album historico - geografico del paraguay 2011 - portalguarani

7/21/2019 ALBUM HISTORICO - GEOGRAFICO DEL PARAGUAY 2011 - PORTALGUARANI

1/97

:

M`okfjck jd Elhkftkfjrl` gk dj Lfgkpkfgkfhlj Fjhl`fjd

deuo Mlstrlh` - Nk`nrh` gkd QjrjnujyM`okfjck jd Elhkftkfjrl` gk dj Lfgkpkfgkfhlj Fjhl`fjd

51::


2/97

5

Jdeuo Mlstrlh` - Nk`nrbh` gkd Qjrjnujy Mòkfjck jd Elhkftkfjrl` gk dj Lfgkpkfgkfhlj Fjhl`fjd

Hòlslf Fjhl`fjd Elhkftkfjrl`

Bkrfjfg` Dun` OfgkzQrkslgkftk

C`rnk @vlkg` Ojtt`Rlhkprkslgkftk :

Rht`r E`njg`Rlhkprkslgkftk 5

Duls Ojrj Ekftkz UlkrjRlhkprkslgkftk 8

Jrfjdg` Xjojflkn`Rlhkprkslgkftk 7

Wlhl` KshèjrRlhkprkslgkftk ;

Ojrnjrltj O`rskddlXkhrktjrlj Kckhutlvj

Js`hljhlf Hudturjd Hòufkr`s

Ekdlfgj Hjstldd`Qrkslgkftj

Duls Bkrfjfg` OkykrRlhkprkslgkftk

Duls Jdekrt` Qkttkfnldd

Wkrksj Fjrvjcj

U`sj gkd Hjrokf J. gk Hjflddjs

Rht`r Jekftk

Lgj gk d`s U`s

Ojrj Hkdlj RlddjnrjGlrkht`rks

Qrkskftjhlf

Dj kxtrj`rglfjrlj `hjslf gkh`foko`rjrsk kd elhkftkfjrl`gk dj lfgkpkfgkfhlj pjtrlj skh`fstltuyk kf uf oòkft` mlstrlh`gk rkdkvjfhlj slfnudjr, quk f`soukvk j d`s mjeltjftks gk kstkpjs, jgudt`s y cvkfks, ouckrks yvjr`fks, hltjglf`s y hjopkslf`s,pjrjnujy`s y kxtrjfckr`s, kf f,nèkrfjftks y nèkrfjg`s, j rkuflrf`skf d`s kspjhl`s pedlh`s j hkdkerjr,hòpjrtlkfg` lgkftlgjgks, kftusljso`,ko`hl`fks y skftlolkft`s, olrjfg`mjhlj ufj y olsoj glrkhhlf, djquk oukstrj kd m`rlz`ftk gkd butur`hòf, kd m`rlz`ftk gkd pjs quk f`s

r`gkj y hèlcj.

Kftkfglkfg` quk kd pjsjg` kspjtrlo`fl` hòf gk djs nkfkrjhl`fksgk ufj fjhlf, quk dj mlst`rlj fjhl`fjdrkprkskftj dj urgloerk quk f`s kfdjzjos rok y pkrgurjedkokftk h`f

fukstr`s jftkhks`rks y h`f fukstr`sgkshkfglkftks, pjrkhl elkf j djHòlslf Fjhl`fjd gkd Elhkftkfjrl`,h`f dj h`dje`rjhlf gk dj Js`hljhlfHudturjd Hòufkr`s, h`foko`rjr kstktjf hjr` y kftrjjedk jh`ftkhlolkft`pjtrl` `brkhlkfg` jd pedlh` oukstrjsslnflhjtlvjs y nkfulfjs gk djpr`guhhlf hudturjd pjrjnujyj jhtujd,kf sus glvkrs`s y odtlpdks nfkr`s,kstld`s y `rlkftjhl`fks.

Kf kstk skfgkr` y h`f kstjs lftkfhl`fksjdkftjo`s dj lduslf gk quk kstk deuomlstrlh` nk`nrh` h`ftrleuyj j

kfrlqukhkr dj yj futrlgj h`dkhhlf gkoko`rjedks èrjs tkstlo`fljdks gk djshkdkerjhl`fks gkd Elhkftkfjrl` y, hò`djs quk dk prkhkglkr`f, pjsk j lftknrjr,kf sltljd gkstjhjg`, kd vjdl`s` jhkrv`hudturjd quk f`s pr`puslo`s dknjr j djsnkfkrjhl`fks gk dj p`stkrlgjg.

Hòlslf Fjhl`fjd Elhkftkfjrl`


3/97

7


MkrojfO`dd(:>82)


4/97

2


Kglt`rksNustjv` Djtkrzj Ulvjr`djBkrfjfg` Jddkf

Xkdkhhlf gk ojtkrljdks y tkxt`sNustjv` Djtkrzj Ulvjr`dj

B`t`nrjbjBkrfjfg` Jddkf

Glsk` Nrbh` y Gljnrjojhlf

Nrjpm&H`. Hòuflhjhlf kstrjtnlhj.

Ijtlj EjrrjldDjurj Jhuj

Loprkslf y KfhujgkrfjhlfJNU. Xkrvlhl`s Nrh`s X. J.Justrlj 5=85 h/ Hfkd. HjerkrjJsufhlf, Qjrjnujy

Xk jnrjgkhk j djs slnulkftks pkrs`fjs y kftlgjgks su nkfkr`sj glsp`slhlf pjrj hkgkrf`s plkzjs gk sus h`dkhhl`fks, ` su h``pkrjhlfy su tlkop` (kf rgkf jdbjetlh`)3

Hlrj y Bjust` Ekcjrjf` BldlpplJdbrkg` E`hhlj UòjjhmCujf C`s E`slÈkrfjrg` E`zzjf`C`jquf Hhkrks ErufEkjtrlz Hmjsk Q.Olnukd fnkd HmjskOjekd Hjusjrjf`Gljrl` JEH H`d`rGlrkhhlf Nkfkrjd gk Qr`tkhhlf y H`fskrvjhlf gk Ukhurs`s Mgrlh`s gk dj Xkhrktjrj gkd JoelkftkDùrgks GujrtkUjd Kshjfgjr (Ousk` Oltrk. Eukf`s Jlrks)C`rnk Nr`ss Er`wf H.O.C`jquf Lrf NrjuC`s J. Qrjtt OjyjfsOlnukd Qrjtt OjyjfsNrkn`rl` UjlgfOldgj Ulvjr`djOjxloldljf` Jrlkd U`grlnukz (Ousk` Oltrk. Eukf`s Jlrks)Ojrj Wkrksj Rkfljdn`^^B -B`fg` Oufgljd pjrj dj Fjturjdkzj- Qjrjnujy

B`t` gk tjpj3 Gktjddk gkd dler` Mlst`lrk gu Qjrjnujy. Qlkrrk Brjf`ls ]jvlkr gk Hmjrdkv`lx. Qjrls :>;2 - :j. Kglhlf

www.b`t`slftksls.elzWkdb`f`s3 (;


5/97

=



6/97

:1


Lftr`guhhlf

Kd gkrr`tkr` mlstrlh` gk d`s puked`sy pjsks pukgk skr sknulg` h`f ouyglvkrsjs thflhjs. Dj ojfkrj hdslhj ks djfjrrjhlf gk d`s suhks`s y gk dj jhtujhlfgk pkrs`fjcks, jhòpjjgj gk ojtkrljdvlsujd, sl ks p`sledk. Ks kft`fhks hujfg`d`s rktrjt`s, djs kshkfjs rkhrkjgjs,djs nurjs gk èckt`s gk jrtk y thflhj,vkstlokftj, jg`rf`s, mkrrjolkftjs,vkmhud`s, jrojs, kf f, d`s rkdjt`s,kckrhkf su jhhlf glghtlhjhòpdkokftjrlj.

Xl sk prkshlfgk gk dj fjrrjhlf y skprktkfgk mjhkr mjedjr j d`s g`huokft`sp`r s olso`s, fjhkf y hèrjfslnflhjhlf slfnudjr dj hjrtj nk`nrhj,

kd jtdjs, kd deuo, dj kfhlhd`pkglj.

[f deuo hjrt`nrh` pukgk gkshrlelrskhò` uf hòpkfgl` gk ojpjs, pdjf`s yglsk`s gk èckt`s rkdjhl`fjg`s h`f kdd`s,hujgr`s gk okglgjs, t`p`flolj,jerkvljturjs, dlstjs lfb`rojtlvjs y `tr`sojtkrljdks vlsujdks rkbkrlg`s jd kspjhl`bslh` ` jhhks`rl`s gk su rkprkskftjhlf,

quk nujrgjf kftrk s hlkrtj rkdjhlfp`rquk sk rkkrkf j uf tkrrlt`rl` hòf,` j vjrl`s gk kdd`s quk sk js`hljf p`rbjht`rks hò` dj vkhlfgjg, ufj hukfhjmlgr`nrhj hòpjrtlgj ` jdnf `tr`h`fvkfhl`fjdokftk gjg` p`r kd jut`r.Kf kd deuo hjrt`nrh` kd jspkht`ksttlh`-vlsujd nujrgj jd okf`s tjftjlop`rtjfhlj hò` dj lfb`rojhlf qukpr`vkk. Kf kd deuo mlstrlh`nk`nrh`, slf koejrn`, d`s gktjddks gkdjs ldustrjhl`fks gkh`rjtlvjs y dj ekddjjpjrlkfhlj sukdkf kstjr pukst`s kf sknufg`pdjf`, gk o`g` j rksjdtjr os kd vjd`rlfstruokftjd gk djs hjrtjs.

Kd deuo quk prkskftjo`s j dj

h`fslgkrjhlf y us` pedlh`s hòpkfgljojtkrljdks gk kstj fg`dk, vlfhudjg`s jdQjrjnujy gksgk su p`hj h`d`fljd mjstj djjhtujdlgjg. Dj lftkfhlf quk lfsplrj f` kso`ftjr ufj h`dkhhlf gk g`huokft`s gkvjd`r slfnudjr p`r su rjrkzj, jftlnkgjg,ekddkzj gk glsk` ` lop`rtjfhljtkstlo`fljd -jufquk dj ojy`rj gk kdd`sp`skk kstjs vlrtugks- slf` dj gk skrvlr jd

pr`nrjoj gk sknulr pjs` j pjs` djh`fb`rojhlf gkd tkrrlt`rl` pjrjnujy`,js`hljfg` djs lonkfks j d`s mkhm`s qukgktkrolfjr`f su b`rojhlf.

D`s ojpjs, pdjf`s k lfb`rojhl`fks quksukdkf h`ftkfkrsk kf kstj hdjsk gkg`huokft`s f` kshjpjf j dj jhhlfnrjvltjt`rlj quk sèrk kdd`s sukdkf kckrhkrd`s hukrp`s p`dtlh`s k lgk`dnlh`sv`duolf`s`s. Gk mkhm`, d`s pdjflsbkrl shdslh`s, p`r kckopd`, sk mjddjfskvkrjokftk hukstl`fjg`s p`r jdnuf`snknrjb`s y hjrtnrjb`s h`ftkop`rfk`s,p`r pr`ykhtjr -jrojf- ufj vlslfprlokroufglstj gkd `rek tkrrquk`.

Jd ojrnkf gk tjdks gkejtks, kd jhtujdgkdlfkjolkft` gkd tkrrlt`rl` pjrjnujy`rksp`fgk j mkhm`s gkd pjsjg` elkfgktkrolfjg`s y h`f`hlg`s, huyjlftkrprktjhlf sukdk rkjdlzjrskprkbkrkftkokftk kf kd ojrh` gk dj hlkfhljgk dj Mlst`rlj y, j okfug` kf djs HlkfhljsQ`dtlhjs.

Ouhmjs gk djs rkpr`guhhl`fks quk skkxp`fkf kf kstk deuo pkrtkfkhkf jdgòlfl` pedlh` y bukr`f ètkflgjsgk bukftks jelkrtjs hò` ^lilokgljBùfgjtl`f, ojp`tkhjs uflvkrsltjrljs,ousk`s nuekrfjokftjdks y b`fg`shudturjdks slf fks gk duhr`. D`sojpjs gk h`dkhhl`fks prlvjgjs, gkh`fsudtj ` rkpr`guhhlf rkstrlfnlgjs,ddkvjf dj rkbkrkfhlj h`rrksp`fglkftk.Djs lonkfks b`t`nrhjs p`skkf djoxloj hjdlgjg gk rkpr`guhhlf kloprkslf quk f`s ks p`sledk ètkfkrh`f djs thflhjs gk quk glsp`fko`s.

Xk jnrjgkhk kspkhljdokftk j djspkrs`fjs pjrtlhudjrks y kftlgjgks

quk nkfkr`sj k lfh`fglhl`fjdokftkhkglkr`f sus plkzjs pjrj rkpr`guhlrdjskf kstj èrj slf fks gk duhr`,h`fshlkftks gk h`ftrleulr jd elkfhòf y pr`vkhm` nkfkrjd.

