algae and microinvertebrates env 311 / eeb 320 winter 2007
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Algae and MicroinvertebratesAlgae and MicroinvertebratesENV 311 / EEB 320
Winter 2007
Habitat & CommunitiesHabitat & Communities
Phytoplankton
• Phytoplankton – microscopic plants and some types of bacteria which obtain their energy via photosynthesis.
• Important to the ecosystem because – Part of the primary producing community– Assist in recycling elements such as carbon
and sulfur which are required elsewhere in the community.
Phytoplankton• Basis for aquatic food chain b/c major primary
producers• Huge impact on global primary production
– Estimated at 105 – 106 g C/year
• More abundant in well-lighted areas with higher temperatures
• Relatively unspecialized physiology, but are evolved to maintain buoyancy
• Very little competitive exclusion• May be unicellular or multicellular
Phytoplankton• Asexual reproduction keep numbers high
– Cyanobacteria can double several times/day– Diatoms are slower, but can double every 1-2
weeks
Phytoplankton
• Phylogenetically diverse
• Important groups:– cyanobacteria– dinoflagellates– euglenoids– green algae– diatoms
Cyanobacteria
Dinoflagellates
Euglena
Diatoms
Pleurosira laevis
Nitzschia levidensis
Gyrosigma obtusatum
Spirogyra(Genus of Green Algae)
Lentic Zones
Lotic Environments
Lotic Environments
Community Descriptions
• Neuston – organisms floating in surface film of water
• Pleuston – organisms living at thin air-water interface (bodies project into air)
• Periphyton – organisms living attached underwater surfaces
Periphyton
• Sessile organisms, such as algae and small crustaceans, that live attached to surfaces projecting from the bottom of a freshwater aquatic environment.
• Major groups include:– cyanobacteria– diatoms– filamentous green algae
Algae and MicroinvertsAlgae and Microinverts
• Cyanophyta• Chlorophyta• Euglenophyta• Heterokontophyta
– Xanthophyceae– Chrysophyceae– Bacillariophyceae– Phaeophyceae– Oomycetes
• Rhodophyta• Pyrrhophyta
• Rotifera • Ectoprocta/Bryozoa• Arthropoda
– Crustacea (superclass)• Cladocera (suborder)• Copepoda (order)
– Chelicerata (subphylum)• Arachnida (superclass)
– Acari (order)
Blue-Green AlgaeBlue-Green Algae• Phylum Cyanophyta
• Habitat: widespread in marine and fresh water
• Notes:– Prokaryotic; no nuclear
membrane or organelles
– Lacks cellulose cell walls and flagella
– Uses chlorophyll A, biliproteins, and carotenoids
– May be colonial, filamentous, unicellular
– Moves by extruding mucus
Blue-Green AlgaeBlue-Green Algae
• Heterocysts fix N2 from atmosphere
Green AlgaeGreen Algae
• Phylum Chlorophyta• Habitat: widespread
in marine and fresh water
• Notes:– Very diverse group,
hard to generalize about their ecology
– May be unicellular, filamentous or colonial
Green AlgaeGreen AlgaeNotes:
– Cell walls of cellulose and nuclear membrane present
– May possess 2 or 4 flagella
Green AlgaeGreen Algae
• Notes:– Utilize cholorphyll A/B
and carotenoids– Store energy as starch– Some forms are large
(e.g. Chara spp.) and at first glance resemble a higher plant
Green AlgaeGreen Algae
• Notes:– Some are good
indicators of either nutrient rich (Cladophora spp.) or poor (Desmidae) environments
EuglenoidsEuglenoids
• Phylum EuglenophytaPhylum Euglenophyta– Habitat: freshwater– Notes:
• Mostly unicellular with 1-3 flagella
• Nuclear membrane but no cell walls
EuglenoidsEuglenoids
Notes:• Found mostly in still water
• Can be auto- or heterotrophic
• Abundance of heterotrophic forms may be indicative of pollution
Phylum HeterokontophytaPhylum Heterokontophyta
• Algae having chlorophyll a and usually c, and flagella of unequal lengths
• Classes– Xanthophyceae– Chrysophyceae– Bacillariophyceae– Phaeophyceae
Yellow-Green AlgaeYellow-Green Algae
• Class Xanthophyceae– Habitat: Primarily in
freshwater, but some marine.
