Introduction to PersonalityIntroduction to Personality

Personality is the set of psychological Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual traits and mechanisms within the individual that is organized and relatively enduring and that is organized and relatively enduring and that influences his or her interactions with, that influences his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic, physical, and (including the intrapsychic, physical, and social environment).social environment).

(Larsen & Buss, 2010)(Larsen & Buss, 2010)

Personality is a dynamic organization, inside Personality is a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, and patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings (Carver & Scheier, 2004).feelings (Carver & Scheier, 2004).

Consistent behavior patterns and Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within intrapersonal processes originating within the individual (Burger, 2008). the individual (Burger, 2008).

PersonalityPersonality The dynamic mental attributes and The dynamic mental attributes and

processes that determine individuals’ emotional processes that determine individuals’ emotional and behavioral adjustments to their and behavioral adjustments to their environments (Phillips). environments (Phillips).

3 Levels of Personality Analysis3 Levels of Personality Analysis Human NatureHuman Nature Individual and Group DifferencesIndividual and Group Differences Individual UniquenessIndividual Uniqueness

Human NatureHuman Nature How we are “like all others”How we are “like all others” Traits and mechanisms of personality that Traits and mechanisms of personality that

are typical of our species and possessed by are typical of our species and possessed by nearly everyonenearly everyone

Individual and Group Differences Individual and Group Differences How we are “like some others”How we are “like some others” Individual differences refer to ways in which Individual differences refer to ways in which

each person is like each person is like somesome other people (e.g., other people (e.g., extraverts, sensations-seekers, high self-extraverts, sensations-seekers, high self-esteem persons)esteem persons)

Individual and Group DifferencesIndividual and Group Differences Group differences refer to ways in which the Group differences refer to ways in which the

people of one group differ from people in people of one group differ from people in another group (e.g., cultural differences, age another group (e.g., cultural differences, age differences)differences)

Individual Uniqueness Individual Uniqueness How we are “like no others”How we are “like no others” Individual uniqueness refers to the fact that Individual uniqueness refers to the fact that

every individual has personal and unique every individual has personal and unique qualities not shared by any other person in qualities not shared by any other person in the worldthe world

Individuals can be studied nomothetically or Individuals can be studied nomothetically or ideographicallyideographically

Nomothetic = research typically involves Nomothetic = research typically involves statistical comparison of individuals or statistical comparison of individuals or groups, requiring samples of subjects on groups, requiring samples of subjects on which to conduct research.which to conduct research.

Idiographic = research typically focuses on Idiographic = research typically focuses on a single subject, trying to observe general a single subject, trying to observe general principles that are manifest in a single life principles that are manifest in a single life over time. over time.

Domains of KnowledgeDomains of Knowledge Domain of knowledge is a specialty area of Domain of knowledge is a specialty area of

science and scholarship, where psychologists science and scholarship, where psychologists have focused on learning about specific and have focused on learning about specific and limited aspects of human naturelimited aspects of human nature

This specialization is reasonable, but we This specialization is reasonable, but we must strive to integrate diverse domains of must strive to integrate diverse domains of knowledge to get the “big picture” of knowledge to get the “big picture” of personalitypersonality

Six Domains of Knowledge Six Domains of Knowledge (Larsen & Buss, 2010)(Larsen & Buss, 2010)

Dispositional (trait approach)Dispositional (trait approach) BiologicalBiological IntrapsychicIntrapsychic Cognitive-ExperientialCognitive-Experiential Social and CulturalSocial and Cultural AdjustmentAdjustment (Humanistic (Humanistic Behavioral/social learning) Behavioral/social learning)

Dispositional DomainDispositional Domain Deals with ways in which individuals differ Deals with ways in which individuals differ

from one another and, therefore, cuts across from one another and, therefore, cuts across all other domainsall other domains

Focus on number and nature of fundamental Focus on number and nature of fundamental dispositionsdispositions

Goal of those working in this domain is to Goal of those working in this domain is to identify and measure the most important identify and measure the most important ways in which individuals differ from one ways in which individuals differ from one anotheranother

Also interested in the origin of individual Also interested in the origin of individual differences and how these develop over differences and how these develop over timetime

Biological DomainBiological Domain Core assumption of biological approaches Core assumption of biological approaches

to personality is that humans are to personality is that humans are collections of biological systems, and collections of biological systems, and these systems provide building blocks for these systems provide building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotionbehavior, thought, and emotion

Behavioral genetics of personalityBehavioral genetics of personality Psychophysiology of personalityPsychophysiology of personality Evolutionary personality psychologyEvolutionary personality psychology

