &awmhonf? wuUodkvfonf b0 vufwefESifh tvSrf;a0;uGmoGm;cJhavonf?

xdkumvwGif jroDwmeJ@ pwifodu|rf;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? wae@? tvkyf+yD;I a':av;aiGtdrfjyefvmpOf jroDwmudk tvnfac:vmcJhonf?

“a[m'gu ighwlrdk;jrifhwJh? awmuwufvmwJh awmom;}uD;aygh? olu a':av;aiGwdk@txnfcsKyfvkyf ief;xJu pufcsKyfor jroDwmwJh? cifrif=u/ &if;ESD;=u ulnDapmifha&Smuf=uayghuG,fæ[kwfvm;? wpdrf;awG r[kwfawmhbl;aemf?”

jroDwmtoufu q,fh&SpfESpf? ol@xufoHk;ESpfi,fonf? jroDwmu ol@udk tudkyJac:onf?ol@udk,fol nDrqdk+yD; udk,fpm;jyKajymqkdonf? vBufwyGJudk twlpm;&if;/ a&aEG;=urf;aomuf&if;yGifhvif;u|rf;0ifoGm; cJh=uonf?

“nDr0ifaiGaumif;&if awmom;}uD;tudk@udk wuUodkvfrSm ausmif;xm;ay;csifw,f? nDruajcmufwef; eJ@ausmif;xGufcJh &wm? armifESrawGtwGufaygh?”

“bmvJjroDwm wuUodkvfu aiGv0ef; vkyfaphcsifwmvm;? armifav;awGtwGuf vpm0ifaiGeJ@ ausmif;p&dwf rvHk avmuf&wJhtxJ ighwl awmom;}uD;udk ausmif;xm;ay; csifw,fayghavæ[kwfvm;”

&,foHrsm;u {nfhcef;usOf;usOf;av;udk odrfhodrfhwkefapcJhonf?“nDr&,f apwemarwWm pum;=um;&awmh 0rf;omw,f? aus;Zl;txl;wifygw,f? wuUodkvf

qufwufzdk@xuf tvkyf&zdk@u ta&;}uD;w,f? ppfAdkvftodkif;t0dkif;eJ@u tquftpyfr&Sdbl;av?tvkyf&Smvdk@ r&&ifawmh awmjyef+yD; v,fxJrSm pdkufysKd;xGef,uf&r,fxifyg&JŒ?”

olwdk@ ESpfa,mufudk aemufajymif&eftuGufacsmif;aeaom a':av;aiGrSm pum;0dkif;xJ0ifvmcJhonf? usDp,f aemuf ajymifawmhwmygyJ? jroDwm wcpfcpf&,favonf? a&aEG;awGtHxGufrvmap&ef yg;pyfydwf+yD; usdwfI&,favonf?

“ighwl &Gmjyef&if jroDwmvkdufoGm;ayawmh? aumufrpkdufEdkif&ifawmh jroDwm&JŒ a,muQr


69

jzpfwJh ightpfreJ@ awG@+yDom rSwfayawmh? xrdefwdkwdk atmufem;updk/ xrdefwdkwdk atmufem;updkraqmheJ@awmh&JŒ ar#mhwG,fravæ qdkwJh oDcsif;pmom;xJu twdkif;aygh? ar#mhwG,f&if i,foHygatmifatmfidkayawmh? oref;uGuf xJrSm idkayawmh? igjzifh ajym&if;eJ@awmif toJ,m;rdw,f?”

“a':av;&,f tJ'DusawmhvJ ar#mheufqdkwm *sKdeJ@vm;uGJ@ a¹rGe*g;awmif a=umufzl;uG,faygh?tudk@ tarudkvJ nDru a=umuf&rSmr[kwfawmhbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh a,muQr[m nDr&J@tarjzpfoGm;vdk@aygh aemf? [kwfw,faemf tudk?”

ndKvJhaom rdk;jrihf. rsufESmjyifwGif ywWjrm;a&mif orf;aeavonf? tlvSdKuf toJvSdKuf&,foGrf; ajymqdkaeaom jroDwm. EkazG;azG;yg;jyifay:wGif pawmfb,f&Da&mifu jzmusaecJhonf? pum;vHk;awGu racsmarG@awmh xpfaighaeav+yD? jroDwm&,fvkdufcgrS yGihfvif;&dk;om;r_ tjzLa&mif[efyefu xyfjznhfvkdufIvm;rod/ ydkI vSy0if;vufoGm;onf?

igh ESvHk;om; aqmif;&ufrsm;ay:odk@oifhaejcnfonf +yHK;Ijy.?ESvHk;om; aEGOD;wGifyGifhrnfh yef;yGifhrsm;udkb,fawmhrSrarh? ?

w*dk;&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifaponfh a&aEG;=urf; pum;0dkif;rS xdkpum;vHk;rsm;onf ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fausmfu

pum;vHk; rsm;twdkif;yif pdwfxJwGif wvGifvGifjrnfaeavonf? jypfrsKd;rSJ@rwifaom/ 0if;0gjzLpdrfhaomjroDwm. cspfpzG,f ±kyfyHkonfvnf; xdkpOfu zsm=urf;jyifay:wGif xdkifum&,farmaeonfh ±kyfyHktwdkif;yifpdwfrsufvHk;xJrSm jyefjrifae &onf? pdrf;vef;aom twdwfawmtkyfudk b,frdk;aumif;uifuo,faqmifvmcJh avovJuG,f?

xdkrS pwifum cifrifr_acsmif;i,fonf aemifwGif&Snfvsm; us,f0ef;euf±_dif;vmaomtcgoHa,mZOf jrpfr tjzpf olwdk@ESpfOD;om;. &ifwGif w'D;'D;pD;qif;aecJhonf?

,QKjyefvnf pOf;pm;awG;awmpOf ay:xGufvmcJhonfh jroDwmESifh twdwf±kyfyHkum;rsm;onftdkrif;aom tdyfruf rSefom;jyifay:rS =unfvifxif&Sm;EkopfqJ t&dyfta&mifrsm; jzpfaecJhavonf?aESmifóu; jzpfvmcJhonfh oHa,mZOfonf olwdk@ESpfOD; tm; aemifwGif wif;&pfatmifcsnfaESmifxm;cJhonfudka':av;aiGyg od&SdcJhonf?

ol@tvkyfu òr hxJrSm? r[mAE<Kvvrf;ESifh odrfjzLvrf;a'gifhrSm? tvkyfu jyefonfhtcg jroDwmwkd@ tvkyfvkyfonf husKH;}uD;vrf; txnfcsKyfpuf±Hkodk@0ifonf? jroDwm teD;tyg;odk@ ola&muf&SdoGm;+yD;xkdifckHwGif 0ifxkdifvkduf onfESifh aemufajymif usDp,foHrsm;udk pwif=um;&awmhonf? ±Sdrf;wdrf;wdrf;zdrf;wdrf;wdrf; jzpf&onf? oHk;acguf ajrmufwGif ±dk;oGm;onf? olwdk@ ESpfOD;udk cspfolwdk@b0 vrf;a&mufatmif avSmif=u wGef;ydk@=uonf? aemufawmh vufav#mhoGm;yHk&onf? rkefwdkif;pJp yifv,fuJhodk@ +idrfoufoGm;onf? wu,fvJ jroDwmudk nDrwa,mufES,f cifrifapmifha&Smufonfh oHa,mZOf tr#ifzGJ@csnf±HkrSvGJI cspfonfh pdwfudk csKd;zJhum +idrfoufapcJhonf? wcgw&H &ifckefcJhao;onfudk qufvuf&ifrckefEdkifatmif tvkyfvufrJh b0/ b0tmrcHcsuf r&Sdonfh tajctaeu wm;qD;acszsufcJh&onf?&ifckefoHrsm;udk OD;aESmuf qifjcifr_u odrf;ykdufcJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf?

jroDwm.tvkyfodk@ ola&mufaeus aom=umaeŒ aeŒvnfydkif;wGif jroDwmu ae@vnfpmxrif;bl;xJ wGifol@twGuf w0ufcsefxm;wwfonf? ola&mufonfESifh xrif;bl;udkzGifhum jyifay;onf?


70

jroDwm =unfjzL vdk@rqHk; =unfEl;qGwfysHŒ I rqHk; awmh? wdwfwcdk; &ifckefaeavonf?“nDrudk,fwdkifcsufwm? tudkpm;vdk@ aumif;&J@vm;? +rdef&JŒvm;? bl;oD;a=umf csufuaumif;

&J@vm;? tukdpm;aemf?”a':av;aiGESifh jroDwmt=um;&Sd uGufvyfwGif xdkifcHkwcHkudk ,l+yD;xdkifonf? tjyefwGif

bwfpfum;twl pD; twljyef=u onf? awmifOuUvm 16 &ufuGufwGif a':av;aiGu qif;+yD;usef&pfcJhonf?11 &ufuGufodk@ jroDwmtdrftxd olvdkufvmcJhonf?

jroDwm rdom;pkrSm ol@rdom;pkuJhodk@yif qif;&JEGrf;yg;=uonf? ylavmifajcmufaoG@aomqif;&Jjcif;i&Ju b,fenf;ESifhrS pdrf;pdkºu,f0csrf;omr_udk arG;zGm;ray;EdkifcJhay? zcifu ta0;ajy;um;*dwfwckwGif ukefxrf;tvkyform;? rdcifu ZD;,dkxkwfonfh tvkyfwGif ZD;,dkxkwfonf?nDrav;ESpfa,mufESifh armifav;ESpfa,mufu rlvwef;ESifh tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;wufaevsuf? rdom;pkESpfa,muf. 0efxkwf0efykd; jrifhrdk&fawmifudk olwdk@oHk;a,muf0ifaiG ZD;aphjzifhypfaygufòzcsonfhtcg b,frSm t&mxifrnfenf;? csrf;ajrŒaysmf±Gif EdkifygtHhenf;?

jroDwmtdrfodk@ a&mufv#ifnpmpm;+yD; jyefrSóuufonf? pm;rSolwdk@b0udk tzufvkyfonf[kcHpm;=uyHk &onf? wlwl wefwef qufqHonf[k xifyHk&onf? xdk@a=umifh pm;&onf? qif;&JrGJawi&Jb0wGif jzLpifarwWm apwemonf xm0&&Sifoef pdrf;jraewwfonf? olwdk@rSm vltcsif;csif;aoG;pkwfjc,fvS,f 'kuQay;aom/ tEdkifusifhum aomurD;awmufapaom vl,kwfrm rsm;ESif hEd_if;,SOf=unfhaomtcg wu,hfolawmfpifawG jzpfaecJhavonf?

jroDwmudk 2&uf 3&uf rawG@EkdifcJhonfhtcg wcgw&H jroDwmtdrfodk@ vdkufoGm;wwfonf?wcgw&H we*FaEGae@ eHeufcif;wGif jroDwmxHa&mufoGm;wwfonf? vbuf&nfESifh tD=umauG;0,foGm;wwf+yD; jroDwmrdom;pkESifh twlwuG eHeufpm pm;wwfonf? jroDwm. zcif OD;av;óuifrSmwywfvHk; yifyrf;cJhor# EGrf;vsaewwfonf? jroDwm. rdcif a':av;jrurl tm;i,fEGrf;yrf;onfh ±kyfv$mudktm;wif;ZGJpdwfjzifh v$rf;±Hk ,Sufodkif;xm;wwfonf?

“tudku b,fawmhwuUodkvf wufrSmvJ”“b0u tJ'Davmufwdus aocsmvSw,f r[kwfygbl;? wuUodkvfwufzdk@ &nf&G,fcsuf

rxm;awmhbl;? tvkyf&&if vkyfom;aumvdyfudk wufr,fvdk@ pOf;pm;xm;w,f? tckavmavmq,fwa,mufxJ pm;p&dwfaep&dwfu oHk;usyfq,fhig;jym;eJ@ rvHkavmufawmh tvkyfwckxyfvkyfrvdk@?AdkvfcsKyfvrf; 27 vrf;xdyf EGm;Edk@'dkifuae EGm;Edk@ udk,fpm;vS,fydk@cdkif;wJh vBuf&nfqdkifawGudk EGm;Edk@vdkufydk@&r,f?”

jroDwmrSm yg;pyfta[mif;om;? ai;&Daom rsufvHk;tpHkjzifh ol@rsufESmudk armh=unfhae±HkrSvGJIbmrS bmrSrwwfEdkif? rajymomawmh?

“at;uG,f/ tJ'Dtvkyfu tqifajyw,f/ vlvdkw,fqdk&ifayghuG,f/ om;&J@ OD;av;udktJ'DtvkyfrSm vkyfcdkif;ygvm;?”

“óu;pm;=unfhao;wmaygh a':av;&,f?”wu,fu eHeufapmapm EGm;Edk@vdkufydk@cJhonfh pwkwWae@wGif tvkyfu &yfqkdif;oGm;onf?

av;&uftwGuf 16 usyf &vkdufonf? 'gyJ? vufum;EGm;Edk@ ukefonfu vkyfief;udk &yfqdkif;vdkufIjzpfonf?bGJ@&vli,frsm;? q,fwef;atmif ausmif;om; vli,frsm;rSm tvkyfvufrJhtjzpfESifh pGef@ypfypPnf;/tr_dufo±dkufrsm;tjzpf yHkxyfaeonf? tvkyfvufrJh vli,fb0onf rwfwwf opfajcmufyifawGjzpfvmcJh=uonf?


71

tonf;ESvHk;.a=uuGJr_aemufrS t&mrsm;.csKd;csKd;c|wfc|wfjrnfoHudkig=um;&aomfvnf;xdkt&mrsm;udk igrjrifEdkif?

w*dk;wnae? tvkyfqif;csdefwGif bwfpfum;ay:rS qif;vmcJh=u+yD; a':av;aiGESifh vrf;cGJum

jroDwmtdrfodk@ ajcvsifav#muf =uonf? jroDwmudk wckckajymjyzdk@ vdktyfvmcJhojzifh xdknaeuwrdkifeD;yg;udk twlav#muf&if; pum;ajymjzpf=uonf?

“tudk@ tvkyfu tkwfpuf&SdwJh tif;pdef 'nif;ukef;udk ajymif;&r,f? bufpHktqifajy&atmif'nif;ukef;rSm tudk ajymif;aerSmjzpfr,f? eufzefajymif;rS jzpfr,f? a':av;aiGwdk@vJ pdwfraumif;=ubl;?ajymif;a±GŒ cGJcGg=u&r,fqdkawmh? tJ'gnDrav;udk today;wm? E_wfqufwm? 'gayrJh tudkvmvnfrSmyg?nDrav;ab;em;rSm tm;ay;wJhtcsdefuawmh av#mhoGm;wmaygh? tJ'DtwGuf pdwfraumif;ygbl;?b,fvdkyJjzpfap tudkæ”

bmqufajym&rSef;rodawmh? nDrav;pdwfraumif;rSmvJ taotvJpdk;&drfaerdonf? ol.nmvufarmif;udk wG,fzuf xm;aom jroDwm. nmvufarmif;onf wc%Y!SmwHrS aºuvGifhaom&Guf0guJhodk@ jyKwfus oGm;onf? tm;udk;tm;xm;olESifh tm;ay;ol.vufrsm;onf tqufjywfoGm;onfh edrdwfvuQ%mrsm;ayvm;? quf+yD; pum;rajymjzpf=uawmh?

jroDwmtdrfodk@ a&mufvmpOf a':av;jrudkawG@&onf? OD;av;óuifu tvkyfu rjyefao;?arSmifw&D nOD;qnf;qmY a':av;jrwdk@ rdom;pkudk E_wfquf+yD;jyefcJhonf? vrf;w0ufxd jroDwmygvmcJhonf? aemuf vSnfhjyefpOf jroDwmxHrS idk±d_ufoHudkol =um;&onf?

“tudk@udkzufidkcsifw,fodvm;/ oGm;awmh”ol@ykckef;pGef;wGif jroDwmrsufESm tyfvdkufonf? ol@ajcvSrf;rSm&yfaeqJ? ol@vufjzifh jroDwm.

OD;acgif;udk EG,fr#if wr#ifES,f &pfywfxm;+yD; jzpfoGm;onf? rsufESmcGgvdkufonfESifh ±_dufoHESifh rsuf&nfuol@ykckef;pGef;Y usef&pfcJhonf?

xdkpOfu olwdk@ESpfa,mufudk orD;&D;pm; cspfolrsm;tjzpf xifrSwfEdkifonf? olu &ifckefoHudkarmifESrqdkonfhqifjcifodjzifh xdrf;csKyfoif;owfcJhol? &ifckefoHaoqHk;aeoltjzpf b,folrS rodEdkif?jroDwmrSvGJI? ywf0ef; usiftxifvGJ+yD; &D;pm;cspfoltjzpf txifcH&v#ifvnf; renf;bl;qdkolr[kwf?tjrwfxkwfvdkol r[kwf? EkopfysKdjrpfvGef;aom jzLaomyef;yGifhjzpfonfh jroDwmonf ol.apmifhpnf;r_a=umifh &ifckef&Edk;Edk; &ifonfyifv#if &ifrckef&Jawmh? wdk;wdwfvGef;aom &ifckefoHudk jroDwm ol@bmomjyef=um; ae&jyefonf?

xdkae@nu vrf;ab;rD;wdkif rD;a&mifatmufrSmvm;/ arSmif&dyfpyfwGifvm;? ,QKjyefpOf;pm;=unfhaomtcg olwdk@ESpfOD;. cspfolwdk@ yHk&dyfay:vGifaeaom v_yf&Sm;r_trlt&monf b,fae&mrSmvJqdkonfudk pOf;pm;Ir& awmh? 0dk;w0g;&Da0aeav+yD? txl;wvnf olrSwfrdaeonfrSm r0Hhr&J axG;ayG@r_ESifh&ifckefoHrsm;udkyif?

aemufwvwGif olaexdkifonfh tdrfcef;usOf;usOf;uav;odk@ jroDwm tvnfa&mufvmcJhonf?“tudk@udk vmavhvm wm” [k&,fIajymonf? avhvma&;qdkonfhtwdkif; a0zefa&;vJvkyfcJhonf?


72

tudk&,f usef;rma&;vJ *±kpdkuftHk; [kqdkonf?“tudkwdk@ oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf aewJhtcefu te@Htoufraumif;bl;? wzuftdrfu

tnpfta=u;awGu tudkaewJh tcef;atmufudk pD;0ifaew,f? wae&mudk ajymif;oihfw,f?tvif;a&mifvJr&bl;? ae@a=umifawmif arSmifrdkufaewJhtcef;[m awmom;}uD;udkrdk;jrifh&JŒ tcef;aygh”

jroDwm pdwfraumif;jzpfrdwmvm; cHjyif;wmvm;? wckckudk xdxdcdkufcdkufcHpm;rdcJhonf?oluawmh jroDwm. pdwf roufromESifh +yHK;aomt+yHK;udk yef;wyGifhtjzpfESifh =unfharmaecJhonf?

twlwlaeonfh rsKd;ausmfudk jroDwmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonf? rdsK;ausmfudk vdkufcJhzdk@ac:ao;onf?odk@aomfrvdkufcJh? jroDwmudk ac:vmcJh+yD; olwdk@. qif;&Jom;&yfuGufxJrS qif&Jom;xrif;qdkifuav;wGifxrif; aºu;onf? xdk@aemuf rdom;pk tzdk@[kqdkum yvmwmESifhvBuf&nfudk 0,fjcrf;xkwfay;vdkufonf?aemufwacguf jroDwm vma&mufvnfywfcJhao;onf? aemufqHk;wacgufjzpfaecJhonf?

olonf jroDwmESifh tawG@usJvmcJhojzifh pma&;+yD; tm;ay;onf? pmwdkufrSay;ydk@onf?tvkyfaumif; awG@&if OD;av;udk tvkyfajymif;+yD;vkyfzdk@ vmajymr,f[k pmxJwGifa&;cJhonf? tkwfpuftvkyfu &yfqdkif;oGm;+yD qdk&ifawmh OD;av;vkyfwJh ukefxrf;wJh tvkyfudk OD;av;eJ@twl vmvkyfr,f[kaemufajymifovdk jzpfaeonfhpma=umif;wa=umif;udkvJ xnfha&;jzpfcJhonf? b0qdkwm wdkufyGJyJ?b0twGuf owWdawG ZGJpdwf"gwfawGudk arG;jrL ysKd;axmifxm;&r,f qdkwmvJ pmxJrSmwpGef;wp&Sif;jyxm;cJhw,f? b0qdkwm yef;csDum;csyfwcsyfvdk worwfwnf;r[kwfbl;? vlawGtm;vHk;[mbmwpfckrS ar#mfvifhvdk@ r&awmhbl; rGef;=uyf vm+yDqdk&ifawmh xGufaygufawG &SmazG=uvdrfhr,f? wae@ae@w&uf&ufrSmtudkwdk@nDrav;wdk@ b0awG[m ajymif;vJwdk;wufoGm;& rSmayghæ [k txyfxyfa&;xnfhonf?

aemufwpfESpfwGif jroDwm tvkyfxGufoGm;+yD qdkonfhowif;udk =um;&awmhonf? xdkowif;udk±kwfw&uf=um;& vdkufpOf ol@acgif;ay:u qHr#ifqHyifawG axmifxoGm;onf? acgif;onf ,QKxufESpfq}uD;oGm; onf? aoG;vGefwkwfauG;a&m*gu armifav;ti,fqHk;udk aorif;xHac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf?aq;±Hkwif uko zdk@ aiGr&Sdojzifh tdrfrSmyJ uav;uaoqHk;oGm;onf[k a':av;aiGu ajymjyonf?

bma=umifhtvkyfu xGufoGm;&wmvJ? b,fvdkxifovJ[k a':av;aiGudk ar;jref;pHkprf;aomfvnf; a':av;aiG wdwdusus tajzray;Edkif?

tdkæ rdef;ri,fyifv,fonf urBmajr}uD;udk &pfywfouJhodk@oifonfvnf; euf±_dif;aom rsuf&nfwdk@jzifhurBm}uD;. ESvHk;om;ukd &pfywfcJhonfwum;?

w*dk;aemifwGifjroDwm. b0ed*Hk;udk jyefvnfajym=um;cJh&onf? odvdkuf&onfh tcdkuftwef@wGif

a'go/ a=uuGJr_/ qdk@eifhr_/ 0rf;enf;ylaqG;r_/ w&m;cHudk rauseyf rausat;Edkifonfh a'gowdk@onf rD;v#Hrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;um &ifudk avmifòruf awmhonfyJ? wu,fu &ifudk ravmifu|rf;rDuyifavmifu|rf;jcif;cHcJh& onfh jroDwm. b0udk b,faomtcgwGifrS arhazsmufI r&Edkifawmh? atmufqHk;v$mb0wljcif; cspfarwWm pmemr_onfydkrdkI t&G,ftpm;}uD;rm;oGm;um pdwfwGif ,QKc%rSmyif wajrŒajrŒemusnf;apcJhonf?

'nif;ukef;wGif olESifhtwlaexdkifcJhonfh oli,fcsif; rsKd;ausmfu jroDwmtdrfudka&mufcJha=umif;/


73

jroDwmudk vufyl; vufus awG@cJh&/ pum;ajymcJh&a=umif; ajymjypOfu =um;ae&onfh em;ESpfbufudkyifr,HkEd kif ch J? em;av;buf&Sd&ifawmif r,HkEd kif? rsdK;ausmf&Sif;jypOf &ifxJwGif usifueJ usifueJeifhusJcHpm;&onfrSmvJ trSefyJjzpfonf?

rsKd;ausmftvkyf XmerS txl; t&m&Sdqdkol ppfAdkvf. wdwfwdwfykef; tajr‡mifr,m; jzpfaecJhonf[kqdkonf? jroDwmxH ra&mufwm=um+yDwJh? pmeJ@aiGudk ppfAd kvfuoGm;ay;cdkif;I jroDwmxHoGm;ay;cJh&onf? jroDwmjzpfaerSef; jroDwmeJ@awG@rS od&onf[k qdkonf? jroDwmemrnfudkajymif;xm;cJhonf? cifrsKd;wifh?

