aicebs london 2013

5/26/2018 Aicebs London 2013

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Procedia

Social and

Behavioral

SciencesProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2013) 000000www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

AicE-Bs2013London

Asia Pacific International Conference on Environent-Behavio!r St!dies"niversit# of $estinster% London% "&% '- Sete*er 2013

"From Research to Practice"

+#es of floral otifs and atterns of ,ala# $oodcarvin in

&elantan and +erenan!(+itle - ,a./ 2 ros onl#)

!rs!riani Shaffee1and Isail Said

Faculty of Creative Technology and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, !## $acho% Kelantan

& Faculty of $uilt 'nvironment, Universiti Te%nologi Malaysia, (# UTM )%udai Malaysia

Abstract

4or the ast fo!r decades% there has *een a lethora of research on ,ala# oodcarvin and the reservation of the

indieno!s traditions% desins% ethods and the oriin of this oodcarvin/ +he ai of this aer is to resent an

anal#sis of 32 carved coonents fro 15'0s to 2000s foc!sin on floral otifs and atterns/ +his st!d# eas!red

the desin attri*!tes of carvin otifs incl!din floral desin eleents% character desin eleents% coositional

attern% rincile desin and for/ +he res!lts s!ested that the t#es of otifs and atterns of carvin deterine

the transforation of floral desins hich ere infl!enced *# f!nctions% environents and socio-c!lt!ral asects of,ala# societ#/

6 2013 P!*lished *# Elsevier Ltd/ Selection and eer-revie !nder resonsi*ilit# of the Centre for Environent-

Behavio!r St!dies (cE-Bs)% 4ac!lt# of Architect!re% Plannin 7 S!rve#in% "niversiti +e8noloi ,A9A% ,ala#sia/

Key*ords+,ala# oodcarvin: traditional architect!re: carved coonent: floral otifs

1Corresondin a!thor/ +el/; !8/ed!/#


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2 -ursuriani )haffee and .smail )aid/ Procedia )ocial and $ehavioral )ciences ## 01#2 ###3###

1. Introduction

Before the arrival of Isla% there as a 8een interest in the traditional art of ,ala# oodcarvin (9a?a

4!@iah and A*d!l 9ahan% 2000)/ As earl# 2nd Cent!r# A% the east coast of Penins!la ,ala#sia had

alread# *een a ort of call for traders travellin *eteen India and 4ar East/ +h!s% it led to reater

civili@ations% as ind!is% B!ddhis and Isla ere introd!ced into ,ala# societ# thro!h these traders

(,ohd or and Siti 4atahi#ah% 2010)/ Architect!ral eleents ere desined intentionall# to facilitate ande.ress the resect for ,ala# c!lt!re (A*d!l ali and $an ashi% 15: Den8ins% 2010) thro!h the

desin str!ct!re of ornaentation servin as a s#*ol of hih social stat!s of a co!nit# (orhai@a%

200) and these reained as roinent decorative eleents in alaces and hoes of ealth# ,ala#s

(!ahiran and Isail% 2005)/

+he oriin of otif in ,ala# oodcarvin in the ,ala# Archielao a# date *ac8 fro the da#s of

the re-Islaic era that hen the ,ala#s ere ractisin ind!is and B!ddhis/ +he otifs are &ala

,a8ara% F!n!nan% St!a% Far!da and aa (4arish and &hoo% 2003)/ $ith the arrival of Isla% these

otifs ere altered in accordance ith the reG!ireents of Isla ith the arrival of Isla at the end 13 th

Cent!r# (9osnaati% 200H: orhai@a% 200)/ ,ost of the carvins reresentin otifs of &ala and