Nustjv` Djtkrzj Ulvjr`djBkrfjfg` Jddkf

51:


7/97

:5


Erkvk F`tlhlj sèrk dj Kv`duhlfgkd Jrtk gk djs Hjrtjs Nk`nrhjs

Jd oòkft` gkd gkshuerlolkft` gkdU` gk dj Qdjtj, dj hjrt`nrjbj kur`pkjkstjej suhlkftkokftk gksjrr`ddjgj hò`pjrj duhlr prkhlslf kf dj rkpr`guhhlfgk vjstjs kxtkfsl`fks9 kopkr`, ouhm`srkh`dkht`rks gk lfb`rojhlf f` krjfhjrtnrjb`s fl jstrfò`s slf` vljckr`sèskrvjg`rks, h`f eukf ojfkc` gkd dplzy gk jdnuf`s lfstruokft`s gk fjvknjhlf.Jdnuf`s gòlfjejf sloudtfkjokftk d`s`hl`s gk fjvknjftk, thflh` kf kopdk`gk mkrrjolkftjs gk èskrvjhlf y hdhud`,h`sonrjb`, nknrjb` y hjrtnrjb`. Gkkstj prlokrj p`hj sk rkhukrgjf fòerksgk kxpkrt`s ouy bjo`s`s y h`fsudtjg`s,hò` Cujf gk dj H`sj, Jorlh` Rkspuhl`y Xkejstlf Hje`t`.

Hò` djs koprksjs gk fjvknjhlf skmjejf oudtlpdlhjg` kf d`s prlokr`s j`sgkd slnd` ]RL, hjgj fjv` quk rkt`rfjejj Kur`pj gkshjrnjej kf d`s pukrt`s gk

Dlse`j, Hglz, Xkvlddj, Nf`vj, Rkfkhlj,D`fgrks, Jostkrgjo, Mjoeurn` y,sèrk t`g`, Joekrks, jgkos gk suskxtlhjs okrhjgkrjs, pr`busj hjftlgjggk lfb`rojhlf quk d`s nknrjb`s sjejfjprkhljr y d`s hjrtnrjb`s kopdkjejfpjrj pkrbkhhl`fjr sus glsk`s. Gkelg` j sugkojfgj hòkrhljd, kf d`s Qjsks Ejc`s sk

gksjrr`ddjr`f loprkftjs kspkhljdlzjgjskf puedlhjhlf gk ojpjs, prlokr`, y dukn`gk h`dkhhl`fks gk kdd`s gkfòlfjgjsjtdjs.

Djs dolfjs krjf kdje`rjgjsprlo`r`sjokftk p`r nrjejg`rks jvkzjg`s,qulkfks, p`flkfg` su ojy`r jbf, ddkvjejfj djs pdjfhmjs gk loprkslf d`sgktjddks pr`p`rhl`fjg`s p`r nknrjb`sy fjvknjftks, pr`guhlkfg` d`shòpdkokft s ksttlh`s gk djsldustrjhl`fks, quk jhrkhkftjejf kd vjd`rhòkrhljd gk jqukddjs dolfjs quk, gkkstk o`g`, f` sk pr`p`fjf skrvlrs`djokftk gk lfstruokft`s gk fjvknjhlfy gk lfb`rojhlf pjrj hjfhlddkrjs yhòjfgjfhljs oldltjrks, slf` tjoelfh`fstltulrsk kf èckt`s ksttlhjokftkjtrjhtlv`s pjrj d`s h`dkhhl`flstjs.

J d` djrn` gk d`s slnd`s ]RL y ]RLL,

kd trjejc` gk èskrvjr, uelhjr, jprkhljry gleucjr quk mjhjf d`s vljckr`s, bukkfrlqukhlg` p`r kd hdhud` gk h`sonrjb`sy ojtkotlh`s y kd jrtk gk d`s hjrtnrjb`s,huy`s oxlo`s kxp`fkftks bukr`f d`solkoer`s gk dj Kshukdj M`djfgksj `Bdjokfhj. Kftrk kdd`s, Nkrjrgus Okrhjt`r(Nkrjrg gk Hrkokrk ` Irkokr9 :;:5

-:;-:;:-:28=), M`fglus(C``st gk M`fgt9:;28-:2:5), C`mjffksCjfss`flus (Cjf Cjfsz``f9 :;==-:227)y `tr`s okf`s fòerjg`s. Kf :221 d`smkrojf`s Cjf y H`rfkdlus Cjfsz``frkuflkr`f d`s trjejc`s gk Okrhjt`r,M`fglus y d`s suy`s pr`pl`s, cuft` jd`s gk os gk uf hkftkfjr gk nknrjb`sy nrjejg`rks, pjrj h`fb`rojr kd JtdjsOjl`r, plkzj ojy`r gk dj mlst`rlj gk djHjrt`nrjbj. Ks jgolrjedk su hjpjhlgjg gklftkrprktjr h`rrkhtjokftk, y kvkftujdokftkokc`rjr, djs èskrvjhl`fks y okglhl`fkskbkhtujgjs p`r `trjs pkrs`fjs, puks kdd`solso`s, hò` sk glc`, vljcjejf p`h` `fjgj. Dj hjrt`nrjbj jokfhj gòlfprhtlhjokftk g`s slnd`s gk kstk `hl`, slfquk kst` slnflquk quk f` sk pr`guckrjf`tr`s nrjfgks trjejc`s kf Ltjdlj y Brjfhlj.

J okgljg`s gkd slnd` ]RLL, kd hjrtnrjb`brjfhs Flh`ds Xjfs`f GJeekvlddk(:211-:22>) pjs j dlgkrjr dj pr`guhhlfgk kst`s lfstruokft`s, slkfg` su erjpr`sknulgj p`r `tr`s hò` NulddjuokGkdlsdk (:277-:>51) y Ckjf EjptlstkE. GJfvlddk (:2-:>=5). Gurjftk kdslnd` ]RLLL `tr`s g`s hdkerks nknrjb`s

brjfhksks sk gkstjhjr`f kf dj kdje`rjhlfgk ojpjs y jtdjs, Flh`djs Ekddlf (:>18-:>>5) y su suhks`r kf kd olso` hjrn`y ttud` gk hjrtnrjb` rkjd gk Brjfhlj,Ulnèkrt E`ffk (:>5>:>2=), kst`s o`gkd`s okc`rjr`ff`tjedkokftk dj prkhlslf gkd hdhud` gkglstjfhljs y rkjs.

Mjhlj :==7 yj sk rkqukrj lopkrl`sjokftkdj cjhlf gk kstfgjrks uflvkrsjdks qukmlhlkrjf okf`s hòpdlhjg`s d`s ojpjsy hjrtjs y uflb`rojrjf djs thflhjs gk

fjvknjhlf, js hò` dj cjhlf gkdtlkop`, gk tjd sukrtk quk, ksk j`, skhkdker dj h`fbkrkfhlj lftkrfjhl`fjdgk ^jsmlfnt`f, kf dj quk sk h`fvlf`cjr kd quk pjsjej p`r kd èskrvjt`rl`jstr`folh` gk Nrkkfwlhm, Lfndjtkrrj,hò` kd okrlgljf` hkr` (sustltuykfg` jdokrlgljf` gk Qjrs), j pjrtlr gkd hujd sk

glvlgj kd ndè` tkrrquk` kf g`s oltjggk :=1 nrjg`s hjgj ufj, uelhfg`sk djdfkj gk hjoel` gk gj kf kd okrlgljf`:=1, h`f d` quk qukgjej kstjedkhlg` ufpjtrf flh` oufgljd pjrj ojpjs, m`rjy hjdkfgjrl`s.

Kf kd slnd` ]RLL yj trjejcjejf nknrjbsugjokrlhjf`s kf kd U` gk dj Qdjtj yQjrjnujy, prlfhlpjdokftk vlfhudjg`sj dj `rgkf cksutlhj k lftkrksjg`s kf supr`vlfhlj y kf djs rkguhhl`fks quk lejfhrkfg`sk kf kd Nrjf Hmjh`. Dj prkhlslhjrt`nrhj, kf ouhm`s hjs`s gkelgj jdj èskrvjhlf gkd tkrrkf` pkrs`fjdokfkbkhtujgj p`r kd gleucjftk, okc`rh`fslstkftkokftk d`s ojpjs dkvjftjg`sgurjftk kd slnd` jftkrl`r. Xu jp`rtk, kfojtkrlj gk t`p`flolj y gk gkdloltjhlfgk z`fjs gk gòlfl` gk d`s glstlft`spuked`s lfgnkfjs ks, jhtujdokftk,lfvjd`rjedk pjrj kd mlst`rljg`r kopkjg

kf rkh`fstrulr tjftj lfb`rojhlf pkrglgp`r dj fkndlnkfhlj y dj lfglbkrkfhlj mjhkd pjsjg`, jhtltug pkrslstkftk kf fukstr`pjsks djtlf`jokrlhjf`s, djokftjedkok

C``stgkM`fgt(:212)


8/97

:7



9/97

:2


Dj èskrvjhlf skhukfhljd gk d`sojpjs gk kstk hjptud` gkek gjr ufjlgkj gkd kstjedkhlolkft` nrjgujd gkdgòlfl` mlspjf` kf dj pjrtk okrlgl`fjd gkXugjorlhj.

Mjstj fjdks gkd slnd` ]RL, dj h`stjjtdftlhj gkd sur erjsldk` jpjrkhjejc` p`skslf kspj`dj, gkspus yj d`mjrj ejc` kd p`rtunus, ejcjfg`pr`nrkslvjokftk mjstj jdhjfzjr kd U`gk dj Qdjtj.

Kd mkhm` gk quk kf hlkrt`s ojpjs skjtrleuykrj kd fòerkQjrjnujyj ufjvjstj kxtkfslf gk tlkrrj, dlfgjfg`h`f kd Jtdftlh` y hòprkfglkfg` jdjhtujd [runujy9 y kf jdnf hjs` lfhduslvk

Cjfsz``fEdjku(:281)

@eskrvjhlf3 Kf d`s ojpjs quk sk ejsjf kf kd okrlgljf` gk Qjrs gkek rkstjrsk 15 51:7 pjrj su jcustk jd okrlgljf` gk

Nrkkfwlhm, quk gksgk :==7 h`fstltuyk dj rkbkrkfhlj h`fvkfhl`fjd uflvkrsjd H``rgkfjgjs [WO ([flvkrsjd Wrjfsvkrsjd

Okrhjt`r). Q`r kckopd`, j Jsufhlf sk uelhjej j ; 8=8: [WO.

gkfòlfjfg` j djs jnujs `hkflhjsjgyjhkftks Ojr gkd Qjrjnujy, f`slnflhj quk tjd pr`vlfhlj mjyj kxlstlg`jdnufj vkz kf dj rkjdlgjg p`dtlhj slf`,okrjokftk, quk hlkrtjs prktkfsl`fks y,

os brkhukftkokftk, quk lfb`rojhl`fkskrrfkjs ` h`fbusjs bukr`f trjsdjgjgjs jdpjpkd.

Djs loprkhlsl`fks y vjrljfzjs kf d`sgkdlfkjolkft`s gk djs br`ftkrjs gk djQr`vlfhlj gkd Qjrjnujy quk sk èskrvjrfkf d`s ojpjs, bukr`f hjusjgjs p`rkd gksh`f`hlolkft` quk kf Kur`pjsk tkfj gk dj rknlf, js hò` p`r djlfgktkrolfjhlf gk djs olsojs y djslfb`rojhl`fks lfkxjhtjs.

Ojpjs gkd pkr`g` h`d`fljd


10/97

:=


Ojpj Njstjdgl (:;7=)

Gkfòlfjg` Wlkrrj F`vj y puedlhjg` kf Rkfkzlj, buk uf` gk d`s prlokr`s gkglhjg`s j Xurjorlhj, lfhdulg` kf kd bjo`s` jtdjsNk`nrjbj Qt`dkojlhj gkd hjrtnrjb` ltjdljf` Nljhò` Njstjdgl (:;11 - :;22), h`fslgkrjg` p`r d`s mlst`rljg`rks uf` gk d`s

os hòpdkt`s gk su p`hj, cuft` h`f d`s gk ^jdgskkoddkr y @rtkdlus. Njstjdgl buk kd prlokr` kf kopdkjr pdjfhmjs gk hèrkkf vkz gk nrjejg`s kf ojgkrj. @erjftk kf dj Elrolfnmjo Quedlh Dlerjry Hjrt`nrjpmy H`ddkhtl`f.

