aircraft hardware

9/8/98 AC 43.13-1B

Par 7-43 Page 7-9

TABLE 7-1. Recommended torque values (inch-pounds).

CAUTIONTHE FOLLOWING TORQUE VALUES ARE DERIVED FROM OIL FREE CADMIUM PLATED THREADS.

TORQUE LIMITS RECOMMENDED FOR INSTAL-LATION (BOLTS LOADED PRIMARILY IN SHEAR)

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE TIGHTENINGTORQUE LIMITS

Thread Size Tension type nutsMS20365 and AN310(40,000 psi in bolts)

Shear type nuts MS20364and AN320 (24,000 psi inbolts)

Nuts MS20365 andAN310 (90,000 psi inbolts)

Nuts MS20364 andAN320 (54,000 psi inbolts)

FINE THREAD SERIES

8-3610-321/4-285/16-243/8-247/16-201/2-209/16-185/8-183/4-167/8-141-141-1/8-121-1/4-12

12-1520-2550-70

100-140160-190450-500480-690800-10001100-13002300-25002500-30003700-55005000-7000

9000-11,000

7-912-1530-4060-8595-110270-300290-410480-600600-780

1300-15001500-18002200-3300*3000-4200*5400-6600*

204010022539084011001600240050007000

10,00015,00025,000

12256014024050066096014003000420060009000

15,000

COARSE THREAD SERIES

8-3210-241/4-205/16-183/8-167/16-141/2-139/16-125/8-113/4-107/8-9

12-1520-2540-5080-90

160-185235-255400-480500-700700-900

1150-16002200-3000

7-912-1525-3048-5595-100140-155240-290300-420420-540700-950

1300-1800

2035751602754758801100150025004600

12214510017028052065090015002700

The above torque values may be used for all cadmium-plated steel nuts of the fine or coarse thread series whichhave approximately equal number of threads and equal face bearing areas.* Estimated corresponding values.

7-44. CLOSE-TOLERANCE BOLTS.Close-tolerance, hex head, machine bolts(AN173 through AN186), 100-degree counter-sunk head, close-tolerance, high-strength bolts(NAS333 through NAS340), hex head, close-tolerance, short thread, titanium alloy bolts(NAS653 through NAS658), 100-degreecountersunk flathead, close-tolerance titaniumalloy bolts (NAS663 through NAS668), anddrilled hex head close-tolerance titanium alloybolts (NAS673 through NAS678), are used inapplications where two parts bolted togetherare subject to severe load reversals and vibra-tion. Because of the interference fit, this type

of bolt may require light tapping with a malletto set the bolt shank into the bolt hole.

NOTE: Elimination of friction in in-terference fit applications may some-times be attained by placing the boltin a freezer prior to installation.When this procedure is used, the boltshould be allowed to warm up to am-bient temperature before torquing.

CAUTION: Caution must be exer-cised in the use of close-tolerance boltsfor all critical applications, such as

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AC 43.13-1B 9/8/98

Page 7-10 Par 7-44

landing gear, control systems, andhelicopter rotary controls. Do notsubstitute for close-tolerance fastenerswithout specific instructions from theaircraft manufacturer or the FAA.

7-45. INTERNAL WRENCHING BOLTS(NAS144 THROUGH NAS158 AND NAS172THROUGH NAS176). These are high-strength bolts used primarily in tension appli-cations. Use a special heat-treated washer(NAS143C) under the head to prevent thelarge radius of the shank from contacting onlythe sharp edge of the hole. Use a special heat-treated washer (NAS143) under the nut.

7-46. INTERNAL WRENCHING BOLTS(MS20004 THROUGH MS20024) AND SIXHOLE, DRILLED SOCKET HEAD BOLTS(AN148551 THROUGH AN149350). Theseare very similar to the bolts in paragraph 7-45,except these bolts are made from different al-loys. The NAS144 through NAS158 andNAS172 through NAS176 are interchangeablewith MS20004 through MS20024 in the samethread configuration and grip lengths. TheAN148551 through AN149350 have been su-perseded by MS9088 through MS9094 withthe exception of AN149251 through 149350,which has no superseding MS standard.

7-47. TWELVE POINT, EXTERNALWRENCHING BOLTS, (NAS624THROUGH NAS644). These bolts are usedprimarily in high-tensile, high-fatigue strengthapplications. The twelve point head, heat-resistant machine bolts (MS9033 through

MS9039), and drilled twelve point head ma-chine bolts (MS9088 through MS9094), aresimilar to the (NAS624 through NAS644); butare made from different steel alloys, and theirshanks have larger tolerances.