“igwdk@ tdrfcef;udk jroDwm ESpfacgufvmvnfbl;wmyJ? igaumif;aumif; rSwfrdwmayghrdk;jrifh&,f? igvJ tHhtm;oifh+yD; pmay;aiGay;+yD;wmeJ@ csufjcif; tjrefxGufvmcJhw,f? ol@rsufESmudk zsyfueJwcsufyJ =unfhEdkifw,f?”

rsKd;ausmfajymor# pdwfxdcdkuf±HkrS wyg;tjcm;ajymp&m r&Sdawmhay? wu,fhwu,fwGifrsKd;ausmftvkyf vkyfaeonfh ukefoG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme txl;t&m&SdppfAdkvfonf 'kwd,jzpfonf? jroDwmtvkyfvkyfcJhonfh usKH;}uD;vrf; txnfcsKyfpuf±HkrS !$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf AdkvfrSL;aZmfrif;onf jroDwmudkpwifodrf;oGif; jzm;a,mif; zsufqD;cJhol? yxrw&m;cH? umryifhulaumif. t!_d@ yOPvufuGef,uftr#ifrsm;xJwGifoufqif; ajcr$cHcJh&av ol jroDwm?

ppfAdkvfawGrSmu vuf&Sdtdrfaxmifr_b0wGif ºu,f0csrf;om+yD;om;? tm%mvufn‡dK;xdk;or#a&$qdka&$/ aiGqdkaiG jzpfoGm;=u+yD;om;? q,fausmfouf orD;awGyif avmuedrŠmefbHkay:u wuUodkvfwGiftxufwef;v$m pm&if;0ifrsm;jzpfcJh=u+yD? ukefxrf; tvkyform;wpfOD;. orD;}uD; jroDwmrSmajcmufwef;ESifhausmif;xGufcJh&um pufcsKyftvkyform;r? +yD;awmh ppfAdkvf. umraiG0,f u|efjzpfvmcJhonf?

olwdk@. orD;rsm;ESifh t&G,fwltoufwlrsm;jzpfaom "e tm%m ynmrJhaom jroDwmrsm;onf olwdk@. =oZmtm%m wefcdk;atmufwGif "e tm%m ynmwdk@ ryGifhvef;Edkifonfhtjyifeif;ajccH&onfh ta¹cGcHyef;rsm;om jzpfvmcJh=uonf? wcsKdŒyef;yGifh jzLv$rsm;udk ajcmufv/ wcsdKŒudkudk;vjzifh&rRuftaoG;tom; tazsmfajzcHb0odk@ olwdk@uyif wGef;ydk@cJh=uonf? wcsKdŒrSm vdktyfae aomaiGa=u;udk&,l=uonf? wcsKdŒu tqifhjrifh tvkyfae&m? wcsKdŒqdk&mxl;&oGm;=uonf? cifrsKd;wifhac:jroDwmrSm ajcmufv twGuf aiGa=u;&&dSonf? xdk@aemuf t0wftxnfESifh tvSjyifrdwfuyfrsm;/a&ar$;rsm; ponfh rufvHk;rsm;&&SdcJh=uonf? aemuf wpfa,muf ppfAdkvf. vufwGif;wGif ig;vaexdkifcGifhay;xm;cJhonf? tcef;wpfcef; iSm;xm;+yD; xdktcef;wGif umraus;u|ef vkyf&onf? 'kwd,ppfAdkvfu jroDwmudk yxrppfAdkvf. yefawmfusjzpfcJhojzifh aiGa=u;yrm% rsm;rsm;ray;awmh? azsmfajza&;u|efvkyftm;crSm tvGefyifenf;yg;oGm;cJhavonf? 1980 ckESpfrsm;wGif òr@awmf. a'owESH@wvsm;wGifyef;aºuawm &moDu v$rf;umyef;jzLyGifrsm;rSm wa0h0J0J aºuvGifhcJh=u&avonf? wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsKd;tm;tEW&m,fcyfodrf;rS u,fwifrnf[k a=ujim cJhaomppfAdkvfwodkufonf vlwdk@udk t!Gef@csKd; tjrwfxkwfumtqDpm;I tom;òrae=u av+yDaum?

xdk@aemuf yef;a¹ccsKd;zsuf&m tdrfcef;rsm;rSwqifh òr@awmf. vrf;ryvufazmif;ay:odk@ niSufae@iSufrsm;tjzpf wcsKdŒaom umrppfu|ef yef;uav;rsm;onf a&mufvmcJh=uonfvnf; &SdaecJhonf?jroDwmonfyifv#if A[kdw&m;±Hk;. aemufausmbuf vGwfvyfa&;pmwrf;a&;xdk;&m vGwfvyfa&;ausmufwdkifodk@ ra&mufvmbl;[k b,folajymEdkifygrnfenf;?


74

av;ESpf&Snf=umcJht+yD;jroDwmudkjyefvnfqHkawG@aomtcg olwkd@ESpfOD;pvkH;yif rwfwwfutouf&SL &yfqdkif;oGm; ouJhodk@ rifoufrdaecJh=uonf? ar#mfvifhrxm;aom awG@qHkthH=ojcif;uxGufouf0ifoufudk E_wfodrf;,latmif oGm;cJhavovm;? rwfwwfuarhae =uonf? jroDwmtoHuwHk&Daeavonf? “tudk” [k ±kwfw&ufac:vdkufonfh toHu avxkxJwGif txyf xyfwHk&DaecJhonf?“nDrav;” qdkaom wkef@jyefoHu wdk;wdrfvGef;vSonf? &ifwdk@onf tpdwfpdwf uGJa=uoGm;cJh av+yDvm;rod?

&Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHkpwifcJh+yD? 'kwd,ajrmufonfhae@ vlxkcsDwufppfa=umif;rsm;qHkqnf;&m òr@awmfcef;ra&SŒ vlyifv,fxJwGif olwdk@ESpfOD;vma&muf qHkqnf;cJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? &Sdor#tiftm;jzifh jroDwmonf ol@udkodrf;ayG@ zuf!‡pfxm;cJh avonf? ol@&iftHkwGif acgif;pdkufrsufESmtyfumw±_HŒ±_HŒidkaºu;aecJhonf? vGefcJhonfh av;ESpfu 'nif;ukef; tkwfpufodk@ ajymif;a&GŒ rnfh&ufY vrf;ab;arSmif&dyfpyfwGif E_wfquf idk±_dufoHxufyif jyif;jyaecJhonf? oD;rcHEdkif [efraqmifEdkifor# ±_dufoHwdk@onf&ifudkzGifhvSpf jyo&m t&m0wWK wckjzpfaecJhonf?

jroDwmrSm tvSrjc,fyJ cyfEGrf;EGrf;vSaeqJ? jzLEktom;a&mifu 0g&ifhvmoa&mif? wckawmhuGmjcm; oGm;onf? ,Qifu +yHK;vdkuf&,fvdkufwdkif; csrfajrŒaom t+yHK;onfEGrf;vs yef;wyGifhES,f ,Jh,Jhom&Sdawmhonf?

“nDr b0[mysufpD;oGm;cJhyg+yD tudk&,f? ppfAdkvf&J@ t"rR zsufqD;jcif; cHcJh&+yD;wJhaemufrSmav#mfa=u;tjzpf tajr‡mifr,m; wdwfwdwfykef;jzpfvmcJhw,f? tJ'Db0udk ESpf}udrfESpfcg&cJhw,f?uav;awGausmif;xm;zdk@ p&dwf/ tazhudk aq;ukwJh p&dwf/ tdrfcef;iSm;ceJ@ tdrfpm;&dwf/ tJ'Dpm;&dwfpuaiGa=u;awGudk tJ'Db0u &cJhw,f tudk? apwemarwWmeJ@ ay;cJhwmr[kwfbl;? aiGeJ@ cE<mudk,feJ@ vJ&wm?rESpfu tazqHk;w,f? armifav;ti,fqHk;vJ qHk;&Sm+yD? tudk@udk cspfwJharmifav;aygh? aemufqHk;awmh'Dta&;awmfyHkxJ b0a[mif;u trJpuf tnpfta=u; '%f&mawGudk c0gcszdk@ a&mufvmcJhwmyJ tudk?vlawGudk t&Sifvwfvwf òr0g;zsufpD;aewJhpepfudk vlawGuyJ zsufodrf; zdk@csDwufvm=uwmyJ? woufvHk;qHk;±_H;a=urGcJhwJh b0awG vlawG[m csDwufwdkufyGJ 0ifvdk@ toufay;&&ifvJ ay;qyf&usKd;eyfygw,f?woufvHk; qHk;±_H;cJhor#twGufayghtudk?”

jroDwm. rsufvHk;tdrfonf awmufvufvmvdkuf/ rSdefazsmhoGm;vdkuf? =urf;wrf;aomaEGvnfc&D;b0 ujroDwmudk taumif;qHk;oif=um;jyocJh+yD; jzpfonf? yxrawmh jroDwmudk=unfhum/jroDwmajymwmawGudk vdkufvHrSwfom;&if; thH=o aerdonf? aemufawmh jroDwmudk xdkodk@yifem;vnfoGm;onf? cuf=urf;aom b0[m taumif;qHk;q&myJ?

“nDrb0 ysufpDf;oGm;pu nDrtdrfudk tudkvmrvnfygapeJ@vdk@ }udwf+yD;qkawmif;aecJhrdw,f?tdrfrSm vJnDru raeawmhbl;av? tudkvmvnf&if taratmf[pfidkrSm pkd;vdk@”

vlxk v_dif;vdyfawGcsDwufoH/ [pfaºu;oHawGu olwdk@ ESpfa,mufudk zHk;v$rf;xm;ESifhonf?jroDwm. pum;vHk;awGudk pdwfem;jzifh aumuf,lcJh&onf? olu jroDwmudkar;onf? aemufae@awG'dk@ESpfa,muf b,frSm qHkqnf;=urvJ? aq;±Hk}uD; ta&SŒbuf 0ifaygufrSm reuf 10em&D qHk=ur,f?ae@wdkif;qHk=ur,f [kcsdef;qdkvdkuf =uonf?

jroDwmvufawGu ðywfwluJhodk@ ol@vufarmif;udk wif;&pfzufwG,fxm;onf? rv$wfawmh?rdk;+cdrf; oH=um;rS awmufwJhu uGmusonf? ukwfwG,fxm;wwfonf[k =um;cJhbl;onf? jroDwm.ukwfwG,fzufayG@ xm;aomvufrsm;onf vnf; xdkodk@yifjzpf avrvm;? jroDwm. rsufvHk;tdrfxJwGifrsuf&nf=unfrsm; tdkifpðyae+yD? aumif;uifudk armh=unfh&if; “tJ'Dvdk rdk;wdrfawG !dk@vm&if &ifxJrSm


75

qdk@vmw,f? tudk@udk}udwf+yD; vGrf;awmhwm yJ? owd&awmhwmyJ? tudku nDrudk owd&&JŒvm;? nDrvdkrSvGrf;&JŒvm; ajymprf;yg?”

ywf0ef;usifu olwdk@udk *±krpdkuftm;? &efolppfwyfu vlxkudk b,fuae0dkif;xm;rvJ?ypfcwfowfjzwf=urvJ? tif;pdefbufudk csDwuf=urvm;? war#mfwac: vlyifv,f}uD;onf csDwuf&efvrf;pudk&SmazGaeoa&mif?

“tudk@pmxJrSm tudka&;cJhovdkbJ? nDrrSm cGeftm;owWdawG arG;cJh+yD;+yD? 'DtHkºuGawmfvSefr_xJa&mufvm cJhwmudkyJ =unfhayawmh? b0udk ajymif;vJypfwm udk,fudk,fwdkifyJ ajymif;vJypf &wmr[kwfvm;?'Dta&;awmfyHk}uD; +yD;&if tudkeJ@ nDr twlaecsifw,f? twlae=u&atmifvm; tudk? b0opftwGufwpfujyefpcsifw,f? tudkeJ@yJ jyefpcsifwm? tudkuaum”

“bmjzpfvdk@ topfjyefrpEdkif&rSmvJ? tudku [kdwkH;u tpdk;&vcpm; tvkyfudkyJ tm;xm;cJhwm?tudku tawmhudk a&vdkufvGJcJhwm? tawG;vGJ&if b0vJvGJacsmfoGm;awmhwmyJ? nDreJ@ygvGJcJh&w,f?tck yk*~vdu qyfjympuf±HkrSm tvkyfoiftjzpfeJ@ vkyfaew,f? vcvJaumif;w,f? aemifrSm udk,fwdkifqyfjymxkwfvkyf Edkif+yD? b,fvdkyJ jzpfygap ta&;awmfyHk+yD;wmeJ@ nDrvdyfpm twdkif; tudkvdkufvmcJhr,f?'grSr[kwfvJ tudkqDvmcJh? tao;pdwfajymjy wdkifyif=uwmaygh? 'Dwcgawmh tudk@b0xJrSmnDrav;&Sdae&r,f? [kwfvm;aemf?”

ol@udk wdk;Iyif wif;uspfqkwf!‡pfxm;onf? jroDwm. yg;jyifay:wGif yef;EkaoG;oef;vmonf?bmudkrS rr_Edkifawmh? 'Drdkua&pD wkdufyGJutopf? b0a[mif;xJrS b0opf&ifckefoHutopf? xdk&ifckefoHrsm;u bmrqdk b,fol@udkrqdk &ifqdkif0Hhonfh &ifckefoHtopfrsm; jzpfaecJhonf? b,ftcuftcJ awmifpOfawmifwef; ukdrS rr_awmh? jzwfoef;&eftoifh? rr_awmh?

vlxkwdkufyGJppfa=umif;awG pwifa&GŒvsm;=u+yD? vlxkESifh vkyfxm;onfh vla&pD;a=umif;rsm;ajrjyifxufwGif pD;qif;ukef =u+yD? olwdk@ ESpfOD;rSm ppfa=umif;jcif;rwl? jroDwmwGif ajymp&m pum;vHk;awGuwyHkwacgif; usef&pfaeqJ?

“b0opfudk pwif=updk@qdkawmh tudk&,f 0rf;omvGef;/ 0rf;enf;vGef;jzpf&w,f? nDrb0u'%f&mawGeJ@ rjzLpifawmh bl;av? tJ'Db0udk tudk@udk ray;tyf&ufbl;? tudk urf;,lwGJrJh nDrvufunpfEGrf;aewJhvuf? rwlrwefawmh jzpfae+yDav? tudk@udk cspf&mrus ESpf&musavrvm; tudk&,f?oem;oGm;+yD? tm;vJemoGm;+yD?”

ol@em;udk wdk;uyfcg ajymvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf jroDwm vdkufygvmcJhonfh omauwtvkyform;oydwf ppfa=umif;xJwGif jroDwmvdkufygoGm;cJhonf?

±GHŒ !$efxJwGif aygufonfh=umyef;onfa&xJwGif tjcm;trnfESifh aygufonfhwdkifar$;+rJar$;rnfom jzpfay. ?

w*dk;aemufw&uf? aq;±Hk}uD; *dwf0wGif csdef;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; ESpfa,mufom;qHkqnf;

jzpf=uonf?“tcknDrav;u b,frSmaevJ? tarhtdrfrSmyJvm;?”“tudku pajym tudk b,frSmaevJ qdkwm? tudkaewJhtcef;udk [dkwH k;uvdkyJ

avhvmvdk@&rvm;?”


76

“ rdwfaqGawGeJ@ twlaew,f? nDrvmvnfvdk@&w,f? avhvmvdk@vJ &wmyJ? tudkpmay;pm,l wuUodkvf wufae w,f? "gwkaA' bmom&yfudk ,lw,f? qyfjymcsufzdk@? tckavmavmq,ftdrfjyefra&muf ao;bl;? tvkyform;oydwftwGuf oydwfpcef;rSmyJ &Sdaew,f? nDr vdkufvmcJh&ifoydwfpcef;xJrSmyJ ae&rSm? b,fhES,fvJ?”

“nDru tarhtdrfudk wv wacgufESpfacgufyJ a&mufw,f? 'gvJc%yJ? aiGjyefydk@w,f?nDrawGu tarhudk 0dkif;ulnD =uw,f? tarvJ t±kyfóu;jywfygyJ? ajymrjycsifawmhbl; tudk&,f? nDrub0wl trsKd;orD; ESpfOD;eJ@aew,f? tudk@udk tvnfrac:csifbl;? vmrvnfaphcsifbl;? ta&;awmfyHk+yD;&iftudk@udkvmawG@r,f? b0opfjyefpzdk@? tckawmh b0a[mif;udk vufpowfae+yD? aemuf&ufawGup+yD;vufpowf&awmhr,f? tudk@udk tckar;&tHk;r,f? b0opf wnfaqmuf&if tudk t&ifuvdkyJnDrudkjrwfEdk;EdkifygtHk;rvm;? rdjroDwmudk wefzdk;xm; jrwfEdk;EkdifygtHk;rvm;[if”

jroDwmrsufESmu wtm;udk !_d;usaeonf? tm;i,fpdwfu jroDwm. aoG;a=umxJwGifykef;cdkvSnfhywf aecJhonfrSm =umcJh+yD? ,QKawmh xkwfar;&+yD? cspfaom tukd@&ifcGifxJwGif ðrwfESH&awmhrnfqdkawmh jrwfEdk;vSpGm cspfEdkifyghrvm;qdkonfudk odcsifae+yD? vGefcJhonfhnu tudk@udkjrifa&mifvsufpdwful;tdyfrufbHkwGif tudk@udk v_dufvSJcspfpGm xdkodk@yif ar;cGef;xkwfaecJhrdonf?

vlxkawGu wdk;odwfyd=uyfvmcJhonf? ajcESpfacsmif;pm ae&m wae&mudkyif ukwfuyftm;wif;,lxm;&onf? jroDwmu tkwfeH&Hukd rSDxm;onf? olu jroDwm udk zdrxm;rdatmif usm;uefxm;&onf? vlom;pm; ppftm%m&Sif. ppfwyfu vlxkcsDwuf&m vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk ydwf qdk@xm;+yD?oydwfwyfom;rsm;rSm wa,mufESihfwa,muf avwdk;r0ifomatmif txyfxyf yd=uyfvmcJhonf?jroDwmar;cGef;xkwfonfudk ajz&awmhonf? nDr&,f ar;p&mrvdkawmhygbl;uG,f? xm0& ,k,jrwfEdk;Edkif&r,f/ jrwfEdk;yghr,fæ [kavoHjzifh ajymvdkufpOf jroDwm armh=unf+yHK;EGJ@onfudk awG@&onf?ol@vufESpfzuf utkwfeH&Hudk axmuf+yD; jroDwmudk umxm;aecJhojzifh ab;0ef;usifu olerf;onfudkrjrifvdkufEdkif? jroDwm ezl;qHpudk txyfxyf erf;±_dufaecJhrdonfudk jroDwm qGwf=unfaomt+yHK;jzifhomwkef@jyefcJhonf? tJ'g jrwfEdk;wJhterf;vm; tudk[k jroDwmar;awmh olu+yHK;Iacgif;udk wqwfqwf+idrfhjyonf?

vlxkawG ydwfnyfv#Hus vmcJhor# aemufqkwfp&m r&Sdawmh? eH&Hjzifhuyfvsuf &yfcHxm;olawGrSm ydkI touf±_=uyfvm onf? olu jroDwmudk t&Gef; taomazmufrdonf? awG@w,fr[kwfvm;?ta&;awmfyHk}uD;u tudkwdk@ ESpfa,mufudk qHkqnf;zdk@ atmifoG,fvkyfay;cJhwm[k ajymonf?[kwfw,faemfæ [kjroDwmu ajymajymqdkqdkwv_dufwvSJ&,favonf?

odyfr=umvdkuf? pwifcsDwufonfhtcsdefodk@ usa&mufvmonf? oydwfwdkufyGJESifh vlxkcsDwuf&mvrf;a=umif;rsm;udk vlowfppfwyfu vdkufvHydwfqdk@onf? vlxkuwuef@/ &efolppfwyfuwuef@?aq;±Hk}uD;a&SŒrSwqifh cGJxGuf csDwuf=uaom ppfa=umif;wcsKdŒonf ypfcwfacsr_ef;jcif;cH=u&onf?

xdkae@u jroDwmwdk@ ESpfOD; rcGJrcGgppfa=umif;wck xJwGif csDwufcJh=uonf? vmtudk/ppfa=umif;xdyfudk ta&mufoGm;r,f [kqdkum ol@udkqGJac:vmcJhonf? wdkufyGJxJrSm a&SŒwef;rSmyJaecsifw,f/ aemufuvdkufwJh aemufvdkufrjzpfcsifbl; [kqdkum awmfvSefa&; cGyfa'gif;tvHudkifrsm; &Sd&modk@a&mufvmcJh =uonf? tvHudkifrsm;udk aemufvlESih f vlpm;vlvJvS,faomtcg jroDwmonfcGyfa'gif;tvHudkif jzpfvmcJhonf? b0 '%f&mtemw&u pdwf"gwftiftm; toacsFudk arG;zGm;ay;cJhonf?xdkpdwf"gwfa=umifhyif wufºuv_yf&Sm; vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?


77

umryifhul ppfAdkvf ESpfaumif. yOPvuf tajr‡;uGef,ufwGif oufqif;cJh&ol jroDwmonftif;quf ydk;r$m;waumif r[kwfrSef; ppftm%m&Sifpepf rdk;aumifuifudk 'l;jzifhwdkufum wdkufyGJ0ifvsufjyoaecJhonf? rdkuf±dkif;zdESdyfaom aumif;uifudk rD;wif±_dŒae=uav+yDaum?

igonfa0'em cHpm;cJh&bl;+yDpdwfysuf tm;i,fcJhzl;+yDaojcif;w&m;udk odcJh+yD/Tavmu}uD;tv,fwGif vljzpf&jcif;twGufig0rf;ajrmuf.?

w*dk;=o*kwfv 18 &uf ppftm%m&Sifodrf;onfh aemufae@ 19 &ufwGif jroDwmonf tmZmenf

jzpfvmcJh onf? tmZmenf ol&Jaumif;wdk@. usqHk;jcif;twdkif; wdkufyGJ0if csDwuf&if; vrf;ay:wGifusqHkcJhjcif;jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;twdkif; ta&SŒrS taemufodk@ ausmif;om;ESifhvlxkucsDwufvmcJhonf? “tm%modrf; wmtvdkr&Sd/ =um;jzwftpdk;& csufjcif;zGJ@/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf usqHk;ygapæ/ 'Drdkua&pD ta&;awmf atmif&rnf” qdkonfh [pfaºu;oHrsm;onf opfyif/ "gwfwdkif/ taqmuftOD;ESifhausmufom; eH&Hrsm;ukd ±dkufcwfyJhwifaeonf? xdkAdkvfcsKyfvrf; ppfa=umif; a&SŒqHk;wef;tvHudkifwyfwGifjroDwm ygvmcJhonf?

odrfjzLvrf;awmifrS ajrmufodk@csDwufcJhonfh odrfjzLppfa=umif;wGif rdk;jrifhygvmcJhonf?tm±k%fwufcsdef uwJu ppftm%g&Sif opPmcHppfacG;rsm;onf csDwufvmEdkifonfh vlxkausmif;om;xkudkòzvSJacsr_ef;ypfowf&ef twGif;0ef±Hk; pnf;±dk; wav#muf taqmuftOD;rsm;xJwGif ae&m,lxm;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfvrf; ppfa=umif; twGif;0ef±kH;(0ef}uD;rsm;±Hk;) +cHpnf;±dk;odk@ eD;uyfvmonfESifh ppfacG;tkyfpkupwifypfcwfajcr_ef;avawmhonf? pufaoewfoHrsm;ESif htwl qefuGJusJouJhod k@ vlxkawGjyef@usJxGufoGm;onf? jrufckwform;. jruf&dwf'g; atmufu jrufyifrsm;uJhodk@ w&dyf&dyfvJòyusqHk;ukefonf? vrf;onf aoG;csif;csif;&JoGm; cJhavonf?

wcsKdŒa&ajrmif;xJ ckefqif;=u? qufvufcsDwuf&ef v_HaqmfnmoHrsm; v#HxGufvmcJhjyefonf?ysm;tHkudk wkwfjzifh xdk;ouJhodk@ aoG;±l;aoG;wef;jzifh atmf[pfajy;v$m; ykef;a&Smif/ &ifqdkif=uyHkrSm±kef;&if;qefcwf jzpfaecJhonf? vrf;ray: aoG;tdkifrsm;xJrS tavmif;rsm;udk wufvkum o,f,lolwcsKdŒrSmxyfrHypfowfjcif;cH&jyefonf? wavmif;ay: wavmif; xyfoGm;onf?

jroDwmonf 'Drdkua&pD&&Sdbdk@ ao&usKd;eyfw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jzpfw,fa[h[kcH,l[pfaºu;cJh olawmfvSefa&; orD;ysKd? aoG;tdkifxJwGif jroDwmxdkodk@yif tm;wif;[pfaºuG;aecJhonf?rdk;jrifhonf vrf;ab;wGif arSmufvsufu jrifuGif;awGudk jzef@usuf=unfhonf? rv_yf&Jao;/ bmvkyf&rvJ/bmvkyfvdk@ &EdkifOD;rvJ? &ifckefoHrsm;onf &ifxJwGif [def;nHvsufESifh tawG;wdk@rSm jrefqefv_yf&Sm;aeonf?

“nDrav;? [kwfw,f jroDwmyJ? nDrav; tudk'DrSm/ tudk'DrSma[h/ c%+idrfaevdkufyg? c%+idrfaevdkufprf;yg nDrav;”

toHay;+yD;+idrfoufaebdk@ txyfxyfajymaerdonf? aoewfoHrsm;=um;wGif olvdkyJjroDwmvnf; rv_yfr±Suf arSmufvsufae&m,lxm;onf[k xifrSwfaecJhonf? olESifh jroDwmonfayESpfq,f/ oHk;q,fr#om a0;rnf? aoG;ql aoG;yl &ifckefum t=unfh tm±Hkonf r_ef0g;aecJhonf?

“tudk@toHudk =um;&w,f? tudkb,frSmvJ? igwdk@ &JabmfawG b,fa&mufukef=u+yDvJ?


78

igwdk@a&SŒquf csDwuf&r,f? r+yDqHk;ao;bl;? 'Drdkua&pD wdkufyGJ r+yD;qHk;ao;bl;? tudka&? tudkvufawGb,frSmvJ? vufwGJ ac:r,fqdk”

jroDwm aoG±l;aoG;wef; jzpfaecJhjcif;vm;? wudk,fvHk; aoG;csif;csif;&Jaeonf? cGyfa'gif;ezl;pD;eD;apG;aomta&mifESifh udk,fcE<mrS pD;xGufvmaom eDv$aoG;a&mifwdk@onf jroDwmudk,fay:wGifaygif;pyfa&m,Sufae+yD? tm;wif;nD;wGm; atmf[pfum ol&Sd&mqDodk@ vSrf;wuf&ef odk@r[kwfa&SŒodk@csDwuf&ef prf;+yD;ukef;xonf? ‘,D;’±dkifjzifh xyfI ukef;xjyefonf? a=u;pm;ppfacG;. aemufxyfypfcwfvdkufonfh usnfonf nDrav; jroDwm. cE<mukd,fxJ xyfrH0ifpl;cJhavonf?

}uD;jrwfjcif;onf arG;vmonfh uav;i,fjzpf.?oluG,fvGefonfh tcgwGifydkI }uD;jrwfaom uav;b0udkurBmavmu}uD;xJwGif xm;&pfcJhavonf?

w*dk;

armifpdk;csdef1/ar/2011 / eHeuf 2em&D/ 5rdepf

tdrfeD;csif;xdkif;edkifiHwGif r=umrD a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yawmhrnf jzpf&m ,ckeSpfwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm;vlrsm;omru wd&p>mefrsm;yg yg0if ,SOfjydKif =urnfjzpfa=umif; od&onf? avmavmq,fwGifwd&dp>mefrsm;jzpf=uonfh u|J / usm;/ acG;/ zGwf eSifh arsmuf rsm;u ygwDaxmifI ,SOfjydKif aeonf?

tqdkyg ygwDtm; oGm;a&muf pHkprf; ar;jref;junfh&mwGif -u|efawmfwdk htdrfeD;csif;jrefrmedkifiHrSm }uH eJ hzGwf aygif;jyD;awmh }uHzGwf ygwDaxmifjyD; wjcm; vlom; ygwDawGudk rJtjywftowfeJ htedkif,l edkifwm rsuf0g;xifxifawG hjrif&ygw,f? u|efawmfwdk@vJ 'Dvdkrjzpfbl;vdk@rajymedkifbl; [kygwD0ifwpfOD;u xl;qef;pGmjzifh vlvdkjyefajzcJhygonf?