Intrapsychic DomainIntrapsychic Domain Deals with mental mechanisms of Deals with mental mechanisms of

personality, many of which operate outside personality, many of which operate outside conscious awarenessconscious awareness

Classic and modern versions of Freud’s Classic and modern versions of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, including work theory of psychoanalysis, including work on repression, denial, projection, and on repression, denial, projection, and motives for power, achievement, and motives for power, achievement, and affiliationaffiliation

Cognitive-Experiential DomainCognitive-Experiential Domain Focuses on cognition and subjective Focuses on cognition and subjective

experience, such as conscious thoughts, experience, such as conscious thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires about oneself feelings, beliefs, and desires about oneself and othersand others

Self and self-conceptSelf and self-conceptGoals we set and strive to meetGoals we set and strive to meetEmotional experiences, in general and Emotional experiences, in general and

over timeover time

Social and Cultural DomainSocial and Cultural Domain Assumption that personality affects, and is Assumption that personality affects, and is

affected by, cultural and social contextsaffected by, cultural and social contexts Much work on cultural differences between Much work on cultural differences between

groups (e.g., in social acceptability of groups (e.g., in social acceptability of aggression)aggression)

Also much work on individual differences Also much work on individual differences within cultures—how personality plays out within cultures—how personality plays out in the social sphere, including work on sex in the social sphere, including work on sex differences and gender differences in differences and gender differences in personality processes, traits, and personality processes, traits, and mechanismsmechanisms

At human nature level of analysis, all At human nature level of analysis, all humans have common set of concerns humans have common set of concerns they struggle with in the social spherethey struggle with in the social sphere

Adjustment DomainAdjustment Domain Personality plays key role in how we cope, Personality plays key role in how we cope,

adapt, and adjust to events in daily lifeadapt, and adjust to events in daily life Personality linked with important health Personality linked with important health

outcomes and problems in coping and outcomes and problems in coping and adjustmentadjustment

Two Fundamental Issues in Personality Two Fundamental Issues in Personality PsychologyPsychology

Individual differencesIndividual differences Intrapersonal functioningIntrapersonal functioning

AGGRESSIONAGGRESSION DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION

Scientific theories need to be distinguished Scientific theories need to be distinguished from beliefsfrom beliefs

Beliefs are based on leaps of faith, not Beliefs are based on leaps of faith, not on reliable facts and systematic on reliable facts and systematic observations, whereas theories are observations, whereas theories are based on systematic observations that based on systematic observations that can be repeated by others to yield can be repeated by others to yield similar conclusions.similar conclusions.

A scientific A scientific theory theory is a set of related is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.testable hypotheses.

A A hypothesishypothesis is an educated guess or is an educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of the scientific be tested through the use of the scientific method.method.

Hypothesis

Research

Research data

TheoryTheory gives

meaning to data

Data reshape theory

The interaction among theory, hypotheses, research, and research data (Feist & Feist, 2006, 6th ed.)

Theory in Personality PsychologyTheory in Personality Psychology What do theories do?What do theories do?

- เป็นแนวทางใหกั้บนักวจิยั- อธบิายหรอืจดัระบบขอ้ค้นพบท่ีได้- ทำานาย

มาตรฐานในการประเมนิทฤษฎีมาตรฐานในการประเมนิทฤษฎี ComprehensiveComprehensive Heuristic value: Heuristic value: ชีแ้นะหรอืทำานายปรากฏการณ์ชีแ้นะหรอืทำานายปรากฏการณ์

ใหม่ๆ ที่ยงัไมม่กีารค้นพบมาก่อน ใหม่ๆ ที่ยงัไมม่กีารค้นพบมาก่อน TestabilityTestability ParsimonyParsimony Compatibility and integration across Compatibility and integration across

domains and levels domains and levels

Why different theories?Why different theories? Is there a grand ultimate and true theory of Is there a grand ultimate and true theory of

personality?personality?

Inventory = A device that assesses several

dimensions of personality

Subjective = require interpretation of the behavior

Objective = the measure itself is objective.