7-48. CLOSE-TOLERANCE SHEARBOLTS (NAS464). These bolts are designedfor use where stresses normally are in shearonly. These bolts have a shorter thread thanbolts designed for torquing.

7-49. NAS6200 SERIES BOLTS. Theseare close tolerance bolts and are available intwo oversized diameters to fit slightly elon-gated holes. These bolts can be ordered withan “X” or “Y” after the length, to designate theoversized grip portion of the bolt (i.e.,NAS6204-6X for a 1/4 inch bolt with a1/64 inch larger diameter). The elongated holemay have to be reamed to insure a good fit.

7-50. CLEVIS BOLTS (AN21THROUGH AN36). These bolts are onlyused in applications subject to shear stress, andare often used as mechanical pins in controlsystems.

7-51. EYEBOLTS (AN42 THROUGHAN49). These bolts are used in applicationswhere external tension loads are to be applied.The head of this bolt is specially designed forthe attachment of a turnbuckle, a clevis, or acable shackle. The threaded shank may or maynot be drilled for safetying.

7-52. 7-62. [RESERVED.]


9/8/98 AC 43.13-1B

Par 7-63 Page 7-11

SECTION 4. NUTS

7-63. GENERAL. Aircraft nuts are avail-able in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materialstrengths. The types of nuts used in aircraftstructures include castle nuts, shear nuts, plainnuts, light hex nuts, checknuts, wingnuts, andsheet spring nuts. Many are available in eitherself-locking or nonself-locking style. Typicalnut types are shown in table 7-13. Refer to theaircraft manufacturer’s structural repair man-ual, the manufacturer’s engineering depart-ment, or the FAA, before replacing any nutwith any other type.

7-64. SELF-LOCKING NUTS. These nutsare acceptable for use on certificated aircraftsubject to the aircraft manufacturer’s recom-mended practice sheets or specifications. Twotypes of self-locking nuts are currently in use,the all-metal type, and the fiber or nylon type.

a. DO NOT use self-locking nuts on partssubject to rotation.

b. Self-locking castellated nuts withcotter pins or lockwire may be used in anysystem.

c. Self-locking nuts should not be usedwith bolts or screws on turbine engine air-planes in locations where the loose nut, bolt,washer, or screw could fall or be drawn intothe engine air intake scoop.

d. Self-locking nuts should not be usedwith bolts, screws, or studs to attach accesspanels or doors, or to assemble any parts thatare routinely disassembled before, or after eachflight. They may be used with anti-frictionbearings and control pulleys, provided the in-ner race of the bearing is secured to the sup-porting structure by the nut and bolt.

e. Metal locknuts are constructed witheither the threads in the locking insert, out-of-round with the load-carrying section, or with asaw-cut insert with a pinched-in thread in thelocking section. The locking action of the all-metal nut depends upon the resiliency of themetal when the locking section and load-carrying section are engaged by screw threads.Metal locknuts are primarily used in high tem-perature areas.

f. Fiber or nylon locknuts are con-structed with an unthreaded fiber or nylonlocking insert held securely in place. The fiberor nylon insert provides the locking action be-cause it has a smaller diameter than the nut.Fiber or nylon self-locking nuts are not in-stalled in areas where temperatures exceed250 °F. After the nut has been tightened, makesure the bolt or stud has at least one threadshowing past the nut. DO NOT reuse a fiberor nylon locknut, if the nut cannot meet theminimum prevailing torque values. (See ta-ble 7-2.)

g. Self-locking nut plates are produced ina variety of forms and materials for riveting orwelding to aircraft structures or parts. Certainapplications require the installation of self-locking nuts in channel arrangement permit-ting the attachment of many nuts in a row withonly a few rivets.

7-65. NUT IDENTIFICATION FIN-ISHES. Several types of finishes are used onself-locking nuts. The particular type of finishis dependent on the application and tempera-ture requirement. The most commonly usedfinishes are described briefly as follows.


AC 43.13-1B 9/8/98

Page 7-12 Par 7-65

TABLE 7-2. Minimum prevailing torque values for re-used self-locking nuts.