Ojpj Mòko (:;;=)

@tr` gk d`s ojpjs lflhljdks, trjzjg` p`r kd hdkerk hjrtnrjb` p`rtunus Gl`n` Mòko (:;5: - :;>2), ejsjg`, hò` t`g`sd`s gk su p`hj, kf hrflhjs y gkshrlphl`fks gk vljckr`s. J dj hukfhj gkd U` gk dj Qdjtj gkfòlfj Wkrrj Jrnkftkj. Djspr`p`rhl`fks s`f t`gjvj p`h` rknudjrks. Xlnulkfg` dj trjglhlf gk d`s hjrtnrjb`s p`rtudjf`s, gkstjhj hjgj puft` gk dj rlekrjjtdftlhj, gksgk kd lsto` gk Qjfjo mjstj kd kstrkhm` gk Ojnjddjfks. @erjftk kf kd Ousk` Erltflh`.


11/97

51


Ojpj Nutlrrkz (:;25)

Qld`t` Ojy`r y h`sonrjb` gk dj Hjsj gk H`ftrjtjhlf, kf Xkvlddj, Glkn` Nutlrrkz jhuoud vjstj kxpkrlkfhlj kf fjvknjhlfy bjerlhjhlf gk lfstruokft`s ojrlf`s. Kstk f`tjedk y ouy `rfjokftjg` ojpj, ddkvjg` j dj pdjfhmj p`r kd hdkerk nrjejg`rjokfh` Mykr`flous H`hi (:;:1 - :;>1), sk ejsj kf kxpkrlkfhljs pr`pljs y hrflhjs gk vljckr`s gk dj prlokrj oltjg gkdslnd` ]RL. Buk gkf`olfjg`3 Djs Jorlhjs, ` ufj fukvj y prkhlsj gkshrlphlf gk dj hujrtj pjrtk gkd oufg` k lfv`hjg` kfg`s glsputjs br`ftkrlzjs ( Erjsld - Nuyjfj brjfhksj y Qkr - E`dlvlj). Dj s`erkglokfslf gk d`s r`s pjrjnujy`s y rl`pdjtkfsksrksp`fgkf j dj gk djs hrflhjs gk vljckr`s. @erj kf dj Eledl`tkhj gkd H`fnrks` gk d`s KK.[[. gk Jorlhj.

Ojpj Uulgjz gk Nuzof (kftrk :;)

Jtrleulg` j Uulgjz gk Nuzof (:;;= - :25


12/97

55


Ojpjoufgl@rtkdlus(:;>1)


13/97

57


Ojpj G`ofnukz (:=


14/97

52


Ojpj M`fglus (:285)

Kxmlek ufj hurl`sj glvlslf gk Xugjorlhj, h`fhkglkfg` j Q`rtunjd gòlfl`s mjstj dj dfkj uvljd Qjrjnujy-Qjrjf. H`ftlkfkkdkokft`s bjftjsl`s`s, hò` dj nurj gk uf dkf kf dj Qjtjn`flj y dj uelhjhlf gk Kd G`rjg` kf kd @hhlgkftk gk Nujyjfjs. Kfkd Jdt` Qjrjnujy cj kd Qukrt` gk d`s Ukyks, gk kbokrj kxlstkfhlj kf tlkop`s gk Lrjdj. @erjftk kf dj Eledl`tkhj Fjhl`fjd gkErjsld.

Ojpj Krf`t-@nldey (:285 ` :2>:)

Ksj vkrslf buk kgltjgj kf D`fgrks p`r kd hjrtnrjb` ksh`hs C`mf @nldey (:211 - :2>2), slf vjrljhl`fks nk`gslhjs fllh`f`nrhjs kf rkdjhlf j `trjs jftkrl`rks, hò` dj gk Edjku y dj gk O`ftjfus. @erj kf dj Elrolfnmjo Quedlh DlerjryHjrt`nrjpmy H`ddkhtl`f.

Burd`fn d` kgltj jtrleuyfg`d` jd olsl`fkr` cksultjekdnj Duls Krf`t, quk pr`bks kf Qjrjnujy mjstj :22>.H`fslgkrj j kstk g`huokft` prkhurs`r gkd OjpjHjrrjbj, p`r d` quk skrj dj sknufgj hjrtj nk`nrhjgkd Qjrjnujy kf `rgkf hr`f`dnlh`. Xk h`fhkftrj kf djlfb`rojhlf gkglhjgj j d`s puked`s lfgnkfjs y j djsrkguhhl`fks y olsl`fks cksultjs y brjfhlshjfjs. Jejrhj kdU` gk dj Qdjtj, kd dlt`rjd urunujy`, Wuhuof, kd Hmjh`y Qjrjnujy, mjstj kd pjrjdkd` X 51, jd f`rtk. Jzjrj d`kopdkj y rkpr`guhk kf su Nk`nrjbj Bslhj y Ksbrlhj...(H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).


15/97

5=


Ojpj M`fglus-Edjku (H :28;)

Ddjojtlvj y ouy rkpr`guhlgj, kstj èrj pr`hkgk gk ufj jut`rj quk ouhm`tlkop` sk jgcuglh j Edjku pkr` quk, kf rkjdlgjg, h`rrksp`fgkrj j M`fglus.Jrojf lfvkstlnjg`rks kspkhljdlzjg`s, hò` I`kojf, quk jdnuf`s ojpjs-kftrk d`s hujdks stk- bukr`f puedlhjg`s h`f g`s rojs glbkrkftks, dj gkM`fglus y dj gk Edjku, kf kglhl`fks glstlftjs9 pkr` quk kd `rlnlfjd rkjdokftkpkrtkfkhl jd prlokr` gk kdd`s. Dj kxpdlhjhlf kstjrj kf quk, kf jdnfoòkft` gk su vlgj, M`fglus vkfgl j Edjku ouhm`s gk sus nrjejg`s, y stkd`s puedlh h`f su roj Nuldlkdous Edjkuw kxkhuglt.

Kd prlokr kckopdjr skrj gkd j` :28;, slnulfg`dk `tr`s, mjstj :2;=. Jpjrkhlp`r prlokrj vkz kf kd Jtdjs Ojy`r, rkpr`guhlfg`sk gkspus h`f vjrlkgjg gkh`d`rks. Kf d` t`hjftk jd Qjrjnujy h`fstltuyk, p`sledkokftk, su tkrhkr ojpj.@eskrvj -gkbkht` hòf kf dj p`hj- ouy p`hj prkhlslf kf djs okglhl`fksd`fnltuglfjdks, d` quk rksudtj kf kd krrfk` gkdlfkjolkft` gkd r` Qjrjnujy.Jejrhj dj hukfhj gkd U` gk dj Qdjtj huo rknl`fleus jgljhkftleus, g`fgk

lfshrlek j Wuhuof y Xjftj Hruz gk dj Xlkrrj. Xk gkstjhjf dj nrjf djnufj gkd`s ]jrjyks, jhtujdokftk hkftr` gkd Qjftjfjd ojt`nr`skfsk, quk mjej slg`kxpd`rjgj gksgk Jsufhlf. Xkjdj kd pukrt` Gk d`s Ukyks, gksjpjrkhlgòuhm` tlkop` jftks gk dj bkhmj gkd ojpj. @erj kf dj Eledl`tkhj Fjhl`fjd gkBrjfhlj.

Ojpj Ckjf Nukrjrg (:287)

Wltudjg` Ojpj [flvkrsjd Mlgr`nrh`, ojrhj kf rkdlkvk d`s hurs`s gk jnuj gk ojy`r tjoj`. Kf Xugjorlhj kd hurs` gk d`s

r`s Jojz`fjs y Qjrjnujy jpjrkhkf uflg`s jd f`rtk, j trjvs gk ufj djnufj (]jrjyks0) h`f g`s r`s erjsldk`s quk p`grjfkstjr rkbkrlg`s jd Xjf Brjfhlsh` y jd Qjrjnuju. D` quk sk gkfòlfjej Ojr gkd Xur yj ddkvj kd fòerk gk Qjhh`. @erjftkkf kd Ousk` Erltflh`.


16/97

81


Ojpj M`fglus - Cjfss`flus (:27:)

Glskjg` p`r C`h`gus M`fglus y nrjejg` p`r Cjf Cjfss`flus. Gk tplh` kstld` gk dj kshukdj gjfksj, h`ftlkfk ldustrjhl`fksjokfjs y gktjddjgj folfj gk t`p`folh`s y puked`s lfgnkfjs. D`s fòerks gk djs pr`vlfhljs mlspjfjs gk Xurjorlhj juf f`sk lfshrlekf, jufquk s uf hurl`s` @hkjfus Qkruvljfus, gkftr` gkd Ojr gkd Xur ` Qjhh`.

Ojpj Hjrrjbj (:27>)

Rkrslf kgltjgj p`r Burd`fn. Gk jut`r gksh`f`hlg`, buk nrjejg` p`rNkrjrg H`khi y puedlhjg` kf Jostkrgjo kf :225p`r C. Edjku, gkglhjg` jd sptlo` nkfkrjd gk dj Hòpjj gk Ckss,Rlfhkfz` Hjrrjbj. Xk h`fslgkrj kd prlokr ojpj gkdjs olsl`fks cksutlhjs gkd Qjrjnujy (skjdj jslolso` kd jslkft` gk

djs rkguhhl`fks brjfhlshjfjs). Djs dfkjs puftkjgjs lfglhjf tjft`d`s doltks p`dtlh`s gk djs pr`vlfhljs hò` d`s khdkslstlh`s gk djsolsl`fks. Ddjoj dj jtkfhlf dj gkojrhjhlf gk d` quk sk gkfòlfjejNujlr, tkrrlt`rl` uelhjg` kftrk djs p`sksl`fks p`rtunuksjs y kdQjrjnujy, js hò` dj dfkj quk skpjrj kd tkrrlt`rl` gk dj Qr`vlfhljCksutlhj gk dj z`fj h`ftr`djgj p`r d`s hmjrrj. D`s ojokduh`s mjejfslg` rkhmjzjg`s kf hòejtk glkz j`s jftks y d`s ejfgklrjftks juff` mjejf h`fqulstjg` kd jhtujd `kstk erjsldk`. [elhj j Rlddjrrlhjsèrk kd r` Ckcu. H`fbufgk jdnuf`s fòerks gk r`s9 ` kst`s fòerksbukr`f hjoeljg`s. Jzjrj d` kopdkj y rkpr`guhk kf su Nk`nrjbjBslhj y Ksbrlhj... (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).


17/97

85


Ojpjoufgl^lddkoC.Edjku(:21=)


18/97

87


Ojpj gJeekvlddk (:22=)

Xjfsf gJeekvlddk, nknrjb` `hljd kf djs h`rtks gk Duls ]LLL y Duls ]LR, jd lnujd quk dj ojy`rj, trjzjej sus ojpjs ejsjg`kf gljrl`s gk vljck y hrflhjs, o`tlv` p`r kd hujd h`ftkfjf rkbkrkfhljs krrfkj s. Uknlstrj dj d`hjdlzjhlf gk Hlugjg Ukjd y@ftlvkr`s hujfg` yj mjejf slg` gkstrulgjs p`r d`s ojokduh`s pjudlstjs j`s jftks (:285), p`rquk ètlkfk gjt`s gkd ojpjHjrrjbj. Jslolso`, uelhj Djoejr jd f`rtk gkd Wrplh` gk Hjprlh`rfl`. Xu rkbkrkfhlj y dj t`p`flolj quk kopdkj pr`vlkfkf,lfgugjedkokftk, gk dj hrflhj gk [. Xhmolgd. Ks kd prlokr hjrtnrjb` quk gkfòlfj Ojr gkd Qjrjnujy jd quk ejj dj rlekrjokrlgl`fjd urunujy`-erjsldkj, f` èstjftk quk dj Qr`vlfhlj gkd Qjrjnujy fufhj tuv` h`stjs sèrk `hjf` jdnuf`. (H`dkhhlfC`rnk Nr`ss Er`wf).

Ojpj Gk ^lt (:2>;)

Gkd hjrtnrjb` Brkgkrlh gk ^lt (:281 - :>12), pkrtkfkhlkftk j dj kshukdj jokfhj gkd slnd` ]RLL, utldlzjfg` dj thflhj gk uelhjrr`sjs gk d`s vlkft`s sèrk h``rgkfjgjs y trjzjr tkdjrjjs pjrj lfglhjr ruoe`s. Dj ojrhjgj lfhdlfjhlf gkd dlt`rjd jtdftlh`lfglhj dj pkrslstkfhlj gk dj glhudtjg kf dj okglhlf gk dj d`fnltug. Oukstrj kd kstujrl` gkd U` gk dj Qdjtj, gkfòlfjfg`Qjrjnujy j d`s tkrrlt`rl`s jd Kstk y @kstk gkd Qjrjf, lfhduykfg` dj hlugjg gk Xjftj Bk. Xk jg`rfj h`f gktjddjg`s gleuc`s qukrkprkskftjf dj bufglhlf gk `r` p`r lfgnkfjs kf prkskfhlj gk h`fqulstjg`rks y, j dj gkrkhmj, ufj ejtjddj gk fjv`s m`djfgksks.@erjftk kf kd Ousk` Fjhl`fjd Ekdnj.