,a8ara ere transfored into floral eleents/ +he transforations ere also infl!enced *# the

craftsans s8ill% nat!ral eleents% and reliio!s *elief and tho!ht (A*d!l ali asir and $an ashi%1: (!ahiran and Isail% 2005)/ Inas!ch as% Li (15=) fo!nd that oodcarvin has *een

deicted in architect!ral eleents in ters of traditional ,ala# architect!re *!ildins incl!din osG!es%

alaces% ho!ses and instit!tional *!ildin since the 15th Cent!r#/

,ala# oodcarvin is a traditional ornaental art anifestin the local traditions and c!stos hich

sho!ld *e 8et and reserved eseciall# at the ae of increasin rate of !r*anisation in ,ala#sia/ $ith

this !r*anisation% there has *een a trend of odern ,ala# ho!ses or *!ildins *ein *!ilt% or older ho!ses

renovated !sin non-traditional eleents and *!ildin coonents d!e to the c!rrent technoloical

iroveent/ +he alication of oodcarvin has lost !ch of its roinence in odern architect!ral

*!ildins (,ohaad +a?!ddin% 200: !ahiran and Isail% 2005)/ In this st!d#% therefore% investiates

the t#es of otif and desin attern on 32 carved coonents of ,ala# architect!re *!ilt d!rin the

eriod of 15'0s !ntil 2000s/ +he *!ildins are old alaces% osG!es% ho!ses and instit!tional *!ildins/

+he varia*les of this st!d# ere the eriod hen the coonents ere carved% ho the# *eloned to%

ho the creator as and here the# ere located/


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-ursuriani )haffee and .smail )aid/ Procedia )ocial and $ehavioral )ciences ## 01#2 ###3### 3

2. Literature Review

14 Philoso5hy of Malay *oodcarving

After the esta*lishent of Isla civili@ation in the ,ala# Penins!la eseciall# in &elantan and

+erenan!% the val!e of aesthetic *ecae the hilosoh# in creatin the *ea!tif!l oodcarvin/ +his

val!e as folloed *# several different attit!des as s!ch atience% deterination% creativit#% artistr#val!e% sensi*ilit# and technical s8ill/ All these val!es can *e seen in the ost talented craftsen ho

rod!ced asterieces ostl# insired *# nat!re (orhai@a% 200: Isail% 2002)/ Inas!ch as% Isail

(2002) and 4arish and &hoo (2003) fo!nd that craftsenJs etiG!ettes la#ed an infl!ential and sinificant

role in their feelins hen rod!cin the *est G!alit# of oodcarvin desins/

As 8e# otifs oriinated fro ind!-B!ddhis ith iortant s#*olic eanins in their conte.t% so

did the concet of a floer since earl# ,ala# life tradition in ,ala# K$ungaJ% has *een !sed to e.ress

the h#sical *ea!t# of a ,ala# #o!n irl/ +his is also seen in the aesthetic !se of floerin shr!*s and

trees in the ,ala# landscae lanted as decoration for the ho!ses (orhai@a% 200)/ Aart fro the

traditions of ,ala# life%$unga is alied in ,ala# art% as the ost eaninf!l of the otifs and atterns

deicted on carved coonents/ !ahiran and Isail (2010) conc!rred that the ost doinant otif

deicted on vario!s carvin is that of floral otifs/

141 The 6rigin Malay motif of 7ang%asu%a

Lan8as!8a as fo!nded earl# in the 2nd Cent!r# A% the first ,ala# &indo located in the

neih*orhood of odern Pattani (a*eri% 200)/ ne of the caital cities of the 8indo has *een

descri*ed in the th Cent!r# as *ein s!rro!nded *# a hih stron all ith to entrances and

inarets% !arded *# st!rd# arriors (Irons% 2005)/ +he &in sat on a three-tiered co!ch ith the

*ac8ro!nd of the carved ooden shrine/ e as dressed in rose-colored ro#al realia ith a chalet

of old floers and a nec8lace of ?eels/ Secial reorts ritten *# the Chinese diloat descri*es

that ind!-B!ddhis as racticed as reliio!s *eliefs in the ,ala# Lan8as!8a &indo (,!*in%

