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Contingency Analysis of Power System using Power Flow Akshay Shah (ars2212) Abstract Contingency analysis (CA) is an important tool in the Energy Management System both for design and operation of a power network. It analyses the system security and the need for a remedy in case of a fault in the network. This paper performs (N1), (N2) and (N3) contingency analysis on two standard IEEE test cases and shows the difficulty of scaling this analysis for a higher (Nx) given the exponential increase in time take between different levels. Keywords Contingency Analysis, Power System Stability, Power Flow I. Introduction Contingency analysis (CA) is a key component of operating today’s energy management system (EMS). It is used to tell operators what might happen in case of an equipment outage. It analyses whether the system can still operates within limits upon facing an outage or whether the under voltages and overloads require a remedy. It is key part of what the operator does to avoid equipment damage and to minimize customer outages. i II. Motivation The security of a power grid has come into increased focus given the emerging concerns around the threat to a power network from terrorism. A recent report widely circulated in the national media concluded that the U.S. could suffer a national blackout, if only nine out of fifty five substations were knocked out. ii This underscores the importance of contingency analysis, which calculates power system stability upon disabling some parts of the network. III. Typical Causes of Faults The most common cases of contingencies on a power network involve equipment failure, either a loss of a generating unit, or a loss of a transmission component including a transmission line, transformer, substation bus or switching gear. Furthermore failure can be single or multiple if relay failures are taken into account. The other common causes of faults are weather related and the distribution of causes varies by utility (Figure 1.0).

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Contingency  Analysis  of  Power  System  using  Power  Flow  

Akshay  Shah  (ars2212)    Abstract    

Contingency  analysis  (CA)  is  an  important  tool  in  the  Energy  Management  System  both  for  design  and  operation  of  a  power  network.  It  analyses  the  system  security  and  the  need  for  a  remedy  in  case  of  a  fault  in  the  network.    

This  paper  performs  (N-­‐1),  (N-­‐2)  and  (N-­‐3)  contingency  analysis  on  two  standard  IEEE  test  cases  and  shows  the  difficulty  of  scaling  this  analysis  for  a  higher  (N-­‐x)  given  the  exponential  increase  in  time  take  between  different  levels.    Keywords  -­‐  Contingency  Analysis,  Power  System  Stability,  Power  Flow    I.  Introduction      

Contingency  analysis  (CA)  is  a  key  component  of  operating  today’s  energy  management  system  (EMS).  It  is  used  to  tell  operators  what  might  happen  in  case  of  an  equipment  outage.  It  analyses  whether  the  system  can  still  operates  within  limits  upon  facing  an  outage  or  whether  the  under  voltages  and  overloads  require  a  remedy.  It  is  key  part  of  what  the  operator  does  to  avoid  equipment  damage  and  to  minimize  customer  outages.  i    II.  Motivation  

 The  security  of  a  power  grid  has  come  into  increased  focus  given  the  

emerging  concerns  around  the  threat  to  a  power  network  from  terrorism.  A  recent  report  widely  circulated  in  the  national  media  concluded  that  the  U.S.  could  suffer  a  national  blackout,  if  only  nine  out  of  fifty  five  substations  were  knocked  out.  ii  This  underscores  the  importance  of  contingency  analysis,  which  calculates  power  system  stability  upon  disabling  some  parts  of  the  network.      III.  Typical  Causes  of  Faults         The  most  common  cases  of  contingencies  on  a  power  network  involve  equipment  failure,  either  a  loss  of  a  generating  unit,  or  a  loss  of  a  transmission  component  including  a  transmission  line,  transformer,  substation  bus  or  switching  gear.  Furthermore  failure  can  be  single  or  multiple  if  relay  failures  are  taken  into  account.  The  other  common  causes  of  faults  are  weather  related  and  the  distribution  of  causes  varies  by  utility  (Figure  1.0).    