19/97

82


Ojpj H`r`fkddl (:2:=).Xlnulkfg` dj pjrtlhudjrlgjg lftr`guhlgj p`r Xjfsf gJeekvlddk, gkf`olfj Ojr gkdQjrjnujy j dj z`fj ojrtloj quk r`gkj dj gkskoe`hjgurj gkd U` gk dj Qdjtj. Xkjdjkf gktjddk d`s r`s gk dj Uknlf @rlkftjd. Kxtlkfgk kd tkrrlt`rl` pjrjnujy` ouy jd f`rtk,

os jrrlej gk dj djnufj gk d`s ]jrjyks, y, mjhlj @hhlgkftk, mjstj djs kstrlejhl`fks jfglfjs,jejrhjfg` djs jhtujdks pr`vlfhljs gkd f`r`kstk jrnkftlf` k lnf`rjfg` dj pr`vlfhlj gkd U`gk dj Qdjtj. @erj kf dj eledl`tkhj gk dj [flvkrslgjg gk Lddlf`ls ([XJ).


20/97

8=


Ojpj Gkdlsdk (:>18)

Dkvjftjg` p`r kd nknrjb` `hljd gkd rklf` gk Brjfhlj, Nulddjuok Gkdlsdk, sèrk gjt`s gk d`s pjgrks @vjddk, kf d` rkbkrkftkj Hmldk, y Flh`ds gkd Wkhm`, kf d` rkbkrkftk j Qjrjnujy. Dj gksvljhlf gkd r` Qjrjnujy kf hjsl 71 gk okrlgljf`, mjhlj kd@rlkftk, kfsjfhmj kxjnkrjgjokftk kd Hmjh` E`rkjd. Blcj kd doltk f`rtk gk dj pr`vlfhlj pjrjnujyj j hjsl X :=, os jrrlej gk djdjnufj gk d`s ]jrjyks, quk mjstj kft`fhks sd` mjej slg` kxpd`rjgj gksgk Jsufhlf. Rkrslf kgltjgj p`r Burd`fn. (H`dkhhlfC`jquf Lrf Nrju).

Ojpj Jfflo` (:2=;)

Quedlhjg` kf D`fgrks ejc` kd ttud` gk [fj gkshrlphlf gkd Ojr gkd Xur y H`stjs gk Jorlhj y [f ojpj gk vljck gkdhjpltf Xmjrp gk :2=1 y :2=:. Glvlgk Xurjorlhj kf djs p`sksl`fks mlspjfj y dusltjfj, `t`rnjfg` j d`s r`s Jojz`fjs y gkdj Qdjtj gkstjquk pjrtlhudjr, f` js j dj tjx`fòj, h`f kxhkphlf gk d`s pukrt`s, slkfg` quk su ècktlv` prlfhlpjd ks pr`vkkrlfb`rojhlf jhkrhj gk dj fjvknjhlf jdrkgkg`r gkd sueh`ftlfkftk okrlgl`fjd, tjd hò` d` mjer kxpkrlokftjg` kd okfhl`fjg`hjpltf. @erj kf dj Elrolfnmjo Quedlh Dlerjry Hjrt`nrjpmy H`ddkhtl`f.


21/97

71


Ojpj Wjoeùrlf` - Xkuttkr (:>55)

Dj vkrslf buk `rlnlfjdokftk loprksj y puedlhjgj kf :>52 p`r kd hjrtnrjb`, nrjejg`r y kglt`r jdkof Ojtk` Xkuttkr (:2>=:>;>), glshpud` gk Mòjff, qulkf d` gkglh jd Qr`vlfhljd cksultj Wjoeùrlf`. Kstj vkrslf ks rkpr`guhhlf gk Burd`fn, qdj jtrleuyk jd pjgrk Jft`fl` Ojhm`fl (:2>: - :>;8) y jd hjrtnrjb` jrnkftlf` Cujf Brjfhlsh` Gvldj. Buk rkpr`guhlg` p`rGJfvlddk y Oùssy y puedlhjg` kf d`s jtdjs gk dj p`hj. Wjoelf d` utldlz kd vlzh`fgk gk Ul` Erjfh` y mue` vjrljs `trjsh`pljs h`f dlnkrjs o`glhjhl`fks. Ouhm`s gk d`s quk dk suhkglkr`f kf kd tlkop` h`pljr`f ` sk lfsplrjr`f kf kstk kckopdjr .Jzjrj d` kopdkj y rkpr`guhk kf su Nk`nrjbj Bslhj y Ksbrlhj... (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).

Ojpj dj Bkulddk (:>12)

@rlnlfjrl` gkd nknrjb` brjfhs Gjflkd gk dj Bkulddk (:271 - :>17> p`r su mlc` Qjud gk dj Bkulddk. Kxtlkfgk dj pr`vlfhlj gkd U` gk dj Qdjtj mjhlj kd f`rtk mjstjkd pjrjdkd` :1, suesuolkfg` jd Qjrjnujy, quk qukgj jpkfjs hò` fòerk gkd tkrrlt`rl` jfkx` j dj djnufj gk d`s ]jrjyks,f`t`rljokftk kxjnkrjgj kf tjoj`. Xlnuk j gJeekvlddk kf dj gkfòlfjhlf Ojr gkd Qjrjnujy.


22/97

75


Ojpj GJfvlddk (:>585)

Rkrslf kgltjgj p`r Burd`fn. Gkdlhjg` trjejc` ksttlh` rkjdlzjg` p`r kd hjrtnrjb` ltjdljf` Nl`vjffl Qktr`shml y gkglhjg` jdXupkrl`r Nkfkrjd Cksultj Brjfz Uktz. Xk tltudj F`vsloj Gkshrlphlf gk dj Qr`vlfhlj gkd Qjrjnujy gk dj Hòpjj gk Ckssy sus Jgyjhkfhljs, jejrhjfg` dj pjrtk okrlgl`fjd gkd sueh`ftlfkftk, gk `hjf` j `hjf`, pkr` hkftrjg` kf dj Qr`vlfhljgkd Qjrjnujy gk dj Hòpjj gk Ckss y sus rkguhhl`fks. Dj dfkj gkd r` Qjrjnujy gkrlvj mjhlj @rlkftk jpr`xlojgjokftkuf nrjg` y okgl`, `t`rnjfg` jd Hmjh` ufj jfhmurj ouhm` ojy`r quk dj rkjd. Kstj hjrtj nk`nrhj lfuy sèrk ouhmjsslnulkftks. [f `rlnlfjd èrj kf dj Eledl`tkhj gkd H`fnrks` gk d`s KK.[[. gk Jorlhj. (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).


23/97


24/97

72


Ojpj G`vjddk y Wkhm` (:>88)

Ukglskj kd nrjejg` gk Gkdlsdk, h`f d`s gjt`s gk d`s pjgrks @vjddk y Wkhm`. Gkdlfkj djs pr`vlfhljs okrlgl`fjdks gkXugjorlhj, j sjekr3 Qjrjn ujy, Wuhuof, Hmldk, Wlkrrj Ojnjddflhj y Wlkrrj gkd Bukn`, h`f sus doltks h`f kd Erjsld y h`fkd Qkr. Jp`rtj g`s gjt`s f`tjedks3 dj kxtkfslf gk dj h`fqulstj p`rtunuksj kf kd dlt`rjd jtdftlh` mjstj kd U` gk dj Qdjtj, y djkxtkfslf gkd tkrrlt`rl` rl`pdjtkfsk mjhlj kd f`r`kstk, jdhjfzjfg` kd r` Qjrjplt y kd fjhlolkft` gkd r` Qldhòjy`. (H`dkhhlfC`jquf Lrf Nrju).

Ojpj Mòjff (:>72)

G`huokft` gkelg` jd hdkerk hjrtnrjb` evjr` C`mjff Ejptlst Mòjff (:227-:>57) quk ddkn j skr gkslnfjg` Nknrjb`Lopkrljd gkd Xjhr` Lopkrl` Uòjf`-Nkroflh`. Gkdlfkj ufj Qr`vlfhlj gkd Qjrjnujy lojnlfjrlj, p`sledkokftk slnulkfg`krr`rks gk ojpjs jftkrl`rks, gkelkfg` f`tjrsk quk kf kd ojpj GJfvlddk glsp`fj gk lfb`rojhlf gkglnfj kf hujft` j doltks.Ks gkstjhjedk kd gktjddk gk quk kstk ojpj h`fhkgk t`g` kd Hmjh` j dj curlsglhhlf pjrjnujyj. Kstj vkrslf buk puedlhjgj p`r susmkrkgkr`s.


25/97

7=


Ojpj Zulr`nj (:>7;5)

Rkrslf kgltjgj p`r Burd`fn. Q`grj mjekr slg` dkvjftjg` y glskjg` p`r kd Qjgrk C`s Hjrglkd. Gkdlfkj d`s doltks kftrkdjs pr`vlfhljs gk Qjrjnujy y U` gk dj Qdjtj h`f djs p`sksl`fks p`rtunuksjs, gk jhukrg` jd Wrjtjg` gk :>;1 kftrk Kspjj yQ`rtunjd. H`o` sk jprkhlj, kd doltk gk Qjrjnujy h`f Erjsld jrrjfhjfg` gkd Qjrjf pjsjej p`r kd r` \nurky y kd r` H`rrlkftks(Edjfh`) mjstj kd Jdt` Qjrjnujy, kf djtltug X 55. (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).


26/97

;1


Ojpj Ekddlf (:>;2)

Gkelg` jd bjo`s` nknrjb` k lfnkflkr` gk dj ojrlfj brjfhksj Cjhquks Ekddlf, olkoer` gk U`yjd X`hlkty, quk, f` èstjftk susdjurkdks, kf kstk ojpj hòktk vjrl`s krr`rks lfkxpdlhjedks kf su p`hj, hò` uelhjr j Rlddjrrlhj kf dj fjhlkftk gkd Qjrjf,j X = gk djtltug, hujfg` quk fufhj kstuv` os jd f`rtk gkd pjrjdkd` X 5;, y h`fslgkrjfg` quk ojpjs jftkrl`rks yj mjejfskjdjg` djs ougjfzjs gk dunjr gk ksj d`hjdlgjg.(H`dkhhlf C`rnk Nr`ss Er`wf).

Gkelg` jd prkstlnl` gk Cjhquks Ekddlf y j dj glbuslf quk tuv` kfKur`pj dj èrj gk Hmjrdkv`lx, kd ojpj buk rkpr`guhlg` y puedlhjgkf vjrl`s pjsks9 jdnufjs vkhks, lfhdus`, suprlolkfg` kd fòerk gjut`r. Dj prkskftk ks ufj vkrslf jdkojfj. (Nkftldkzj JEH H`d`r

Ojpj Zulr`nj-Ekddlf (:>;2)

Jtrleulg` p`r Burd`fn jd pjgrk cksultj C`s Zulr`nj, sèrk huyjs lfb`rojhl`fks mjerj slg` gleucjg` p`r Cjhquks Ekddlf.H`ftlkfk lfgugjedk lfukfhlj gkd ojpj quk jqu sk gkfòlfj Uktz. Kd ojpj Zulr`nj-Ekddlf buk puedlhjg` kf dj èrj gkHmjrdkv`lx. (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).


27/97

;5


Ojpj Cjfvlkr (:>25)

Jtrjhtlv` trjejc` gkelg` jd hjrtnrjb` brjfhs Ckjf Cjfvlkr, lfhdulg` kf kd Jtdjs O`gkrf` gk Ckjf Djttrk, puedlhjg` kf:>>2, prkhlsjokftk kd j` gkd Wrjtjg` gk Xjf Ldgkb`fs`. Gkdlfkj djs br`ftkrjs gkd Qjrjnujy lfhduykfg` t`g` kd Hmjh`,mjstj kd pjrjdkd` X. :2;)

Kstj hjrtj nk`nrhj gk Xurjorlhj ks tjoelf gk bjhturj gksh`f`hlgj, mjelkfg` slg` loprks` p`r kd nknrjb` `hljd gk djh`rtk erltflhj Wmòjs Ckbbkrys (:>:>:). @t`rnj jd Qjrjnujy uf tkrrlt`rl` gk jopdltug lojnlfjrlj, lgkftlhfg`d` h`f d`

quk gkfòlfj Kstjedkhlolkft`s Cksultjs, jf hujfg` kst`s, hò` sk sjek, fufhj sèrkpjsjr`f kd r` Wkelhujry. @erjftk kf djElrolfnmjo Quedlh Dlerjry Hjrt`nrjpmy H`ddkhtl`f.