– Abundance: Not abundant
– Notes: Contains chlorophyll c (NO chlpyll b)
Golden AlgaeGolden Algae
• Class Chrysophyceae– Habitat: fresh water– Notes:
• With or without chloroplasts; chloroplast yellowish green or yellowish brown due to a large amount of beta carotin and xanthophyll, also contains chlorophyll a and c
• Facultative heterotrophs (in the absence of light)
DiatomsDiatoms
• – Habitat: Marine &
freshwater– Notes:
• ~20-25% of all organic carbon fixation carried out by diatoms
• Single celled• Produces a frustule
made of silica.– Bilateral symmetry
– Radial symmetry
Diatoms: Order CentralesDiatoms: Order Centrales
• Characterized by centric and often circular form
• Note also the numerous punctae (pores)
Diatoms: Order PennalesDiatoms: Order Pennales
• Usually elongate• Characterized by
numerous striae (grooves) that may run both parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the organism
Brown AlgaeBrown Algae
• Class Phaeophyceae– Habitat: mostly marine
and littoral eukaryotic algae
– Notes:• Some of the kelps can
grow to enormous sizes, forming “kelp forests,” and hosting a unique fauna
• Multicellular• Contains slimy
mucilaginous materials
Water MoldsWater Molds
• Class Oomycota “Egg fungus”
– Habitat: Freshwater– Notes:
• Does not contain chlorophyll
• Are heterotrophic• Produces gametes• Cell wall composed of a
mix of cellulosic compounds
• Nuclei are diploid (not haploid as in fungi)
End Phylum Heterokontophyta
Red AlgaeRed Algae• Phylum Rhodophyta
– Habitat: primarily marine but some fw
– Notes: • Uses Chlor A/D,
carotenoids and biliproteins
• No flagellated life stage• Able to photosynthesize
at very low light levels and wide range of the spectrum
Red AlgaeRed AlgaeNotes:
• In MI, found in bogs/attached to logs in streams—can be locally common
DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates
• Phylum Pyrrhophyta“Whirling flagella”
– Habitat: Mostly marine, some freshwater
– Notes:• Unicellular protists• 2 dissimilar flagella• Many are
photosynthetic
DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates
Notes:• Heterotrophic dinoflag
feed on diatoms or other protists
• Marine “blooms”– Red tides
RotifersRotifers• Phylum Rotifera
“Rotating wheel”
– Habitat: Fresh water– Notes:
• Heterotrophic• Corona of cilia provide
movement and means to move food toward the mouth.
RotifersRotifers
Notes:• Sessile, anchors itself
with foot• May enter dormancy and
form cyst when env. conditions unfavorable
– Cysts last up to 50 years
BryozoaBryozoa
• Phylum Ectoprocta(=Bryozoa)
• “Moss animals”– Habitat: Marine and both
lotic/lentic freshwaters– Notes:
• Sessile; can be epiphytic, epilithic or epidendric
• Colonial; a number of clones inhabit one structure
• Extend ciliated tentacles to filter food from water
• Often host a number of smaller organisms
BryozoaBryozoa
CladoceraCladocera
• Phylum Arthropoda, Superclass Crustacea, Suborder Cladocera
• Water fleas or Daphnia• Habitat: widespread; very
important in lentic habitats• Notes:
– Uses antennae to swim– Many populations react to
diurnal cycles, making vertical migrations each day
– May be predacious or herbivorous
– Head varies considerably from rounded to hooded but eye spot is always distinctive
– Body laterally compressed
CladoceraCladocera
• Notes– Parthenogenetic:
• most eggs are diploid females (asexual repro)
• occasional diploid males fertilize haploid eggs produced by females for sexual reproduction
CopepodsCopepods
• Phylum Arthropoda, Superclass Crustacea, Order Copepoda
• Habitat: widespread in marine and fw; may be benthic or pelagic
• Notes:– may be parasitic, predacious
or detrivorous– often seen carrying egg sacs
on both sides– develop through several
stages as nauplii before reaching maturity
– Characterized by conspicuous 1st pair of antennae and single anterior eye
Acari (Water Mites)Acari (Water Mites)
• Phylum Arthropoda,Subphylum Chelicerata, Superclass Arachnida, Order Acari
• Habitat: most abundant in lotic waters
• Notes:– Have 6 legs when young, 8
when mature– Many are parasitic but a
few are predaceous– Possess no antennae– Related to terrestrial
spiders
The EndThe End
Phylum Cnidaria/CoelentariaPhylum Cnidaria/Coelentaria
• Corals, hydroids, sea anemones, & jellyfish– Habitat: Marine,
freshwater (Hydra)– Notes:
• Radial symmetry• Nematocysts• Two staged life cycle
– Polyp (“juvenile”)– Medusa (“adult”)
• Symbiosis w/plants in corals.
Phylum Cnidaria/CoelentariaPhylum Cnidaria/Coelentaria
Notes:• Freshwater
ecosystems: Hydra