15)/ Lan8as!8a otif 8non as a siral otif derived fro the A#!tha#a &indo of Sia and

the ,a?aahit (4i!re 1)/ +his otif as insired *# the rocess of roth in nat!re (9osnaati%

200H) and the Foddess sc!lt!res fo!nd in their e.ression of rit!als and c!stos as it is s!rro!nded

*# a *ea!tif!l arraneent of floer and *od# (orhai@a% 200)/

4i/ 1/ (a) ,otif fo!nd on ventilation anelat the A!r ,enat Don ,osG!e% Pattani (*) ,a?aahit decorative earrins/


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' -ursuriani )haffee and .smail )aid/ Procedia )ocial and $ehavioral )ciences ## 01#2 ###3###

14 Characteristic of natural flo*er as Carving Motifs

In this st!d#% the carved coonents ere laced in the &elantan and +erenan! ,ala# traditional

*!ildins and are seen to reresent the s8ills and aesthetics of the traditional craftsen hich have *een

asses don fro enerations/ +his can also *e descri*ed as architect!re that anifests certain atterns

of life% ideas and c!lt!re of certain eriods/ riinal and hihl# e.ensive% G!alit# oodcarvins fro the

earl# esta*lishent still can *e seen in &elantan and +erenan!/A floer is often ortra#ed as a central eleent in the carvins/ +he characteristics of ,ala#

oodcarvin ainl# corises of desin attri*!tes as s!ch t#es of floer% t#es of leaves% desin

eleents and anifestation into carvin (!rs!riani and Isail% 2011)/ Craftsen created floral otifs on

carved coonents that reresent different e.ressions *ased on their on creativit# and artistic st#le #et

aintainin a distinctive *ea!t#/ A st!d# of s#*olis of the carvins *# ,ohd Sa*ri@aa (2005) clais

that carvin eleents can *e e.ained *# !sin Kethod code sJ to translate a certain code into carvin

lan!ae/ orhai@a (200) descri*ed the floral otif also 8non as $unga U%irhich consists of a

co*ination of a central floer% *ranches% leaves% tendrils% ti% floers *!ds and fr!its (4i!re 2)/

Accordin to orhai@a (200)% the t#es of floral otifs can *e cateori@ed into three; Lan8as!8a%

KKelo5a% Maya8% KKelo5a% Hidu5J and Conteorar# otif/ Lan8as!8a otif orKelo5a% 9e*acan *e

fo!nd since the th Cent!r#/ It is not s#*oli@ed in the for of a floer% *!t ore of a nat!ral ener#s!ch as soil% ater% fire and ind/ +ransforation to Kelo5a% Mayaas fo!nd d!rin the 1th cent!r#

after the arrival of Isla into &elantan and +erenan!/ +herefore% it shos local craftsen ere insired

to create a ne desin and s8ill hile aintainin the ,ala# identit#/ Kelo5a% Hidu5as introd!ced

aro!nd an 15th Cent!r# *# craftsen fro Pattani and &elantan/ It t#icall# consists of =0M of nat!ral

eleents and 30M of non-floral eleents/

4i/ 2/ E.ale of floral eleents in coosition on ventilation anel


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-ursuriani )haffee and .smail )aid/ Procedia )ocial and $ehavioral )ciences ## 01#2 ###3### H

3. Aim, Objectives and Scope of the studies

+his research identifies the t#es of otifs and desin atterns deicted on 32 carvin anels fro the

eriod of 15'0s to 2000s/ It eas!red the t#es of floers and leaves% desin character% coositional

atterns% rincile desins and fors of vario!s carved coonents s!ch as anels on alls and carvins

a*ove doors and indos freG!enc# !sed in t#ical ,ala# *!ildins in &elantan and +erenan!