28/97

;7


OjpjoufglgkGjflkdXt``pkfgjjd(:>81)


29/97

;2


Ojpj E`ffk (:>>:)

Wltudjg` gkd Qjrjnujy y pjrtk gk pjsks jgyjhkftks, gkelg` jd nknrjb` brjfhs Ulnèkrt E`ffk (:>5>-:>;. (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).

Ojpj gJfvlddk (:>>8)

Wrjejc` gk Ckjf - Ejptlstk E. gJfvlddk. Kd`nljg` p`r su prkhlslf, mjelkfg` h`rrknlg` vjrl`s gkbkht`s gk d`s ojpjs cksultjsjftkrl`rks, hò` kd ojpj Uktz gk :>52. H`ftlkfk gktjddks gk d`s fòerks gk r`s y puked`s lfgnkfjs quk s`f os h`rrkht`squk d`s jftkrl`rks. Rkrslf kgltjgj p`r Burd`fn. (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).


30/97

;=


Ojpj Hjf` y @dokglddj (:>>;)

H`f`hlg` g`huokft` gkfòlfjg` Nk`nrh` gk Jorlhj Okrlgl`fjd, gkelg` jd nknrjb` rkjd Cujf gk dj Hruz Hjf` y@dokglddj, puedlhjg` kf D`fgrks kf :>=1)

Ukprkskftj kd Erjsld okrlgl`fjd, lfhduyk j Qjrjnujy pkr` rkguhlg` j dj Uknlf @rlkftjd. Jd Hmjh` gkfòlfj krrjgjokftk Ddjfgkd Ojf`s (gk Ojfs`), jtrleuyfg`d` j dj Nèkrfjhlf gk \jplzdjnj, quk krj dj gkfòlfjhlf t`p`folhj jftkrl`r j Hmjh`(quk tjoelf sk gkfòlfjej Nukdn`rln`t).


31/97

21


Ojpj Gkdlsdk-Eujhmk (:>=5)

Gkfòlfjg` Mkolsbkrl` Okrlgl`fjd. Qjrj vkr os hdjrjokftk d`s tkrrlt`rl`s justrjdks, h`fbkhhl`fjg` p`r Gkdlsdk y su ykrf`Qmlddlppk Eujhmk (:>11-:>>8) y puedlhjgj h`f p`stkrl`rlgjg j dj oukrtk gk joe`s. F` gkdlfkj kd h`ftlfkftk jftrtlh` p`rqukjf f` sk d` h`f`hj, ejsjfg` dj lfb`rojhlf gk dj z`fj p`djr kf d`s gjt`s gkd hdkerk fjvknjftk Cjoks H`ì, quk hlrhufvjd djz`fj p`djr kf :>>5. Kf hujft` jd Qjrjnujy, bukrj gk jdnuf`s krr`rks gk d`hjdlzjhlf, kst pr`p`rhl`fjdokftk elkf rkprkskftjg`.(H`dkhhlf C`rnk Nr`ss Er`wf).

Ojpj Gèrlzm`bbkr (:>=7)

Rkrslf kgltjgj p`r Burd`fn, qulkf dk jtrleuyk jd pjgrk Ojrtf Gèrlzm`bbkr (:>:>-:>


32/97

25


Hjf` y @dokglddj (:>78, dukn` gk djgkrr`tj gk d`s Hòufkr`s y kd pkglg` gk d`s cksultjs gk pjsjr j gkpkfgkr gk Eukf`s Jlrks. Qjrj dj bkhmj gkd ojpj, f` èstjftk,kstj br`ftkrj yj kstjej cjgj sèrk kd r` Qjrjf, p`r dj Ukjd @rgkfjfzj gk hrkjhlf gk Lftkfgkfhljs (:>=5).


33/97

27


Ojpj Jzjrj. Blfks gkd slnd` ]RLLL

Wrjejc` hòpdkokftjrl` gk dj èrj mlstrlhj gk Bdlx gk Jzjrj (:>75 - :=5:), quk buk prlokr hòlsjrl` gk dj tkrhkrj pjrtlgj gkgkojrhjhlf gk dj br`ftkrj Qjrjnujy - Erjsld, j pjrtlr gk :>=5. H`ftlkfk krr`rks gk trjzjg` kf z`fjs quk kd jut`r f` rkh`rrl,prlfhlpjdokftk kf kd gkdlfkjolkft` gk d`s r`s Ekrokc` y Qldhòjy`, d` quk dk mjhk sltujr kd doltk f`rtk gk dj Qr`vlfhlj gkdQjrjnujy p`r gkejc` gkd pjrjdkd` X 5:. Gkfòlfj Eukf`s Jyrks j d`s tkrrlt`rl`s gk Kftrk U`s y [runujy, jd `rlkftk gkd r`Qjrjf. (H`dkhhlf C`rnk Nr`ss Er`wf).

Ojpj Jdeuqukrquk (:>


34/97

22


OjpjoufglXjoukdGuff(:>


35/97

2=


Ojpjs gkd Xlnd` ]L]

Dj Ukv`duhlf Lfgustrljd jvlv t`gjvjos dj fkhkslgjg gk d`s Kstjg`s yh`rp`rjhl`fks gk h`ftjr h`f glvkrs`s tlp`sgk ojpjs, d` quk lopuds rplgjokftk kdgksjrr`dd` gk lfstruokft`s gk okglhlfhò` kd tk`g`dlt`, js hò` gk djs

thflhjs nk`gslhjs y hjrt`nrhjs ygk djs h`fvkfhl`fks tjx`folhjs, quksk uflb`rojr`f gk tjd ojfkrj gurjftkkstk slnd` quk, mjhlj kd fjd gkd olso`sk `pkrjej hòfokftk h`f kstfgjrksuflhjg`s.

Jpjrkhkf kft`fhks d`s ojpjsmlpsòtrlh`s, glvudnjfg` djs hurvjsgk flvkd9 y d`s ojpjs gk us` gkd sukd`,gk rkhurs`s fjturjdks, d`s hjtjstrjdks9 skpkrbkhhl`fjf djs hjrtjs gk fjvknjhlf,

dj nkò`rb`d`nj, y sk lfh`rp`rj djglokfslf tkop`rjd okgljftk d`s mus`sm`rjrl`s h`f ejsk kf kd okrlgljf` hkr`.Xk oudtlpdlhj y kfrlqukhk dj sloe`d`njrkprkskftjtlvj gk fukv`s kdkokft`shò` pèdjhlf, olnrjhlf, jhtlvlgjgks

kh`folhjs y urejflzjhlf, kftrk `tr`s.

D`s ojpjs quk ksh`nlo`s pjrj kstkhjptud` s`f, f` èstjftk, gkd tlp`trjglhl`fjd, kf suckhlf kstrlhtj j djfjdlgjg pkrsknulgj p`r kd deuo.


36/97

>1


Ojpj Hjry (:=12)

Hurl`s` ojpj gkd Mkolsbkrl` @hhlgkftjd, gk prlfhlpl`s gkd slnd` ]L], nrjejg` p`r kd h`f`hlg` hjrtnrjb` y nrjejg`r lfndsC`mf Hjry (:>;7 - :=8;). Wrjzj ufj kxtrjj glvlslf p`dtlhj gk Xugjorlhj kf dj quk Qjrjnujy qukgj lftknrjg` j dj Jojz`fj,h`fb`rojfg` ufj uflgjg p`dtlhj quk fufhj kxlstl. Kst`s krr`rks, rkpktlg`s j d` djrn` gkd slnd`, rkvkdjf kd gksh`f`hlolkft`quk pjgkhj dj ojy`r pjrtk gk Kur`pj jhkrhj gkd Qjrjnujy.

Ojpj gk Qjrjnujy y Eukf`s Jlrks (H :=:1)

Ojpj jdkof slf gjtjhlf. H`fbkhhl`fjg` s`erk kd trjzjg` gk Jzjrj, rkpr`guhlkfg` d`s krr`rks gkd `rlnlfjd. Ukguhk jdQjrjnujy j su Uknlf @rlkftjd y f` skjdj doltks jd f`rtk. (H`dkhhlf Jdbrkg` E`hhlj U`ojjhm).


37/97


38/97

>7


Ojpj Blfdky (:=5>)

Gkelg` jd hjrtnrjb` kstjg`uflgkfsk Jftm`fy Blfdky (:>


39/97

>2


Ojpj Eurr (:=87)

Lftknr kd Fkw [flvkrsljd Jtdjs hòpukst` p`r Gjvlg M. Eurr (:=18 - :=>;) y puedlhjg` kf Kstjg`s [flg`s kf :=87. H`fhkgkjd Qjrjnujy dj jhtujd Uknlf @rlkftjd os d`s tkrrlt`rl`s jfkxjg`s p`r Erjsld y Jrnkftlfj dukn` gk dj Nukrrj gk dj WrlpdkJdljfzj. Wjoelf jqu kd Hmjh` E`rkjd nurj hò` tkrrlt`rl` e`dlvljf`, d` quk krj f`roj kf d`s jtdjs frglh`s. @erj kf djEledl`tkhj gkd H`fnrks` gk d`s Kstjg`s [flg`s gk Jorlhj.

Ojpj Mjdd (:=5=)

Quedlhjg` kf D`fgrks y gkelg` j Xlgfky Mjdd (:>==:=8:). Ukguhk kd Qjrjnujy j dj Uknlf @rlkftjd, jufquk h`f d`s tkrrlt`rl`spkrglg`s jftk Erjsld y Jrnkftlfj dukn` gk dj nukrrj gk dj Wrlpdk Jdljfzj. Dj ojy`rj gk d`s jtdjs kstjgùflgkfsks y kur`pk`sp`stkrl`rks slnulkr`f kstj gkdloltjhlf. @erj kf dj Eledl`tkhj gkd H`fnrks` gk d`s KK.[[. gk Jorlhj.


40/97

>=


Ojpj Olthmkdd (:=7


41/97

=1


Ojpj Wjddls (:=;1)

Kfojrhjg` kf gkh`rjgjs vlktjs y h`f ldustrjhl`fks gkelgjs j C. Ojrhmjft9 nrjejg` p`r C. U`nkrs y puedlhjg` kf kd jtdjs gkdhjrtnrjb` C`mf Wjddls ( :=1:; - :=>2), D`fgrks. Jd lnujd quk d`s gkos, gkd Qjrjnujy h`fslgkrj s`djokftk dj Uknlf @rlkftjd,kdkvjfg` su doltk f`rtk mjstj kd X 55 jpr`xlojgjokftk, jdturj gkd jhtujd Bukrtk @dlop`, h`rrè`rjfg` kd gòlfl` pjrjnujy`sèrk djs brjhhl`fks gkd Ojt` Nr`ss` gkd Xur quk dukn` gk dj nukrrj gk dj Wrlpdk Jdljfzj tuvlkr`f quk skr hkglg`s jd Erjsld.

Ojpj Xprufkr (:=;;)

Kgltjg` y puedlhjg` p`r Ijrd Xprufkr v`f Okrz (:=18 -:=


42/97

=5


Ojpj Gujrtk gj Q`ftk Uleklr` (:=;2)

H`ftlkfk ufj f`tj quk rkvkdj su `rlnkf y bufhlf3 Hjrtj nk`nrjpmlhj gk uoj pjrtk g` Lopkrl` g` Erjsld h`ffjftk hò jH`fbkgkrj` Jrnkftlfj k j Ukpuedlhj g` Qjrjnujy pjrj okdm`r lftkddlnkfhlj gj glshuss` sèrk dloltks quk b`l h`fslnfjgjpkd`s rkspkhtlv`s pdkflp`tkfhljrl`s f`s pr`t`h`d`s g`s jcustks h`fhdulg`s kftrk ` Lopkrl` k j Oksoj Ukpuedlhj ko 2 gk jerldg` jff` gk :=;2. Gkejc` sk jnrknjf g`s hr`quls gk dj brjhhlf gkd r` Qjrjnujy g`fgk gkskoe`hjej kd r` Edjfh`, puft` gk djglshuslf gk doltks. @erj kf dj Eledl`tkhj gkd H`fnrks` gk d`s KK.[[. gk Jorlhj.

Ojpj H`rtjoekrt-Dpkz (:=;7)

Wltudjg` Ojpj H`r`nrh` gkd Qjrjnujy, buk gleucjg` p`r K. H`rtjoekrt, skhrktjrl` nkfkrjd gk dj X`hlkgjg Nk`nrhj gkBrjfhlj, sknf djs f`tlhljs hòuflhjgjs p`r su kxhkdkfhlj g`f Brjfhlsh` X`djf` Dpkz, kfvljg` Kxt y Olflstr` Qdkflp`tkfhlgkd Qjrjnujy, sknf rkzj dj lfb`rojhlf. Ks kd ojpj `hljd gkd nèlkrf` gk Hjrd`s J. Dpkz, ojrhjfg` h`f dfkj gk nul`fksd`s Doltks jg`ptjg`s p`r dj Ukpedlhj gkd Qjrjnujy, y h`f dfkj gk puft`s d` quk sk skjdj hò` Rjrl`s doltks okrlgl`fjdlfhlkrt`s t`gjvj. @erj kf kd Ousk` Oltrk gk Eukf`s Jlrks.


