Airpower Through The Post Airpower Through The Post Cold WarCold War

OverviewOverview

Background to the Conflict Iraqi threats

The Plan of Attack Concept of Operations Five Strategic Rings Targets Campaign Overview

OverviewOverview

Video Clip/Beyond the Wild Blue Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN

WATCH Operation SOUTHERN WATCH Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE

OverviewOverview

History of the Balkans Operation DENY FLIGHT Operation ALLIED FORCE

Background NATO Actions Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins

Operation ALLIED FORCE Lessons learned by U.S. Military Political Lessons Learned Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget

CFD Review

Tito

A Brief HistoryA Brief History

After World War II, monarchy abolished Communist Party leader Tito proclaimed the country the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, with himself as prime minister

Eliminating opposition, the Tito government executed Mihajlovic in 1946

Tito died in 1980, and the fragility of the federation he ruled quickly became apparent

Three Ethnic GroupsThree Ethnic Groups

Serbs - dominant in Yugoslavia's politics and army, orthodox Christianity makes them natural allies of Russia.

Croats - Roman Catholics, closer to the West than Serbs and exposed to Western influences

Muslims - living mainly in ethnically mixedtowns and cities in Bosnia -Herzegovina.

The Crisis in BosniaThe Crisis in Bosnia

Oct 1992, UN Security Council Resolution 781, established a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina.

Operation Deny Flight Enforced the no-fly zone Provided close air support to UN troops Conducted approved air strikes under a

"dual-key” command arrangement with the U.N.

28 Feb 94, NATO aircraft shot down four warplanes violating the no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina This was the first military engagement

ever undertaken by the Alliance.

The Crisis in BosniaThe Crisis in Bosnia

NATO objectives Bosnian Serb compliance to cease attacks on

Sarajevo and other safe areas

Withdrawal of Bosnian Serb heavy weapons from

the total exclusion zone around Sarajevo

Complete freedom of movement for UN Forces

and personnel, and

non-government officials

Unrestricted use of

Sarajevo airport

The Crisis in BosniaThe Crisis in Bosnia

NATO missions of Operation Deny Flight To conduct aerial monitoring

and enforce compliance with UN Security Council Resolution 816

To provide close air support to UN troops on the ground at the request of, and controlled by, UN forces.

To conduct approved air strikes against designated targets threatening the security of the UN-declared safe areas.

The Crisis in BosniaThe Crisis in Bosnia

Operation Deny Flight lasted from 12 Apr 1993 to 20 Dec 1995 Almost 100,000 sorties flown

A formal closure ceremony was held in Vicenza, Italy on 21 Dec 1995 Forces associated with Operation Deny Flight were then

transferred to Operation Decisive Endeavor -- as part of the overall NATO operation Joint Endeavor.

BosniaBosniaLessons LearnedLessons Learned

Lack of doctrine

Tactical air and space power problems

Bases weren’t large enough to accept the

contingency surges

Coalition/Joint problems

Technological problems

KOSOVOKOSOVO

Kosovo CrisisKosovo Crisis

Kosovo lies in southern Serbia and has a mixed population of which the majority are ethnic Albanians (Muslims)

Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic altered the status of the region, removing its autonomy and bringing it under the direct control of Belgrade, the Serbian capital

The Kosovar Albanians strenuously opposed the move

U.S. and NATO Interests at U.S. and NATO Interests at stakestake

Serb aggression threatened peace throughout the Balkans and the stability of NATO’s SE region

Belgrade’s repression in Kosovo created a humanitarian crisis of staggering proportions

President Milosevic’s conduct directly challenged the credibility of NATO

NATO ActionNATO Action

After the failure of repeated international diplomatic efforts since the Spring of 1998 to peacefully resolve the conflict in Kosovo

North Atlantic Council decided on 23 March 1999 to authorize NATO air strikes

Aimed at strategic targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, to end the repression of Kosovar Albanians by the Yugoslav government.

NATO’s ObjectivesNATO’s Objectives

A stop to all military action and the immediate ending of violence and repression;

The withdrawal from Kosovo of the military, police and paramilitary forces;

The stationing in Kosovo of an international military presence

NATO’s Objectives cont’dNATO’s Objectives cont’d

The unconditional and safe return of all refugees and displaced persons

Establish political framework agreement for Kosovo in conformity with international law

Military ObjectiveMilitary Objective

“Degrade and damage the military and security structure President Milosevic has used to depopulate and destroy the Albanian majority in Kosovo”

William Cohen, SECDEF

15 April 99

NATO Strategic ObjectivesNATO Strategic Objectives

Demonstrate seriousness of

their opposition to Belgrade’s

aggression in Balkans

Deter Milosevic’s attacks on

helpless civilians and reverse

ethnic cleansing

Damage Serbia’s capacity to

wage war against Kosovo

Lessons Learned onLessons Learned onKosovo War ObjectivesKosovo War Objectives

U.S. Grand Strategy

Maintain a peaceful, prosperous U.S.-led Europe

Convince NATO to transition from old Cold War common defense against external threats to new Continental security coalition

Persuade NATO to acquire means and will to conduct “out of area” military ops

European Strategy

Maintain a peaceful, prosperous & independent Europe

Prevent spillover into Albania & Macedonia,thence to Greece & Turkey

Maintain NATO relationship with Russia and give it a role in helping end the crisis

