air pollution. toxicity toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Air Pollution
![Page 2: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Toxicity
Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism.
Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically harmful a particular toxin is.
![Page 3: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Factors that influence toxicity
• Dosage over a period of time
• Number of times of exposure
• Size and age of exposed organism
• Ability of body to detoxify
• Organisms sensitivity (frogs!!!)
• Synergistic effect (more than one toxic substance-effects add up)
![Page 4: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Dose response analysis
• Organisms are exposed to toxins at different concentrations until they die- concentration at which they die is recorded
• LD50- the dosage at which 50% of the exposed organisms die
• HIGH LD50 = LOW TOXICITY
• LOW LD50 = High Toxicity
![Page 5: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Poison
Any substance that has an LD50 of 50mg or less per Kg of body weight
![Page 6: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Two more words
• Acute effect- an effect caused by short exposure to a high level toxin –like a snake bite
![Page 7: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Chronic effect- results from long-term exposure to low levels of toxin
• Example)-long term exposure to lead paint
![Page 8: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
You do in 2 min
1. What are toxins and toxicity
2. What factors influence toxicity
3. Which is better a high or low LD50 – why
4. When is something considered to be poison?
5. Compare and contrast chronic vs acute effects
![Page 9: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pathogens! – something living that can make us sick
• 5 types
• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Parasitic worms
![Page 10: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Infection – results when a pathogen invades our bodies
• Disease- a change in health caused by the invasion of a pathogen
![Page 11: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Brain eating amoeba
![Page 12: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vectors
• An organism that carries a pathogen and transmits or spreads the pathogen
• Example- Ticks carry Lyme’s Disease- tick bites deer, human, dog- that organism now has Lyme’s disease
![Page 13: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Disease outbreak and weather changes
![Page 14: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Risk- how likely it is that a person will become sick after being exposed to a certain pathogen
• Risk Assessment- a study conducted to calculate the risk of a specific pollutant or pathogen
• Risk Management- using strategies to reduce the amount of risk from a pollutant or pathogen
![Page 15: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
You Do & write too!
• What contemporary topics have we discussed that risk assessments have been conducted on?
• What are three risk management techniques to deal with the environmental effects of using of fossil fuels.
![Page 16: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Air Pollution!
• Approximately 14 million metric tons of air pollution are released annually into the atmosphere in the US by human activities.– Worldwide emissions total around 2 billion
metric tons.
• Developed countries have been improving air quality, while air quality in developing world is getting worse.
![Page 17: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Natural composition of the atmosphere
• 78% nitrogen
• 21% oxygen
• 1% other – Carbon Dioxide, water vapor, etc.
![Page 18: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The terms!• Primary Pollutants - Released directly into the troposphere from a
source, and are also toxic• .Example sulfur dioxide from coal burning power plant
• You do- Identify 3 primary pollutants you have learned about in AP Environmental
![Page 19: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Secondary Pollutants
• Secondary Pollutants – Pollutants that form because of chemical reactions often after entering the air and mixing with other environmental components or other types of pollution – Example> Acid rain formed when sulfur
dioxide mixes with water vapor
![Page 21: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Point source pollution:
• A specific location from where pollution is released
• Give three examples of a point source location
Non point source pollution
•Pollution that does not have a specific point of release
•Example – cows releasing methane or cars releasing carbon monoxide
![Page 22: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2 types of Air Pollution
1. Natural releases from the environment
2. Manmade pollutants
![Page 23: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
NATURAL SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
• Natural Forest Fires - Smoke
• Volcanoes - Ash and Acid components
• Sea Spray – Sulfur from algae
• Bacterial Metabolism - Methane
• Dust
• Pollen
• Mold
![Page 24: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Human have always added pollution!
![Page 25: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Large scale pollution began with the Industrial Revolution
![Page 26: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
You do
• Identify and describe one way the industrial revolution significantly increased air pollution?
• Explain the difference between point source and non point source pollution and give an example of each
• Explain the difference between primary and secondary pollutants.