43/97

=7


Ojpj Oùhmkz (:=25)

Hòprkfgk sd` dj Uknlf @rlkftjd, gkelg` j quk su jut`r, kd ojrlf`, nknrjb` y jstrfò` brjfhs Krfkst Oùhmkz (:=5:-:=, ;= y ;


44/97

=2


Ojpj Olthmkdd (:=27)

Qlkzj gkd nknrjb` kstjg`uflgkfsk Xjoukd J. Olthmkdd (:>


45/97

==


Ojpj Oltrk (:=2;)

Hjrtj nk`nrhj gk bjhturj gksh`f`hlgj, gkglhjg` jd nkfkrjd kf ckbk gk d`s kcrhlt`s jdljg`s, g`f Ejrt`d`o Oltrk, kf ojy`gk :=2;, h`ftkop`rfkjokftk h`f dj sushrlphlf gkd Wrjtjg` gk dj Wrlpdk Jdljfzj. Gleucj dj Uknlf @rlkftjd tjd h`o` qukggkspus gk dj nukrrj y gk sus p`stkrl`rks trjtjg`s gk pjz. (H`rtjg` kf kd `rlnlfjd ).@erj kf kd Ousk` Oltrk gk Eukf`s Jlrks.

Ojpj Hrkkf (:=28 - :=>1)

Ojpj jdkof tltudjg` gkd tkjtr` gk `pkrjhl`fks kf d`s pjsks gkd Qdjtj, trjzjg` sknf d`s ojtkrljdks os fukv`s. Jtrleuyk j djH`fbkgkrjhlf Jrnkftlfj kd tkrrlt`rl` gk djs Olsl`fks gk dj ojrnkf lzqulkrgj gkd Qjrjf9 y kd Hmjh` E`rkjd mjstj kd pjrjdkd` 55(h`lfhlgkftk h`f dj dfkj gkd r` Jpj)9 kd rkst` j E`dlvlj. Kf dj Uknlf @rlkftjd, jtrleuyk j Qjrjnujy d`s tkrrlt`rl`s jd f`rtk gkd Jy jd kstk gk djs slkrrjs gkd Oejrjhjy, quk bukrjf pkrglg`s kf dj nukrrj. (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).


46/97


47/97

1), hòpjrjg` h`f d`s gk H`dt`f (:=;;) y Olthmkdd (:=>7), kstk g`huokft` oukstrj hudkrj kd hrltkrl` prkgòlfjftk kf d`s Kstjg`s [flg`s rkspkht` j dj glstrleuhlf tkrrlt`rljd kf kd sur gk Jorlhj okrlgl`fjd. Kst`sojpjs, quk bukr`f puedlhjg`s gurjftk uf djps` gk vklftk j`s, jftks, gurjftk y gkspus gk dj nukrrj gk dj Wrlpdk Jdljfzj, krjfuffloks kf rktjhkjr jd Qjrjnujy gkrkhm`s sèkrjf`s sèrk kd Hmjh` E`rkjd, pkr` t`g`s dk h`fhkgjf ksk gkrkhm` sèrk d`stkrrkf`s quk kd Erjsld sk jgcuglh gkspus gk glhm` h`flht`.

Ojpj C`mfs`f (:=>1)

Ojpj Olthmkdd (:=>7)


48/97

;)

Lftkrksjftk g`huokft` gkfòlfjg` Ojpj Mlstrlh` gkd Qjrjnujy, lfhdulg` kf dj hdkerk rkvlstj hlkfthj jdkojfjQktkrojffs Nk`nrjpmlshmk Olttkldufnkf,R`duok ;, ejc` kd ttud` gk Hòuflhjhl`fks gk dj Lfstltuhlf nk`nrhjgk Custus Qkrtmks sèrk fukvjs lfvkstlnjhl`fks lop`rtjftks gk t`gj kd rkj gk dj nk`nrjbj gkd Gr. Qktkrojff. Qjrjnujyhòprkfgk s`djokftk dj Uknlf @rlkftjd. J dj gkrkhmj pukgk èskrvjrsk dj glvls`rlj gkd Hmjh` E`rkjd kftrk Jrnkftlfj yE`dlvlj, j dj jdturj gkd pjrjdkd` X 55. H`fslnfj vjdl`sj lfb`rojhlf sèrk d`s fòerks gk puked`s lfgnkfjs t`gjvj kxlstkftksmjhlj dj p`hj.

Ojpj y deuo ^lsfkr (:=>8)

Dj prlokrj hjrtj buk kdje`rjgj p`r kd h`r`fkd gk lfnkflkr`s mfnjr` Brjfhlsh` ^lsfkr gk O`rnkfstkrf, j s`dlhltug gkg`f Hjrd`s J. Dpkz, kftrk d`s j`s :=72 j :=;=, y kgltjgj kf Rlkfj, kf kd j` gk rkbkrkfhlj, pkr` tuv`s vjrljs kglhl`fksp`stkrl`rks kf ufj, g`s y `hm` plkzjs. Xus gktjddks s`f olfuhl`s`s kf ojtkrlj gk t`p`flolj, trjzjg` gk hjolf`s k mlgr`nrjbj.Blcj kd doltk f`rtk gk dj Uknlf @rlkftjd kf kd r` Jpj. Xk hòpdkokftj h`f hujtr` nrjejg`s gk kglhl`s pedlh`s y uf pdjf`gk Jsufhlf, h`f ufj kxtkfglgj hujgrhudj pr`ykhtjgj mjhlj kd sur y surkstk. Kstj plkzj flhj èrj kf kd Ousk` Oltrk gkEukf`s Jlrks.


49/97

gk `htuerk gk :==; y uf pdjf` gk Jsufhlf. Xkjdjd`s gkpjrtjokft`s gk dj sknufgj glvlslf p`dtlhj mkhmj kf kd pjs (:=>1), t`gjvj hjrkftks gk gkdloltjhl`fks, o`strjfg` kdlftkrksjftk gjt` gk quk kd kstk gk dj Uknlf @rlkftjd f` sk mjej lfh`rp`rjg` juf j dj glvlslf p`dtlhj, gk tjd sukrtk quk, jglhm`s kbkht`s, kd pjs mjeltjg` y `rnjflzjg` tkrolfjej kf ufj dfkj tkfglgj, gk F`rtk j Xur, kftrk \njtlo, Hurunujty, XjfC`jquf, \mu, Hjjnujz, Oe`hjyjty, Rlddjrrlhj, Hjjzjp, \uty y Kfhjrfjhlf.


50/97


51/97

:11


Ojpj Jd`fs` Hrljg` (:


52/97

:15


Ojpj Skejdd`s (:


53/97

:17


C`mfQlfikrt`f.:

=:=


54/97

:12


Ojpjs gkd Nrjf Hmjh`

Kd tkrrlt`rl` gkd Nrjf Hmjh` buk kd dtloèjstlf kf skr gòlfjg` kf kd pr`hks` gkh`fqulstj gk kstjs rknl`fks, d` quk kf kdkspjhl` pjrjnujy` jhtujd jh`ftkhl rkhlfkf kd slnd` ]]. Xu pr`d`fnjgj rkslstkfhljsk gkel tjft` j sus h`fglhl`fks fjturjdks,

p`h` jptjs pjrj dj h`d`flzjhlf, hò`j sus rkhl`s mjeltjftks jutht`f`s, gkjhrkgltjg` tkopkrjokft` hòejtlv`,ojflbkstjg` gksgk tlkop` jftlnu`.

Djs glsputjs p`r kd gòlfl` sèrk kd NrjfHmjh` surnlkr`f hjsl lfokgljtjokftkgkspus gk djs nkstjs gk lfgkpkfgkfhljkf dj rknlf. Djs nukrrjs y trjtjg`ssueskhukftks kftrk Jrnkftlfj, E`dlvljy Qjrjnujy jhjejr`f p`r glvlglr kstktkrrlt`rl` kf trks brjhhl`fks, gk djs hujdks

dj ojy`r, kd Hmjh` E`rkjd, buk fjdokftkh`fskrvjgj p`r kd Qjrjnujy.

D`s ojpjs rkvkdjf kd ltlfkrjrl` qukslnul kstk suhks` kf d`s hujtr`slnd`s trjshurrlg`s gksgk sus prlokrjs

kxpd`rjhl`fks mjstj okgljg`s gkd slnd`]], hujfg` kd olso` pukgk h`fslgkrjrskjhjejg`. Jhtujdokftk, kd pr`hks` gkgksjrr`dd` gkd Hmjh` E`rkjd sk lopudsjprlfhlpjdokftk okrhkg j dj jhtlvlgjgjnr`pkhujrlj, f` mjelfg`sk mjddjg`mjstj jm`rj bukftks gk mlgr`hjreur`s u`tr`s olfkrjdks vjdl`s`s, kxpkhtjtlvj quk`hupjrj pjrtk lop`rtjftk kftrk djs hjusjsgk djs dtlojs glsputjs p`r d.


55/97

:1=


Ojpj Hjoj` (:>=8>-:=51) y dj bkhmj ks dj gk su puedlhjhlf, kf Bjkfzj, Ltjdlj.H`ftlkfk d` quk skj qulzs dj os gktjddjgj uelhjhlf gk p`edjg`s ` g`olfl`s lfgnkfjs, jgkos gk hlugjgks, vlddjs,rkguhhl`fks, bukrtks , h`d`fljs, o`ftks y vjddks. Ukkrk Burd`fn quk Nulg` E`nnljfl d` hjdlh kd okc`r y os kxjht` ojpjgk jqukddj rknlf hmjqukj. Blcj dj br`ftkrj h`f E`dlvlj kf ufj dfkj gk puft`s quk gkshlkfgk mjstj uf puft` gkd r` Qjrjnujy,j dj jdturj gkd pjrjdkd` X 51. (H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).

Ojpj Fjhl`fjd E`dlvljf` (:=;


56/97

::1


Ojpj Nrjf Hmjh` Nujdjoej (:=>8)

G`huokft` jrnkftlf` lfokgljtjokftk p`stkrl`r j dj fjdlzjhlf gk dj Nukrrj gk dj Wrlpdk Jdljfzj, quk rkvkdj kd pr`ykht``hljd gk sueglvlslf p`dtlhj gkd Hmjh`, lfhduykfg` kd E`rkjd, quk Jrnkftlfj prktkfgj. Djs pr`vlfhljs j b`rojrsk krjf3 Dlt`rjd(jhtujd Hmjh`)9 Ekrokc` (jhtujd B`ro`sj)9 Xjf Ekrfjrg` (jhtujd f`rkstk gk Xjftljn` gkd Kstkr`)9 Fukvj @rf (kstk gk Cucuy)9 yHmjh` (jhtujd Hmjh` E`rkjd pjrjnujy`).Hmjh` Nujdjoej ks ufj gkfòlfjhlf t`p`folhj p`sledkokftk jg`ptjgj j fks gkd slnd` ]RL, rkuflkfg` g`s v`hjed`squkhmujs pjrj gkslnfjr dj rknlf quk sk kxtkfgj kftrk kd gòlfl` lfhj y d`s r`s Qjrjnujy y Qjrjf, y gksgk kd doltkskptkftrl`fjd gk djs jhtujdks pr`vlfhljs jrnkftlfjs gk Xjftj Bk y Xjdtj, mjstj kd r` Qjrjplt y kd p`flkftk ojt`nr`skfsk.(H`dkhhlf C`jquf Lrf Nrju).

Ojpj Hmjh` S`flbhjg` (:==;)

Hmjh` z`flhjg` p`r kd Gkhrkt` gkd 5> gk `htuerk gk :==;, gkd nèlkrf` gk Ekrfjrglf` Hjejddkr`, quk cj d`s doltks h`fE`dlvlj sknf ufj dfkj quk f` nujrgj sloldltug h`f kd trjtjg` Gkhùg - Zulcjrr` sushrlt` skls j`s jftks, fl h`f kd Jhkvjd -Wjojy` quk sk sushrlelrj g`s j`s gkspus. Xknf rkzj, glvl gk kd tkrrlt`rl` kf z`fjs, skhhl`fks y d`tks. Xk ojrhjf trks z`fjsy ufj hujrtj gkfòlfjgj tlkrrjs rkskrvjgjs, t`gjs jdkgjjs jd r` Qjrjnujy. @erj kf kd Ousk` Oltrk gk Eukf`s Jlrks.