,ck yg0if,SOfjydKifaomzGwfrSm jrefrmedkifiH }uHzGwfygwDrS zGwfowœ0geSifh aqGrsdK; wpfpHkw&mawmfpyfygovm; [k ar;jref;=unfh&m xdyfwef;v#dK@0Sufcsuf jzpfojzifh ajz=um;cGifhr&Sd[k wkef@jyefonf?(owif;/ "mwfyHk -befaumufrSvufwdk hol)

xdkif;edkifiHwGifvlrsm;omru wd&p>mefrsm;yg a&G;aumufyGJ0ifvsuf&Sd

from burmastrange news


79

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kw¬Kw¬Kw¬Kw¬Kwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJ

0wKtrnf ausmif;pdrf;trnf&if; eef;qdkifa[mifuavmiftrnf tvif;puf

tpuawmh ausmif;wufzdk@ygyJ? crf;wdk@¶Gmu acgifw,f? rdkif;vm;uae ae@w0ufum;pD;+yD; aemufxyf oHk;em&Davmuf vrf;av#mufrSa&mufrJh ‘vG,frrk’qdkwJh¶Gmuav;? rlvwef;ausmif;av;awmh¶Sdw,f/'gayrJh oifay;rJhq&mu ¶Sdvdkufr¶Sdvdkuf/ +rdK@eJ@a0;awmh awmf¶Hkwef¶Hk q&mawGrvmcsif=uovdk a&mufvmwJhq&mawGuvnf; =um=umraeEdkif=ubl;/ ajy;=uwmyJ? ¶Gmav;em; ppfwyfwwyfa&mufvmwJh tcsdefup+yD; ‘vG,frrk’=urRmiifcJh&ygawmhw,f? xif;/0g;ckwfay;&ovdk tvSnfhusvkyftm;ay; oGm;&w,f?ppfa=umif;xGuf&if &duQmawG/usnfqefawGo,fzdk@ ay:wmvdkuf&w,f? udk,fh&duQmeJ@ udk,f,loGm;&w,f?jyefvm&if awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u '%f&m&vmw,f? wcsdK@qdk&ifa¶S@wef;rSmyJ aocJh&wm¶Sdw,f/ crf;tazvnf; ay:wmvdkuf&if;eJ@ qHk;oGm;cJhw,f? ¶GmrSmrae&J=uvdk@ +rdK@ueD;pyf&maqGrsdK;awGqD oGm;cdkv_H=uwJholawG rsm;vmw,f? ol@,mav;udkif;av; vufpowf+yD;rS vdkufvmcJhr,fvdk@a+ym+yD; crf;udk tazhtrsdK;awG¶SdwJh usdKif;wHkudkydk@vdkufw,f? tareJ@armifav;¶GmrSm usef&pfcJhw,f? tazhtrsdK;&J@tdrfu pD;yGg;a&;orm;awG t0iftxGufrsm;wJhtdrfyg? tdrfom;awGeJ@{nfhonfawGpm;zdk@aomufzdk@ csuf&jyKwf&/ t0wftpm;awGav#mfay;&wmeJ@ rdk;vif;rdk;csKyf tm;&w,fvdk@r¶Sdbl;? pdwfaumif;¶SdwJh {nfhonfawGu rkef@zdk;av;bmav; ay;wwfygw,f? tazhtrsdK;awG ausmif;tyfay;ygw,f?ig;wef;pwufawmh crf;toufu 14ESpfjzpfae+yD/ twef;xJrSm toufut}uD;qHk;/ tajccHra=ucJh&awmhbmoifvdk@oifrSef;rod? ausmif;oufr=umvdkufygbl;/ ausmif;rwufjzpfawmhbl;? tpuawmh crf;wpfa,mufxJ xrif;aué;/ t0wftpm;qifay;¶kHeJ@ =unfjzL=uayrJh/ tareJ@armif;av;xyfa&mufvmawmhtrsdK;awGu odyfr=unfcsifawmhbl;? tdrfiSg;aezdk@usawmh 0ifaiG¶SdygrS? tJ'Dtcsdef usdKif;wHkrSmodk;arG;(pufxdk;)u acwfpm;aew,f/ odk;arG;xdk;qdkifawG rsm;vmw,f? odk;arG;xdk;wwfwJholawG/ wwfEdkifwJholawGutdrfrSm udk,fydkifpuf0,fxm;w,f? rxdk;wwfwJholusawmh qdkifrSmoGm;oif&w,f? pufr¶Sdbl;qdkvnf;udk,foifxm;wJh ynmudk oifay;wJhqdkifrSmyJ jyef+yD;oHk;vdk@&w,f? xdk;vdk@&wJh txnftwdkif; vufc&w,f?udk,fydkifpuf ¶SdwJholuawmh qdkif}uD;u atmf'gudkcGJ,l+yD; tdrfrSmwEdkifxdk;=uw,f? puftvHk; 10uae


80

40txd¶SdwJh qdkif}uD;awG¶Sdw,f? xdk;+yD;om;txnfawGudk ,dk;',m;eJ@w¶kwfudkydk@w,f? crf; odk;arG;xdk;oGm;oif+yD; wwf+yDqdkwmeJ@ }udK;pm;+yD;xdk;ygw,f/ 0ifaiG¶Sd+yDqdkwmeJ@ tdrfiSg;aevdkufw,f? udk,fydkif odk;arG;xdk;puf¶Sd&if tdrfrSmxdk;vdk@&w,f/ 'ga=umifvJ odk;arG;xdk;puf 0,fEdkifzdk@ reufuae naerdk;csKyfwJhtxd =udK;pm;cJhw,f? 'DvdkeJ@bJ 3ESpf=umoGm;w,f? odk;arG;xdk;puf r0,fEdkifao;bl;? e,fajrvHkjcHKa&; ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ usdKif;wHk-wmcsDvdwf/rdkif;vm;/rdkif;rum;vrf;awG c%c%ydwfw,f? um;vrf;jyefrzGifhrcsif; txnfqdkifawG odk;arGqdkifawG vkyfief;&yfxm;&w,f? tJ'DtcsdefawGqdk ukefaps;E_ef;u 2qckefwuf+yDaygh/ 0ifaiGomrrSefayrJh xGufaiGuawmh wef;pDaewmyJ? armifav;&J@ausmif;vc/ tdrfiSg;c/ &yfuGufoma&;ema&;ulaiGtjyif/ vrf;cif;wmvnf;ay;&w,f/ ¶Gmuvdk ay:wmrqGJwmom¶Sdw,f/awmf=um vmjyef+yD ay:wma=u;/ bma=u;nma=u;? odk;arG;xdk;pufwvHk; 0,fEdkifzdk@aeaeomom xrif;eyfrSefzdk@awmif tEdkifEdkif¶SdcJhbl;w,f? =uyfwnf;wJh'%fudk rcHEdkifwJhtqHk;rSm ,dk;',m;EdkifiHxJ 0iftvkyfvkyfzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? ywf0ef;usifu vli,fawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; oGm;ae=u+yD? tarhudk pdwfrylzdk@ txyfxyfrSm+yD; wmcsDvdwf+rdK@udk oGm;w,f? tJ'Duwqifh ,dk;',m;e,fpyf+rdK@ r,fqdkifxJ0if+yD; wpfnwnf;vdkufw,f? todwa,mufu rdwfqufay;vdkufwJh yGJpm;u tppt&m&m pDpOfay;w,f/ befaumufa&mufwJhtxd wm0ef,lw,fqdk+yD;/ tvkyfuvnf; tqifoifhbJwJh/ ykZGefpuf¶HkrSm tvkyf&r,fajymw,f? r,fqdkif+rdK@rSmwnf;awmh/ crf;t&if}udKa&mufaewJh rdef;uav; 3a,mufeJ@/ wcef;xJtwlwlae&w,f? aemufw&ufrSm aemufxyf rdef;uav;2a,muf xyfa&mufvmw,f? tm;vHk;[m 'D¶Srf;jynfta¶S@ydkif;ujzpf+yD;/ +rdK@eJ@a0;wJh ¶GmawGuae vmcJh=uwmjzpfw,f? vDql;/ tcg/ yavmif/ ¶Srf;vlrsdK;awGjzpf+yD; wa,mufrS tajccHynmtv,fwef;txd ynmoifrvmcJh=ubl;? wcsdK@¶GmawGqdk emrnfawmif r=um;zl;bl;? crf;wdk@tm;vHk;udk ukefwifum;wpD;ay:wif+yD; r,fqdkif+rdK@uae xGufvmw,f? ukefwifum;rSmukefawGvnf; wifxm;ygw,f/ twGif;ydkif;rSmawmh vlxdkif+yD;vdkufEdkifatmif pepfwusvkyfxm;+yD;/tjyifuaocsm=unfh&ifawmif txJuvlawGudk rjrifEdkifyg? tqifhqifhwifxm;wJh puULyHk;/azghyHk;awGudkum;atmufcs+yD; aocsmzGifh=unfhrSyJ vlygvmwmudk odEdkifr,f? *dwfawGa&mufwdkif; um;&yfwmudk owdjyKrdayrJh ae&mudkawmh rodEdkifbl;? um;}uD;awG oGm;vmwJh toHawGeJ@bJ ta0ajy;vrf;r}uD;ay:rSmqdkwmavmufawmh owdxm;rdw,f? *dwfawGrSm tppfcHzdk@ 0DpDr_wfoH=um;wdkif; &ifwxdwfxdwfawmhjzpfom;/ oGm;vmaeusjzpfygvdrfhr,f? vHkjcHKwJhae&ma&muf&if tayghtyg; oGm;Edkifzdk@yg pDpOfay;w,f? 'DvdkeJ@bJ rdk;vif;awmh befaumuf+rdK@udk a&mufcJhw,f? +rdK@jyifvdk@xif&wJh jcH0if;us,fus,f wckxJrSm crf;wdk@6a,mufudk xm;w,f? jcH0if;u awmfawmfus,fw,f? 0if;xJrSm rsufESmcsif;qdkifaqmufxm;wJh wdkuf2vHk;/ um;*dka'gifeJ@wGJ+yD;aqmufxm;wJh wdkufav;1vHk;/ pkpkaygif; wdkuf3vHk;? tkwfwHwdkif;u cyfjrifhjrifh/ tyifqdkvdk@ tkef;oD;yif av;ig;yifavmuf¶Sd+yD;/ pdkufxm;wJh jrufcif;awG¶Sdw,f? ykZGefpuf¶Hk r[kwfwmawmh aocsmw,f? 'DjcHxJrSm ,dk;',m;trsdK;om;4a,mufeJ@trsdK;orD; 3a,muftjyif/ tcsdefjynfhv$wfxm;wJh acG;}uD; 3aumifvnf;¶Sdao;w,f? crf;wdk@6a,mufudk rsufESmcsif;qdkifaqmufxm;wJh ESpfxyfwdkufxJu ,dk;',m;trsdK;orD;awG aewJhwdkufrSm ae&mcsay;w,f? wdkufu ESpfxyfwdkufjzpf+yD; tay:xyfrSm tdyfcef;/tdrfom a&csdK;cef;¶Sdw,f? crf;wdk@6a,muftwGuf tdyf&m6ck jyifxm;ay;w,f? a&mufa&mufcsif; a&csdK;/ t0wftpm;vJcdkif;w,f? }udKufwm,l0wfygqdk+yD; t0wftpm;xnfhxm;wJh tdwf}uD;2vHk; vmay;w,f? ,dk;',m;pum; em;rvnfawmh vuf[efajc[efeJ@bJ? xrif;au|;w,f/ pdwfarmvlarmeJ@ pm;vdkuf=uwm csxm;wJhxrif;/ [if;awG tukefajymifa&m? tcsdKwnf;zdk@ rkef@eJ@opfoD;pHk/ tcsdK&nfyg ygvdkufao;w,f? Adkufwif;wmeJ@ wa,mufudkwa,muf


81

owdxm;=unfhvdkufawmh tm;vHk; udk@,dk@um;,m;awG? abmif;bDtwdk t=uyfawG/ puyfaemufcGJ wdkeH@eH@eJ@/ =uyfwJhtuFs Dqdk&ifvnf; eif;uefusyf+yD;/ tuFs DtyGqdkjyefawmhvnf; wu,fhudk zdk;,dk@zm;,m;? xrif;pm;cef;eJ@uyf&ufu rD;zdkacsmif/ wzufrSmawmh em;aecef; cyfus,fus,fwck ¶Sdygw,f? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf}udKufovdk aevdk@&w,fqdkayrJh tdrfxJuae tdrfjyifudkawmh vHk;0ay;rxGufygbl;? rdef;uav;wa,mufqDrSm ¶Sd&rJh toHk;taqmifypPnf;awG udk,fpD&w,f? crf;wdk@wdkufeJ@ rsufESmcsif;qdkifwdkufrSmaewJh a,musFm;av; 4a,muf[m tcsdefjynfh 'DzufwdkufudkbJ apmifh=unfhaeovdkbJ? 'DzufwdkufxJudkaum vHk;0rvmovdk/ 'DrSmaewJh trsdK;orD; 3a,mufuvnf; crf;wdk@pm;zdk@ csufjyKwfay;/ oef@¶Sif;a&;vkyfay;eJ@ wdkuftjyifzuf rxGuf=ubl;? vdktyfwmudk 'Dzufu tdrfwGif;ajymzkef;av;eJ@ ajymvdkuf&if/ [dkzufwdkufu trsdK;om;awGu wm0ef,l&w,f? um;eJ@tjyifxGuf0,f+yD; 'Dzufwdkuf&J@rD;zdkacsmif taemufaygufudk vmydk@ay;w,f/'Dtdrfa&muf+yD; aemufw&ufrSm ,dk;',m;pm poif&w,f? ,dk;',m;trsdK;orD; 3a,mufxJu ol@udk,fol ‘yEl;’vdk@ac:wJh touf40t¶G,f trsdK;orD;wa,mufu oifay;w,f? yHkrSefygbJ ae@wdkif;pmoif/ xrif;pm;/ r*~Zif;zwf/VCD=unfh 'DavmufygbJ? 2ywfavmuf=umvmawmh ,dk;',m;pum;&J@ av,lavodrf;udk em;axmifwwfvmw,f? tvkyfrvkyfcif ,dk;',m;pum; wwfzdk@vdka=umif;/ w&m;r0if cdk;0ifvmwJhtwGuf &Jurd&ifzrf;+yD; e,fpyfjyefydk@r,fh ta=umif;eJ@ pmjrefjrefwwf/ pum;jrefjrefwwf&if tvkyfudkydk@ay;r,fhta=umif;/ pmxuf ,dk;',m;pum; wwfatmif crf;wdk@tm;vHk; }udK;pm;oif=uygw,f? qHyif!Syf/ta&mifqdk;/tvSjyifay;/ t0wftpm;vSvSav;0wfcdkif;+yD; wa,mufpD/wa,mufpD "gwfykH t¶dkufcH&w,f? tvkyf¶Hkudk ydk@zdk@wJh? tm;vkH; tqifajyaeayrJh aewdkif;VCD wacGudk=unfh&wJh tvkyfuawmhrvkyfcsifqHk;bJ?,dk;',m;pum; em;,Ofzdk@vdk@omajymw,f/ tm;vHk;[m npfnrf;acGawG/17ESpf/ 20 ESpfavmufbJ ¶Sdao;awmh 'gudk=unfhzdk@tm;vHk;¶Suf=uw,f? 'DtxJrSm‘t,fav;’qdk12ESpfbJ¶Sdao;w,f?wjcm;jyp&macGawGvnf; r¶Sdbl;vm;rodygbl;?2vom=umoGm;w,ftvkyfub,faerSef;rodao;bl;? 3vrjynfhwjynfh&J@ naecif;wckrSm/crf;eJ@aumifrav;2a,mufudk tvSqHk;jyifqifay;w,f?t0wftpm;awGuvnf; qef;qef;jym;jym;awG/ }udK;odkif;a'gufzdeyfawG bmawGeJ@/ yGJaeyGJxdkif oGm;&rJhtwdkif;bJ/ xrif;apmapmau|;+yD; apmifhcdkif;w,f? r=umygbl; pwpfumteufwyfxm;wJh rSeftvHkcs teufa&mifAifum;wpD; a&mufvm+yD; crf;udkyxrqHk; ac:xkwfoGm;w,f? um;ay:rSm um;armif;orm;wa,muf/taemufwdkif;0wfpHkudk ususee0wfxm;wJh ¶kyftawmftoifhaumif;wJh trsdK;om;2a,muf¶Sdw,f? crf;udk um;aemufcef;rSm xdkifcdkif;+yD; olwdk2a,mufu crf;&J@b,feJ@nmrSm uyfxdkif=uw,f? w&dyf&dyfajy;aewJh um;ay:uae vSrf;=unfhvdkuf&if pdkufcif;eJ@opfoD;jcHawGudk awG@&w,f? tdrfwtdrfeJ@wtdrfqdk&ifvnf;ta0;}uD;? +rdK@xJ0if+yDqdkwmeJ@ um;awG/vlawG/ qdkifu,fawG trsm;}uD;/ rGeff;=uyfwJh +rdK@jyvlaer_u crf;udkpwif rdwfzGJ@vmcJhw,f? [dkauG@'DywfeJ@ tcsdeftawmf=um armif;vmwJhum;[m a&mifpHkrD;awG/ rSdwfwkwfrSdwfwkwf rD;awGeJ@tvSqifxm;wJh wdkuf}uD;wck&J@ ta¶S@rSm&yf+yD; ab;em;xdkifvmcJhwJh trsdK;om;2a,mufeJ@twl um;ay:uqif;+yD; wdkufxJudkac:vmw,f? wdkufwckvHk;rSm uyfxm;wJhrSefawGuvnf; teufa&mifpwpfum uyfxm;w,f? a[mfw,fvm; bm;vm;/ vlt0iftxGufenf;+yD; taemufwdkif;0wfpHk0wf vli,f/ vlvwfydkif; 0efxrf;awGudk awG@&ygw,f? wdkufta¶S@ um;yguifrSmawmh wu,faumif;wJh ZdrfcHum;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &yfxm;wm awG&ygw,f? "gwfavSum; wckuaewuf+yD; 3xyf&J@tcef;wcef;a¶S@rSm&yf+yD; wa,mufuwHcg;acgufvdkufawmh wHcg;yGifhvm+yD; crf;wdk@3a,muf tcef;xJudk 0ifvdkufw,f? taemufwdkif;om; vljzLwa,muf crf;wudk,fvHk;udk 0g;pm;awmhr,fhtwdkif; =unfh+yD; ,dk;',m;trsdK;om;2a,mufeJ@ t*Fvdyfpum; ajym=uw,f? tJ'D2a,mufu crf;udk tJ'DvljzLeJ@ tdyfzdk@ajymw,f? acgif;udk


82

rdk;}udK;typfcH&ovkd ygbJ? cspfol&nf;pm;awmif rxm;bl;wm/ b, fvdkvkyf tJ'DvleJ@tdyf&rSmvJ? rwwfwacguf ,dk;',m;pum;eJ@ jiif;ygw,f? rvkyfEdkifwJhta=umif;eJ@ wjcm;aumif;wJhtvkyfbJ vkyfr,fqdkwJhta=umif;/ tjyif;txefjiif;awmh crf;vufarmif;udk cyfwif;wif;qGJ+yD; tcef;tjyifudk jyefac:xkwfvmw,f?aiGawG trsm;}uD;&if;+yD; ac:vm&wJht=umif;/ ta&mif;t0,fwnfh+yDjzpfvdk@ {nfhonfudk vufcH&r,fhta=umif;/ olwdk@'DtjyifrSm apmifhaer,f/ {nfhonfudktvdkrwlbl;vdk@ xyfjiif;&if owfjypfr,fh ta=umif;awG/ xGufajy;zdk@/ cdkif;wmrvkyfvdk@uawmh 'DrSmawG@vm;qdk+yD; cg;=um;rSm xdk;xm;wJh ypPwdkaoewfudk xkwfjyw,f? tcef;xJudk jyefydk@+yD; wHcg;udkvnf; tjyifuae ydwfvdkufw,f? a=umufpdwf/ ¶Sufpdwf/ 0rf;enf;pdwfawGeJ@ crf;rsuf&nfawG wvdrfhvdrfh usvmygw,f? tarhudk wrf;wrdw,f/ uav;b0u}uD;jyif;cJh&wJh ¶Gmav;udkvnf; owd&rdw,f? tJ'Dvl}uD;ajymwJh pum;awGudk em;rvnfyg? bmwcGef;rS jyefrajymEdkifcJhyg? puf¶Hk tvkyfor wa,muftjzpf }udK;pm;r,fqdkwJh tawG;awG/ pdwful;awGvnf; 'Dn/ 'Dtcef;xJrSmbJ usaysmufcJh&ygawmhw,f? 'Dwdkuf}uD;&J@ tay:qHk;xyf4v$mrSm ae&mcsay;ygw,f? 15a,mufacsmifacsmifcsdcsd tdyfEdkifwJh tcef;}uD;wxJckrSm pk+yD;tdyf&w,f? crf;tyg 15a,mufvHk;[m jrefrmjynfuygbJ/ 0dkif;+yD;tm;ay;=uw,folwdk@xJu awmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; tpuawmh 'Dvkyfief;udk vkyfzdk@vkH;0pdwfrul;cJhbl;wJh? olrsm;EdkifiHxJw&m;r0if cdk;0ifvmwJh todr¶Sd ynmr¶Sd trsdK;orD;i,f wa,muftwGuf vkyfp&mtvkyfqdkvdk@ 'gbJ¶Sdw,fwJh? wjcm;jyifytvkyf(qdkiftvkyform;/ oef@¶Sif;a&;/ tdrfazmf) vkyf&ifawmif &wJhvcuenf;+yD;uHraumif;&if wESpfavmuf tvm;um;cdkif;+yD; vkyftm;cwjym;rS ray;wJhtjyif &JvufxJtyfvdkufvdk@e,fpyfjyefydk@cH&wJholawG renf;bl;wJh? 'Dtvkyfuawmh aemufuG,frSm xdkif;&Jt&m¶SdawGudk,fwdkif tusdK;tjrwfwl &¶Sd+yD;/ &oifh&xdkufwJh vkyftm;cvnf;ay;w,f? &Jt0iftxGuf ¶Sdayr,fh tppftaq; r¶SdwJhta=umif;/ p&dwf+idrf;/ xrif;au|;w,f/ wESpfavmufvkyf+yD; jyefcsifw,fqdk&ifvnf; e,fpyftxd vHkvHk+cHK+cHK jyefydk@ay;w,f? jyefvmcsifw,f qdk&ifvnf; t&ifqufxm;wJh vlyGJpm;uwqifh e,fpyftxd jyefvmac:wJhta=umif; wa,mufwaygufeJ@ 0dkif;+yD;tm;ay;w,f? *¶kpdkufw,f? tm;vkH;vdkvdk t0wftpm;aumif;awG 0wfEdkif+yD;/ 'Dtvkyftay:rSm ajyajyvnfvnf ¶SdykHygbJ? wm0efcHvkd@qdkwJh ,dk;',m; trsdK;orD;wa,muf a&mufvmcJh+yD; vkyfief;&J@babmudk ¶Sif;jyw,f/reuf9em&Dqdk xrif;au|;/ zD;vdrf;jyifqif+yD;/ 11em&DrSm qdkifpzGifhw,f? tm;vHk; yxrtxyfrSm¶SdwJh tcef;xJrSm oGm;xdkif&w,f? vl25.30avmuf aeEdkifwJh tcef;}uD;wck/ eD!dka&mifarG;yGaumfaZmudk cef;vHk;jynfhcif;xm;w,f/ tdpufaewhJ =uufaoGa&mifqdkzmawG tcef;ywfywfvnf csxm;w,f? r*~Zif;/ pmtkyf/owif;pmawG tjynfh¶SdwJh pmtkyfpifwck/ TVt}uD;}uD;wckeJ@ VCDpufpifwck/ tcef;&J@axmifhawGrSm vlw&yfavmuf¶SdwJh yef;tdk;}uD;awG¶Sdw,f? tcef;xJu tjyifudk=unfh&if rSefteufawGumxm;vdk@ bmrSrjrif&ayr,fh tjyifuae=unfh&ifawmh tm;vHk;udk rSefcef;t=unfav;xJrSm xnfhxm;ovdk jrif&vdrfhr,f?udk,fh&J@cg;rSm 'grSr[kwf&if &ifbwf&J@b,fzufrSm eHygwfjym;udk csdwfxm;&w,f? vmwJh{nfhonfu rSeftjyifuae=unfh+yD; ESpfoufwJhtrsdK;orD;&J@ eHygwfudk ajymr,fqdk&if/ tem;rSm toifhapmifhaewJh {nfh}udK0efxrf;u tac:cH&wJh trsdK;orD;udk txyfwxyfrSm¶SdwJh tcef;xJtxd ac:oGm;ay;r,f? 1em&Dvm;/rdepf90vm;/ 2em&Dvm;/ 3em&Dvm; pojzifhaygh? tm;vHk;udk tdyfaqmifpmtkyfav; wtkyfeJ@abmyif ay;xm;w,f? ae@pGJeJ@tcsdefeJ@ {nfhonf&J@ta&twGufudk rSwf&w,f? 'D{nfhonf&J@ udpP+yD;&if atmufxyfurSefcef;xJjyefvm+yD; {nfhonfudk xyfapmifh&w,f? reuf2em&DrSm qdkifydwfw,f? pm&if;pmtkyfawGudk wm0efcHu jyefppf/ olrSwfxm;wJh pm&if;eJ@udkuf+yD;qdk/ olvufrSwfxdk;+yD; jyefay;w,f? 'Dqdkiftjyif aemufxyf