   

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Figure  1.0  –  Typical  Causes  of  Faults  

iii  Source:  Richard  Brown.  Electric  Power  Distribution  Reliability    IV.  Use  Cases  of  Contingency  Analysis         CA  is  used  in  the  planning  stage  of  designing  a  network  to  evaluate  feasibility  and  security,  which  is  based  on  the  ability  of  the  network  to  resist  failures.  CA  is  also  used  on  a  live  network  at  regular  intervals  to  evaluate  new  system  conditions.  Weak  elements  are  defined  as  those  that  have  overloads  or  under  voltages  under  the  conditions  of  contingency.  The  basic  methodology  is  to  disable  a  particular  part  (branch)  and  evaluate  network  stability  using  power  flow  equation.  The  number  of  branches  disabled  determines  the  (N-­‐x)  contingency  analysis.  If  only  one  branch  is  disabled  we  have  (N-­‐1)  contingency  analysis.  Based  on  this  analysis  operators  can  device  a  ranking  to  prioritize  transmission  planning.iv    V.  Methodology  for  Simulation       CA  was  performed  using  the  Matlab  software  and  the  MatPower  4.1  library  (PSERC,  Cornell  University)  to  perform  power  flow  calculations  for  a  given  power  network.  The  MatPower  library’s  power  flow  function  searches  for  convergence  using  Newton’s  method.  If  convergence  is  not  found  in  10  iterations,  we  infer  that  the  network  is  unstable  and  requires  a  remedy,  as  a  solution  to  the  power  flow  equation  was  not  found.  The  success  or  failure  of  the  convergence  was  noted,  along  with  the  information  of  which  bus  was  enabled  or  not.  An  (N-­‐1),  (N-­‐2)  and  (N-­‐3)  was  performed  on  different  power  network  test  cases.  The  power  networks  used  for  the  simulation  were  the  standard  IEEE  test  casesv.  CA  was  done  for  IEEE  Case  30  (Figure  2.0),  which  had  30  buses  and  41  branches  and  IEEE  Case  300,  which  had  300  buses  and  411  branches.  The  IEEE  30  case  was  chosen  because  of  its  relative  

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simplicity  for  initial  analysis.  The  IEEE  300  was  chosen  to  see  how  the  analysis  would  translate  to  larger  networks,  with  more  complexity.  The  example  codes  for  the  simulations  can  be  found  in  the  appendix.      VI.  Results  for  IEEE  Case  30      

This  case  represents  a  real  network  that  was  a  portion  of  the  American  Electric  Power  System  (in  the  Midwestern  US)  as  of  December  1961.  It  has  30  buses  and  41  branches.  A  drawback  of  this  case  is  that  it  doesn’t  have  line  limits.  A  bus  diagram  representation  can  be  seen  in  Figure  2.0.      

(N-­‐1)  Contingency  analysis  of  this  network  was  performed  by  iteratively  switching  off  one  bus  for  each  of  the  41  buses  and  checking  for  convergence.  The  analysis  revealed  that  convergence  was  not  found  upon  switching  off  the  13th,  16th  or  34th  branches.  These  branches  correspond  to  the  connections  from  bus  9  to  11,  12  to  13  and  25  to  26  respectively  (see  Figure  2.0).  This  intuitively  makes  sense  as  the  first  two  cases  disconnect  the  synchronous  generator  and  the  last  case  is  connected  to  a  load  with  a  single  line  and  no  redundancy.      

Figure  2.0  –  IEEE  Test  Case  30,  with  the  failure  nodes  for  N-­‐1  CA  circled    

 Source:  University  of  Washington,  EE  Department      

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(N-­‐2)  Contingency  analysis  of  this  network  was  performed  by  iteratively  disabling  two  branches  of  the  network  at  a  time  and  looking  for  convergence,  the  results  of  which  are  seen  in  Figure  3.0.  The  figure  shows  are  41X41  matrix  with  each  cell  representing  the  success  or  failure  in  finding  convergence.  Yellow  represents  failure,  while  red  represents  success.  As  expected  (N-­‐2)  convergence  will  fail  for  every  branch  in  which  the  (N-­‐1)  convergence  failed.  This  gives  us  our  yellow  bands,  which  are  seen  for  rows  and  column  number  13,16,  and  34.  The  other  yellow  boxes  are  the  ones  where  the  network  would  not  have  failed  if  either  of  the  branches  were  enabled.  The  matrix  is  also  completely  symmetric  as  expected.      