57/97

::5


Ojpj jrnkftlf` (:===)

Ojpj gk us` ksh`djr quk cj kd doltk hmjquk` kftrk Qjrjnujy y E`dlvlj s`erk dj dfkj gkd pjrjdkd` X 55, rksp`fglkfg` j djsgkd trjtjg` Gkh`ug-Zulcjrr` (:=>


58/97

::7


Ojpj Lglqukz (:=), f` jprèjg` p`r kd H`fnrks`pjrjnujy`. J dj Uknlf @rlkftjd gk fukstr` pjs gkfòlfj Qjrjnujl. @erjftk kf kd Lfstltut` Nk`nrh` Oldltjr gk E`dlvlj.

Ojpj Djgùhk (H :


59/97

::2


Ojpj Njrhj Oksj (:


60/97

::=


Ojpj Kfhlhd`pglh` (:, :


61/97

:51


Ojpj Gk Nspkrl (:


62/97

:55


Ojpj Qkj Ojhmjf (:= - :


63/97

:57


Ojpj Kh`folh` (H :


64/97

:52


Ojpj X`sj Kshjdjgj (:


65/97

:5=


Hr`quls Ekcjrjf` (:


66/97

:81


Ojpj gk h`d`fljs okf`fltjs (:


67/97

:85


Ojpj Djs br`ftkrjs gkd Qjrjnujy

Hurl`s` glsk` hjrt`nrh` quk sltj kd kck nk`gslh` F`rtk-Xur gksvljg` kf 7; nrjg`s gk jrh` mjhlj @hhlgkftk. Kxhkdkftksftksls ldustrjtlvj gk d`s tkrrlt`rl`s quk bukr`f slkfg` `eckt` gk glsputj y hjoel`s gk s`ekrjfj gksgk kd Wrjtjg` gk XjfLdgkb`fs` (:>>>).

Ojpj gk dj Uknlf @hhlgkftjd (:7)

Gk jhukrg` j dj Dky F 752 gk :8, sk kstjedkhl ufj fukvj glvlslf p`dtlhj gk dj Uknlf @hhlgkftjd, kdkvjfg` j hlfh` susgkpjrtjokft`s, j sjekr3 ]R Qrkslgkftk Mjyks (hjpltjd3 Q`z` H`d`rjg`)9 ]RL Jdt` Qjrjnujy (Bukrtk @dlop`)9 ]RLL Hmjh`(Ojy`r Djnkrkfzj)9 ]RLLL Fukvj Jsufhlf (Kunkfl` J. Njrjy)9 y ]L] E`qukrf (Ojrlshjd Kstlnjrrlelj). Kstj glsp`slhlfbuk fukvjokftk hjoeljgj p`r dky gkd j` :


68/97

:87


Ojpj gk dj Kh` Uknlf Hmjqukj (5118)

Kdje`rjg` kf kd hurs` gk uf pr`ykht` gkfòlfjg` rkjs prl`rltjrljs pjrj dj h`fskrvjhlf kf hlfh` kh` rknl`fks gkXugjorlhj, j hjrn` gk dj Xkhrktjrj gkd Joelkftk y vjrl`s `tr`s `rnjflso`s quk sk skjdjf kf kd hujgr` jfkx`. Djprk`hupjhlf nuekrfjokftjd p`r kd brnld kquldlerl` kh`dnlh` gk dj kh` rknlf hmjqukj hòkfz j ojflbkstjrsk kf d`s j`s)

Hjrtj nk`nrhj kdje`rjgj y puedlhjgj p`r kd HLJ ^`rdg Bjhte`ì, ejc` kd ttud` gk [elhjhlf ouy jpr`xlojgj gkd NrjfHmjh`. F` kspkhlhj d`s hrltkrl`s tòjg`s kf h`fslgkrjhlf pjrj gkflr kd kspjhl` bslh` rkprkskftjg`. Kf kstk glsk`,kd Hmjh` E`rkjd pjrjnujy` rkprkskftj jpr`xlojgjokftk ufj qulftj pjrtk gkd t`tjd.(H`pyrlnmt (H) 5111,511:,5115 BrkkX`btwjrk Bùfgjtl`f, Lfh. ;< Wkopdk Qdjhk, Xultk 881, E`st`f, OJ 15:::-:81> KK.[[).


69/97

:82


Ojpjs Ukglkx (511


70/97

:8=


Jsufhlf buk ufj hlugjg quk f` okrkhldj jtkfhlf gk hjrtnrjb`s ` t`pnrjb`smjstj fjdks gkd slnd` ]RLLL9 y, jufkft`fhks, s`djokftk p`r ufj `hjslfhlrhufstjfhljd3 dj prkskfhlj gk d`shòlsl`fjg`s kspj`dks gkslnfjg`s p`r

dj H`rtk mlspjfj, quk kf :>=: rkhlelkr`fdj olslf gk vljcjr jd U` gk dj Qdjtj pjrj,j pjrtlr gk jdd, rkjdlzjr d`s trjejc`s gkgkojrhjhlf gk djs p`sksl`fks mlspjfjsy dusltjfjs glspukstjs p`r kd trjtjg` gkdQjrg`, gk :>>=. Kf dj sknufgj gkdknjhlfvlf` Jfgrs gk @yjrvlgk, kf dj tkrhkrjBdlx gk Jzjrj y Cudl` Ujof gk Hsjr,qulkfks glskjr`f ojpjs hò` pjrtkgk sus tjrkjs9 kf dj hujrtj ddkn CujfBrjfhlsh` Jnulrrk, kf :>=7, j qulkfsk gkek ufj hòpdktj gkshrlphlf gkd

Qjrjnujy. Kd gkslftkrs p`r glskjr pdjf`sgk Jsufhlf buk p`sledkokftk hjusjgj p`rtrks bjht`rks prlfhlpjdks3 kd kxlnu` tjoj`gkd hjsh` urejf` jsufhkf`, h`f kd f`t`rl`gkspkrglnjolkft` gk djs kglhjhl`fks kfsus jdkgj`s rurjdks9 su ejcj lop`rtjfhlj

kstrjtnlh` oldltjr9 y, dj hjrkfhlj kf kstjh`d`flj gk pr`bksl`fjdks hjpjhks gkrkjdlzjr dj tjrkj thflhj. Xk hukftj, p`rkd h`ftrjrl`, h`f fuokr`sjs hrflhjsgkshrlptlvjs gk vljckr`s y rkslgkftks, gksgkkd slnd` gk su bufgjhlf.

Xus kglhl`s pedlh`s prlfhlpjdks, hò`kd bukrtk oldltjr prloltlv`, dj hjsj gknèlkrf`, dj hjsj hjpltudjr, d`s hujrtkdks,d`s tkopd`s y djs olsojs vlvlkfgjs,hjoeljr`f f` p`hjs vkhks gk dunjr gkelg`

j dj jhhlf gkstruhtlvj gk dj dduvlj y d`srjugjdks, gkd bukn`, gk djs tkroltjs ` gkdslopdk pjs` gkd tlkop` sèrk ojtkrljdkseslhjokftk gkdkzfjedks y dj gkeldlgjg gkuf sukd` gk ejsk brljedk.

Mk jqu p`r qu sk hjrkhk gk lfb`rojhlfhkrtkrj sèrk dj uelhjhlf gk d`s kglhl`spedlh`s j d` djrn` gk dj H`d`flj. D`s qukpkrvlvlkr`f, ` jqukdd`s gksjpjrkhlg`spkr` huyj uelhjhlf sk h`f`hk p`rgkshrlphl`fks prkhlsjs, bukr`f d`s dtlo`sgkd pkr`g` h`d`fljd. Kf su jbf p`rhujgrlhudjr dj pdjftj urejfj, kd Gr. Brjfhljjrrjs h`f ouhm`s gk kdd`s y f` kglhflfnuf` kf hòpkfsjhlf fl sk dk `hurrlojfgjr dkvjftjr uf pdjf` gk dj hlugjgquk qukrj rko`gkdjr, tkflkfg` j su

glsp`slhlf d`s g`s kckopdjrks glskjg`skf kd dtlo` hujrt` gkd slnd` ]RLLL p`rCudl` Ujof gk Hsjr y Bdlx gk Jzjrj.

J d` djrn` gkd slnd` ]] sk pr`guckr`ffuokr`s`s pdjf`s gk dj hjpltjd pjrjnujyj,

gkelg` jd hrkhlkftk lftkrs p`r ksjsmkrrjolkftjs y j dj glsp`fleldlgjg gkpr`bksl`fjdks t`pnrjb`s. Djs koprksjsgk d`tkjolkft`s y urejflzjhl`fks bukr`fpr`p`rhl`fjfg` lfb`rojhlf vjdl`sj kfkd hjop` gk dj pdjfloktrj, lftr`guhlkfg`djs hurvjturjs gk flvkd js hò` `tr`sgjt`s ètkflg`s h`f fukvj tkhf`d`nj,olkftrjs djs koprksjs gk lfnkflkrj hlvldjvjfzjejf kf kstugl`s gk sukd` y ojfkc`gk hurs`s pduvljdks. Dj hjrt`nrjbj jhtujdsk lfshrlek yj kf dj krj gk dj tkhf`d`nj

Qdjf`s gk Jsufhlf

b`t`nrhj sjtkdltjd, quk pr`guhkojpjs b`t`nrh`s glnltjdks gk t`g` kdpdjfktj, h`f jdt`s flvkdks gk prkhlslfy rks`duhlf. Xk d`s `brkhk kf glstlftjsvkrsl`fks pjrj us`s glbkrkfhljg`s, hò`d`s ddjojg`s t`p`nrh`s, kf d`s quk djs

okglhl`fks gk supkrhlk y hurvjs gk flvkds`f d`s kdkokft`s prlfhlpjdks. Xk glsp`fkjslolso` gk ojpjs gk fjvknjhlf, gk d`sb`rkstjdks, gk sukd`, jhubkr`s y ufj nrjfvjrlkgjg.


71/97

:71


Qdjf` gk Hsjr (:>=;)

Dkvjftjg` p`r kd lfnkflkr` Cudl` Ujof gk Hsjr. Wrjzjg` sèrk kshjdj gk 511 vjrjs, h`ftlkfk okf`r hjftlgjg gk lfb`rojhlfquk kd gk Jzjrj, slkfg` gk dj olsoj p`hj, jufquk rkvlsjg` p`r su jut`r uf j` gkspus. Gleucj h`f hdjrlgjg d`s kglhl`sprlfhlpjdks y, gjt` slnflhjtlv`, dj pkqukj kfskfjgj uvljd jourjddjgj, kf dj gkskoe`hjgurj gk uf` gk d`s jrr`y`s gkdhkftr`, sèrk kd hòlkfz` gk dj jhtujd hjddk :; gk Jn`st`, g`fgk mjerj kstjg` dj Ejmj gk d`s Hjrl`s, sltl` gk bufgjhlf gkdj hlugjg. @erj kf Eledl`tkhj gk dj Ukjd Jhjgkolj gk dj Mlst`rlj gk Ojgrlg (H`plj glnltjd nkstl`fjgj y ètkflgj p`r Dùrgks

Gujrtk).

Qdjf` Jzjrj (:>=2)

Gk d`s g`s pdjf`s gk kstk jut`r, stk ks kd os h`f`hlg`. Wrjzjg` sèrk kshjdj gk 711 vjrjs, rkdkvj dj hlugjg tjd hò` kstjejgkspdjzjgj kf kd oòkft`, ks gkhlr, h`f jpr`xlojgjokftk old sklshlkft`s oktr`s gk Kstk j @kstk y uf`s sklshlkft`s gk F`rtkj Xur. Xkjdj h`f dktrjs d`s mlt`s slnflhjtlv`s gk dj hlugjg. Kf :>


72/97

:75


Ojpj ^lsfkr (:=;>)

[f` gk d`s `hm` hujgr`s quk hòpuslkr`f ufj gk djs kglhl`fks gkd ojpj `rlnlfjd puedlhjg` kf :=>8. Ldustrj sèrk kdGkpjrtjokft` Hkftrjd y sus pjrtlg`s prlfhlpjdks. Kf g`s nrjejg`s sk rkprkskftj kd Qjdjhl` gkd H`fnrks` (Hjeldg`) y ufj vlstjpjf`rolhj gkd hjsh` urejf`, g`fgk sk gkstjhjf hujtr` hpudjs. (H`dkhhlf C`rnk Nr`ss Er`wf).

Qdjf` ^lsfkr (:=;>)

Gktjddk gkd ojpj jftkrl`r. Dj `rlkftjhlf lfusujd gkd glsk` f` loplgk èskrvjr hdjrjokftk kd rkj kglhjgj gk dj hlugjg,kxtkfglgj gksgk djs jhtujdks hjddks Mkrfjfgjrljs mjstj Wjhujr, gk @kstk j Kstk, y gksgk dj rlekrj mjstj ufj dfkj qukerjgj(Hkrr` H`r - D. J. gk Mkrrkrj - K.R. Mjkg` - @dlvj), gk F`rtk j Xur. stj ks dj hlugjg quk h`f`hlkr`f Hjrd`s Jft`fl`,Brjfhlsh` X`djf` Dpkz y sus h`ftkop`rfk`s. (H`dkhhlf C`rnk Nr`ss Er`wf).