83

qdkifcGJ 5qdkifawmif ¶Sdao;w,f ajym=uw,f? tjyifuae reufvmnaejyefwJh ,dk;',m;trsdK;orD;awG¶Sdovdk/ e,fta0;uaevm+yD; 'DrSmae/pm;/ tdyf/ qdkifydwfwJh tcg}uD;&uf}uD; a&mu fawmrS olwdk@&J@e,fudk jyef=uwm¶Sdw,f? tm;vHk;uawmh wufwufºuºuygbJ? vpmudk wvwcg ¶Sif;ay;w,f? b%fpkpmtkyf rudkifEdkifwJh crf;wdk@tkyfpkuawmh 6vwcg 1ESpfwcg pm&if;csKyf+yD; jrefrmjynfu ydk@csifwJholqDudk ydk@ay;w,f? udk,fh&J@ tao;oHk;p&dwfudkvnf; xkwfoHk;cGif hjyKw,f? tae=umvdk@ ,Hk=unf+yDqdk&ifta&;ta=umif; aiGvdkvdk@ydk@csif&if }udKwifaiGawmif xkwfay;ao;w,f? udk,fydk@csifwJh jrefrmjynfxJuvl&J@ vdyfpmeJ@emrnfudkajym/ wm0efcHeJ@qufxm;wJh e,fpyfuvlyGJpm;awGuwqifh qufoG,fay;w,f? aiGvufcHr,fholu r,fqdkifxdvm&w,f? aiGvm,lwJhae@rSm r,fqdkifuwqifhzkef;eJ@ qufvdkuf&if 'DuaiGydk@wJholeJ@ vufcH,l&wJhol zkef;ajymcGifh¶Sdw,f? pmra&;wwf rzwfwwfwJholu rsm;awmh oufaotjzpfwzufu aiGvufcH,laewJhtcsdefrSm "gwfykH¶dkuf+yD; befaumufudk ydk@ay;w,f? udk,fvufcHxm;wJh {nfhonfta&twGufeJ@/tcsdefem&Dvdkuf ay;acs&wJhE_ef;xJu 50%udk cHpm;&w,f? {nfhonfrsm;&if rsm;oavmuf0ifaiGuvnf; rsm;w,fqdkygawmh? {nfhonfrsm;rsm;&zdk@ }udK;pm;=uw,f? oDwif;u|wfeJ@ o=uFefqdk&ifqdkif&uf¶Snfydwfawmh tdrfjyefvdk@&w,f? xdkif;&JawG vufzsm;aiGoD;wJh tcsdefaygh? qdkif&J@tpDpOfeJ@ jyef&w,fp&dwfu udk,fcH/ ¶Smxm;wJhaiGxJu 3vpmavmufudk ay;&w,f? jrefrmjynfjyefcsif&if qdkifudkaiGay;/ 'Dudkjyefvmcsif&if r,fqdkifuvlyGJpm;udk aiGay;/ 'DvdkeJ@bJ oGm;vdkufvmvdkuf vkyf=uw,f? 3vavmufvkyf&ifbJ crf;vdkcsifcJhwJh odk;arG;xdk;pufwvHk;xufruwJh aiGudk&vmcJhw,f? w&m;r0if aiGvJE_ef;eJ@bwfaiGudkvJ&if jrefrmaiGu yGg;vmw,f? crf;5ESpfavmuf }udwfrSdwf+yD;vkyfcJhw,f? p&dwfESarsmvdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHudkvHk;0 rjyefcJh&bl;? taruawmh r,fqdkif+rdK@uvlyGJpm;tdrfrSm wESpf2}udrf aiGrSefrSefvmxkwfw,f? ol@orD; aumif;aumif;rGefrGef tvkyfvkyfaew,fvdk@bJ ,lqaew,f? tarwdk@acsmifvnfa=umif;eJ@ usef;rma&;*¶kpdkufzdk@/ aeaumif;atmifaezdk@ zkef;ajym&wdkif; wzGzGrSm¶Smygw,f? aemufxyf2ESpfavmuf=umawmhcrf; tarwdk@eJ@awG@csifwJh pdwfawGeJ@ usdKif;wkHudkjyefvmcJhw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfief;vkyfwm vlrodbl;omqdkw,f/ jrefrmEdkkifiHjyefa&mufawmh tom;ta&/qHyifta&mifeJ@ ykHpHawGu olrsm;xufudk xifxifay:ay: ¶Sdaew,f? ¶kwfw&uf aiGvufzsm;oD;wJh tvkyf[m 'DtvkyfuvGJ+yD; bmtvkyfrSr¶Sdbl;qdkwmudkvnf; od=uykHygbJ? wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwfeJ@ ‘jynfawmfjyef’vdk@emrnfay;=uw,f? crf;qDu &wJhaiGeJ@ tar jcHwck0,f+yD; wxyfwdkufwck aqmufxm;w,f? armifav;uawmhausmif;qufrwufawmhbJ [dkif;vwfum;wpD;0,f+yD; usdKif;wkH-rdkif;vm; ajy;qGJwJh um;orm;b0udk cH,lvdkufw,f? armifav;u um;0yfa¶Smhaxmifcsifvdk@ +rdK@jyifrSm jcH0,fcsifwJhta=umif;eJ@/ taru aps;xJrSm w¶kwfukefpnfa&mif;zdk@ qdkifcef;0,fcsifwJhta=umif;/ crf;'DrSm jyefvmae&if vkyfief;av;tqifoifhjzpfaeatmif vkyfay;csifwJhta=umif; aqG;aEG;jzpf=uw,f? crf;udk tdrfaxmifusapcsifa=umif;awG ajymjzpf=uw,f? crf;uawmh &DaevdkufwmygbJ? befaumufjyefa&mufawmh t&ifuxufydk}udK;pm;+yD; tvkyfvkyfw,f? aemufxyf7ESpfqdkwJh tcsdef[m c%av;eJ@ukefqHk;oGm;w,f? 'Dvkyfief;u toufi,fygrS/ 30ausmfoGm;&if odyftqifrajyawmhbl;? usef;rma&;twGuf qdkifu6vwcg aq;ppfay;w,f? crf;tyg0if rdef;uav;2a,muf HIVawG@w,fajymw,f? rauseyfvdk@ tjyifaq;cef;rSm 2cgavmufxyfppfawmhvnf; 'DtajzygbJ? wjcm;ul;pufa&m*gawGqdk&if aysmufwJhtxdqdkifu ukay;ayr,fh HIVqdk&ifawmh csufcsif;tvkyfuae t+yD;em;cdkif;ygw,f/¶kwfw&uf jrefrmjynfjyefvmwJh crf;udk=unfh+yD; tara&marmifav;yg tHh=ooGm;w,f?+yD;cJhwJh wacgufawG@wkef;ueJ@wjcm;pD/ acsmifusvmwJh crf;udk vdkavao;r¶Sd *¶kpdkuf=uw,f? 'Dydk;&vmwJhta=umif;udk ao


84

wJhtxd armifav;eJ@tarudk todray;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? crf;xufi,fwJh‘jynfawmfjyef’awG[m a[mwa,muf/a[mwa,muf aorif;aemufudk vdkufoGm;=uw,f? wzufuvnf; vlukeful;wJh yGJpm;awGtzrf;cH&ovdk wzufEdkifiHt0iftxGuf =uyf&wJh=um;xJ/ ,dk;',m;EdkifiH oGm;csifvdk@ enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ }udK;pm;aewJh vli,fawG trsm;}uD;? t"du uawmh ppfwyfuajrodrf;/,modrf;cH&wJh rdom;pk/ ¶GmvHk;u|wf rD;¶_d@cH&vdk@ +rdK@ueD;pyf&m todqDrSm cdkv_Hae&wJhrdom;pk&J@ vli,fawG/ ausmif;ae&rJh t¶G,fawG[m ausmif;xGuf&+yD; enf;rsdK;pkHeJ@ wzufEdkifiHudk a&mufatmifoGm;=uw,f? tJ'Dvli,fawGudk a'ocHawGu‘ausmif;pdrf;’vdk@ac:=uw,f? ausmif;eJ@pdrf;+yD;aemuf i,f¶G,fwJhb0udk &&mtvkyf=urf;rsdK;pkH vkyf=u&wJh olwdk@awG&J@b0[m ynma&;qdkwm rpOf;pm;tm;awmhyg? jrefrmjynfwGif;u wuUodkvfbGJ@&awGtwGuf tvkyfur¶Sd? ¶SdwJhtvkyfvkyfawmhvnf; &wmeJ@ukefaps;E_ef;eJ@ rumrdjyef? 'DvdkeJ@bJ jrefrmjynftESH@‘ausmif;pdrf;’awG rsm;vm&ygawmhw,f? aq;aumif;awGeJ@ b,fvdkbJukuk crf;tajctaeu wae@xufwae@qdk;vmw,f? tareJ@armifav;a¶S@rSm aeaumif;vmovdk [efaqmifae&ayr,fh/ crf; odyfr=umawmhbl;qdkwm udk,fhudk,fudkodw,f/'D=um;xJ tarhtod crf;wdk@eJ@w¶GmxJaecJhbl;wJh ta': }uD;u ol@orD;‘ausmif;pdrf;’av;udk ,dk;',m;ydk@ay;zdk@ tylvmuyfjyefw,f? crf;u rulnD&if ol@enf;ol@[efeJ@ ydk@r,fqdkbJ? ‘ausmif;pdrf;’awGpk+yD;aewJhwyg; wdkif;jynfrSm atmufajcodrf; tvkyfuvGJ+yD; wjcm;tvkyfr¶dSyg? wESpfvkH; tvum;cdkif;+yD; &Jvuftyfvdkufwm/ rk'def;usifh cH&wm/ towfcH&wm/ crf;wdk@vdk atmufqHk;tv$muolawG vkyfcJh&wJhtvkyf/ay;qyfvdkuf&wJh vl@usifh0wf/ oduQm/ t¶Sufta=umufw&m;/ pdwf'%f&mawG? &vmwJhaiGeJ@twl ul;pufa&*ga=umifh i,fi,f¶G,f¶G,feJ@ om;tdrfxkwfvdkuf&wm/ 'Dvkyfief;udk pGef@+yD; tdrfaxmifjyKjyefawmhvnf;uav;r&Edkifawmhwm? b0udk&if; aorif;eJ@ppfcif;+yD;/ ¶_H;cJh&wJh t¶G,faumif;av;awG? vlukeful;wdkufzsufa&;awmh vkyfaeyg&J@? ‘ausmif;pdrf;’av;awG&J@b0 tem*gwfvSzdk@ tmrcHcsufay;EdkifwJh tajccHtkwfjrpfawmif rwnfaqmufEdkifao;yg? todw&m;xuf vuf¶Sd/t¶Sdw&m;u ta': }uD;&J@orD;udk ydk@ay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufw,f? reufjzefreufapmapm usdKif;wHkuae wmcsDvdwfudk xGufr,fhum;eJ@twl aumifrav;vdkufoGm;&awmhr,f? aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymzdk@ ta': }uD;u ae@vnfcif;uwnf;u tdrfudka&mufvmw,f? ol@orD;uawmh vdkvdkr,fr,f ausmif;xGufvufrSwf oGm;xkwfzdk@twGuf ausmif;oGm;aew,f? ausmif;utjyef crf;qD0ifvmr,fajymw,f? crf;rodvdkuf&wJh ¶Gmav;&J@ta=umif;awGudk ta': }uD;uajymjyaecsdefrSmbJ ol@orD;av;a&mufvmcJhw,f? cyfEGrf;EGrf; 16ESpft¶G,f uav;rav;/ acgif;pGyfodk;arG;tusF D eufjyma&mifeJ@ ausmif;pdrf;xrDav; 0wfxm;w,f? ykZpf'l;wkyf+yD; crf;udk xdkifuawmh awmh crf;&ifxJ eifhueJjzpfoGm;w,f? udk,fhwkef;uvnf; ol@t¶G,f? uav;rav;rSmvnf; ajymp&mpum; odyfr¶SdwJh ykHygbJ? ol0wfxm;wJhausmif;pdrf;xrDav;udk =unfh+yD;‘ausmif;pdrf;‘av; &ifqdkif&awmhr,fh b0udkpOf;pm;aerdw,f? aeraumif;wJhcrf;udk E_wfquf+yD;ta': }uD;wdk@ om;trd jyefoGm;w,f? jyefcgeD; uav;rav;u pum;wcGef;ajymoGm;cJhw,f? ‘tpuawmh ausmif;wufzdk@ygbJ’wJh? ?

tvif;puf

b0udk&if; aorif;eJ@ppfcif;+yD;/ ¶_H;cJh&wJh t¶G,faumif;av;awG? vlukeful;wdkufzsufa&;awmh vkyfaeyg&J@? ausmif;pdrf;av;awG&J@b0 tem*gwfvSzdk@

tmrcHcsufay;EdkifwJh tajccHtkwfjrpfawmif rwnfaqmufEdkifao;yg?


85

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kw¬Kw¬Kw¬Kw¬Kwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJwdk jydKifyGJ

0wKtrnf yg;pyf&mZ0ifxJu Zmwfvdkufrsm;trnf&if; odef;aZmfnGef huavmiftrnf vlcg; (rav;&Sm;)

vlwcsdK@u ajym=uw,f? tvum; rav;¶Sm;wJh? pifumylu a¶S@uvkyf/ rav;¶Sm;u aemufuae tukeftwkvdkufcdk; ...wJh..? ajym&ifvnf; ajymcsifp&myJav? [dkbufeJ@'Dbuf jrpfusOf;usOf;av; wpfckomjcm;wJh pifumyleJ@rav;¶Sm;u vufa0S@tausmftarmf ESpfa,muf vufcarmif;acwf+yD; pdefac:ae=uovdkrsdK;? pifumylua}umfjimbkwf}uD;axmifawmh rav;¶Sm;uvnf; [D;vdk@...? pifumylu wdkufawG rdk;ay:tumtuG,frJh,drf;xdk;+yD; wufoGm;wmjrifawmh rav;¶Sm;u wdkufawGu rdk;ysHylazgif;awGvdk wvGifhvGifheJ@ pDvdk@&Dvdk@? pifumylu tdrfaxmifhwm0ef ausyGefwJh tdrfaxmifOD;pD;aumif; wpfa,mufqdk&if rav;¶Sm;udkawmh r,m;0wW&m;ig;yg; ausyGefwJh tdrf¶Sifraumif; wpfa,mufvdk oluawmhjrifw,f? cGJvdk@ r&bl;aygh/a¶S@oGm;aemufvdkufnDw,f? =unfh&if; =unfh&if; wdk;wufajymif;vJ vmvdkuf=uwmrsm; olwdk@=um;xJujrpfuav;awmif tHh=o0rf;ompdwfeJ@ wzswfzswfwkefvdk@? oluvm;...? oluawmh...[dk; jrefrmjynfu vmwJh tvkyform; wpfa,mufaygh? ol@emrnfuudkomaumif;? rav;¶Sm;a&mufwm =umaygh? =umqdk q,fhajcmufESpf¶Sd+yD? ol'Dudk vmcJhwJh ta=umif;pOf;pm;rdwdkif; 0ufyGJpm; !Gef@aqmifudk owd&w,f? !Gef@aqmifu

‘udkomaumif; @@@@ rav;¶Sm;oGm;&if b,favmufukefrSmvJ’ ‘q,fhig;odef;avmufawmh ukefrSmaygh’

“ajymr,fom ajym&wmygav? oludk,fwdkifawmifig;tykyfwpfaumif rjzpfzdk@ tEdkifEdkif }udK;pm; ae&wm

r[kwfvm;”


86

‘wpfv b,favmuf&r, fvdk@ rSef;xm;vJ’ ‘wpfv ESpfodef;avmuf ayghuG’ ‘'gqdk @@ usKyfudk q,fhig;odef;ay; @@ wpfvESpfodef; usKyfay;r,f @@ usKyfqDrSm tvkyfvkyf’wJh ?axmif;ueJ xGufoGm;wJh a'goudk jyefxdef;vdkuf+yD; &,fusJusJ vkyfjyvdkufw,f? pdwfxJuawmh ‘rif;vdk0ufyGJpm;qD igu tvkyfvkyf&tHk;rSmvm;uG @@ at; @@ig rav;¶Sm;u jyefvmrS rif;eJ@ awG@=uao;wmaygh’vdk@ }udrf;xm;vdkufw,f? a[m...ckqdk=unfh? at;*sifhqufoG,fay;wJh olaX;qDrSm ESpfESpfausmf? tckolaX;qDrSmu q,fhav;ESpf/ q,fhajcmufESpfawmif ausmfaygh? bmrS rbmao;bl;? tdrfrSm xm;cJhwJh bkpkc¶kawGu q,fwef;atmifvdk@ wuUodkvfawGawmif wufae=u+yD? olu ckxd wpfv ESpfodef;avmufawmif rSefrSef ydk@ray;Edkifao;bl;? olaX;uawmh ol@udk plygAdkufqmwJh? uav;awGu aemufovdkvdk ajymifovkdvdkeJ@ plygzdkufwmvdk@ r=um;w=um; p=uw,f? [kwfw,fav ol@b0uvnf; bmxl;vdk@vJ? vukef&uf vpmxkwfwmeJ@a&zdk;/ rD;zdk;/ tdrfomjyifc bmnmqdk+yD; olaX;ay;wJh pm&if;pm¶Guf wpf¶GufeJ@/ [dktaqmiful; 'Dtaqmiful; rdkufa=u;cGJ&wJh b0? 'D=um;xJ EGm;(eDayg)awG/ b(b*Fvm;)awGuvnf; ygao;? udk,fhudkudk,fawmifrowDawmhbl;? tqHacsmifaewJh c¶kwpfaumifvdk cHpm;&w,f? tJ'Dawmh ol xGufayguf¶Smw,f? ol@b0udk 'Drav;ajrxJu qGJxkwfcsifaewm =um+yD? ckrSyJ qENjynfh0awmhr,f? [kwfw,fav/jrefrmjynfuae rav;¶Sm;/ rav;¶Sm;u r[efawmh pifumylaygh? [kwfbl;vm;? ol pifumyludk ul;awmhr,f? rav;¶Sm;udk a&muf+yD; yxrolaX;qDu xGufajy;vmwmqdkawmh tck tdkAmpaw;aygh? tdkAmpaw;wpfa,muf taeeJ@ pifumyludk ul;r,fqdkawmh ola¶G;cs,fvdkuf&wJh vrf;u atmufvrf;? pifumyleJ@ rav;¶Sm;udk jcm;xm;wJh jrpfuav;&J@ oHk;ykHwpfykHavmuftxd yGJpm;u pufavSeJ@ydk@ay;r,f? [dkbuf a&mufatmifawmh udk,fht&nftcsif;eJ@udk,f vufypful;ayawmh? [dkbufurf;a&mufonftxd acsmacsmarG@arG@qdk&if [dkbufu yGJpm;u vmac:/ tvkyf0ifaygh? racsmarG@vdk@vm;/aemifcgvm aemifcgaps;aygh? a,musFm;yJ aowpfae@ arG;wpfae@aygh? ‘uJ@@ [dkwpfa,muf pufavSay:wufav@@ bmvJckrS a=umufae+yDvm;’ bmvdk@a=umuf&rSmvJ/ a=umuf&if rav;aiGESpfaxmif qHk;rSmayghvdk@ awG;+yD; olpufavSay:wufvdkufw,f? oleJ@ygqdk&if pkpkaygif; av;a,muf? tm;vHk;u vl¶G,fvlvwfawGcsOf;yJ? olwpfa,mufwnf; av;q,fausmf ig;q,feD;? tif;...touf}uD;av avmb}uD;avqdkwm [kwfrsm; [kwfaeovm;yJvdk@ awG;rdvdkufw,f? [kwfwef aumif;ygbl;av? vlwdkif; avmbeJ@yJ r[kwfvm;? ‘cifAsm;wdk@udk aemufqHk;rSmr,f/ tck q,fhwpfcGJ avSpxGufr,f? q,fhESpfxdk;wmeJ@ [dkbufurf;a&m 'Dbufurf;a&m ESpful;txdrf;trSwf rD;¶ ª;rD;yef;awG qlnHaeatmif azmufvdrfhr,f? tJ'gudk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; [dkbufurf; a&mufatmif ul;=u? a&muf&if c%apmifh yGJpm; vmac:vdrfhr,f’[kwfom;yJ? olckrS owd&w,f? 'Dn ESpfopful;nyJ/ jrefrmjynfudk owd&vdkufwm? vGifhoGm;wJh ol@pdwfudk yGJpm;qD jyefydk@vdkufw,f? ‘at; @@ a&mufatmif rul;Edkifvdk@uawmh udk,fhxdkufeJ@udk,fhuHyJ? usKyfpufavSu cifAsm;wdk@ ckefcs+yD;wmeJ@ wef;jyefvSnfhrSmyJ/ vSnfhr=unfhawmhbl;’ yGJpm;u aemufqHk;pum;udk cyfus,fus,f cyfjywfjywf ajym+yD; pufavSudk urf;uae cGmw,f?


87

bk&m;...bk&m;? ol bk&m;wrdw,f? ol rjzpfrae ckefcs&awmh rSmygvm;? prdrSawmh jzpfor#ta=umif;taumif;=unfhaygh? pufavSuav;u avwjzL;jzL;eJ@ vd_if;uav;awGudk jzmueJ jzmueJ uGJxGufoGm;atmif w&dyf&dyf ajy;aew,f? pufoHav;u rwdk;rus,f 'kwf 'kwf...'kwf'kwfeJ@? jrpfuav; wpf0ufausmfawmh pifumylwpfbufurf;vHk; tHk;tHk; 'dkif;'dkif;eJ@ rD;¶ª;rD;yef;awG ypfazgufwmudk jrifvdkuf&w,f? aemufjyef vSnfh=unfhvdkufawmh rav;¶Sm;bufuvnf; tm;usrcH wtkH;tHk; w'dkif;'dkif;eJ@ rD;yGifhrD;ygG;awGu jzm+yD; rdk;ay:udk wufwufvmwm jrif&w,f? ‘uJ@@ bmvkyfaewmvJ/ ckefcsawmhav’ yGJpm;u t!Smtwm uif;rJhpGm avoHeJ@ atmfw,f? ‘AGrf; ...AGrf; ...AGrf;’ol@a¶S@u vloHk;a,muf ckefcsoGm;w,f? ‘a[hvl @@ ckefcsawmhav’olvnf; bk&m;udk tm¶HkHjyK+yD; ckefcsvdkufw,f? ol@wpfudk,fvHk; a&xJepfoGm;w,f qdk&ifyJ bmrSef;rodwJh taumif}uD;wpfaumifu ol@udk... ‘atmifrav; @@ As @@’ ‘bmjzpfwmvJ udk}uD;aumif;& @@ vef@vdkufwmAsm’ oleJ@wpfcef;xJaewJh oef;vif;u xdkif&muae orifvnfjyefvSnfh+yD; ar;w,f? olu *a,mifacsmufcsm; jzpfaewJhyHkeJ@ jyef=unfh+yD; +idrfaevdkufw,f? tdyfruf ...tdyfrufrS tdrfrufqdk;? ol@tem;eD;wJha&bl;udk vSrf;,l+yD; w*Gwf*Gwf aomufypfvdkufw,f? ‘{uefe rufaeus tdyfruf}uD; rufaejyef+yDxifw,f@@@ [kwfw,f r[kwfvm; udk}uD;aumif;’olacgif;udk wpfcsufndwfjyvdkufw,f? ‘tJ'ga=umifh ajymwmaygh @@@ woGm;wnf; oGm;csifaewJh pifumyl/ tdrfrufeJ@wif cifAsm;[murpm;omygbl;? a&mh @@ 'gav;wpfcGufcsvdkuf’ ol@qD vSrf;ay;wJh cGufxJu eDusifusif t&ufawGu ‘udk}uD;aumif; usKyfwdk@udk aomuf=unfhprf;ygAs @@@cifAsm;cHpm;ae&wmawG aysmufoGm;vdrfhr,fAs’vdk@ ajymaeovdkvdk? acgif;tHk;atmufu zkef;udkxkwf+yD; =unfhvdkufawmh oHk;em&Dawmif xdk;ae+yD/ 'DaumifawG rtdyfao;bl;yJvdk@ awG;vdkufrdw,f? ‘raomufcsifvJ aeAsm@@@ uJ a[haumif csdK;’qdk+yD;awmh oef;vif;u zJ0dkif;buf jyefvSnfhoGm;w,f? &,fvdkuf/ armvdkuf/ aomufvdkuf/ ¶dkufvdkufeJ@ olwdk@uawmh [efudkusvdk@? rcsd+yHK; wpfcsuf+yHK;&if;olvnf; tdyf,mxJ tomjyefvSJ aevdkufw,f? ‘udk}uD;aumif; @@@ udk}uD;aumif; xygOD;As/ 'kuQawmh a&mufawmhr,f’tvef@w=um; atmfvdkufwJh toHa=umifh olvef@Edk;vmw,f? tcef;xJ 0ifvmwJh pdk;jrifhu‘udk}uD;aumif; @@@ oef;vif;wdk@tzGJ@ rl;+yD;aumifrav;awG taqmifudk cJawGeJ@ 0dkif;ypfaew,f’? pdk;jrifhajymrS owd&w,f? ck% zJ¶dkufaewJh oef;vif;wdk@tzGJ@ b,fa&mufoGm;=u+yDvJ? ol tdyf,mxJuae ysmysmovJ xvdkufw,f? ‘tJ'Daumifudk xkwfay;/ ray;&if eifwdk@ tukefvHk;;owfypfr,f’ oef;vif;u toHuGJ}uD;eJ@atmfaew,f? olvnf; pdwfwdkwdkeJ@ ‘a[haumif@@ oef;vif; rif;rl;&iftdyfygvm;uGm olrsm;taqmifa¶S@ bmvdk@ vmatmfaewmvJ’‘usKyfrrl;bl; udk}uD;aumif;& @@ 'DaumifrawGaygh tdrfxJrSmEGm;wpfaumif a&mufaewmudk xkwfray;bl;/ ath @@ a[h @@@ xkwfay;av tJ'Daumifudk owfr,f’ ‘awmfprf; oef;vif; @@ rif;oGm;awmh 'DudpPig=unfh¶Sif;r,f/ uJ @@pdk;jrifh rif;wdk@ oef;vif;udkac:oGm;’ ‘eifwdk@ta=umif;udk odvkd@ apmifh=unfhaewm =um+yDa[h @@@ trsdK;zsufrawG’