incl!din alaces% osG!es% ho!ses and instit!tional *!ildins/ +he sinificance of the selected eriod isthe foc!s on the desin attri*!tes s!ch as t#es of floer% leaves and desin eleents hich are deicted

in the carvins of this eriod/

. !ethodo"o#$

:4 9ata Collection

Pictorial data of 32 carvin otifs ere o*tained fro the Centre for the St!d# of B!ilt Environent

in the ,ala# $orld (&ALA,) in "niversiti +e8noloi ,ala#sia/ +he carvins ere fro alls% a*ove

doors and indos and ith varied desin attri*!tes/ Fenerall#% ost of the eas!red drains ere

disla#ed in *lac8 and hite 2 iaes then diiti@ed into a sinle line attern !sin A!toCA/ +he!rose of this instr!ent is to !tili@e vis!al attern anal#sis fro ictorial data/ +hese findins ere

later s!orted ith intervie session% thro!h oen ended G!estionnaires and vis!al telates hich

ere doc!ented in voice record/

:41 9ata ;nalysis

+he ictorial data ere ta*!lated and cateori@ed into (1) e.lanations of vis!al anal#sis on diiti@ed

otif (2) vis!al descrition of the carvin otif *ased on the intervie data and literat!res/ A total 32

sets of diiti@ed otifs ere rinted and then anal#@ed *# overlaid ith the rids/ A rid rovides the

!nderl#in str!ct!re for anal#@in the coosition and arraneent of shaes/ It is !sed to record the

location of the diiti@ed otifs *# rid G!adrant/ +he recorded ords of the articiants ere transcri*ed

into cateories of factors that infl!enced the desin/ +he to sets of data fro eas!red drain% fro

vis!al telate% and fro the recorder% ere trian!lated% and the res!lts are disc!ssed in the folloin

section/ +herefore% the anal#sis of the to fors of data sho!ld coleent and interate ith each other

to esta*lish the connection *eteen desin attri*!tes and its infl!encin factors/

%. Resu"ts and &iscussions

+he desin attri*!tes of t#es of otifs and carvin atterns are disc!ssed in three cateories; +#es of

floral otifs% desin attri*!tes and infl!ence factors: and anifestation of floral otifs/


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-ursuriani )haffee and .smail )aid/ Procedia )ocial and $ehavioral )ciences ## 01#2 ###3###

creativit# (!ahiran and Isail% 2005: A*as% 2010)/ +his eans that the transforation of the floral

otif is an indicator in identif#in a variet# of eleents that descri*e the craftsenJs atit!des and

coetencies in a certain era/ +h!s% the floral otifs derived fro ind!-B!ddhis and transitted

thro!h a rocess of odification *# ,ala# craftsen and *ecae the ost doinant otifs deicted

after re-Isla/

+a*le 1/ +#es of otifs for 32 sets carved coonents/

+#es of ,otifs N!antit# (M)

&eloa8 id! 1 H0

&eloa8 ea 1

&eloa8 ,a#a

&eloa8 id! and &eloa8 ,a#a

ranic Shae

'O'AL

2

2

32

1

1(()

4i/ 3/ (a)Kelo5a% 9e*a(*)Kelo5a% Maya(c)Kelo5a% Hidu5

H/29esign attri=utesand factor infl!ences

+he essential desin attri*!tes clarif# the ost roinent desin atterns aon old alaces% osG!es%

ho!ses and conteorar# residences and *!ildins in &elantan and +erenan!/ Soe of the siilarities


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-ursuriani )haffee and .smail )aid/ Procedia )ocial and $ehavioral )ciences ## 01#2 ###3### =

in desin attri*!tes ere floral desin eleents incl!din floers% leaves% *ranches% floer *!ds% stes

and fr!its: eleent desin characteristic s!ch as indin% overlas% intertinin% eanderin:

coositional atterns incl!din colete atterns% sinle atterns or co*inations% rincile desin:

as#etrical% 2-s#etrical ith 1 a.is and 2 a.es and rincial for; sinle rectan!lar and

contin!o!s anels/ +he desin attri*!tes ere associated ith character of cole.it# s!ch as ro!