Figure  3.0  –  Result  of  (N-­‐2)  CA  on  IEEE  Test  Case  30  

   

(N-­‐3)  Contingency  analysis  of  this  network  was  performed  by  iteratively  disabling  three  branches  of  the  network  at  a  time  and  looking  for  convergence,  the  results  of  which  are  seen  in  Figure  4.0.  The  figure  shows  are  41X41X41  matrix  with  each  cell  representing  the  success  or  failure  of  convergence.  Yellow  represents  success,  while  red  represents  failure  (Note  opposite  coloring  scheme  from  the  N-­‐2  case).  The  matrix  is  again  completely  symmetric,  as  expected.    To  get  a  more  intuitive  understanding  of  what  is  happening  we  can  sum  over  the  number  of  failures  on  the  3rd  dimension.  The  results  of  this  are  seen  in  Figure  5.0.  We  can  see  that  we  have  an  (N-­‐3)  failure  whenever  we  have  an  (N-­‐2)  failure.  The  situations  in  which  we  would  not  have  had  a  failure  if  one  of  the  branches  were  active  can  be  seen  in  the  undulations  next  to  the  origin  where  we  have  about  6-­‐7  failures  for  a  particular  entry  of  the  matrix.      

     

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Figure  4.0  –  Result  of  (N-­‐3)  CA  on  IEEE  Test  Case  30  

   

Figure  5.0  –  (N-­‐3)  CA  on  IEEE  Test  Case  30,  with  3rd  Dimension  Summed  Over  

   

An  important  consideration  while  performing  CA  is  the  time  taken  for  the  analysis.  The  summary  results  and  time  taken  to  run  the  programs  are  listed  in  Table  1.0.  Note  that  the  time  taken  increases  exponentially  when  increasing  x  for  a  (N-­‐x)  analysis.  This  is  because  the  number  of  iterations  increases  exponentially.  The  time  taken  is  also  driven  by  the  %  of  the  failures  as  the  newton  convergence  for  failure  does  10  iterations,  whereas  success  is  typically  achieved  in  less  than  4  iterations.  The  N-­‐1  case  has  constant  overheads,  but  the  increase  in  Time/Iterations  from  N-­‐2  to  N-­‐3  can  be  attributed  to  the  increase  in  number  of  failures.  Note  that  the  increase  in  %  of  failures  from  N-­‐2  to  N-­‐3  is  quite  significant,  it  rises  from  17%  to  29%.    

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 Table  1.0  –  Results  of  the  CA  for  IEEE  Case  30  and  time  taken  for  the  simulation    

IEEE  CASE  30   Number  of  iterations   Time(s)   Number  of  Failures   Failures/Iterations   Time/Iterations  N-­‐1   41   1.678   3   7.32%   0.040926829  N-­‐2   1681   65.233   289   17.19%   0.038806068  N-­‐3   68921   3360.781   19797   28.72%   0.048762801  

 VII.  Results  for  IEEE  Case  300    

This  case  was  made  by  Mike  Adibi  in  1993  for  the  IEEE  Test  Systems  Task  Force.  It  has  300  buses  and  411  branches.  Unlike  Case30  it  has  line  limits,  which  is  part  of  the  reason  we  shall  a  higher  failure  rate  for  this  system.  The  motivation  for  choosing  this  case  was  to  see  how  CA  scales  with  an  increase  in  number  of  buses.      

(N-­‐1)  Contingency  analysis  was  performed  by  iteratively  disabling  each  of  the  411  buses,  the  results  of  which  can  be  seen  in  Figure  6.0.  The  white  bands  represent  failure  and  the  blue  bands  represent  success.    The  significant  change  from  Case  30  is  that  the  failure  rate  is  much  higher  (25%)  and  the  time  taken  for  each  iteration  is  a  significant  5  times  larger  than  Case  30.  See  Table  2.0  for  time  taken  results.      Figure  6.0  –  Result  of  (N-­‐1)  on  IEEE  Test  Case  300,  white  is  failure,  blue  is  success  

     

(N-­‐2)  Contingency  analysis  of  this  network  was  performed  by  iteratively  disabling  two  branches  of  the  network  at  a  time  and  looking  for  convergence,  the  results  of  which  are  seen  in  Figure  7.0.  The  figure  shows  are  411X411  matrix  with  each  cell  representing  the  success  or  failure  of  convergence.  Yellow  represents  success,  while  red  represents  failure.  As  expected,  the  matrix  is  symmetric  and  we  

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have  failure  in  (N-­‐2)  whenever  we  have  failure  in  (N-­‐1).  From  Table  2.0  we  see  that  number  of  iterations  increases  exponentially  and  (N-­‐2)  requires  411^2  iterations.    