- The process of measuring personality

ReliabilityReliability ((ความเที่ยงความเที่ยง)) High degree of consistency or repeatabilityHigh degree of consistency or repeatability

1. Internal reliability (or internal 1. Internal reliability (or internal consistency)consistency)

- reliability within a set of observations of the reliability within a set of observations of the same aspect of personality (consistent within same aspect of personality (consistent within the test)the test)

- - Split-half reliabilitySplit-half reliability

2. Inter-rater reliability (agreement between raters)

3. test-retest reliability (consistent across time)

Validity (Validity (ความตรงความตรง)) What you are measuring is what you think What you are measuring is what you think

you are measuring.you are measuring.- Conceptual definition- Conceptual definition- Operational definition- Operational definition

ประเภทของความตรงประเภทของความตรง1. Construct validity1. Construct validity- The measure (the assessment device) The measure (the assessment device)

accurately reflects the construct (the accurately reflects the construct (the conceptual quality) that the psychologist conceptual quality) that the psychologist has in mind.has in mind.

- กลุ่มสงูกลุ่มสงู--กลุ่มตำ่ากลุ่มตำ่า

Criterion-related validity Criterion-related validity

2. Concurrent validity2. Concurrent validity สอดคล้องกับเครื่องมอือ่ืนที่ได้มาตรฐานสอดคล้องกับเครื่องมอือ่ืนที่ได้มาตรฐาน มาตรวดั มาตรวดั & & การสงัเกตการสงัเกต

3. Predictive validity 3. Predictive validity เชน่ คะแนน เชน่ คะแนน GRE GRE สามารถทำานายความสำาเรจ็ในการเรยีนปรญิญาสามารถทำานายความสำาเรจ็ในการเรยีนปรญิญาเอกเอก

4. Content validity4. Content validity 5. Face validity5. Face validity ผู้เชีย่วชาญผู้เชีย่วชาญ

- Culture and validity- Culture and validity

Convergent validityConvergent validity

Showing that the measure relates to Showing that the measure relates to characteristics that are similar to, but not characteristics that are similar to, but not the same as, what it is supposed to the same as, what it is supposed to measure.measure.

The correlations should be far from perfect The correlations should be far from perfect because there are not the same because there are not the same constructs, but the correlations should not constructs, but the correlations should not be zero.be zero.

Discriminant validityDiscriminant validity

It does not measure qualities it is not It does not measure qualities it is not intended to measure.intended to measure.

Response setsResponse sets A response set is a psychological A response set is a psychological

orientation, a readiness to answer in a orientation, a readiness to answer in a particular way particular way

- The tendency to say “yes” = acquiescenceThe tendency to say “yes” = acquiescence- Social desirabilitySocial desirability

การพฒันาแบบวดัการพฒันาแบบวดั Rational or Theoretical ApproachRational or Theoretical Approach Empirical Approach Empirical Approach

Evaluation of Personality MeasuresEvaluation of Personality Measures

1.1. ReliabilityReliability

2.2. ValidityValidity

3.3. Generality (or Generalizability)Generality (or Generalizability)

Sources of Personality Data

- Self-Report data (S-Data): interview, questionnaire

- Observer-report data (O-Data)

(naturalistic vs. artificial observation)

-Test Data (T-Data): standardized tests, mechanical recording devices, physiological data, projective techniques

- Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)

Research Designs in PersonalityResearch Designs in Personality

1.1. Experimental MethodsExperimental Methods2.2. Correlational studiesCorrelational studies3.3. Case StudiesCase Studies

Source: Carver & Scheier, 2004 (5th ed., p. 21)

Source: Carver & Scheier, 2004 (5th ed., p. 24)

Source: Carver & Scheier, 2004 (5th ed., p. 27)

Correlation coefficientCorrelation coefficient Statistically significantStatistically significant Descriptive statisticsDescriptive statistics Inferential statistics Inferential statistics

Search for causalitySearch for causality Experimental research/ methodExperimental research/ method Independent variable Independent variable Experimental controlExperimental control Random assignmentRandom assignment Dependent variableDependent variable

Source: Carver & Scheier, 2004 (5th ed., p. 29)

Source: Carver & Scheier, 2004 (5th ed., p. 31)

Multifactor studies

Source: Carver & Scheier, 2004 (5th ed., p. 33)

Demographic CharacteristicsDemographic Characteristics

PersonalityPersonality

IntelligenceIntelligence

Demographic CharacteristicsDemographic Characteristics

Physical and observable characteristics of Physical and observable characteristics of individuals, including gender, ethnicity, and individuals, including gender, ethnicity, and ageage

Trait Trait Achievement motivationAchievement motivation Fear of failureFear of failure Tolerance for ambiguityTolerance for ambiguity

Assessing Ambiguity Tolerance in an Assessing Ambiguity Tolerance in an Interview (Phillips & Gully, 2012)Interview (Phillips & Gully, 2012)

1.1. Tell me about a time at work when the line of Tell me about a time at work when the line of control was confusing. What did you do?control was confusing. What did you do?