88

rl;+yD;atmfaewJh oef;vif;udk p dk;jrifheJ@ wjcm;vlawGu twif; qGJac:oGm;=uw,f? ol oufjyif;wpfcsuf csvdkuf+yD; aumifrav;awGbuf rsufESmrlvdkufw,f? a=omf...'gawGa=umifh oltdyfrufqdk;awGrufrufaejzpfcJhwmyJav? ‘uJ@@@nDrwdk@ oef;vif;ajymwm [kwfvm;’aumifrav;awGtm;vHk; +idrfvdk@? ‘[kwfvm;vdk@ar;aew,fav’aumifrav;awGu wkyfwkyfrS rv_yf? ola'go xGufxGufeJ@ wpfcef;0if wpfcef;xGufeJ@vdkuf¶Smawmh EGm;wpfaumif xGufvmw,f? ‘'Daumifhudk b,folac:oGif;wmvJ @@@ar;aew,fav@@@'Daumifhudk b,folac:oGif;wmvJvkd@’wqwfqwf wkefaewJh ol@cEQmudk,fu a'gorD;cdk; rD;vsHawG t¶SdefeJ@ ylyifaomu a&mufv#uf? jrefrmrdef;uav;awGaewJh taqmifrSm tcsdefrawmf}uD; EGm;wpfaumif a&mufaewm bmoabmvJ? ‘tJ'g @@@ orD;&nf;pm;yg@@@@ udk}uD;aumif; @@@’ ‘bm@@@ 'Dtaumifu eifh&nf;pm; [kwfvm;’aumifrav;u acgif;ndrfhjyvdkufw,f? ‘xm;p&m¶Sm;vdk@[m@@@@ awmuf’qdk+yD; ajrmufwufoGm;wJh ol@vufudk tcsdefrSD jyefxdef;vdkuf&w,f? ol EGm;aumifbuf vSnfh+yD; ‘vdkif;cg vDwmarmif; @@@@’(aemufwcg 'grsdK;rvdkcsifbl;)vkd@ vuf!_d;eJ@ aigufaigufxdk;+yD;ajymvdkufw,f? EGm;aumifu rxDw&D yHkpHrsdK;eJ@ xGufoGm;w,f? ‘eifhudkig olaX;ajym+yD; jyefydk@r,f’? aumifrav;u vnfwdkifudk ausmh+yD; acgif;udk armhxm;w,f/a'gopdwfawGudk rsdKcs+yD; ol taqmifxJu xGufvmcJhw,f? ‘udk}uD;aumif; @@@cifAsm;bmvkyfcJh’oef;vif;u*rl;¶ª;xdk;eJ@ qD;ar;onf? ‘ol@udk jyefydk@vdkufr,f’‘jyefydk@¶HkeJ@ r&bl;? owfypf&rSm/olvdkaumifra=umifh usKyfwdk@awG acgif;razmfEdkifatmif oduQmus&wmAs? b,fae&moGm;oGm; a¶$rawG a¶$rawGeJ@[dk;av;udk a}umfvdk@’? ‘rif;awmfawmh oef;vif; @@@'Dpuf¶HkrSm igt}uD;qHk; @@@ ig=unfhpDpOfr, f’olcyfjywfjywf ajym+yD; taqmifa¶S@xGuf xkdifaevdkufw,f? vluom xdkifaewm pdwfu twdwfqDudk w&dyf&dyfeJ@? oltdrfaxmifuspu =unfhjrifwdkif urf;em;aps;uae pufprf;bufudk ulwdk@orm;vkyfawmh t+rJpD;aeus &D;av;ykrajymwJh pum;udk owd&w,f? &D;av;ykru Aef;xJu ig;awGudk a&xJv$ifhypfaewm jrifawmh olu‘&D;av;ykr @@@bmvdk@ ig;awG v$ifhypfaewmvJAs’ ‘tykwfawGa[h @@@ tykwfawG’ ‘ tykyfawGvnf; bmjzpfvJAs @@@ a&mif;ayghAsm trsm;}uD;yJ b,folodwmrSwfvdk@’ ‘atmifrav; @@ iaumif;&,f a&mif;zdk@aeaeomom wpfaumifwavygwmawmif tukefvHk;udk0dkif;+yD; ykyfygw,f ajymae=uwm @@@ eifr=um;zl;bl;vm; @@@ iaumif;&J@/ ig;cHk;rwpfaumifa=umifh wpfavSvHk; ykyfw,fqdkwmav’wJh? tJ'Dwkef;uawmh ol+yHK;¶Hkom +yHK;aevdkufrdw,f? tckawmh olr+yHK;Edkifawmhbl;av? aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;rdav &ifxJrSmydk+yD;awmh rcsdwifuJ jzpf&avyJ? ol@rSmom pGrf;aqmifay;EdkifwJh tiftm;¶Sdr,fqdk&if &D;av;ykr}uD; ig;tykyfawG v$ifhypfovdkrsdK; v$ifhypfoifhwJh t&mtm;vHk;udk v$ifhypfay;vdkufcsifygw,f? ajymr,fom ajym&wmygav? oludk,fwdkifawmif ig;tykyfwpfaumif rjzpfzdk@ tEdkifEdkif }udK;pm;

ae&wm r[kwfvm; ...? vlcg;vlcg;vlcg;vlcg;vlcg;


89

rdk;ajropf

p-um0VmxJu'kdif,mvufwpf (26)

(u)rufhcf0g'Drsm;u obm0avmuESifh vl htzGJ htpnf;jzpfpOfrsm; wkd;wufajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd

tEkyËdavmr ('kdif,mvufwpf)enf;t& cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcJh=uonf? ,if;uJhokd h qef;ppfr_t& jzpfay:wkd;wufr_Oya'orsm;ukd awG h&SdcJh=uonf? wenf;tm;jzifh obm0tjzpftysufrsm;/ obm0jzpfpOfrsm;/ vlr_b0ESifhorkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;. }uD; xGm;zGH hjzKd;r_rsm;tm;vkH;onf rufhcf0g'Drsm; obm0odyHynm&Sifrsm;tm;vkH;ukdvrf;n$efjyoaecJhonf?

obm0jzpfpOfESifh orkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;onf omrefajymif;vJ =u&kHomruay? omref}uD;xGm; =u&kHwifruay? jzpfay:wkd;wufvmjcif; jzpfayonf? okd hjzpfv#if jzpfay:wkd;wufr_. Oya'orsm;ukd csrSwfjyEkdifygrnfavm? jzpfay:wkd;wufr+. Oya'orsm;onf tb,fenf;[laom jy\emrsm;ay:aygufvmonf?tEkyËdavmrenf;onf ,if;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ayonf?

(c)Ttcef;wGif t&nftwGuf

ajymif;vJr_rS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_okd@toGiful;ajymif;&mwGif rnfokd htoGif ul;ajymif; aeonfukd azmfxkwfvkd ygonf?(t&nftwGufrS t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJr_ukd a&S htcef; 5ESifh 7wGif tusOf;r#azmfjycJhjyD; jzpfonf?)

tm;vkH;aom ajymif;vJr_ rsm;Y t&nftwGufajymif;vJr_ &Sdayonf?t&nftwGufajymif;vJr_twkd; tav#mhjzpfr_onf tpOftjrJ &SdraeEkdifay? wpkHwckaom trSwfokd ha&mufonfhtcgwGift&nftwGufajymif;vJr_ onf t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr_ok d h ckeful;ajymif;vJoGm;onf? trsm;tenf;/ twkd;tav#mh omruawmhyJ yifukd,f obm0 yg ajymif;vJoGm;ayonf?

Oyrm 1? ? a&ukdrD;jzifh-uKdcsuf pOf a&onf at;&mrS wjznf;jznf; aEG;vmonf? aemufylvmonf?,if;onf ta&twGuf ajymif;vJr+jzpfonf? okd h&mwGif ,if;okd haom ta&twGufajymif;vJr+onf tqkH;rowf yJaeonfr[kwf? wpkHwckaom tyl&SdeftrSwfokd ha&mufvmaomtcgY a&onftckd;taiG htjzpfokd h ajymif;vJ oGm;onf?,if;onf t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJr+jzpfayonf?

Oyrm 2? ? bGKdifvmtkd; (*gvHaygif; &maxmifcsDI qef haom oHxnftkd;wvkH;onf a&aEG;aiG h.ueftm;ukd wpxufwp cHEkdifonf? okd h &mwGif wpkHwckaomtrSwfokd h a&mufaomtcg rcHEkdifawmhyJ aygufuGJvm&ayonf? ,if;onf t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr+ jzpfonf?

Oyrm 3? ? tat;a'owGif aygufaomtyifwyifonf wjznf;jznf;ESifh ykdIykdIat;aom at;aoma'ookd h a&G hpkdufwkdif; opfyifrsKd;&dk;rajymif;bJ &SifoefEkdifonf? okd h&mwGif rcHEkdifonfh twkdif;twmukefqkH;aomtat;qkH;tykdif;okd h a&mufaomtcg xkdtyif. rsKd;&kd;onf ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? ,if;enf;twkdif; aEG&moDoD;ESHrsm;onf aqmif;&moD oD;ESHrsm;tjzpfokd h ul;ajymif;oGm;-ujcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJ


90

r+ jzpfonf?Oyrm 4? ? vl htzGJ htpnf;twGif;wGifvnf; t&nftwGufrS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr+rsm;ukd awG h

Ekdifonf? pufr+t&if;&Sifpepfonf Tenf;twdkif; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf? pufr+t&if;&Sifpepf ray:aygufrSDu vlenf;pkwpk.vufwGif "eaiGa-u;pkpnf;r+onf wjznf;jznf;-uD;xGm;vmonf? "erJh/ ypPnf;rJhwkd h. ta&twGufwkd honfvnf; ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmonf? xkdtcsdefxd t&nftwGufajymif;vJr+om &Sdao;onf? okd h&mwGif wpkHwckaom trSwfokd h a&mufvmonf? "epkpnf; pkaqmif;r+onf pufr+vkyfief;xlaxmifa&;twGuf vkHavmufaomt&if;tESD; jzpfvmonf? vkdtyfaom tvkyftwGuf jynfolvlxlrsm;tm; vkHavmufaom ypPnf;rJhOD;a& ta&twGufukd &Ivmonf? vkHavmufaom twkdif;twmokd h a&mufonfESifh pufr+t&if;&Sifpepfonf ay:aygufvmayonf? t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJr+ jzpfayonf?

Oyrm 5? ? ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifcsKyfukdifonfh ppftkyfpkwck ay:aygufvmpOf tkH-uGr+wckay:xGufvmcJhonf? xkdtkH-uGr+/ qef husifr+onf wckwnf;ESifh &yfqkdif;roGm;yJ xyfzefwvJvJ ay:xGufvmcJhonf?zdESdyfjc,fvS,folu ykdIzdESdyfowfjzwfavav tkH-uGawmfvSefr+uvnf;/ ykdIjyif;jy tm;oefvmavyifjzpfonf?tkH-uGawmfvSefr+ rD;yGifhuav;rsm;onf t&Sdeft[kef -uD;rm;us,fjyef hvmaomtcg awmfvSefa&;wck ay:xGufvmcJhawmhonf? zdESdyfaoG;pkwfaom ppftkyfpkonfvnf; E+wfxGuf&awmhonf? okd hr[kwf tkyfpkd;r+,EW,m; eef;yv†ifay:rS qif;oufcJh&awmhonf?

Oyrm 6? ? tEkjrLrsm;onf wpkHwckaom ta&twGuf&Sdonfh y&kdwGefrsm;ESifh tDvufx&Gefrsm;ukdaygif;pyfxm;aom "gwfjzpfonf? yg&Sdonfh y&kdwGefta&twGufESifh tDvufx&Gef ta&twGufukdvkdufI tEkjrL"gwftrsKd;tpm;vnf; jcm;em;-uayonf? xkd ha-umifh y&kdwGefwck tDvufx&Gefwckygaom tEkjrL"gwfukd [kduf'&kd*siftEkjrL[kac:I aemufxyfy&kdwGefwckESifh tDvufx&Gefwck xyfxJhvkdufygu [,fvD,HtEkjrL"gwfjzpfvmayonf? xkd ha-umifh [kduf'&kd*siftEkjrLESifh [,fvD,HtEkjrLonf t&nftwGufvnf; jcm;em;-uI t&nftcsif;vnf; jcm;em;ay-uayonf? a,bl,stm;jzifh t&nftcsif;jcm;em;r+onf t&nftwGuf jcm;em;r+wGif tajccHonf?

Oyrm 7? ? ,la&eD,H AkH;wvkH;vkyf&eftwGuf ,la&eD,H 235tkdufqkdwkyf&Sdzkd h vkdonf? omrefokH;pGJaeusjzpfaom ,la&eD,H 238tkdufqkdwkyfESifh rvkHavmufay? xkdtdkufqkdwkyfESpfrsKd;onf tav;csdefwGifom uGmjcm;&kHomru ta&twGufvnf; uGmjcm;r+a-umifh AkH;.trsKd;tpm; t&nftcsif;vnf; uGmjcm;ayonf?

xkd ha-umifh tawG;tac:ynm&Sif tdef*s,fvfpfu “ t&nftcsif;jcm;em;r+ [lor#wkd honf "gwfzGJ hpnf;r+. t&nftwGufjcm;em;r+/ &kyfrsm;. ta&twGuf jcm;em;r+ay:wGif wnf&Sdavonf? xdk ha-umifh &kyfcE<mwck. t&nftcsif;ukd ajymif;vJvkdv#if xkdtxJwGif yg0ifzGJ hpnf;aeaom &kyfokd hr[kwf ajymif;vJv+yf&Sm;r+ ta&twGufukd wkd;v#if wkd;&ayrnf? okd hr[kwfv#ifvnf; av#mh&ayvdrfhrnf? &kyfcE<m. ta&twGufukd ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ t&nftcsif; ajymif;vJr+ukd &Ekdifrnfr[kwfay?” [kqkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr+onf wpkHwckaomtrSwfokd h a&mufonfhtcgwGif t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr+ukdjzpfay:aponf? xkd hjyif ta&twGufjcm;em;r+onf t&nftcsif;jcm;em;r+ukd jzpfay:vmaponf? ,if;tcsufjzpfay:wkd;wufr+. toGifjzpfayonf? ,if;jzpfay: wkd;wufr+ukd bmu ay:aygufapoenf;?

jzpfay:wkd;wufr+onf qef husifbuft&mrsm;. wkdufyGJESifhaygif;pnf; nDnGwfr+rS ay:xGufvmonf?xkdtcsufukd rmhufcf0g'Drsm;. tEkyËdavmr (0g) 'kdif,mvufwpfenf;t& vufcHxm;onf? yuwdt&Sdw&m;&kyfb0uvnf; enf;enf;uav;r#yif twdrf;tacsmfr&SdyJ xkdtwkdif;yif qef husifbuft&mrsm;. wkdufyGJESifhaygif;pnf;nDnGwfr+rS jzpfay:wkd;wufvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf?


91

(*)a,bl,sqkd&v#if ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr+. ta-umif;&if;onf tESpfom&tm;jzifh

oD;jcm;jzpfpOfrsm;xJwGif wnf&Sdonf? xkd h a-umihf jy\emwkdif;rSmvkdyif t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr+onf rvGJra&Smifomjzpfay:vm&rnf[k ajymEkdifjcif;jzpfonf?

qkdcJhjyD;jzpfonfh OyrmtoD;oD;wGif tajctaewckrS aemuftajctaewckokd h ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonfukdawG h&SdcJh-u&jyD;jzpfonf? xkdajymif;vJr+wkdif;wGif qef husifbuft&m tcsif;csif;. twkduftcHjzpfr+a-umifh ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh &kyftcsif;csif;-um;wGif qGJiiftm;jyKdifjcif; tiftm;pkwkd h. twkduftcHjzpfr+omjzpfayonf? okd hjzpf&m Oya'oESpfckukd awG h&Sd&a-umif; twnfjyKI&jyD jzpfonf?

(1) ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;okd h ajymif;vJr+ Oya'o(2) t&nftcsif; jcm;em;csufonf ta&twGufjcm;em;csufY tajccHonf[laom Oya'o(3) Oya'o 1ESifh 2ukd-unfhjcif;tm;jzifh qef husifbuft&m0wˆKrsm;. twkduftcHjzpf r+ESifh aygif;pnf;nDnGwfr+ Oya'o ===== [lI/ xkdOya'orsm;ukd tEkyËdavmr

(okd h) 'kdif,mvufwpf enf;emjzifh &SmazGEkdifcJhonf? &k&Sm;acgif;aqmif pwmvifu “ jzpfay:wkd;wufr+jzpfpOf.twGif;tESpfom&/ ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJr+okd h ul;ajymif;jcif;. twGif;tESpfom&rSm xkdjzpfpOfxkdt&m0wˆKrsm;xJY qef husifbuft&mtcsif;csif;. twkduftcHjzpfr+yif jzpfonf? ”[lI aumufcsufcscJhbl;onf?oluyif xkdOya'orsm;ukd aygif;&kH;jyD; t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcJhonf?

“ wuUaA'ESifh rwljcm;em;aom tEkyËdavmr. ,lqcsufum;/ t&m0wˆKrsm;tm;vkH;/ obm0.toGif¾efrsm;tm;vkH;. ADZtajcY twGif;yËdyuQrsm; wnf&Sdaeonf[laom tcsufjzpfonf? tjyKoabmESifhtzsufoabm/ twdwfESifhtem*gwf/ wkd;wufjzpfay:jcif;ESifh ysufpD;csKyfjidrf;jcif;wkd h wnf&Sdaeonf[laomtcsufjzpfayonf? Tqef husifbuft&m tcsif;csif;.wkdufyGJ/ ta[mif;ESifhtopfwkd h. wkdufyGJ arG;zGm;jzpfay:jcif;ESifh,kd,Gif;ysufokOf;jcif;wkdufyGJ ay:aygufjzpfxGef;jcif;ESifh ysufpD;csKyfjidrf;jcif;wkd h.wkdufyGJwkd honf jzpfay:wkd;wufr+jzpfpOf. twGif;tESpfom& jzpfayonf? ta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;okd h ajymif;vJr+. twGif;tESpfom&jzpfayonf?”[lI zGifhqkdcJhonf?

(C)tEkyËdavmr okd hr[kwf 'kdif,mvufwpfenf;aA'tm;jzifh &&SdcJhaom xkdOya'orsm;onf

vlr_b0 twGif;rS wkdufyGJrsm;ukd xif[yfv#uf&Sdonf? ,ae hArmjynf ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;/ppftkyfpkqef husif a&;wkdufyGJESifh,SOfwGJ qef;ppfv#if qef husifbuft&mrsm;. twkduftcHjzpfr_ESifhaygif;pnf;nDnGwfr_ukd awG h&ay vdrhfrnf? tEkyËdavmrt& qef husifbufrsm;um; tb,fenf;/twkduftcHjzpfr_(wkdufyGJ)onfum; b,fokd h enf;/ rnfokd h qGJiifwGef;xkd; tm;jyKdifae=uoenf;/tb,ftiftm;pk&J h wkdufyGJonf t"duvJ h h h h ponfjzifh pdwful;xJwGif4if;/ pm&Gufay:wGif4if;ykH=urf;a&;qGJ=unfh&kHr#ESifh tvm;tvm (jzpfEdkifzG,f&m)onf ay:xGufvm rSm jzpfonf?

qufvufazmfjyygOD;rnf? rkd;ajropf ( ZGef 6/ 2011)


92

bmomjyef tcef;quf

Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr karen

connelly . rl&if;pmtkyfwtkyfjzpf+yD;pmzwfolrsm; tm; tvGeftrif;

zwfapcsifaom qENa=umifh }uKd;pm;wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyftm;zwfapjcif;jzifh jref rmEkdifiHtwGif;

tkyfcsKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpkd;&. vufxufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkd@ rnfa&G@rnfr#xdvl@tcGifh ta&; qkH;&_H;ae+yD;

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tusOf;axmif rsm;twGif;rnfuJhokd hzdpD;ESdyfpuf

rnfuJhokd qif;&J'kuQcH&Ippftpkd;&. vlrqefr_rsm;ukd

uGufuGufuGif;uGif; odjrif&rnf jzpfygonf?

tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?

tvif;tdrfr* tvif;tdrfr* tvif;tdrfr* tvif;tdrfr* tvif;tdrfr* ~Zif;~Zif;~Zif;~Zif;~Zif;

,cifvrStquf ,cifvrStquf ,cifvrStquf ,cifvrStquf ,cifvrStquf tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrf tcef; ( 44)

bmomjyefqdkol RRRRRoland Haroland Haroland Haroland Haroland Hardydydydydy(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf

aw;qkdiSuf pdwfawG twdwfqDjyefa&mufoGm;w,f? wcgwkef;u atmifrif;ESifh awmfvSefa&;ta=umif; tjiif;tckefvkyfwJhtcsdefxd jyefa&mufoGm;w,f? uav;b0wkH;u azaz[m vdarRmfoD;awGukdtdwf}uD;ESifhxJhxm;jyD; q&mawmfausmif;okd h oGm;cJhw,f? ausmif;xkdifq&mawmf}uD;ukd vuftkyfcsDuefawmhvkdufygw,f? q&mawmf }uD;[m tjrJwrf; +yKH;aewwfvkd h q&mawmf}uD;ukd awZ odyfcspfw,f?q&mawmf}uD;ukd vdarRmfoD; qGrf; uyfjyD; azaz&J haemufuyf+yD; vkdufoGm;w,f?

azaz[m q&mawmf}uD;&J h ausmif;atmufrSm apwemaq;cef; zGifhcGifh&xm;w,f? a'gufwmausmf0if; ol[m zsm;aewJhaumifav;ukd em;usyfESifh aoaocsmcsm prf;oyfw,f? aumifav;[mrsufvkH;rSm temjzpfaevkd htzsm;vnf; wufaew,f? aemufwcku tJ'Daumifav;[m tqkyfvnf;raumif;bl;? aemufxyf vlemawGukd =unfhay;jyD; azazESifh q&mawmf}uD;[m anmifyif}uD;atmufrSmxkdifjyD; aq;ayghvdyfaomuf=u&if; awZ em;rvnfao;wJh ta=umif;awGukd &,f&,farmarmajymqkdae=uygw,f?

q&mawmfausmif;atmufrSm rdbrJh uav;awGpkjyD; pmusuf=uygw,f? awZ[m aumifav;wa,mufukd ocsmFjyay;bl;w,f? tJ'Daumifav; emrnfukd rrSwfrdawmhyg? 'gayrJh tJ'D aumifav;ae&mrSm FREE EL SALVADOR av;ukd c%xm;vkdufjyD; qufpOf;pm;w,f? ar;cGef;awG wykH}uD;


93

awZacgif;xJrSm &Sdaew,f? bmvkd h rjzpfEkdif&rSmvnf;? vlawGaxmifESifhcsDjyD; tusOf;xJxnfhxm;EkdifwmbJ?txJrSm&SdwJh aumifav; wa,mufukd tjyifrv$wfEkdifwmvJ? tjyifuvl axmifESifcsDjyD; txJxnfhxm;&iftxJu wa,mufavmufawmh olwkd hv$wfay;Ekdif&rSmaygh? aemufjyD; aumifav;[m bmtjypfrSusK;vGefxm;wm r[kwfbl;? tjypfr&SdbJ axmifxJrSm tr+xrf;ae&wmbJ? FREE EL SALVADOR

aumifav;ukd olwkd h v$wfay;vkduf&ifawmif b,folurS tjypfwifrSmvnf; r[kwfbl;?axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifvnf; tultnDay;EkdifrSmbJ? aemufjyD; olvnf; aumifav;v$wfajrmufzkd@

tpGrf; ukefulnDzkd h h qkH;jzwfxm;w,f? b,fvkd ta=umif;jycsufrSr&Sd&ifvnf; aumifav;ukd'Daxmif}uD;xJrSm qufrjrifcsif awmhyg? tpwkef;uawmh axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifu pmoifwkdufzGihfxm;wJhq&mawmf}uD;qDoGm;jyD; aumifav; wa,mufukd ulnDapmifha&Smuf/ pmoifay;zkd h oem;cHjyD; av#mufxm;r,f?

aemufwck[m q&mawmf&J h pmoifwkdufu rdbrJhuav;awGukd awZazaz a'gufwmausmf0if;olu tcrJh aq;ukoay;w,f? tar a':pENm[mvnf; c%c% tvSLvkyfw,f? ouFef;awGvnf; r=umc% vSLw,f? 1988ckESpftxd ararvkyfwJhtvSLawGtwGuf q&mawmfausmif;ukdc%c%a&mufzl;w,f? aumifav; [m b,fuvmw,fqdkwmukd q&mawmfukd rvdrfrnmav#muf&r,f? wu,fvkd h q&mawmfausmif;pmoifwkduf rSm vufcHxm;wJh rdbrJhuav;awGodyfrsm;aew,f qkd&ifawmifrS tcrJhaq;ukay;aewJh a'gufwmausmf0if;ol/ 'grSr[kwf ouFef;awGc%c%vSLwJh a':pENm&J h rsufESmaxmufjyD; awZykd hvkdufwJhaumifav;ukdawmh olwkd h vufcHvdrfhr,fxifxm;w,f?

wckbJ&Sdw,f? awZwkd hrdom;pk t&rf;cifrif&if;ESD;wJh ausmif;xkdifbkef;awmf}uD;a&m &Sdao;&J@qkdwmawZ rodEkdifyg? awZ pawG hwkef;u oufawmf 65ESpfawmifausmfaejyD/ q&mawmf}uD; tay:aqmifukd=uGwJhtcg taemufuae awZvkdufzl;w,f? q&mawmf}uD;[m armyef;aeykH&jyD; awmfawmf}uKd;pm;jyD;wufaecJh&w,f?

awZ pOf;pm;&if; orHwvif;ukd vufn‡d;ESifhacgufaew,f? q&mawmf}uD;&J @ rsufESmawmfukdjyefjrif a,mifaerdw,f? trsm;}uD; pOf;pm;&w,f? rsufvkH;tpkHukd rdSwfxm;jyD; vkyfp&mawGukd aoaocsmcsm tjyeftvSef pOf;pm;aew,f? avmavmq,fq,f taumif;qkH;tvkyfuawmh w&m;rSwf(&SK)/w&m;xkdifzkd hbJ? orHwvif;&J h tv,fwnfhwnfhrSmxkdif&if; bk&m;ukdtm&kHjyKjyD; OD;okH;}udrfcsvkdufjyD;oHwkdifawGqDukd rsufESmrlvkdufw,f? arwWm/ *&k%m/ rk'dwm/ OyuQmpojzifh w&m;rSwfaew,f?