desin eleents in the coosition% as#etrical desin attern ith e*ossed iercin: floral attern in

three la#ers of overlas: and desin character in a floral attern (+a*le 2)/ An e.ale of desinattri*!tes is deicted on 2 carvin anels o!t of 32 oned *# a?i ,ohaad o*ah and +o8 &! Paloh

(4i!re ')/

4i/ '/ Carvin anels of (a) a?i ,ohaad o*ah (*) +o8 &! Paloh

+a*le 2/ esin attri*!tes *eteen to carvin anels

esin Attri*!tes O

B!ildins

a?i ,ohaad o*ah o!se

(&elantan)

15H0

+o8 &! Paloh o!se

(+erenan!)

15=

+#es of floer B!na +an?!n

(4loer Cae)

+a!8 ,anis

(,anosteen floer)

4loral eleent 4loer% leaves% floer *!ds% fr!its 4loer% *ranches% leaves

Eleent character

Coositional Pattern

Princile desin

Princile for

$indins% eanderin

Colete attern

2-s#etr#

Sinle 9ectan!lar (ori@ontal)

$indins% overlas%

Colete attern

2-s#etr#

Sinle 9ectan!lar (ertical)


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Corresondinl#% vis!al anal#sis fo!nd siilarities in floral eleents% eleent character%

coositional attern and rincile desin% hich ere ill!strated *# carved coonents alied to

aristocratic ho!ses/ +here are siilarities *eteen the attri*!tes identified *# !ahiran and Isail

(2005) ho shoed the vis!al intricac# and cole.it# in these carvin ere achieved *# the

confi!ration of atterns incl!din indins% eanderins% overlain characteristic/ oever% the

differences *eteen *oth anels are t#es of floer otif and rincial for/ orhai@a and A*as s!est

that there has *een a chane in ,ala# carvins fro ind!-B!ddhis era !ntil no/ +he ossi*leinterference of the chane eriod of eras cannot *e denied/ It a# d!e to the differences of desin

attri*!tes/ Accordin to ,ohd Sa*ri@aa (2005)% a?or chanes occ!rred in ,ala# oodcarvin after

ind! B!ddhis and Isla ere introd!ced into the reion fro the 1st cent!r# !ntil the 13th Cent!r# *#

the transforation fro the oriinal 8e# otifs into the variations of floral otifs and desin atterns/

+his transforation a# have *een introd!ced *# ,!sli forein traders fro China% India and ,iddle

East/ It sees these res!lts are d!e to varieties of e.cetional desin attri*!tes hich ro*a*l#

reresented the identit# and st#le of each eriod/

In addition% the !se of desin attri*!tes in the carvin anels are *ased on the social classification

stat!s: &ins% aristocrats and nor eoles (A*as% 2010: orhai@a% 200)/ +his res!lt s!ests the

e*ellishent for traditional dellins as a reflection of social ran8 and econoic stat!s of the oner(4arish and Eddin% 2003)/ ld alaces in *oth &elantan and +erenan! ere identified to indicate the

differences *eteen osG!es% ho!ses and resorts/ +here are siilar clais ade *# orhai@a and A*as

here carvin otifs and attern for alaces ere !s!all# disalloed in aristocrats or noral eoleJs

*!ildins/ Aarentl#% carvin anel desined for 8ins encoassed the !tost desin G!alities hich

to s#*oli@e resect and einence/ Coared to carvins oned *# cooners% hich ere !s!all# less

ela*orate% G!ite sile and erel# carved ?!st for decorations/ ifferent craftsen elo#ed their on

techniG!e and st#les/ Possi*l# the techniG!es the# !sed ere different% *!t the rincile of floral otifs in

the deiction as the sae/ +herefore% different levels of s8ills rod!ced different G!alities of carvins