FINE THREAD SERIES

THREAD SIZEMINIMUM PREVAILING

TORQUE7/16 - 20 8 inch-pounds1/2 - 20 10 inch-pounds9/16 - 18 13 inch-pounds5/8 -18 18 inch-pounds3/4 - 16 27 inch-pounds7/8 - 14 40 inch-pounds1 - 14 55 inch-pounds1-1/8 - 12 73 inch-pounds1-1/4 - 12 94 inch-pounds

COARSE THREAD SERIESTHREAD SIZE MINIMUM PREVAILING

TORQUE7/16 - 14 8 inch-pounds1/2 - 13 10 inch-pounds9/16 - 12 14 inch-pounds5/8 - 11 20 inch-pounds3/4 - 10 27 inch-pounds7/8 - 9 40 inch-pounds1 - 8 51 inch-pounds1-1/8 - 8 68 inch-pounds1-1/4 - 8 88 inch-pounds

a. Cadmium-Plating. This is an electro-lytically deposited silver-gray plating whichprovides exceptionally good protection againstcorrosion, particularly in salty atmosphere, butis not recommended in applications where thetemperature exceeds 450 °F. The followingadditional finishes or refinements to the basiccadmium can be applied.

(1) Chromic Clear Dip. Cadmium sur-faces are passivated, and cyanide from theplating solution is neutralized. The protectivefilm formed gives a bright, shiny appearance,and resists staining and finger marks.

(2) Olive Drab Dichromate. Cadmium-plated work is dipped in a solution of chromicacid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and a dye whichproduces corrosion resistance.

(3) Iridescent Dichromate. Cadmium-plated work is dipped in a solution of sodiumdichromate and takes on a surface film of basicchromium chromate which resists corrosion.Finish is yellow to brown in color.

NOTE: Cadmium-plated nuts are re-stricted for use in temperatures not toexceed 450 °°°°F. When used in tem-peratures in excess of 450 °°°°F, thecadmium will diffuse into the base ma-terial causing it to become very brittleand subject to early failure.

b. Silver plating. Silver plating is appliedto locknuts for use at higher temperatures.Important advantages are its resistance to ex-treme heat (1,400 °F) and its excellent lubri-cating characteristics. Silver resists gallingand seizing of mating parts when subjected toheat or heavy pressure.

c. Anodizing for Aluminum. An inor-ganic oxide coating is formed on the metal byconnecting the metals and anodes in a suitableelectrolyte. The coating offers excellent corro-sion resistance and can be dyed in a number ofcolors.

d. Solid Lubricant Coating. Locknutsare also furnished with molybdenum disulfidefor lubrication purposes. It provides a clean,dry, permanently-bonded coating to preventseizing and galling of threads. Molybdenumdisulfide is applied to both cadmium and sil-ver-plated parts. Other types of finishes areavailable, but the finishes described in thischapter are the most widely used.

7-66. CASTLE NUT (AN310). The castlenut is used with drilled shank hex head bolts,clevis bolts, drilled head bolts, or studs that aresubjected to tension loads. The nut has slots orcastellations cut to accommodate a cotter pinor safety wire as a means of safetying.


9/8/98 AC 43.13-1B

Par 7-67 Page 7-13

7-67. CASTELLATED SHEAR NUT(AN320). The castellated shear nut is de-signed for use with hardware subjected toshear stress only.

7-68. PLAIN NUT (AN315 AND AN335).The plain nut is capable of withstanding largetension loads; however, it requires an auxiliarylocking device, such as a checknut or safetywire. Use of this type on aircraft structures islimited.

7-69. LIGHT HEX NUTS (AN340 ANDAN345). These nuts are used in nonstructuralapplications requiring light tension. Like theAN315 and AN335, they require a locking de-vice to secure them.

7-70. CHECKNUT (AN316). The checknutis used as a locking device for plain nuts,screws, threaded rod ends, and other devices.

7-71. WINGNUTS (AN350). The wingnutis used where the desired torque is obtained byuse of the fingers or handtools. Wingnuts arenormally drilled to allow safetying with safetywire.

7-72. SHEET SPRING NUTS (AN365).Sheet spring nuts are commonly called speednuts. They are used with standard and sheetmetal self-tapping screws in nonstructural ap-plications. They are used to support line andconduit clamps, access doors, etc. Their useshould be limited to applications where theywere originally used in assembly of the air-craft.

7-73. 7-84. RESERVED.


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