0ifouf (av)[m cE<mukd,fxJ 0ifvmjyD; =uGufom;awG/ eH&kd;awG=um;xJu ESvkH;om;txda&mufvm w,f? pdwfukdwnfjidrfatmif vkyf&wm odyfrvG,fulvSyg? bmbJjzpfjzpf t&SKH;r&Sdbl;?ppfwkdufae&wmrS r[kwf wmbJ? pdwfxJrSm OyuQmqkdwJht&m}uD;qkdwm bmrSr&Sdawmhovkd cHpm;&wJhtxdtouf&SKrSwfaew,f? 'gESifhtwl pum;vkH;awG[m ESvkH;&J hckefoHESiftwl cE<mukd,fxJu xGufcGmoGm;ygw,f?cE<mukd,f}uD;ukd xrf;xm;&wmrvG,f yg? awZpdwfxJrSm ol[mwjznf;jznf;ESifh avxJu }uKd;wr#ifvkdjzpfvmw,f?

wnfjidrfjcif;/ at;csrf;jcif;awGukd&cJhvkd h auseyfESpfoufrdwm wu,fbJjzpfygw,f? tckqkd&ifawZ w&m;usifhaewm ESpfawGawmif awmfawmf=umvmcJhygjyD? ol hemrnf&J h t"dyg,fu “rD;”jzpfygw,f?rD;qkdayrJh ylavmifu|rf;apwJh[mukd qkdvkdwmr[kwfygbl;? bkef;uHt[kef}uD;rm;wJh oabmukdaqmifwJhemrnfjzpfygw,f? jrefrmh&mZ0ifawGxJrSm awZqkdwJhemrnf[m b,ftcsdefuwnf;u &SdaeovJ rodyg?


94

tJ'Demrnfa=umifhbJ ppfa=uma&;/ ppfaq;a&;pcef;awGu awmfawmfrkef;wD;=uw,f? txl;ojzifh 'DvlawGodyfav;pm; a=umuf&GH h&kdao&wJh “AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;”[m awZjzpfaevkd h bJjzpfw,f?

Ak'<bk&m; bk&m;jzpfwJhaerSmvnf; tjzpftysufawG&SdcJhygw,fvkd h pmaytrSwftom; wcsKd@rSm&nf n$ef;xm;wm &Sdygw,f? vlwpk[m (yOP0*~Dig;yg;) bk&m;ukd,fawmfjrwf&J h rdef h=um;/ a[m=um;cJhwJhw&m;awG a=umifh w&m;rSef/ tjrifrSefawG &&SdoGm;cJh=uw,f? 'gawGu odyf=umcJhygjyD? awZpdwfxJrSmpOf;pm;aewm wck&Sd w,f? Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m; &SdpOfwkH;u rdef h=um;cJhwJhpum;awG[m vlawG vG,fvG,fululoabmayguf=uyghrvm;vkd@ wu,fvkd h awZ[m ol hukd,fol bk&m;avmif;vkd pOf;pm;aewmararomodr,fqkd&if t&rf;a'goxGufrSm trSefyJ? bmbJjzpfjzpf wae&mrSmawmh tqkH;owfoGm;=uw,f? 'gu aojcif;w&m;bJ? 'Davmuf pum;vkH; wkdwkdav;ukd vlawG tvGefa=umuf&GH h=uw,f?

ta0;}uD;u vlom;awG&J h toHawG=um;ae&w,f? wjznf;jznf;ESifh eD;vmygjyD? touf&SKoHawG=um;vm&jyD? awZ tJ'Dom,mr_u rxGufcsifyg? 'gayrJh vlawG&J htoH[m ol hukdqGJac:aew,f?aemufqkH;awmh awZ rsufvkH;tpkH[m wjznfjznf;yGifhvmygw,f? wjznf;jznf;ESifhvufawG v_yf&Sm;vmygw,f? r=umcifrSm axmif rSL;ukdcspfEkdifESifh axmifq&m0efwkd h[m awZ&SdwJhae&mukd a&mufvmygonf? awZ ukdcspfEkdifukd pum;ajym=unfh zkd h }uKd;pm;ygw,f? ck avmavmq,fq,f[m axmifrSL;ukdcspfEdkif[m tvGeftvkyfrsm;aew,f?

awZ[m pum;vkH;awGukd owd&aew,f? tyif[m wjznf;jznf; }uD;vmovkd todOm%f&SdwJhopf &GufawG[mvnf; }uD;rm;vmw,f? opf&GufawG[m tvif;a&mifawG xGef;vif;vmovkdpdwfxJxifrdw,f?

•• FREE EL SALVDOR aumifav;/•••• opfcGyef;awG}uKdufwJh arara':pENm/•• aemufjyD; 0ef;jcH}uD;xJrSm tus,fcsKyfESifh aeae&wJh av;pm;jrwfEkd; tm;ukd;&wJha':atmifqef;pk=unf/•••• wuf=uGae=uwJh wuUokdvfausmif;om;wpk[m awZbufukd vSnf;=unfh&if; jyKH;&,fumESifh•••• “ ukdawZ b,fa&mufoGm;jyDvnf;/ usaemfwkd hukd oDcsif;qkdjyygOD;”•••• ESpfxyfausmif;ay:u q&mawmf}uD;u toHwdwfESifh rdef h=um;aeovkdbJ“ awZ rif;ukd ihg&J hom;vkd igcspfygw,f? rif;&J h azaz[mvnf; ig hom;vkdygyJ?

vlawmfvlaumif;awG trsm;}uD; arG;ay;EkdifcJh vkd h ig[m olodrsm;vmjyD?” q&mawmf}uD;ukd uefawmhjyD;ausmif;0if;xJu xGufvmcJhygw,f?

aomhzGifhoHa=umifh awZpdwful;xJu Ekd;vmygw,f? 0ifoufukd wjznf;jznf;csif; &SKoGif;vkduf&if;wcg;aygufukd armh=unfhvkdufygw,f? axmifrSL; ukdcspfEkdifu ol hukdjyKH;jyKH;}uD;ESifh =unhfaewmjrifvkduf&ygw,f?pum;ajymoHESifhtwl ukdcspfEkdif&J h rsufrSef[m wcsufwcsuf 0if;vufoGm;ygw,f?

“ b,fvkdvJ ukdawZ aeaumif;oGm;jyDvm;?” awZ acgif;wcsufjidrfhjyvkdufygw,f? wHcg;zGifh&if;awZtcef;xJokd h axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifESifhtwl axmifq&m0efvnf; 0ifvmygw,f? rsufESm0kdif;0kdif;ESifhoabmaumif;wJh axmifq&m0ef[m ol h&J h aq;tdwfxJu em;usyfukdxkwfjyD; awZukd aESmufajymifvkdufw,f?

“ cifAsm;ukd ESvkH;ckefoH em;axmif&r,f? 'grS cifAsm; touf&Sifr&Sif odEkdifrSm?” q&m0efutay:tusD tjzL=u,foD;awGukd jzKwfvkduf&if; awZab;rSm 0ifxkdifvkdufygw,f?


95

“ 'Dnae aw;qkdiSuf bmvkyfaevJ prf;&r,f? tckxufxd oDcsif;rqkdEkdifao;bl; r[kwfvm;?”“'gayrJh ukdcspfEkdif ajympum;t& cifAsm;pum;awG enf;enf;ajymvkd h &jyDqkdbJ? aumif;ygw,f? ”ajymajymqkdqkdESifh q&m0ef[m awZvufukd aumufukdif&if; aoG;ckefE+ef;wkdif; aeygonf? awZ[maemufusefwJhvufwzufukd &ifbwfay: wifxm;vkdufw,f? ol hukd q&m0efukdifwG,fwmukdawZoabmrusyg?

“usaemf tckxd ESvkH;ckefaeygao;w,f?”“ [kwfygw,f/ 'gayrJh enf;enf;aES;aew,f?”“ usaemftckwifbJ w&m;xkdifwm jyD;oGm;wm?”ukdcspfEkdifu “ awG hvm;q&m/ 'Daumif 'ga=umifh toHrxGufbJ jidrfaewm?” ukdcspfEkdifu

acsmif;wcsuf [ef hvkduf&if; � • • • •“q&m ol hukkd aq;wvkH;avmuf xkd;ay;vkdufygvm;? olvnf; em;&wmaygh?”q&m0efu“ tckavmavmq,fq,fawmh rvkdtyfao;ygbl;? ckeu usaemfajymovkdbJ ol hESvkH;ckefoHukd

odyf r}uKdufbl;? tJ'gukd aoaocsmcsm xyfppfcsifao;w,f?” axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifu“ q&m ckeubJajymw,f? odyfaemufusaejyD/ tvkyfjrefjrefodrf;jyD; em;csifjyDqkd?”q&m0efu

x&yf vkdufw,f? ukdcspfEkdifxuf rsm;pGmykaewm awG h&w,f?“ axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdif vlwa,muf&J h ESvkH;ckefoHwkdif;&wm em&D0ufawmhr=umygbl;Asm?”“ usaemf oabmaygufygw,fq&m? 'gayrJh 'DrSm usaemfwkd h odyf=umaeawmh tusOf;om;

ukdawZ ukd taESmuft,Sufay;ovkd jzpfaejyDxifw,f?”“ taESmuft,Suf ay;w,f[kwfvm; axmifrSL;” q&m0efu &,fvkduf&if; “ wu,fqkd&if

cifAsm; ukd jyefowday;&r,f? usaemfwkd h tcka[mfw,fxJrSm aeaewmr[kwfbl;? usaemf[mcifAsm;rdwfaqGjzpfaevkd h 'Davmuf ulnDvkyfukdifay;aewm/ wu,fqkd&if tusOf;om; awZu usaemfwkd@ukd taESmuft,Sufay;aewm As? ol ha=umifh usaemfwkd h rdom;pkawGukd tdrfrSmxm;cJhjyD; ol@ ukdjyKpkapmifha&Smufae&wm” ajym&if; ESpfa,muf om;&,f=uw,f?

awZ[m olwkd hpum;a=umifh pdwfnpfoGm;w,f?axmifrSL; ukdcspfEkdifu “ 'ga=umifh ajymwmayghq&m? ol hukdjidrfaq;wvkH;avmuf xkd;ay;vkduf&if

tqifajyr,fqkdwmav?”“ usaemfuawmh awZukd armfzdef;qufrxkd;ay;csifbl;? awZu usaemfwkd hpum;ukd

em;raxmifbl;? tck ol hukd =unfhygOD;? rw&m; ydefusaew,f? t&kd;jyKdif;jyKdif;eJ h ar;&kd;usKd;aewJhol[m'Davmufydefatmif rvkyf oifhbl;? tm;b,fvkd &SdEkdifawmhrSmvJ ” q&m0efu awZukd

“ cifAsm;[m wae hukd 3-udrf tpmpm;yg? b,fjzpfvkd h cifAsm;ukdcifAsm; 'Davmufydefatmifbmvkdh vkyfaewmvJ ” ajym&if;qkd&if; ukdcspfEkdifbuf vSnfh=unfh&if;ESifh “ usaemf ckeuajymcJhovkdbJawZ ESvkH;ckefoH jyefem;axmif&r,f? jyD;awmhrS usaemfwkd h ESpfa,mufwkdifyifjyD; awZtwGufaxmifykdif}uD;qDrSm oGm;ajym=u wmaygh? 'grS axmifykdif}uD;u bmqufvkyfqkdjyD; ajymrSm? tck usaemfwdk@wwfEkdifwm 'gbJ&Sdw,f?”

axmifrSL; udkcspfEkdif[m awZ&J hrsufESmem; wkd;vmjyD; “ ukdawZ q&m0efajymwJhpum;awG=um;ygw,f aemf? 'g[m cifAsm;twGuf? cifAsm; usrf;rma&;twGuf t"duxm;jyD; vkyfaewm? aemufwcgESvkH;ckefoHwkdif;wm ukd vufcHvkdufyg? jyD;&if cifAsm; armfzdef;xdk;cH&r,faygh?”


96

awZ ukdcspfEkdif&J hrsufvkH;ukd =unfhvkduf&if;“ usaemf armfzdef;rxkd;csifawmhbl;?”ukdcspfEkdif acgif;cgoGm;w,f?“ ukdawZ usaemfarmfzdef; xkd;ay;r,fajymwmu cifAsm; emwmoufomr,f/ ykd;owfaq;

xkd;wm r[kwfbl;?” awZ q&m0efbufukd =unfhvkduf&if; “ usaemf em;vnfygw,f? usaemf wu,frvkdcsifawmh vkd hyg? aemfxyf rxkd;csifawmhbl;? bmukdrS rvkdcsifawmhvkd hyg?”

“b,fvkd tcGifhta&;rS rvkdawmhbl;[kwfvm;” q&m0efu ykckH;wGef h&if; ajymvkdufw,f?axmifrSL; ukdcspfEkdif pdwfqkd;oGm;w,f? q&m0efu “awZ cifAsm; tmZmenf yDoatmif vkyfjyaew,fqkdwm =um;&ygw,f? bma=umifh cifAsm; xrif;rpm;bJ qENjyaewmvnf;? usaemf em;rvnfbl;?cifAsm; tck'Dvkd pum;ajymaeEkdif wm=umjyDbJ? qefjyKwfawmh aomufEkdifjyDbJ? aomufyg? uJ h h hhcifAsm;twGuf axmifykdif}uD;ukd usaemfbm ajymay;&rvJ ”

awZ bmrSjyefrajymyg? axmifq&m0ef[m axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifbuf vSnfh=unfh&if;“ awG hvm;/ us aemfcifAsm;ukd ajymbl;om;bJ? 'Daumif aomuf&l;bJ/ ae hcif;bufawmif

qefjyKwf awmifrpm;bJaewm ukd,fhukdukd,f wjznf;jznf;csif; owfaoaewmbJ? awZ cifAsm; tckvkdtajctaersK d;rSm tpmrpm;&if r=umcif cifAsm; aorSmbJ? 'gukdawmh cifAsm;odxm;atmifusaemfajymjywm?”

awZ acgif;ikdufpkduf csvkdufw,f? awZ avmavmq,f xrif;pm;wmxuf ta&;}uD;wJhaumifav; &J h udpPukd tckcsufcsif;ajymvkdufcsifayrJh/ axmifq&m0efukdawmh odyfr,kH=unfao;yg? 'ga=umifhaxmifrSL;ukdcspf EkdifukdbJ tjrefqkH; ajymcsifw,f?

jidrfaewJh awZukd =unfhae&if; axmifq&m0ef pdwfqkd;vmw,f? “ 'DtusOf;om;[maxmifxJrSm *vef*qefvkyfaewm axmifpnf;urf;azmufaewmeJ h twlwlbJ? 'Dawmh axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifol[m '%f&m& xm;wmbJjzpfjzpf r&wmbJjzpfjzpf avmavmq,fq,f tjypfray;csifbl;?”

axmifrSL; udkcspfEk dif “ aus;Zl;ygyJq&m/ wu,faus;Zl;wifygw,f?” q&m0ef[maq;aowWmukdydwf&if; awZESifhrsufvkH;csif; qkHvkdufw,f? “ cifAsm; tpmrpm;bJ tiwfcHqENjywmusaemfeJh rqkdifbl;? pdwfvnf; r0if pm;bl;? q&m0ef[m aq;uk&rJhwm0ef &SdwmbJodw,f? 'gayrJhaxmifykdif-uD;eJ hawG h&if cifAsm; odyffvG,frSm r[kwfbl;? rpm;pm;atmif vkyfrSm? cifAsm; odygw,f?olu xrif;ukd pm;ygqkd&if pm;wmaumif;w,f?”

awZ “ q&m&J h pum;awGu usaemfhukd ESdyfpufaeovkdbJ xrif;pm;csifwJhpdwfukdaysmufoGm;ap w,f?”

q&m0ef “ awmfavmufjyDAsm/ usaemfvnf; AkdufodyfqmaejyDAsm? tdrfjyefjyD npmxrif;jyefpm;vkduf OD;r,f? udkcspfEkdif reufjzefusrS xyfawG h=uwmayghAsm?”

“axmifr S L ;uk dc sp fE k di f[m tus F DtdwfuyfxJu vufuk di fy k0 guk d xkwfvk duf&i f ;rsufrSefukdyGwfvkdufw,f? rSefukd ajymifatmif yGwfowfvkdufw,f? pdwfxJrSm enf;enf;&_yfaxG;aewm&Sdw,f? &Spfyg;oDvukd apmifhaew,fqkd wm awZbmvkd hwcgrS ajymrjywmvJqkdwm ar;csifw,f?awZpm;vkd h&atmif tm&k%frwufcif wckck vkyfay;&&if aumif;r,fqkdjyD; awG;rdw,f?

awZ rsufESmukd aoaocsmcsm =unhfvkdufw,f?atmf h h h [kwfom;bJ? awZ rsufvkH;wzuf[m tnKdtrJ qGJaewkef;bJ? E_wfcrf;pyfawGvnf;


97

a,mifukdif;aewkef;bJ? pdwfxJrSm raumif;yg? 'gayrJh 'Dtif;pdefaxmifxJrSm 'DvkdykHpH[m tjrJwrf;wrf;vkdvkdjrifae&wJh udpPjzpfygw,f?

tckxufxd aw;qkdiSuf[m b,fta=umif;t&mrqkd rauseyfbl;qkdwm wcgrS rajymbl;?ukdcspfEkdif [m awZukd awmfawmf tHh=ordw,f?

tdrfjzLawmf wkduftdrfav;ukd ajymif;vmjyD;uwnf;u awZ[m oleJ hykd&if;ESD;vmwm trSefbJjzpfw,f? ol hbufuvnf; awZ oufomygapqkdjyD; enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh armfzdef;xkd;ay;atmif}uKd;pm;aqmif&Guf ay;cJhw,f? 'g[mvnf; awZtay:xm;wJh apwemtrSef jzpfygw,f?

tckawmhvnf; =unfhygOD;? armfzdef; rxkd;ygeJ h / rvkdawmhbl;qkdbJ?axmifrSL;ukdcspfEk dif “ cifAsm;ukd usaemfem;rvnfEk difawmhbl;? b,fvkdjzpfwmvJ´

bmtcGifhta&;rS rvkdcsifawmhbl;qkd” awZ pum;ajymzkd h }uKd;pm;vkdufw,f/ pum;wvkH;xGufvmwkdif;ryDocJhyg? temuvnf; rusufao;yg? 5ywfausmfausmfwkH;u tokH;ruswJhq&m0efu awZt&kd;usKd;wJhae&mu aumif;oGm;jyDvkd h ajym xm;w,f? 'gayrJh t&kd;u odyfemaewkef;bJ?

ukdcspfEkdif reufjzef olESifh vmawG hcsifw,f? reufapmapm qefjyKwfaomufjyD;&if olvnf;tm;enf; enf; &SdvmEkdifw,f? tckavmavmq,fq,fawmh rsufvkH;rSdwfjyD; vSJtdyfvkdufcsifw,f?

axmifrSL;ukdcspfEkdifu awZab;rSm apmifha=umifhxkdifcsvkduf&if;“ ukdawZ b,fvkdaeao;vJ oufom&J hvm;´”tJ'DtoH[m ta0;}uD;u vmaeovkd / [kdeH&H}uD;tjyifbufu vSrf;ajymvkdufovkd

xl;qef;aew,f? awZ pOf;pm;rdwm ol hem;u wckckcsKd h,Gif;aejyDvm;qkdwmbJ? acgif;ukd }uKd;pm;xl&if;“ OD;cspfEkdif usaemfr=um cifrSm tpmiwfcH qENjyawmhr,fvkd h qkH;jzwfxm;w,f?”

xGufouft&Snf}uD;ukd }uKd;pm;r+wfxkwfvkduf&if; “ “tJ'gukd rvkyfcifrSm cifAsm;qDu ta&;}uD;wJhtultnDwck vkdaew,f? cifAsm; ulnDEkdifr,fxifygw,f?”

aejynfawmf&Sd tpkd;& 0efxrf;tdrf&m wpfckwGif arG;ae@yGJwpfck usif;yaeaom tcsdefjzpfonf?trsdK;orD;i,fwpfOD; qGJvmaom qGJjudk;ukd=unfhjyD; {nfhonftm;vkH;u “vSvkdufwm/ vSvkdufwm” [ktm;vkH; 0kdif;0ef; csD;rGrf;ae=uonf? csD;rGrf;cH&ojzifh yDwdjzpfrdaom trsdK;orD; i,fonf tm;yg;w&=unfhygap[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzihf qGJjudk;ukdc|wfay;vkduf.?qGJjudk;onf wpfvufrSwpfvufokd@ul;oGm;jyD;aemufqkH;wGif aysmufoGm;awmhonf?

trsdK;orD;juD;wpfOD;u pdwfraumif; jzpfrdpGmjzifhajym.? “tcsif;csif; 'Dvkdvkyfwmawmhraumif;ygbl;? 'ga=umifh ,lxm;wm ukdvJ b,folrSrodatmif tckpm;yGJay:ukd aiGzvm;wpfvkH;wifvkdufr,f?jyD;&ifrD;cvkwfukd ydwfjyD; wpf&mtxda&r,f? rD;jyefzGifh vkdufwJhtcsdefrSm qGJjudk;ukdaiGzvm;xJrSm jyefawG@&vdrfhr,fvkd@ar#mfvifhcsifygw,f” vkd@ajymvkdufygw,f?

rD;ukd ydwfvkdufjyD; wpfuae wpf&txda&w,f? jyD;awmhrD;ukdjyefzGifhvkdufw,f?pm;yGJay:rSm aiGzvm;r&Sdawmh²²²(a&;om;ay;ykd@ol - =unf0if;)

0efxrf;qdkwmqufvufazmfjy oGm;ygrnf? bmomjyefqdkol RRRRRoland Haroland Haroland Haroland Haroland Hardydydydydy(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf(c)armifarmifvwf

from burma strange news


98

jroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif hjroef;wif h

'Da&jrifhopfEdkifiHa&; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf

jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sifrsm;rSxkwfa0cGifhjyK+yD;aemuf ydwfyif wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifq&mjroef;wifh . 'Da&jrifhopf'Da&jrifhopf'Da&jrifhopf'Da&jrifhopf'Da&jrifhopf(armfpDwkef; ESifh w&kwfawmfvSefa&;) pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifhvufawG hb0 w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh cH,ljzwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfolwdk h avhvmod&SdEdkifap&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvkdufygonf//

(pma&;ol. rdom;pkESifh qufoG,fa&; cufcJojzifh today;jcif; r&SdonfudkcGifhv$wfay;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf)

vkyf[efjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ 1941 - 1944

ygwDvkyf[efjyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_. &nf&G,fcsufudk armfu Todk@xkwfajymcJhonf?“trsdK;om; twdkif;twm&Sd+yD; vlxk vuQ%maqmifwJh ygwD}uD;w&yf jzpfvm atmif

ygwDudk u|efawmfwdk@ b,fvdk wnfaqmuf=urvJ? awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; w&yfudk !$ef=um;aewJhEdkifiHa&;ygwD[m awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;r&Sd&i/f ordkif; A[kokw r&Sd&if/ vufawG@ vkyfudkifaewJhv_yf&Sm;r_udk eufeufeJeJ em;rvnf&if/ atmifyGJ&vdrfhr,f r[kwf” ( “trsdK;om; ppfyGJtwGif;w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD. tqifhae&m” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 2)

ordkif;a=umif;udk ajymwdkif;/ w&kwfjynf. ordkif;wckwnf;udk armf qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf?xdktxJwGif w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD. ordkif;vnf;ygaeonf? w&kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. ordkif;udkem;vnfa&;on/f qGef,DuGefz&ifhuwnf;u ay:aygufcJhaom/ t+yD;rowfao;o!fh t,l 0g'a&;&mwdkufyGJjy\em jzpfonf?

armfu jy\emw&yfudk udk,fwG,f+yDqdkv#if b,fawmhrS tay:,H udkifwG,fjcif;rjyK?Zpfjrpfxdatmif vkdufonf? twlvkyfzuf ausmif;q&m wa,muf jy\em w&yfESifh &ifqdkifaev#if/xdkausmif;q&mudk ausmif;tkyfq&m}uD;&Hk;cef;wGif;odk@ twif;qGJac:um/ jy\emudk yGifhyGihfvif;vif;&ifqdkifapyHkrsdK; jzpfonf? ,ckygwDxJwGif t,ltq &_wfaxG;ae+yD? r&dk;ajzmifhr_awG ay:ae+yD? xdktcgYarmfonf ygwD. twdwfordkif;udk jyefI wl;az:onf? xdk@aemuf ordkif;. w&m;cGifodk@ wifjyonf?Tenf;tm;jzifh tem*gwf atmifyGJtwGuf twdwfudk toHk;csonf?

ygwDvkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf ygwD0ifwdkif;ESifh qdkifonf? ygwD tzGJ@tpnf;tm;vHk;ESihfvnf; qdkifonf? xdk@a=umifh ygwDordkif;/ ygwD0ifwdk@. ordkif;rsm;udk/ =unfvifyDo atmifcGJjcrf;pdwfjzm =u!fhzdk@vdkonf[k armf ,lqonf? w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD. ygwD0ifzGJ@pnf; r_udk =u!fhv#if/ygwD0if trsm;pk (70-&mE_ef;) onf/ v,form; vlwef;pm;rS vmolrsm; jzpf=uonf?usefygwD0ifrsm;rSm/ a'ojzLrSvmaom "e&Sif aygufprsm;ESifh ynmwwfrsm; jzpf=uonf? ygwDESifhtpdk;& ,EW&m;rsm;wGif/ ynmwwfrsm;u wm0ef}uD;}uD; ae&mrsm;wGif a&mufae=uonf? tcsdK@aoma'orsm;wGif 0g&ifhawmfvSefa&; wyfom;}uD;rsm;onf/ 0gEk ygwD au'grsm;. trdef@udkemcHae=u&onf? Todk@jzihf ygwDxJwGif v,form;vlwef;pm;u vmo!fh au'gESifh ynmwwfau'g/ 0g&ifh au'gESifh 0gEk au'gwdk@ yËdyuQ jzpfvm=uonf?