![Page 27: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Environmental Protection Agency
• Government agency designed to protect human health and the environment- enforces regulations and laws passed by congress.
![Page 28: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Man Made pollution
![Page 29: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The dirty ½ dozen/ Criteria pollutants-
• the six pollutants that do the most harm to human health and welfare– Carbon monoxide– Lead (Pb)– Ozone (O3)– Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)– Sulfur dioxide (SO2)– Particulates
![Page 30: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
How do you know if there is too much
• ppb – parts per billion (small amounts)
• ppm- parts per million (large amounts)
• EPA has mandated “maximum ambient air levels” for the criteria pollutants
![Page 31: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Carbon Monoxide
• Released from burning fossil fuels- 60% from vehicles
• Hazardous to humans because it binds to hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin carries oxygen, if it is bound to CO it cannot carry oxygen.
• Hemoglobin has a “higher affinity” for CO than for Oxygen (it binds more easily to CO)
![Page 32: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Lead
• Has been around since the Roman empire• Released as a particulate (small particle)
into the air- but then it lands on land and water and enters the food chain.
• Causes neurological disorders in children including mental retardation (& possibly aggression!)
• Used to be from leaded gas – now mostly from smelting (processing metal)
![Page 33: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ozone
• ONLY the ozone from human activity is harmful!• Human created ozone is in the troposphere –
not in the stratosphere where it should be!• Secondary pollutant – formed when nitrogen
oxides, heat, sunlight, and and Volatile organic compounds (voc’s) react.
• Tropospheric ozone is a big part of smog- • Most ozone pollution comes from cars!
![Page 34: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Nitrogen Dioxide/ Nitrogen Oxides
• NO2 / NO• Formed when atmospheric nitrogen and
oxygen react when exposed to high temperatures
• Released from combustion engines and industrial combustion (coal burning power plants)
• Can also be a secondary pollutant- and is found in smog and acid rain
![Page 35: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
• Colorless gas with horrific odor (smells like rotten eggs mixed with poop)
• Serious respiratory irritant• Released through burning of coal- scrubbers on
coal plants can reduce emissions • Also released through smelting, making pulp (for
paper),fossil fuels and gas appliances• Mixes with water vapor to form acid rain
![Page 36: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Particulate matter
• Small particles of solid or liquid
• Light enough to be carried in air
• Humans breath in they irritate respiratory passages (lungs)
• Examples are soot, and sulfate aerosols
![Page 37: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
You should recognize
• NOx
• Sox
![Page 38: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
VOC’s
• Volatile organic compounds– Carpet cleaners, dry cleaners, oils, paints,
glues/adhesives
– Of 188 air toxics listed in Clean Air Act, two-thirds are VOC’s.
![Page 39: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Progress
• Significant decreases in lead and carbon monoxide because of no leaded gas and engines that burn fuel completely
• However other pollutants are increasing – like Carbon Dioxide and VOC’s
![Page 40: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
SMOG
![Page 41: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
London 1952
• Industrial smog led to the death of 10,000 people in London- high levels of smog led to tuburculosis, pneumonia, and bronchitis
• Lead to the Clean Air Act of 1952 in England
![Page 42: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Industrial Smog
• Caused by burning of oil/coal
• CO and CO2 and SO2 combine with particulate matter
• Weather can affect smog- air inversions trap fog/pollutants and increase smog
![Page 43: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Photochemical Smog
• Formed on hot sunny days in urban areas
• Heat causes ozone formation from NOx compounds
• NOx and VOC’s and Ozone combine to form smog with a brownish color
• LA! (and Athens Greece)
• Athens has laws about which days you can drive – LA does not…..
![Page 44: Air Pollution. Toxicity Toxin- any substance that is inhaled, ingested, or absorbed and can damage an organism. Toxicity- a measurement of how biologically](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e6a5503460f94b67f05/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
You Do
• Name and describe the six criteria pollutants
• What is a VOC
• What is Smog- how is it formed
• What progress has been made in remediating air pollution
• What laws were created to protect our air?