2.2. Describe a time when the expectations for a Describe a time when the expectations for a project were unclear. What did you do?project were unclear. What did you do?

3.3. Tell me about a time when you had conflicting Tell me about a time when you had conflicting goals given to you at work. How did you stay goals given to you at work. How did you stay effective?effective?

4.4. Describe a time when you were in a workgroup Describe a time when you were in a workgroup and it wasn’t clear what you were supposed to and it wasn’t clear what you were supposed to do. How did you handle the situation?do. How did you handle the situation?

Locus of ControlLocus of Control The degree to which a person generally perceives The degree to which a person generally perceives

events to beevents to be under his or her control or under the control of othersunder his or her control or under the control of others

Personality Type A and Type B

Type A: impatient, competitive, ambitious and uptightType B: relaxed and easy going

““Big Five” Personality FrameworkBig Five” Personality Framework ExtroversionExtroversion Emotional stabilityEmotional stability AgreeablenessAgreeableness ConscientiousnessConscientiousness Openness to experienceOpenness to experience

MachiavellianismMachiavellianism

The Bullying PersonalityThe Bullying Personality

Where Does Personality Come From?Where Does Personality Come From?

The Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorThe Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Extraversion (E) / Introversion (I)Extraversion (E) / Introversion (I)Sensing (S) / Intuition (N)Sensing (S) / Intuition (N)Thinking (T) / Feeling (F)Thinking (T) / Feeling (F)Judging (J) / Perceiving (P)Judging (J) / Perceiving (P)

The Role of the SituationThe Role of the Situation

IntelligenceIntelligence General mental abilityGeneral mental ability Information processing Information processing Verbal abilityVerbal ability Emotional intelligenceEmotional intelligence

Self-awarenessSelf-awareness Self-motivationSelf-motivation Self-managementSelf-management EmpathyEmpathy Social skillsSocial skills

Type of IntelligenceType of Intelligence Related CareersRelated Careers Preferred Preferred Learning StyleLearning Style

Bodily-KinestheticBodily-Kinesthetic: : physical agility and physical agility and balance; body control; balance; body control; hand-eye coordinationhand-eye coordination

Athletes, Athletes, firefighters, firefighters, chefs, actors, chefs, actors, gardenersgardeners

Touch and feel, Touch and feel, physical physical experienceexperience

InterpersonalInterpersonal: ability to : ability to relate to others and relate to others and perceive their feelings; perceive their feelings; interprets behaviors of interprets behaviors of others; relates to others; relates to emotional intelligenceemotional intelligence

Psychologists, Psychologists, doctors, doctors, educators, educators, salespeople, salespeople, politicianspoliticians

Human contact, Human contact, teamworkteamwork

IntrapersonalIntrapersonal: self-: self-awareness; understands awareness; understands oneself and one’s oneself and one’s relationship to others and relationship to others and to the world; relates to to the world; relates to emotional intelligence emotional intelligence

Related to Related to success in success in almost all almost all careerscareers

Self-reflection, Self-reflection, self-discoveryself-discovery

Type of IntelligenceType of Intelligence Related CareersRelated Careers Preferred Preferred Learning StyleLearning Style

Linguistic:Linguistic: verbal and written verbal and written language; explaining and language; explaining and interpreting ideas and interpreting ideas and informationinformation

Authors, speakers, Authors, speakers, lawyers, TV and lawyers, TV and radio hosts, radio hosts, translatorstranslators

Verbal and Verbal and written words written words and languageand language

Logical-Mathematical:Logical-Mathematical: logic logic and pattern detection; and pattern detection; analytical; problem solving; analytical; problem solving; excels at mathexcels at math

Engineers, directors, Engineers, directors, scientists, scientists, researchers, researchers, accountants, accountants, statisticiansstatisticians

Logic and Logic and numbersnumbers

Musical:Musical: recognition of rhythm recognition of rhythm and tonal patterns; musical and tonal patterns; musical ability; high awareness and ability; high awareness and use of sounduse of sound

Musicians, DJs, Musicians, DJs, music teachers, music teachers, acoustic engineers, acoustic engineers, music producers, music producers, composerscomposers

Music, sounds, Music, sounds, rhythmrhythm

Spatial-Visual:Spatial-Visual: creation and creation and interpretation of visual images; interpretation of visual images; visual and special perceptionvisual and special perception

Artists, engineers, Artists, engineers, photographers, photographers, inventors, beauty inventors, beauty consultantsconsultants

Pictures, Pictures, shapes, visuallyshapes, visually

8. Naturalistic8. Naturalistic 9. Existential9. Existential