99

au'g ESpfrsdK;pvHk;udk *syefckcHa&; wu Uodkvfodk@ wufapI/ ygwD0ifrsm;=um;u/ uGm[r_udkacszsuf&ef armfu }udK;pm;onf? ,cifuuJhodk@/ ynmwwfrsm;udk &k&Sm;odk@ oifwef; wuf&efapv$wfo!fh pepfudk/ armfu qef@usifonf? w&kwf- *syef ppfyGJ jzpfvm o!fhtwGuf/ &k&Sm;odk@rv$wfEdkifawmhaomfvnf; ynmwwfrsm;ESifh &k&Sm;jyefrsm; ygwDxJwGif ae&mwum}uD;pdk;ae=uonf?AsK&dkua&pDpepf/ t&m&Sdpepf v$rf;rdk;vmonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif vlydkawG rsm;aeonf? ukefxkwfvkyfjcif;rjyKo!fh tpdk;& Xmersm;u/ vlydkrsm;a=umihf vlxkwGif 0efwufvmonf? jcpm;r_/ tusifhpm&dwWysufr_/tacsmiform; 0g' usihfoHk;r_wdk@ ay:aygufvm onf? ygwDudk oef@&Sif;atmif vkyfzdk@ vkdae+yD? Tjy\emudkpwifvmolrsm;rSm &dk;om;I tvkyfvkyfo!fh tvkyform;/ v,form; vlwef;pm;uvmo!fhau'grsm;r[kwf? rwf0g' pum;vHk;rsm;rsm;udk &Gwfzwfo&ZÇ,f=uo!fh ynmwwfrsm; jzpf=uonf?todnmOf jzpfvm onf? ynmwwfvlwef;pm;. jy\em jzpfonf?

,iftef;odk@ a&mufvmo!fh ynmwwftrsm;pkonf &dk;om;=uonf? xufoef=uonf? vkyf[efjyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_a=umihf tcsdK@onf awmfvSefa&; wyfom;aumif;rsm;jzpfvmcJh=uonf? odk@&mwGif ygwDxJY rajymif;vJo!fh ynmwwftcsdK@ usefaeao;onf? tcsdK@onfawmfvSefa&;udk oHo,&Sdae=uonf? pdwfysufae=uonf? tqdk;jrif 0g' 0ifae =uonf? TonfrSmtcuftcJrsm;/ ulrifwefydwfqdk@r_rsm;/ taetxdkif qif;&Jr_rsm;/ pnf;urf;ESifh ae&jcif;rsm;a=umihfjzpfonf? ygwDvrf;pOfudk rav;eufjcif;a=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? ,iftef;odk@ a&mufvmo!fhynmwwfrsm;udk omrefvlxkxuf tcGifhta&; ay;xm;o!fhwdki/f aexdkifr_ tqifhjrihfonfwdkif/Tr#ESihf rauseyf=u? ydkI tcGifhta&; vdkcsif=uonf? ydkI Zdrfusus aevdk=uonf? TonfrSmynmwwfvlwef;pm; nOfa=umihf jzpfonf? ynmwwfvlwef;pm;onf yifyifyef;yef; vkyf&rnfudka=umufonf? vufeufudkif wdkufyGJ. tcuftcJrsm;udk a=umufonf? pnf;urf;udk a=umufonf?=urf;wrf;cJhaom w&kwf v,form;rsm;. b0udk a=umufonf? vpfb&,f 0g' tavsmuf/twif;ajym wwfonf? a&&Snfoabmudk rjrifojzifh pdwf"gwfuswwfonf? tjrif&_wfaxG;ojzihf*dk%f; *% 0g'ESifh taumuf}uHr_rsm; 0ifwwfonf? TonfrSm oabmxm; jy\em jzpfonf?EdkifiHa&; jy\em jzpfonf?

ygwD0iftopfESifh ta[mif;=um;u uGm[csufuvnf; }uD;onf? wHwm;cif;&ef rvG,f?wOD;udk wOD; oHo, 0ifae=uonf? ynmwwf vli,f au'gopfrsm;u/ 0g&if h ynmrJhau'ga[mif;}uD;rsm;udk txifao;onf? vlxkESih f cyfuif;uif; aeonf? a'ocH vlxk.bmompum;udk em;rvnf? em;vnfatmifvnf; oif=um;jcif; rjyK? +rdK@}uD; rsm;uvmo!fh/xif&Sm;o!fh vuf0J pma&;q&m wpkqdkv#if/ ,iftef;wGif rxifr&Sm; tnw&rsm; tjzpfae&onf? TwGif yk*~dKvfa&; cHpm;csufrsm;/ rauseyfcsufrsm; ay:vm onf? Tyk*~dKvfa&;rauseyfcsufrsm;onf xkxnf }uD;vmum/ awmfvSefa&; tusdK;pD;yGm;udk zHk;tkyfypfvdkufonf?

xdkr#ru +rdK@rsm;rS a&mufvmo!fh ynmwwf au'gopfrsm;onf/ ygwDta=umif;udkaumif;aumif; rod=u? usefpDjynfe,f uGefz&ifh/ qGef,D uGefz&ifh ponfwdk@wGif bmjzpfcJh=uonfudk rod=u? Tynmwwfrsm;udk 0rfrif;*dk%f;uvnf; tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufjyKae=uonf?

vkyf[efjyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk tpysdK;o!fhtaejzifh 1941 ckESpf rwfvwGif/ armfu“aus;vuf ta=umif; pl;prf;avhvmcsuf. ed'gef;ESifh ed*Hk;” [laom pmwrf;wapmifudk a&;onf?Tpmwrf;udk ygwDvkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ pmwrf; tjzpf avhvm&ef ausnmvdkufonf?


100

“atmufvuf tajctaersm;udk vHk;0em;rvnfyJ/ acgif;aqmifvkyfae=ujcif;onf/tvGeftEW&m,f}uD;aom tcsif;t&m w&yfjzp fonf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlwef;pm; toD;oD; .tajctaerSefudk wu,fwrf; tcdkiftrmusus em;vnf;jcif;r&Sdygu/ wu,hfacgif;aqmif aumif;jzpfEdkifvdrhfrnf r[kwf?”

“vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; pl;prf;avhvmjcif;/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vlwef;pm; toD;oD;.v_yf&Sm;aeaom tajctaeudk pl;prf;avhvmjcif;on/f tajctaeudk od&Sdem;vnfzdk@twGufwckwnf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf?--TudpPudk vkyfrnfqdkv#if yxrtm;jzifh atmufajcodk@rsufESmrl&rnf? acgif;armhaeI rjzpf?” (“aus;vuf ta=umif; pHkprf;avhvmcsuf? ed'gef;ESifh ed*Hk;”vufa&G;pifusrf; twGJ 3)

“vufawG@ vkyfief;vkyfolrSefor#[m atmufajcta=umif;udk pHkprf;&r,f? oabmw&m;udkom em;vnf+yD;/ vufawG@ tajctaeudk em;rvnfolrsm;[m pHkprf;a&; vkyfief; vkyfzdk@txl;vdktyfw,f? 'Dvdkrvkyf&if olwdk@[m oabmw&m;eJ@ vufawG@udk aygif;pyfay; EdkifrSm r[kwfbl;?‘pHkprf;r_r&Sd&if pum;ajymcGifhr&Sd’ qdkwmudk wcsdK@u ‘usOf;ajrmif;wJh tawG@ t}uHK 0g'’ [koa&mf=uayr,hf usKyfuawmh rSm;w,fvdk@ ckxdrxifbl;? rSm;w,fvdk@ rxif&Hk ru pHkprf;r_ r&Sd&ifpum;ajymcGifh r&Sdbl;vdk@ pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ ,Hk=unfw,f” ( 4if;usrf;)?

armfu vkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf pmwrf; (18) apmif jyXmef;o!fhtxJwGif“yÉdyuQusrf;”vnf; ygonf? vkyf[efjyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif xdkusrf;udk avhvm&ef jyXmef;cJhonf?

armfu--“u|efawmfwdk@. w&m;ao0g'Drsm; rSm;,Gif;=uonfrSm-- eufeJpGm ravhvm&ao;aom

odk@r[kwf topfay:xGufvmaom vufawG@t&m udpPrsm;udk rkcs qufvufavhvm&OD;rnfjzpfa=umif;em;rvnfjcif;yif jzpfonf? u|efawmfwdk@. w&m;ao0g'Drsm;onf vlzsif;rsm; jzpf=uonf? olwdk@onfvufawG@t&m udpPrsm;ESifh ywfoufI/ rnfo!fh cufcJ yifyef;aom avhvma&; vkyfief;rsdK;udkrqdkvkyf&ef jiif;qef=uonf? a,bk,s trSefw&m;udk rdk;ay:u usvmo!fh t&m[k ,lq=uonf?4if;udk vlolrsm; rvkyfudkifEdkifo!fh taumiftxnfrJh yHkaoenf;oufouf jzpfatmif vkyfwwf=uonf?”(“yÉdyuQusrf;” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1)

armfu ygwDvkyfief; jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk ta,mifjyum ygwDtqifh toD;oD;wGifudk,fESifh rw!fhol/ udk,fht,ltqudk qef@usifol rSefor#udk/ tjyKwf jzKwfypf&ef jzpfonf? pifppfvkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk vkyf&mwGif/ armhf &nf&G,fcsufrSm ygwD xdyfweff; acgif;aqmifrsm;udk&nf&G,fjcif; jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif xkdolwdk@u wygwDvHk;udk pdwfwdkif;us yHkoGif;&ef &nf&G,fonf?xdkolrsm;rSm “vuf0JtvGeftu|H” orm;rsm; jzpfonf? tjcm; t,ltq wckrSm vkyf[ef jyK jyifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk wHk@aES;atmif uysuf ,ysuf jzpfatmif vkyfcsifolrsm; jzpfonf? xdkolrsm;rSm vufsmtacsmif 0g'orm;rsm; jzpf=uonf?

1941 ck arvwGif ygwDau'grsm;udk ajymo!fh/ “u|efawmfwdk@. avhvmr_udk jyK jyifa&;”[lo!fh rdef@cGef;wGif armfu “u|efawmfwdk@ wygwDvHk;taeeJ@ avhvmwJhenf;eJ@ avhvmwJhpepfudk jyKjyif=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;w,f” [k ajymcJhonf/ armfu ygwDxJwGif avhvmr_ESifh pl;prf;r_ tm;enf;ao;a=umif;/pum;}uD; pum;us,f ajymo!fh vkyf[efudk jyifoifha=umif;jzifh tus,fw0ifh axmufjyonf? vkyf[efjyK jyifa&;wGif avhvmenf;/ tvkyfvkyf[efESihf pma&;[efwdk@ jyif&ef armfu t"duxm;onf?

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.41 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 1

101

au'grsm;onf “udk,fhOD;aESmuf udk,foHk;um” jywfjywf&Sif;&Sif; pOf;pm;wwf&rnf? pdwfygvufyg aphaphpyfpyf tvkyf vkyf&rnf? yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajym&rnf[k awmif;qkdonf? pma&;&mwGifudk,frS vGJ+yD; wjcm;vl em;rvnfo!fh EdkifiHa&; pum;vHk;}uD;awG/ 0gus&Snf}uD;awG a&;jcif;udk a&Smif&rnf? tESpfrygo!fh Avmpum;vHk;rsm;/ vlem;rvnfo!fh EdkifiHa&; a0g[m&rsm;udk/ wwfEdkifor#a&Smif&rnf[k wdkufwGef;onf? armfonf pum;}uD; pum;us,foHk;jcif;udk enf;enf;r# r}udKuf?“u|efawmfwdk@. avhvmr_udk jyK jyifa&;/” “ygwDvkyf[ef jyK jyifa&;” ESifh “wefyghuludk qef@usif=u” po!fh pmwrf;rsm;Y TudpPudk tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;onf? rvdktyfyJ aqmif;yg;&Snf}uD;rsm;a&;jcif;/0gus&Snf}uD;rsm; oHk;jcif;onf vlxkudk em;&_wfaponf? 4if;wdk@onf “tysif;xlaom ajcao;w&kwfr. ajcywfvdk eHvnf;eH &Snfvnf; &Snfonf ”[k armfu a0zefonf? armf. Tpmwrf;rsm;onf tawG;&Sif;ol ta&;&Sif;ol/ udk,fhvkyfief;udk,f em;vnfolwOD;. aqmif;yg;aumif;rsm; jzpfonf[kqdkxdkufonf? *EW0ifajrmuf pmwrf;rsm;[k qdkxdkufonf?

armfonf jiif;ckefjcif;jzifh t,ltqudk wdkufonf? jiif;ckefjcif;jzifh udk,fht,ltqudk xlaxmifonf? a0zefa&;ESifh udk,fhudk,fudk a0zefa&;udk usihfoHk;jcif;jzifh (8) odef;r# &Sdaom ygwDau'grsm;udkudk,fhbufodk@ygatmif odrf;oGif;onf? au'grsm;tm; tvkyfvkyf&if;jzifh w&kwfjynf ta=umif;odem;vnfaponf? Tvkyfief;rsmtwGuf yxrqHk; wm0ef&Sdolrsm;rSm ygwDoifwef;ausmif;uq&mrsm; jzpfonf?

“ausmif;wGif ynmay;&mrSma&m/ wm0efvuf&Sd au'gawGudk ynmay;&rSmyg tbd"rRmoifay;wJh q&mu w&kwfjynf awmfvSefa&;eJ@ ywfoufwJh avm*spfudk pl;prf;avhvmzdk@ ausmif;om;awGudka&S@aqmif!$efjy ray;bl;? abm*aA' oifwJhq&mu w&kwfjynfpD;yGm;a&; xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk pl;prf;avhvmzdk@ ausmif;om;awGudk a&S@aqmif !$efjyray;bl;? EdkifiHa&;ynmoifay;wJh q&mu/ w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk pl;prf;avhvmzdk@ ausmif;om;awGudk !$efjyray;bl;? ppfynmoifay;wJh q&mu w&kwfjynf&J@ xl;jcm;csufeJ@ udkufnDwJh aoe*FAsL[menf;eJ@ enf;y&d,m,fawGudk pl;prf;avhvmzdk@ ausmif;om;awGudk !$efjyray;bl;?--'gawGudk ayghayghwefwef vufydkuf=u!fhaevdk@ rjzpfawmhbl;?” ( “u|efawmfwdk@. avhvmr_udk jyK jyifa&;” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 3)

1941 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (1) &ufae@wGif A[dkaumfrwDu “ygwD pdwf"mwf }uHcdkifa&;”qdko!fh qHk;jzwfcsuf w&yf csonf? xkdqHk;jzwfcsufudk armfa&;jcif; jzpfonf? ygwDwGif;wGif “woD;yk*~v0g'”ESihf “ol&Jaumif; 0g'” ay:ayguf xGef;um;aeyHk/ udk,fhqEN tavsmuf xif&mpdkif;ae=uyHk/vdrfaumufr_rsm; ay:aygufaeyHk/ *dk%f;rsm; tpkrsm; ay:aygufaeyHkwdk@udk axmufjyonf?

armf. ygwDvkyf[ef jy Kjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ 1941 ckrS 1944 ck txd oHk;ESpf=umonf?Tv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh wygwnf;/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ESihf vlxkynma&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udkvnf; vkyfonf? tusdK;quftm;jzifh vufawG@ESifh oabmw&m;/ cGeftm;pdkuf tvkyfESihf Om%ftm;pdkuf tvkyfwdk@udkaygif;pyfay;EdkifcJhonf? ynmwwfrsm;udk vlxkESifh aygif;pnf;atmif vkyfEdkifcJhonf? w+yd KifeufxJwGiftajccHa'ou tpdk;&tzGJ@udkvnf; jyifzGJ@onf? “oHk; š oHk;” tcsdK; EdkifiHa&;tm%mudk xlaxmifonf?xdkpepft& tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;wGif ygwD0ifOD;a& oHk;csdK; wcsdK;om ygonf? ygwD tjyifbufuvlxkrsm;xH t}uH Om%fawmif;&ef/ 4if;wdk@. t}uHay;csufudk em;axmif&ef armfu wdkufwGef;onf?

ppfwyfudk ydkI aumif;&efESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;udk eJeJESifh }uJ }uJ 0dkif;&ef t}uHudkygwD0if r[kwfo!fh/ vDwifrif;u t}uHay;cJhonf? 1941 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif csefau&Sdwfu


102

pwkw wyfrawmfopfudk wdkufo!fhtcgY vDwifrif;onf csefau&Sdwf. vkyf&yfudk rauseyfjzpfumuGefjrLepfwdk@e,fodk@ ajymif;vmcJhonf? armfu vDwifrif;. t}uHay;csufudk vufcHonf? ppfwyfESifhtpdk;&&Hk;rsm;rS (70) &mE_ef;udk ukefxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifaponf?

1942 ck 'DZifbmvwGif armfu ,iftef;tajccHa'o pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&;wdk@ESihf ywfoufItpD&ifcHcsufwapmifwif&mY/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&;udk wGef;wif&ef aqmf=oonf? w&kwfjynf. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDonf tjrwfxkwf&efr[kwf? ukefxkwfvkyfa&; wdk;wuf&ef jzpfonf[k axmufjyonf? “oD;pm;cavsmhaygha&;/ ukefxkwfvkyfa&;/ tpdk;&udk axmufcHa&;ESifh vlxkrsm;. aysmf&$ifa&;” wdk@twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf/ atmifjrifcJh=uonf? vlxkudk &$ifvef;wuf=uGaeatmifvkyfa&;onf/ awmfvSefa&;wcktwGuf ta&;}uD;a=umif; armf oabmaygufonf?

xdktcsdefwGif ppfa&;Yvnf; w&kwfwyfeDawmfonf atmifyGJrsm;&aeonf? 1942-43 ckESpfrsm;Y *syefonf ta&S@tm&Sawmifydkif;ppfyGJudk tm&Hkpdkufae&o!fhtwGuf w&kwfjynfwGif xkd;ppfrsm;rqifEdkif? Ttcsdefudk tcGifhaumif;,lum/ armfu *syefwyfrsm;udk xdk;ppfqifonf? *syefwdk@uw&kyf &kyfao;wyfrsm;udk oHk;aomfvnf;/ r,SOfEdkif? csefau&Sdwf. ulrifwefwyf ppfrsufESmrsm;wGifppftDvsuf &Sdaomfvnf;/ wyfeDawmf ppfrsufESmwGif wyfeDawmfonf *syefwdk@udk tEdkif&vsuf&Sdonf?1944 ckESpf tukefwGif uGefjrLepfwdk@u e,fajropfrsm; tajccHa'oopfrsm; awmfawmf odrf;rdae+yD?pwk&ef;rdkif woef;/ vlOD;a& oef; (100) &Sdo!fh/ tajccHa'o (19) ckudk odrf;rdae+yD?

pmay tEkynm e,fy,fESihf ygwDordkif;a&;&mwGif vkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ jyKvkyfonf?armf. “,iftef; pmay tEkynm rdef@cGef;” onf txyfxyf taqmufttHku

jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;a&;wGif aomhwacsmif; jzpfonf? armfu 1942 ck arvwGif pma&;q&mrsm;/tEkynmonfrsm; ESihf tEkynme,fyg,fu tvkyform;rsm;. uGefz&ifhw&yfudk usif;yonf? arv(2) &ufae@u usif;yo!fh uGefz&ihfodk@ ynmwwfaygif; &S,fq,f wufonf? armfonf uGefz&ifhwGifoludk,fwdkif yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf? tEkynmonfrsm;. xifjrifcsufudk wav;wpm; em;axmifonf?rSwfpkrsm; rSwfonf?

“wcsdK@ pma&;q&mawGu olwdk@tcsuftvufudk udk;um;jyzdk@ pmtkyfawGudk,lvm=uw,f? pmay ‘tEkynm’ qdkwJh pum;awGudk teufzGifhzdk@ tbd"mef pmtkyfawGawmif,lvm=uw,f?” [k xdk uGefz&ifhudk wufcJho!fh wyfom;a[mif;}uD; wOD;u ajymjyonf?xdkpum;vHk;rsm. teufudk pma&;q&m tcsif;csif; jiif;ckef=uonf? aqG;aEG;=uonf? "e&Sif&yfwnfr_jzifh teufzGifh=uonf? olwdk. teuf t"dy`g,frsm;onf w&kwf,Ofaus;r_/ w&kwfjynfol/w&kwfawmfvSefa&;ESihf enfenf;r# pyf[yf jcif; r&Sd? armfu +yHK;I em;axmifum/ vlxkxJ qif;avhvmzdk@t}uHay;onf?

“arv (10) &ufae@ aqG;aEG;yGJuawmh wae@vHk;yJ? nrdk;csKyfwJhtxd r+yD;ao;bl;?‘b,fol@udk tusdK;jyKrvJ’ qdkwJh jy\emrSm u|efawmfwdk@ awmfawmf jiif;vdkuf=uw,f? arv 23&uf uGefz&ifh aemufqHk;ae@usawmhvJ waeukefwmyJ? aemufqHk;ae@rSm pma&;q&mawG/tEkynmonfawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; wuf=uw,f? OuUX armfuawmh olwum ajymor#pm&Gufw&GufeJ@ vdkufrSwfae wmyJ? tJ'Dwkef;u u|efawmfwdk@rSm puULodyf&Sm;aew,f? wzufvGwfpuULawGudk toHk;jyK&w,f? *syefav,mOfysHawG vm+yD; pm&GufawG usJ&if odyf0rf;omwmyJ?u|efawmfwdk@ vdkufaumuf+yD; oHk;& wmaygh? aemufqHk;ae@rSm OuUXarmfu ed*Hk;csKyf rdef@cGef;ajymw,f?


103

pma&;q&mawG tEkynmonfawGvJ trsm;}uD; tm;wufoGm;w,f? vlxkxJ qif;+yD;/ vlxktwGufpmayawGudk jyKpk=uw,f? ‘ta& S@ wcGifvHk;eD’ qdkwJh oDcsif;[m tJ'Dwkef;u a&;wmaygh?” [kwyfom;a[mif;}uD; wOD;u ajymonf?

armf. “,iftef;pmayESifh tEkynmrdef@cGef;” onf pma&;q&m trsm;pkudk ajymif;vJoGm;aponfrSm rSefonf? odk@&mwGif tm;vHk;r[kwf? tcsdK@aom pma&;q&mrsm;onf rdrdwdk@. urBmhtjrifudkrajymif;cJh=u? Ttcsufudk ypPnf;rJh ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;}uD;u oufaojycJh+yD?

,iftef;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif ajymo!fh armf. rdef@cGef;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf? xdkrdef@cGef;xJwGif wifjycJho!fh pmay tEkynm jy\emrsm;onf rsufarSmufacwfpmay tEkynmqdkif&mjy\emrsm;yif jzpfaeao;onf? xdkrdef@cGef;wGif armfu arv (4) &uf ta&;awmfyHk +yD;o!fhaemufay:aygufvmo!fh “,Ofaus;r_ wyfrawmfopf ” ta=umif;udk &Sif;jyonf? pma&;q&mrsm; vlxkESihfwom;wnf;jzpfatmif aygif;pyfzdk@ aqmf=oonf? vlwef;pm; &yfwnfr_ jy\em/ oabmxm; jy\em/y&d\wf jy\em/ vkyf[ef jy\emESifh avhvma&; jy\em po!fh tEkynmonf. jy\em ig;&yfudk wifjyoGm;onf? y&d\wfonf tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ppfom;ESifh tajccHa'owGif awmfvSefaom au'grsm; jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif pma&;q&mrsm;onf +rd K@jy y&d\wf usOf;usOf;uav;twGufoma&;=uonf? "e&Sif pmzwf y&d\wftwGufom a&;=uonf[k armfu a0zefonf? xdkr#ru pma&;q&mrsm;onf jynfolrsm; ta=umif;udk aumif;pGm rod=u? vlxk. &Sifoef=uG,f0aom a0g[m&rsm;udktoHk;rjyK=u / xdk@a=umifh olwdk@. ayghysufaom pmayrsm;udk jynfolrsm;u r}ud Kuf? udk,hfpmudkvlxku em;vnfapvdkv#if/ }ud Kufapvdkv#if pma&;q&monf emusif &Snf=umo!fh jzpfpOfw&yfudkjzwfoef; &vdrfhrnf[k armfu axmufjyonf? tcuftcJwGif oHcJwifcHEkdif&rnf[k qdkonf?