73/97

:77


Qdjf` Hm`gjslkwlkz (:=2


74/97

:72


Qdjf` Ejuonjrt (:==7)

Gkd lfnkflkr` jrnkftlf` Jdekrt` Ejuonjrt. Gkdloltj hujtr` glstrlt`s pkr` òltk Hjtkgrjd y Dj Kfhjrfjhlf. Wrjzj kd hjuhkgk d`s :8 jrr`y`s kxlstkftks gksgk kd hkftr` mjstj Wrlflgjg, dj vj gkd bkrr`hjrrld y dj rkg vljd gk dj p`hj, pdkfjokftkh`rrksp`fglgj h`f dj jhtujd. D`s doltks gkd hjsh` hftrlh` krjf (fòkfhdjturj jhtujd)3 jd F`rtk, dj hjddk Ukpedlhj9 jd Xur,U`grnukz gk Brjfhlj9 jd Kstk, Jftkqukrj9 y jd @kstk, G`f E`sh` y kd prlokr jrr`y` gkd kxtrko` `hhlgkftjd. Oukstrj kd kstjg`prlolnkfl` gk d` quk skrj kd ejfh` Xjf Olnukd. (H`dkhhlf C`rnk Nr`ss Er`wf).

Qdjf` Jfflo` (:==;)

Loprks` y puedlhjg` kf Jsufhlf, gk jut`r prksuoledkokftk pjrjnujy`. Xkjdj := kglhl`s y sltl`s pedlh`s, 7 tkopd`s, =pdjzjs, pkr` f` h`ftlkfk lfb`rojhlf sèrk dj kxpjfslf gkd hjsh` urejf`, huy` doltk, mjhlj kd Kstk, ojrhj sèrk dj hjddkXjdt` (Erjsld), gksgk g`fgk sk suhkgjf djs nrjfgks qulftjs, j sjekr, djs gk3 Lf`hkfhlj Dpkz, Ekrfjrglf` Hjejddkr`, KfrlqukOjfnkds, Gr. Xtkwjrt, J. Qkj, Cujf N`fzdkz, Rht`r X`dkr y Qjtrlhl` Kshèjr. Ks ufj plkzj 78 x 21 hos., gk dj h`dkhhlfEkykr. @erj kf kd Ousk` Oltrk gk Eukf`s Jlrks.


75/97

:7=


Qdjf` Ekykr (:==2)

B`roj pjrtk gkd ojpj Ekykr. Qrèjedkokftk rkpr`guhk dj lfb`rojhlf gkd pdjf` jfflo` jftkrl`r, jufquk su jp`rtkhòpdkokftjrl` ks f`t`rl`, jopdljfg` lfhdus` kd gk Hm`gjslkwlkz. Oukstrj dj kxpjfslf kgldlhlj gk dj hlugjg mjhlj kd sur,sèrkpjsjfg` kd èsthud` gkd jrr`y` Cjf. Xkjdj d`s `tr`s trks hurs`s gk jnuj gkd hkftr` mlstrlh`, j sjekr, gk @kstk j Kstk3 kdCjf, kd ojy`r gk t`g`s, sknulg` p`r kd gk dj hjddk 5; gk Glhlkoerk (Hmldk), quk t`rhlkfg` kf Kd Qjrjnujy` Lfgkpkfglkftk ujmjstj dj hjddk :; gk Jn`st`, gksgk g`fgk sk glrlnj mjhlj su gkskoe`hjgurj kf dj ejmj. Kd tkrhkr`, ejcjfg` rkht` p`r dj hjddk 5;gk F`vlkoerk (F.X. gk dj Jsufhlf), jtrjvksjfg` p`r su oltjg dj pdjzj gkd Okrhjg`. Kd hujrt`, fjhlkfg` kf Wjhujr y U` Jpj(Wtk. Bjrlj) y ejcjfg` mjhlj dj ejmj p`r dj hjddk Xjf U`quk (Jftkqukrj). @erj kf kd Ousk` Oltrk gk Eukf`s Jlrks.

Qdjf` Eùrnjgk (:==


76/97

:;1


Ojpj E`urnjgk (:==kglhl`s pedlh`s. Xu bkhmj ks lfhlkrtj pkr`, j cuznjr p`r d`s f`oerks gk hjddks y pdjzjs, ks p`stkrl`r j :=


77/97

:;5


Qdjf` Jd`fs` Hrljg` (:


78/97

:;7


Qdjf` Irjus (:


79/97

:;2


Ojpj Gk Nspkrl (:


80/97

:;=


Qdjf` \nujlf 5 (:


81/97

:21


Qdjf` E`rgf (:


82/97

:25


Qdjf` Ouflhlpjd (H :


83/97

:27


Qdjf` gk dj Ejmj (:


84/97

:22


Jsufhlf y rkj Oktr`p`dltjfj (Qdjf` [XJ) (:=)

Kglhlf gk dj Jnkfhlj Fjhl`fjd gk Lojnkf y Wrjzjg` gk d`s KK.[[. Huerk dj kft`fhks ojfhmj urejfj oktr`p`dltjfj jsufhkfjkf ufj kshjdj :35;.111, h`f trks okglgjs (oktr`s, yjrgjs y olddjs) y jeufgjftk lfb`rojhlf, j sjekr d`hjdlzjhlf gk 28kglhl`s h`okrhljdks k lfgustrljdks, ::> ksh`djrks y rkdlnl`s`s, 78 koejcjgjs y h`fsudjg`s, =: nuekrfjokftjdks, 71 oldltjrks,5< sltl`s gk lftkrs pedlh` y 58 koprksjs gk skrvlhl` pedlh`9 os uf dlstjg` gk uf`s :


85/97

:2=


Jsufhlf, ejrrl`s y hjddks (51::)

Qdjf` rktlhudjg` h`fbkhhl`fjg` p`r dj Ouflhlpjdlgjg gk Jsufhlf pjrj rkpr`guhlr hjddks y ejrrl`s kf pr`ykhhl`fks gk pjftjddj.Djs dfkjs gkdloltjg`rjs gk d`s >1 ejrrl`s jsufhkf`s sk ojrhjf h`f trjz`s os nruks`s, olkftrjs quk d`s kspjhl`s vkrgks vjfplftjg`s gk ksk h`d`r.

Ojpj UKOJ (51::)

Glstlfnuk kd rkj Oktr`p`dltjfj gk Jsufhlf (JOJ) gk dj S`fj Oktr`p`dltjfj (S@OJ) y gk dj Uknlf Oktr`p`dltjfj(UKOJ). Dj prlokrj kst lftknrjgj p`r :: ouflhlpl`s h`furejg`s, dj sknufgj p`r 51 ouflhlpl`s y, dj tkrhkrj, p`r 78ouflhlpl`s gk hujtr` n`ekrfjhl`fks. Kstk ojpj rkprkskftj dj UKOJ, quk kf dj jhtujdlgjg tlkfk >1.=7> Io5 y kst mjeltjgjp`r jpr`xlojgjokftk 8.111.111 gk pkrs`fjs. Ukbkrkfhlj nk`nrhj ^NX =7, pr`ykhhlf pdjfj [WO (S`fj 5:).(Nkftldkzj gk Ekrfjrg` E`zzjf`)


86/97

:>1


Qksk j djs gksokoerjhl`fks tkrrlt`rljdkssubrlgjs gkspus gk dj nukrrj gk dj WrlpdkJdljfzj (:=2;-:=>1), kd Qjrjnujy ddknjd slnd` ]] h`f uf tkrrlt`rl` ejstjftk osvjst` quk kd quk kstjej kf h`fglhl`fksgk pèdjr y gksjrr`ddjr, lfsuhlkfhlj

quk lfguc` j vjrl`s gk sus nèlkrf`sp`stkrl`rks j dj h`ftlkfgj j kfsjyjrokglgjs p`dtlhjs, tjdks hò` kd kstoud`j dj lfolnrjhlf y dj vkftj gk tlkrrjspedlhjs. Ojs, dj jukfhlj gk kxtrjfckr`sf` jdhjfz dj lftkfslgjg fl pkrslstkfhljfkhksjrljs y, jgkos, kst`s sk dloltjr`f jjskftjrsk kf dj hjpltjd y jdkgj`s.Njfjgkr`s h`rrkftlf`s jgqulrlkr`fprjgkrjs jd sur y sur`kstk gk dj Uknlf@rlkftjd, rklflhljfg` dj jhtlvlgjg kf kskruer`.

Kftrktjft`, djs koprksjs quk hòprjr`f jdKstjg` nrjfgks kxtkfsl`fks kf kd Hmjh` ykf djs skdvjs `rlkftjdks, sk dloltjr`f jkxpd`tjr g`s ruer`s prlfhlpjdks3 ykrejojtk y kxtrjht` gk qukerjhm` ` tjflf`,jhtlvlgjgks lfsuhlkftks pjrj kd ècktlv`

gkd gksjrr`dd` rurjd.

Kst`s lfoukedks skrjf nrjgujdokftkpèdjg`s y brjhhl`fjg`s rkhlf j pjrtlr gkokgljg`s gkd slnd` ]]. Kf d`s skskftj, sklrjf jerlkfg` djs vjs gk hòuflhjhlftkrrkstrk quk d`s lftknrjrjf jd hkftr`kh`folh` y jgolflstrjtlv` gkd pjs.Jdnuf`s ojpjs oukstrjf kstk pr`hks`,mjhlfg`d` gk glvkrs`s o`g`s. D` mjhkf,jslolso`, kf rkdjhlf j dj kv`duhlf gk djs

glsputjs sèrk djs dtlojs br`ftkrjslfgktkrolfjgjs, djs gkd f`r`kstk gkdHmjh` E`rkjd. Lfb`rojf tjoelf jhkrhjgkd dkft` hrkhlolkft` gko`nrh`quk pjgkhl kd Qjrjnujy, ojrhjfg` djjpjrlhlf gk djs fukvjs d`hjdlgjgks,

puked`s y h`d`fljs, y gk djs glvlsl`fksp`dtlhjs gkd tkrrlt`rl`, sknf pr`nrksjejnrjgujdokftk dj prkskfhlj jgolflstrjtlvjgkd Kstjg`.

Xlf gugj kd slnd` ]] buk, kf ojtkrljs gkhrkhlolkft` gko`nrh` y gksjrr`dd`rurjd, os lop`rtjftk quk d`s jftkrl`rks.

Ojpjs h`ftkop`rfk`s


87/97

:>5


Ojpj Hkftrjd (H :


88/97

:>7


Ojpj Hdkt` U`okr` (:


89/97

:>2


Xugjorlhj :


90/97

:>=


Xugjorlhj :2, sk lfh`rp`r jrtlhljdokftk jd Qjrjnujy.Xd` skjdj hujtr` hlugjgks3 Jsufhlf, H`fhkphlf, Muojlt kLtjpj. J Rlddjrrlhj uelhj kf kd dunjr gk su prlokrj bufgjhlf, kf kdslnd` ]RL.

Ojpj Ujfg OhFjddy (:


91/97

:=1


Ojpj Ujfg OhFjddy (:


92/97

:=5


Jtdjs Okykrs (:)

Loprks` y puedlhjg` kf Dklpzln. Kstj hjrtj h`ftlkfk Jrnkftlfj, Hmldk, E`dlvlj, [runujy y Qjrjnujy. Wrjzj dj dfkj br`ftkrlzjgk Qjrjnujy h`f E`dlvlj s`erk ufj rkhtj s`erk kd pjrjdkd` 55, jsuolkfg` ufj s`duhlf hjrt`nrhjokftk skfhlddj, jufqukkrrfkj. F` skjdj hjrrktkrjs y, dj vj brrkj, sd` mjstj Rlddjrrlhj. Ojpj gk Jrnkftlfj y pjsks dlotr`bks (:


93/97

:=7


Ojpj Q`dtlh` (:


94/97

:=2


Ojpj Q`dtlh` (:7)

H`fbkhhl`fjg` p`r kd Lfstltut` Nk`nrh` Oldltjr pjrj us` `hljd, pedlh` y glghtlh`, h`f p`stkrl`rlgjg j dj Dky F 752 gk:8, quk kstjedkhl ufj fukvj glvlslf p`dtlhj gk dj Uknlf @hhlgkftjd. Kstj glvlslf buk sustltulgj p`r `trj kf vlrtug gk djDky F >: gk :


95/97

:==


Ojpjs Jnr`folh`s : y 5 (:


96/97

:


97/97

Jdeuo Mlstrlh` - Nk`nrbh` gkd Qjrjnujy

album historico - geografico del paraguay 2011 - portalguarani

Documents