Demonstrate European unity

Kosovo War Aims Stop the Serbian

slaughter & expulsion of ethnic Albanians

Remove Milosevic from power

Accomplish the above with minimal collateral damage and NATO casualties

Common Effort Concealed Widely Differing ObjectivesCommon Effort Concealed Widely Differing Objectives

Lessons Learned by Lessons Learned by U.S. MilitaryU.S. Military

U.S. air refuelers were stretched thin during the operation

Force structure “numbers” & resources are inadequate for current level of commitments (all services); Support and training as important to victory as strike

Older platforms with smart weapons may be seen as good enough, smart weapons may be better than smart platforms

Need the right force structure for the future

C4ISR is currently the weakest link in joint & coalition ops

On the brink of another hollow force

Political Lessons Learned Political Lessons Learned by Europeansby Europeans

Militarily, Europe remains dependent on Americans

Best technology, weapons & platforms “Made in U.S.A.”

Pols unwilling to pay the cost of matching unique U.S.

capabilities

U.S. cannot always be counted on to serve the

Alliance’s interests

U.S. focus shifted with opinion polls

Fear U.S. commitment could falter if U.S. forces take heavy

casualties

Political Lessons Learned Political Lessons Learned by Europeans (cont’d)by Europeans (cont’d)

EU can provide diplomatic muscle (Martti Ahtisaari saves the

day) Many foreign policy interests are similar among EU Nations

Refugee issue

Humanitarian (ethnic cleansing)

Threat of rising Islamic fundamentalism

Need to build external identity

Europe can overcome internal diversity to maintain cohesion

German Luftwaffe conducted first combat missions since 1945

Greece provided logistical support despite popular opposition

Italy and France (which have Communist ministers) offered air bases

Impact of Kosovo Lessons LearnedImpact of Kosovo Lessons Learnedon Future DOD Budget Trendson Future DOD Budget Trends

No DOD/Allied spending surge like post Desert Storm

International defense market continues to shrink

Readiness & Retention will increasingly consume $$$$ for Modernization

Inevitable Tax Cut legislation will further erode DOD budgets

Services must eventually deal with the bow wave

Old platforms with smart weapons were good enough

Congress may balk at big bills for new platforms(JSF, F-22, CVX, DD-21)

Support Forces will need big $$$$ too

“We have to make a trade between smart weapons and platforms...We need to encourage the services to concentrate more on smart weapons.”

Jacques Gansler

“We have to make a trade between smart weapons and platforms...We need to encourage the services to concentrate more on smart weapons.”

Jacques Gansler

Review of CFD ModelReview of CFD Model

Distinctive Capabilities-Air and space expertise, capabilities, and technological know-how

Functions- Broad, fundamental, and continuing activities of air and space power

Doctrine- fundamental principles which military forces guide their actions in support of national objectives

CFD ModelCFD ModelTime Period Distinctive

CapabilitiesFunctions(missions)

Doctrinal Emphasis

DESERT STORM

Air SuperiorityPrecision Engagement Global AttackInformation SuperiorityAgile Combat SupportRapid Global Mobility

Strategic AttackAir RefuelingCommand and Control (C2)CounterairSurveillance and Reconnaissance

Strategic air attack (precision weapons/stealth)

Suppress enemy air defenses

PROVIDE COMFORT/ NORTHERN WATCH

Rapid Global MobilityAir Superiority

AirliftCounter AirStrategic attackSurveillance and Reconnaissance

Protect northern Iraqi no fly zone

Humanitarian airdrops for refugees

SOUTHERN WATCH

Precision EngagementAir Superiority

Counter AirStrategic attackSurveillance and Reconnaissance

Theater attack, of military targets

PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE

Rapid Global MobilityGlobal AttackAir SuperiorityAgile Combat Support

Surveillance & ReconnaissanceCounter Air/LandStrategic AttackAirlift/Special Operations

AEF conceptStrategic AttackHumanitarian airdrops for refugees

CFD ModelCFD ModelTime Period Distinctive

CapabilitiesFunctions(missions)

Doctrinal Emphasis

DENY FLIGHT

Air SuperiorityInformation SuperiorityAgile Combat Support

CounterairSurveillance and Reconnaissance Counterland

No defined doctrine

ALLIED FORCE

Air SuperiorityPrecision Engagement

Strategic AttackCounterlandIntelligence

Strategic attacks on ethnic cleansing Serbs and military capabilities

SummarySummary

Background to the Conflict Iraqi threats

The Plan of Attack Concept of Operations Five Strategic Rings Targets Campaign Overview

SummarySummary

Video Clip/Beyond the Wild Blue Operation PROVIDE COMFORT/NORTHERN

WATCH Operation SOUTHERN WATCH Operation PROVIDE RELIEF/RESTORE HOPE

SummarySummary

History of the Balkans Operation DENY FLIGHT Operation ALLIED FORCE

Background NATO Actions Operation ALLIED FORCE Begins

Operation ALLIED FORCE Lessons learned by U.S. Military Political Lessons Learned Impact of Lessons Learned on Future DOD Budget

CFD Review

QUESTIONS ??QUESTIONS ??

Airpower Through The Post Airpower Through The Post Cold WarCold War