“cifAsm; ta=umif;udk vlxkodapcsif&if vlxkeJ@ wom;wnf; jzpfcsif&if xkom;/ awom;&atmif a&&Snfavhusifhzdk@omru tqif;&J tyifyef;cH+yD;/ avhusifhzdk@ pdwfydkif;jzwf&r,f? pum;pyfrdvdk@u|efawmh pdwfoabmajymif;vmyHkudk ajym&tHk;r,f? u|efawmf[m ausmif;om;b0uae+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;xJ0ifcJhol jzpfw,f? ausmif;aewkef;u ausmif;om;tusifhawG &cJhw,f? bmudkrS rxrf;Edkif ro,fEdkifwJh ausmif;om;awGa&S@rSm udk,fh0efpnf pv,f udk,fydk;wJh[mudk/ um,tvkyf vkyf&wmudk tawmf*k%fi,fwJh tvkyfrsdK;vdk@ xifcJhw,f? urBmay:rSm ynmwwfawG[m oef@&Sif;w,f? tvkyform;v,form;awGuawmh roef@&Sif;bl;vdk@ tJ'Dwkef;u u|efawmf xifcJhw,f? ynmwwfawG&J@ t0wftpm;qdk&if olrsm;[m jzpfayrJh/ u|efawmf 0wf&Jw,f? oef@&Sif;w,fvdk@yJ xifw,f? tvkyform;/ v,form;awG&J@ t0wftpm;qdk&ifawmh npfywfw,f xifvdk@ r0wfcsifbl;? awmfvSefa&;xJ 0if+yD;/ tvkyform;/v,form;awG/ awmfvSefa&; wyfrawmfom;awGeJ@ twlaevmwJhtcgrSm olwdk@ta=umif;udk wajz;ajz;odvmw,f? tJ'DawmhrS tJ'DtcsdefusawmhrS u|efawmf[m "e&Sifaygufp vlwef;pm;awG&J@ pdwfaepdwfxm;rsdK;udk t&if;tjrpfuae+yD; jyK jyifajymif;vJvmEdkifcJhawmhw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm rjyK jyif&ao;wJhynmwwfawGudk tvkyform;/ v,form;eJ@ ,SOf=u !fhvdkuf&if/ ynmwwfawGudk oef@&Sif;w,fvdk@rxifawmhbl;?--'g[m pdwfaepdwfxm; ajymif;vmwmyJ? vlwef;pm;wckuae tjcm;vlwef;pm;wckudkajymif;oGm;wmyJ? ynmwwf b0u ajymif;vmwJh u|efawmhfwdk@&J@ pmay tEkynm&SifawG[m/ udk,fhvuf&mawGukd vlxku ESpfoufvdkvm;vmapcsif&if udk,fhtawG;tac:eJ@ pdwfaepdwfxm;awGudk ajymif;ypf&r,f?” ( “,iftef;pmay tEkynm aqG;aEG;yGJwGif ajym=um;aom rdefcGef;” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 3)

armfu ynmwwf vlwef;pm;rsm;/ tawG;tac: ajymif;vJa&;/ urBm@ tjrifajymif;vJa&;udk


104

ta&;w}uD;xm;I wdku fwGef;onf? odk@&mwGif ynmwwfrsm; tawG;ac: ajymif;vJa&; jy\emudkw&kwfjynfwGif ,ckxd t+yD;wdkif rajz&Sif;Edkifao;? awmfvSefa&; +yD;aomfvnf; w&kwf atmfy&monf1964 ck ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;umvtxd e*dktwdkif;&Sdao;onf? armf. ZeD; csefcsif;onf/ w&kwfatmfy&m jyK jyif ajymif;vJa&;udk xdkaemufusrSom twm;tqD;r&Sd vkyfEdkifcJhonf? pmayESihf tEkynme,fy,fYvnf; w&kwfjynfu pma&;q&mrsm;onf/ armf. =o0g'udk aumif;pGm vufrcH=u?armfu pma&;q&mrsm;onf/ emusifcufcJI &Snf=umo!fh jzpfpOfudk jzwfoef;&rnf[k ajymcJhonf?tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;ESifh wom;wnf; jzpfatmif aygif;pnf;&rnf[k ajymcJhonf? odk@&mwGifw&kwfjynfu pma&;q&mrsm;onf/ armf. =o0g'udk yg;pyfuom vkdufemaomfvnf; vufuvkdufrvkyf=u? tvHeDudk udkif+yD; tvHeDudk qef@usif=uonf? olwdk@onf armf qef@usifa&; pmayt&m&Sdrsm; jzpf=uonf? yg;pyfu rwf0g' pum;rsm;udk ajym+yD;/ vufawG@u uGefjzL;&Syf ref'&if;ynmwwf vlwef;pm;opfudk zefwD;ae=uonf? w&kwftvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;. pmay tEkynmopfudk vnfrsdK !Spfowfae=uonf? vl&$ef;u qef@usifcJho!fh/ xdkpma&;q&mrsm;onf w&kwfjynfopfpmayavmuwGif xdyfwef;ae&mudk wuf,lxm;=uonf? urBm@tjrifudk ajymif;&ef pdwfrul;? }udK;pm;jcif; r&SdwJh tcGifhta&;udk tvGJoHk;pm; vkyf=uonf?

“ppfajr jyifxGuf+yD; a'oeDawGrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tvkyfvkyfae=uwJh &JabmfawGtzdk@awmifb,fol@twGuf pma&;rvJqdkwJh jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zdk@twGuf teJqHk; udk;ESpf/ q,fESpf =umvdrfhr,f?b,fol@twGufvJqdkwJh jy\em[m/ t&if;cH jy\emjzpfw,f? rljy\emjzpfw,f? jynfolawG&J@b0xJrSm pmaytEkynm vuf&mawG zefwD;zdk@twGuf o,HZmw ypPnf;awG rlvuwnf;u udef;atmif;aew,f? tacsmrudkif&ao;wJh t&mawG jzpfw,f? 'gayr,hf touftygqHk; tajccHtusqHk;t&mawGjzpfw,f? --pmay tEkynm tm;vHk;twGuf/ oHk;vdk@rukef/ ,lvdk@rcef;wJh wckwnf;aom a&aomufjrpf jzpfw,f?--tvm;tvm&SdwJh pmay tEkynm&SifawG[m vlxkxJudk oGm;=u&r,f? jyif;xefwJhwdkufyGJrSm yg0if=u&r,f?--tJ'DvdkoGm;+yD;/ vltm;vHk;/ vlwef;pm;tm;vHk;/ vlxktm;vHk;eJ@ &Sd&Sdor#touf0if v_yf&Sm;aewJh b0o¾efeJ@ wdkufyGJo¾efawG/ &Sd&Sdor# pmay tEkynm ukef=urf;awGudktuJcwf&r,f? udk,fwdkif cHpm;=u!fh&r,f? avhvm qef;ppf&r,f? cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm&r,f? tJ'Dvdkvkyf+yD;rSom/ pmay tEkynmvuf&mawGudk zefwD;Edkifvdrfhr,f? ” ( “,iftef; pmaytEkynmaqG;aEG;yGJwGif ajym=um; aom rdef@cGef;” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 3)

armf ajymo!fh tcsufrsm;udk &dk;om;o!fh pma&;q&mwdkif;/ tEkynm&Sifwdkif; jiif;zG,fr&SD?jiif;p&m ta=umif;r&Sd? armf ajymo!fhtcsufrsm;udk &dk;om;o!fh rnfo!fh pma&;q&m/ rnfo!fhtEkynmonfur# jiif;p&m ta=umif;r&Sd? odk@&mwGif tvkyform;/ v,form;wdk@. ol&Jaumif;vuQ%mcsufrsm;udk tom;ay;I/ a&;cs,f&rnfqdko!fhtcsufudkrl/ tcsdK@u pOf;pm;=uvdrfhrnf? ryDjyifaom/ =um;usaom/ r_ef0g;aom [if;rvuf p&dkuf ZmwfaqmifrsdK;/ tm;uszG,f/ jrwfEdk;zG,f/ oem;zG,f/twk,lzG,f jzpfatmif ra&;oifh [lo!fh tqdkudkrl/ tcsdK@u pOf;pm;=uvdrfhrnf? armfonf armfuGef;(acwf) }uD;wGif yg0ifol jzpfonf? tvkyform;ESifh v,form;rsm;onf/ TarmfuGef; (acwf) }uD;udkzefwD;cJh=uonf? armfuGef; (acwf) }uD;rsm;onf/ t[kwfwu,f&Sdo!fh b0xuf/ }uD;us,fcrf;em;aomol&Jaumif;rsm;vdkonf? xdk@a=umifh armfu ol&Jaumif;opfrsm;udk a&;cs,fjyzdk@ pmaytEkynmopfudkwnfaxmifzdk@ awmfvSefa&;. pGrf;yum;udk zGJ@qdkzdk@ aqmf=oonf? odk@&mwGif Todk@a&;Edkif zGJ@Edkifzdk@twGuf pma&;q&monf/ urBm@tjrifudk ajymif;&vdrfhrnf? "e&Sifvlwef;pm;udk ZwfcHkay:wifI ol&J


105

aumif; vkyfcdkif;I rjzpf? ulrifwefwa,mufudk tvkyform; wa,mufvdk csD;usL;p&mjzpfaeatmif/ESpfoufzG,f jzpfaeatmif Zmwfvdkufxm;a&;I rjzpf? tEkynmonf r#wpGm azmfjy&rnf[kqdkum/vlqdk;ESihf vlaumif;udk wef;wlxm;a&;I rjzpf? tEkynmopfudk zefwD;Edkifzdk@twGuf pma&;q&monfvlwef;pm;tjrif ajymif;&vdrfhrnf? Todk@ rajymif;Edkifao;oa&G@ jy\emonf ajyvnfOD;rnfr[kwf?

ygwDvkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_onf/ 1943 ckESpfwGif txGwftxdyfodk@ a&mufonf?armfu w&kwfjynf. pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ ppfa&;ESihf ordkif; ponfwdk@udk okawoevkyf&ef/ ygwD0ifxkudkaqmf=oonf? w&kwf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u/ Ttvkyfrsm;udk rvkyfcJh? ,ckrdrdwdk@u rdrdwdk@tjrifjzifhvkyf&rnf[k wdkufwGef;onf? w&kwfjynf. ordkif;a=umif;udk okawoevkyf&ef/ w&kwf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; tay: wm0efusvm+yD[k qdkonf? xdk@a=umifh 1942 ckESpfwGif ygwDokawoetpku ygwDwGif;u rSm;,Gif;aom vrf;pOfrsm;/ ygwD qXruGefu&uf 1931 ckESpfwGif &k&Sm;jyefwdk@. ygwDwGif;tm%modrf;yGJ ponfwdk@ESihf ywfoufI/ tcsuftvufrsm; &SmazG pkaqmif;onf? 1931 rS 1941ckESpf 0rfrif;vrf;pOf }uD;pdk;cJho!fh umvtwGif; ygwDorkdif;udk tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;onf?

xdkaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;Y csLtifvdkif;onf/ ta&;}uD;aom tcef;rSygonf? ygwD tpOftvm/ygwD0ifxk. ,Hk=unfr_/ ol. udk,fusdK;riJhr_wdk@a=umifh csLtifvdkif;onf ygwDwGif;wGif ta&;ygoljzpfonf? xkdpOfu csLtifvdkif;onf ulrifwefESifh qufoG,f&eftwGuf/ wm0efcHtjzpf csHKuif;+rd k@odk@a&mufaeonf? csHKuif;wGif ulrifwef olv#Kdrsm;/ tcsKyftcs,frsm;ESihf cufcJpGm ae&o!fhwdkif/ csLtifvdkif;onf ESpfygwD qufoG,fa&; rysufatmif xdef;cJhonf?

1942 ck aEG&moDwGif csLtifvdkif; ,iftef;odk@ jyefa&mufvmum vkyf[ef jyKjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifonf? ygwDordkif;ESifh ywfoufo!fh jy\emrsm;wGif csLtifvdkif;onfta&;}uD;aom tcef;rSygonf? xdkpOfu csLtifvdkif;u armfhudk axmufcHonf?

“&Jabmf armfpDwkef;&J@ tjrifrsm;[m ordkif;a&; tajrmftjrif&Sdw,f? w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; udk OD;wnfw,fqdkwm ygwD&J@ (22) ESpf ordkif;u oufaojycJhw,f? &Jabmf armfpDwkef;&J@vrf;pOf[m rSefuefwJh wckwnf;aom vrf;pOfjzpfw,f? &Jabmf armfpDwkef;[m uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhw&kwftrsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_udk aygif;pyfay;EdkifcJhw,f? ol@acgif;aqmifr_a=umifhu|efawmfwdkygwD[m r}uHKbl;atmif wdk;wuf}uD;xGm;vmcJhw,f ” [k csLtifvdkif;u ajymcJhonf? vkyf[efjy K jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ wGif ygwDordkif;ESifh ywfoufI tusdwfte,f aqG;aEG;cJh=uw,f?vrf;pOftrSm;rsm;udk pDppfcJh=uonf? a0zefa&;ESihf udk,fhudkudk,f a0zefa&; vkyf=uonf? odk@jzihf1944 ckESpf tukefwGif ygwDwGif;u vrf;pOf ESpf&yfwdkufyGJY armf. vrf;pOf tEdkif&cJhonf?

armfu ol@vrf;pOfudk vlxkvrf;pOf jzpfatmif vkyfonf? vlxkvrf;pOfwGif 'Drdkua&pDuso!fh vrf;pOf/ vltrsm; em;vnfo!fh vrf;pOfjzpfatmif }udK;yrf;onf? 1943 ckESpfwGif a&;o!fh“acgif;aqmifr_ enf;emrsm;ESifhywfoufo!fh jy\emtcsdK@ ”[laom pmwrf;wGif armfu vlxkvrf;pOfudktEkyÉdavmrusus t"dy`g,fzGihfonf?

“u|efawmfwdk@ygwD. vufawG@vkyfief;tm;vHk;wGif rSefuefaom acgif;aqmifr_ [lor#onfvlxkxHrSvmI vlxkxHodk@ jyefoGm;jcif; jzpf&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm vlxk. xifjrifcsufrsm;--(jyef@usJIpepfwusr&Sdaom xifjrifcsufrsm;) udk pkpnf;um (avhvmqef;ppf+yD;/ pkpnf;I pepfwus jzpfaomxifjrifcsufrsm; jzpfvmatmif vkyfum) vlxkxHodk@ wzef 0g'jzef@jcif;/ &Sif;jyjcif; jyKvkyf&rnf? odk@jzifhxkdxifjrifcsufrsm;udk/ vlxk xifjrifcsufjzpfatmif vkyfum/ vlxktm; pGJ+rJpGm qkyfudkifI/ vufawG@


106

vkyfudkifap&r!fh tjyif/ odk@vkyfudkif&if; xdkxifjrifcsufrsm;udk xyfrHpkpnf;um/ wzefvlxkxH odk@oGm;a&muf+yD; pGJ+rJpGm qkyfudkif&rnf? ,if;odk@ tuef@towfr&Sd/ xyfwvJvJ vkyfjcif;tm;jzifh w}udrfxufw}udrf ydkI rSefuef/ ydkI touf0if/ ydkI =uG,f0vmayvdrfhrnf?” (“acgif;aqmifenf;ESihf ywfoufo!fhjy\emtcsdK@ ” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 3)

ygwDvkyf[ef jyK jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_. &nf&G,fcsufonf ygwDwGif;rStrSm;usL;vGefolrsm;udktjywf&Sif;ypf&ef/ tjypfay;&ef r[kwf/ ynmay;&ef jzpfonf? “a&m*gudk aysmufatmifuk vlrrmudku,fwif” qdko!fhrludk usifhoHk;onf? udk,fhudkukd,f a0zefa&;udk usihfoHk;&ef aqmf=oonf?

1944 ckESpfwGif ygwD0ifOD;a& (853420) &Sdvmonf? 1945 ckESpf {+yDvwGif ygwD0ifOD;a&(1211128) &Sdvmonf? ygwD0ifopfrsm;rSm vkyf[ef jyK jyifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif wuf=uGolrsm; jzpfonf?or0g,rrsm;wGif wuf=uG pGmaqmif&GufcJh=uo!fh/ tvkyform;rsm;/ v,form;rsm; jzpf=uonf?ukefxkwfvkyfa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wGif xl;c|efcJho!fh wyfrawmfom;rsm; jzpf=uonf? *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfwGifvnf; ynmwwfrsm;xuf/ tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;/ atmufajcau'grsm;udk 0ifcGifhjyKcJhonf?

armfonf ygwDwGif;wGif ol@vrf;pOf atmifjrifcJho!fhtwGuf/ ol@vrf;pOf qef@usifolrsm;/trSm;usL;vGefolrsm;udk vufpm;acs jcif;rjyK / udk,fhtrSm;udk jyif&ef/ urBm@tjrif ajymif;vJ&ef tcsdefay;onf?

“trSm;awGudk usKyfwdk@ azmfxkwfwm c|wf,Gif;csufudk a0zefqef;ppfwm&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[mq&m0efu a&m*gukwmeJ@ twltwlyJ? vlrrmudk taoowfzdk@r[kwf? u,fwifzdk@twGufom jzpfw,f?--trSm;jyKrdolwdkif; tukcH&rSm ra=umuf&if/ trSm;udk wG,fuyfrae&if/ u,fvdk@r&awmhwJhtxdacgif;rmraeyJ/ &dk;&dk;om;om; wu,fyJ tukcHcsif&if/ trSm;udk jyifcsif&if/ ol@udk usKyfwdk@ }udKqdkvufcH&r,f? ol@a&m*gaysmufatmif ukay;&r,f? &Jabmfaumif; wa,mufjzpfvmatmif vkyfay;&r,f'Dvkyfief;[m c%avmuf tm;&yg;& vkyf&&if +yD;a&m qdk+yD;/ t&rf;uma&m xdk;ESuf&HkeJ@ +yD;wJhudpPr[kwfbl;? ‘tawG;tac:t&/ EdkifiHa&;t& a0'em pGJuyfvm&if b,fawmhrS t=urf;rudkif& ’a&m*g aysmufatmif uk+yD;/ vlrrmudk u,fwifwJh oabmeJ@ vkyf&r,f” ( “ygwDvkyf[ef jyKjyif=u ”vufa&G; pifusrf;/ twGJ 3)

armfpDwkef; tawG;tac: qdko!fh pum;vHk;udk 1934 ckESpfwGif pwifoHk;cJhjcif; jzpfonf?1945 ckwGif usif;yo!fh ygwD owWr uGefu&ufwGif ygwD. tawG;tac: jzpfvmonf? armfonfvlxk }ud Kuf acgif;aqmif wa,mufjzpfae+yD? armf. vrf;pOfrsm;udk tvkyform;/ v,form;/ wyfrawmfom;ESifh atmufajcau'grsm;u axmufcH=uonf? armf. ay:vpDrsm;onf/ 4if;wdk@. vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDonf?

“vlxk}uD;u vufcHtwnfjy K+yD;rSom ygwD[m vkyfief;awGudk taumiftxnf az:w,f?vlxk&J@ tiftm;eJ@ t&if!Sdw,f? 'Dtcsuf[m u|efawmfwdk@udk vlxkeJ@ qufqHwJhae&mrSm u|efawmfwdk@&J@ tajccHrl jzpfw,f” [k armfu tar&duef owif;pmq&m *efompwdef;udk ajymbl;onf?

armf. =oZm vlxkxJwGif }uD;vmo!fhtcgY armf qef@usifolrsm;u “yk*~dKvfudk;uG,fr_”wrsdK;[k wHqdyfwyfcJh=uonf? txl;ojzifh ypPnf;rJh ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&; umvtwGif; armfqef@usifa&;orm;rsm;u “yk*~dKvfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfr_” jzpfatmif/ tvGeftu|H vkyfcJh=uonf? pifppfyk*~dKvfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfr_onf/ ya'o&mZf tpOftvm w&yfjzpfonf? xdktpOftvmonf w&kwfjynfolrsm;=um;wGif =uGif;usefaeqJ jzpfonf?qufygOD;rnf// jroef;wifh


107

tvif;tdrf

rSwfpk

2011 ckeSpf ZGefv 19 &ufaehwGif usa&mufaom trsdk;om;acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. (66) eSpfajrmuf arG;aeh txdrf;trSwftjzpf apwemtv_eSif h vkyftm;ay; c&D;pOf tjzpf*syefa&mufjrefrmedkifiHom;rsm; pkaygif;I *syefiv#ifeSifh qlemrDab;'%foifh a'o Miyagi Kan˜

Ishinomaki odkhoGm;a&mufI iv#ifab;c%foifh 'kuQonf 600 cefhudk tpm;taomufrsm;jzifh csufjyKwfv_'gef;cJhjujyD; vkyftm;ay;tzGJhwdkhrSvnf; shinomaki-shi Kitakami-Machi Aikawa-chiku

a'owGif waehwm vkyftm;'ge ay;v_cJhjuygonf? xdkc&D;pOfwGif *syefa&mufjrefrmedkifiHom;rsm; tiftm;159 OD;vdkufygcJhjuygonf?owif;? ? tvif;tdrf"gwfyHk? ? Aye Thike

tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;


108

19/ 6 / 2011 aehusa&mufwJh vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkjunf. (66)eSpfajrmufarG;aehyGJudk jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyfLDB (*syef) rS }uD;r_;jyD; edkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf bmomaygif;pHk qkawmif;yGJudk *dkwef;b t&yf&Sd OD;ekbk&m; (zl*sD jidrf;csrf;a&;apwD) odkh oGm;a&mufjyD;tv_'gejyKqkawmif;yGJusif;y&mwGif *syefedkifiH&Sd jrefrm edkifiHom;rsm; tiftm;(66) a,muf wufa&mufcJhygw,f?

a':atmifqef;pkjunf&Jh arG;aehyGJudk jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyfLDB (*syef)rS a':atmifqef;pkjunf touf (60) jynfharG;aeh rS pwif;usif;ycJh&m ,ck (66) eSpfjynfhtxd pkpkaygif; (7) judrf&SdjyDjzpfygw,f?owif; / "gwfyHk / AD'D,dk ? ?av;av;tdk (O\majr)

tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;


109

19/ 6 / 2011 ae h nae 6 em&DwGifjrefrm trsdK;orD;rsm; or*~(*syef) XmecGJrS aeIvlxkacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unf . 66ESpfjynfharG;ae hyGJESifh 15 }udrfajrmufjrefrm EdkifiHtrsdK;orD;rsm;ae hudk *syefEdkifiH wdkusdK+rdK h tdkpkumcef;rwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJhygonf// *syefXmecGJ OuUXa':csdKcsdKat; rS tzGifhtrSmpum;ajym=um;cJhjyD; /wufa&mufvmonfh *syef{nfonfrsm; / tzGJ h

tpnf; toD;oD;rS ,ae hyGJtwGuf *k%fjyKpum;rsm; ajy=um;=uygonf// xdkaemuf vlxkacgif;aqmif.arG;ae htxdrf;trSwfaw;oDcsif;rsm;jzifh*k%fjyK=u+yD; tau|;tarG;jzifh{nfhcHum tcrf;tem;udk &kwfodrf;cJhygonf// owif;/ tvif;tdrf


110

csufcsif;v$wf

rw&m; zrf;qD; cHae&aom udkrif;udkedkifeSifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ OD;cGefxGef;OD;wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; tygt0if edlifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm; tm;vkH; vGwfajrmufa&; twGufqeNjy awmif;qdkonfh tcrf;tem;udk wdkusdK+rdK@ &SDem*g0gt&yf&Sd ppftcGef&kH;(jrefrmoH&kH;)a&ShY ,ae@nae3;00 em&DrS 4;00 txd usif;y cJhjuygonf?

jrefrmedkifiH tusOf;axmifrsm; twGif;rSm ekdifiHa&;tusOf;om; 2200 eD;yg; &Sdaejcif;[m/jrefrmjynfol jynfom;rsm; u|efb0rS rvGwfajrmufedkifao;bJ/ vGwfvyfa&; qdwfokOf;aea=umif;rD;armif;xdk;jyv#uf&SdaejyD; trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; vkyfief;pOf&Jh ta&;juD;wJh yxr tqifh taeeJhedkifiHa&; tusOf;om;(2000)ausmftm; c|if;csufr&Sd jyefv$wf ay;&eftwGuf *syefa&muf jrefrmh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;wdk@rS vpOf 21 &ufae husa&mufwdkif; tjrefqkH; vGwfajrmufap&ef twGuf qeNjyawmif;qdkr_awG jyKvkyfcJhjuygonf?

rwfv 11 &ufae hivsifeJh qlemrd'%fcHcJhju&aom *syefjynfolrsm;udk pmem axmufxm;aomtm;jzpf edkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm; vGwfajrmufa&; qeNjy awmif;qdk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk acwœ&yfqdkif;cJhjujyD;aemuf ,ckwzef qeNjy awmif;qdk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk jyefvnf pwifcJh=uygonf? ,ae hqeNjyyGJwGif tiftm; 100 ausmfcefh wufa&muf cJh=ua=umif; od&Sd&ygonf?owif; //Mai Kyaw Oo "gwfyHk Lian Khan Sum yavmiftrsdK;om;tzGJ htpnf; bavmufrS


111

(7) aevif;atmif / cifcifav;

(8) wifarmifudk

(9) oJ;vGifOD;

(10) ELEJAH

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; tm;

ulnDaxmufyHhay;aom

wdk htm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS

rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfygonf//

(1) bdkbdkouf

(2) &Jrif;0if;

(3) ausmfxGef;Edkif

(4) cdkifOD;i,f

(5) 0if;bdkbdk

(6) pdkif;yef;armif


112

e-mail vdyfpm - vdyfpm - vdyfpm - vdyfpm - vdyfpm - [email protected]

web vdyfpm - vdyfpm - vdyfpm - vdyfpm - vdyfpm - http://alineain.net/

http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/

http://alinneain.blogspot.com/

tvif;tdrf wm0efcH&J+idrf;

ta0;&muf t,f'DwmaZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef)

ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

t,f'DwmaZmfaZmfEkdif / rif;rif;odef;

rsKd;jrifhatmif

tr_aqmift,f'DwmcifarmifaZmf /Anm;b&kdif,efuif;

xGef;+idrf; / tHharmf /

ausmfrkd;Ekdif / rcdkif=unf0if;

pmpDpm&dkufausmfxGÉf0if; / pnfoljrifh

aZmfrsKd; / [def;rif;

jynf+zdK;&J / L-NOORA

jynfwGif;jynfy jzef hcsda&; jr0if;pdk; / atmif=unf

ausmfjrifhxGef; / ausmfol&ausmfcdkif0if; /

wifEdkif / jrihfOD; / wifrif;Edkif

yef;csDo&kyfazmfxDvm

ausmfvif;xGÉfatmifcif

tvitvitvitvitvi f;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&eff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&efPOST 169-0075

TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU

TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10

303,HIGARI BLD

TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178

Japan.

TEL

080-5070-0080

080-3574-9700

090-9954-5070

090-6528-9292

090-7198-4763

b¾ma&;atmifaZ,smndK / xGef;xGef;0if;

rEkEka0 / atmifrsdK;rif; jrwfausmfol

&Hk;tzGJ h=unfwkd; / aeatmifausmftm;opfrGef / [efaZmf0if;

jrihfudk / r0if;oE Wmatmif

Web Site / owif; ESifh rD'D,mat;okduf / &Jjrifhatmif

rsdK;apm / cdkifvif;rsdK;ausmfodef; / ausmfrsdK;xGef;

rvJhvJh0if;udk

pmtkyfcsKyfvkyfa&;aX;0if; / at;aZmfjrifh

0if;Edkif(vifydk&if)(Ibaraki)

0if;Edkif (yef;yJwef;)


113

alineain 5 of 4

Documents

f t d r f r

yd udk

faysmufysufpdaeyg yd

xjamufaeyg yd

tviftdrf pumvgwfvyf

zgefv luminary magazinevolume

udkom tch yd trsmtusdkvlr

udk rsufug