 Figure  7.0  –  Result  of  (N-­‐2)  on  IEEE  Test  Case  300,  Red  is  failure,  Yellow  is  success  

     

An  (N-­‐3)  analysis  was  not  performed,  as  it  would  have  taken  a  very  large  amount  of  time.  (N-­‐2)  analysis  required  41623  seconds  (~11.5  hours)  and  (N-­‐3)  would  have  at  least  taken  17107253.57  s  (~4752  hours).  Note  also  the  significant  increase  in  Failure  %  and  increase  in  time  per  iteration  in  Table  2.0.      Table  2.0  -­‐  Results  of  the  CA  for  IEEE  Case  300  and  time  taken  for  the  simulation  

IEEE  CASE  300  

Number  of  iterations   Time(s)   Number  of  Failures   Failures/Iterations   Time/Iterations  

N-­‐1   411   81.664   105   25.55%   0.198695864  N-­‐2   168921   41623.488   75603   44.76%   0.246408013  N-­‐3   69426531   17107253.57      -­‐-­‐  >  Estimation      

 Conclusion      

This  paper  performed  contingency  analysis  on  different  IEEE  test  cases.  The  major  limitation  in  continuing  this  analysis  was  the  amount  of  time  CA  takes  for  larger  systems  (with  more  buses)  and  to  perform  analysis  in  greater  depth,  i.e.  (N-­‐x)  with  x>3.  This  is  due  to  the  exponential  time  it  takes  for  an  increase  in  the  depth  of  the  analysis.  Finding  a  better  algorithm  to  perform  this  is  an  active  area  of  research  with  efforts  such  as  particle  swarm  optimizationvi,  contingency  screeningvii  and  many  more.  There  is  even  an  area  of  study  on  how  unsolvable  there  problems  can  beviii.  While  this  paper  does  not  offer  a  solution  to  this  complex  problem,  it  shows  us  using  standard  cases  why  this  is  a  hard  to  problem  and  also  an  important  one.      

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Appendix      Example  code  used  to  perform  CA      (This  one  is  for  N-­‐1  and  IEEE  Case  30)    

   (This  one  is  for  N-­‐2  and  IEEE  Case  300)    

       

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References                                                                                                                    i  R.  Bacher,  “Graphical  Interaction  and  Visualization  for  the  Analysis  and    ii  Smith,  Rebecca.  "U.S.  Risks  National  Blackout  from  Small  Scale  Attack."  The  Wall  Street  Journal.  Dow  Jones  &  Company,  12  Mar.  2014.  Web.  15  May  2014.    iii  Brown,  Richard  E.  Electric  Power  Distribution  Reliability.  Boca  Raton,  FL:  CRC,  2009.  Print.    iv  G.  C.  Ejebe  and  B.F.  Wollenberg,  “Automatic  Contingency  Selection”,  IEEE  Trans.  on.  PAS-­‐98,  pp.  97-­‐109,  Jan/Feb  1979.      v  Power  Systems  Test  Case  Archive.  University  of  Washington,  Department  of  Electrical  Engineering,  n.d.  Web.      vi  H.  Yoshida,  K.  Kawata,  Y.  Fukuyama,  S.  Takayama,  and  Y.  Nakanishi  "A  particle  swarm  optimization  for  reactive  power  and  voltage  control  considering  voltage  security  assessment",  ibid.,  vol.  15,  pp.  1232-­‐1239,  Nov.,  2000      vii  G.  C.  Ejebe,  G.  D.  Irisarri,  S.  Mokhtari,  O.  Obadina,  P.  Ristanovic,  and  J.  Tong,    "Methods  for  contingency  screening  and  ranking  for  voltage  stability  analysis  of  power  systems",    Proc.  PICA  Conf.,    pp.249  -­‐255  1995      viii  T.  J.  Overbye,    "A  power  flow  solvability  measure  for  unsolvable  cases",    IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9, pp.1359 -1365 1994