(i8 Isail% 200)/ +he *est G!alit# of carvin reresents a hih level of s8ill and deterines the

cole.it# attern/ Cole. attern shos the anifestation of a secific eleent character; indins%

overlas% intertines and eanderins/ +o create *ea!t# in the carvins% it is iortant to have ost of

eleent characteristic% hich is not eas# to achieve/ +he res!lts s!est that the diffic!lties in carvin

ith eleent characters reflect the seciali@ation and s8ills ossessed *# the craftsen/

,ost of the carved coonents as deicted ith e.G!isite desin G!alities fo!nd in the different

locations in the *!ildin (!ahiran and Isail% 2005)/ +he ost e.G!isite desin atterns ere those of

the ventilation anels in vario!s laces: a*ove doors% door leaves% entrance alls% *edroo alls% and the

sectionJs all hich ere located in the dinin hall% recetion hall% ra#er hall% conve. hall% entrance

ho!se and *edroo all/ In addition% craftsen desined certain coositional atterns *ased on s!ita*le

f!nctions and the iortance of the livin sace hich !rosel# rod!ced accordin to the t#es of

sace/ +he ain !rose of the laceent of carvin anel is ost ro*a*l# for decorative f!nction and

the nat!ral ventilation *ecoe the secondar# factor/ 4or e.ale% a carved anel deicted ith a secial

floer otif and located at the entrance door creates a sense of elcoin and focal oint for visitors/+he laceent of a carvin at the entrance door s!ests a deree of iortance of sace !tili@ation/

Another e.ale fo!nd in the ra#er roo at an old osG!e in &elantan% as a carved anel ositioned

on the !er side of the all that divided an enclosed saces and an oen sace servin as fenestration on

alls that rovide a decoration iece/ +he ain !rose of this anel is to serve as a elcoin feat!re to

the erson ho coes to ra# hen vieed fro the oen sace/ A Chr#santhe! floer otif as

!sed to create a sense of a focal oint ithin the front facade of the osG!e/ It also enhances the all


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-ursuriani )haffee and .smail )aid/ Procedia )ocial and $ehavioral )ciences ## 01#2 ###3###

facade of the enclosed sace *# the silho!ette hen vieed fro inside/ +his t#e of decoration anel

as onl# laced on the front all that s!ests this area is iortant in ters of !sae/

+his res!lt s!ests vario!s distri*!tions of carved ventilation anel in the *!ildin event!all#

reresented as an indication and f!nction of the sace/ It is nota*le that local craftsen: orhai@a ordin

and A*as A*d!llah resonded ositivel# to the factor infl!ences on the siilarities and differences of

desin attri*!tes hich are: eriod of carvin% stat!s of onershi% s8ills of craftsen and laceent of

carved coonents/

y5etalum2 (*)a?i ,ohaad o*ahJs anel (c) Seri Ba8aaliJs anel


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+he ain feat!re of the *a8aali floer as aarentl# transfored accordin to the creativit# and

versatilit# of craftsen/ +he act!al lant is roinent in character has a distinctive feat!re (4i!re H (a)/

+h!s% the craftsen ersonali@ed and odified the h#sical character of the floer *!t aintain its

*ea!t#/ A t#e of floer deterines the transforation of otifs (i8 Isail% 200)/ Pro*a*l#% the floer

otif co!ld *e alied and shaed easil# in carvin for thro!h the desin transforation/ As a res!lt%

the carvin is diffic!lt to *e reconi@ed *# the vieer/ nl# the craftsen co!ld reconi@e the floer

*eca!se the or8 is a rod!ct of their artistic e.ression/ Conceiva*l#% the ain reason of deiction is to8ee the lant as ree*erin the o*?ect in the carvin for since *a8aali is 8non as a traditional

edicinal lant *# the ,ala#s fro the ast to the resent/ n the other hand% it is ossi*le that the

reference of lant otifs is *ased on the *enefits of the lant itself incl!din for edicinal !ses or the

attractions of *ea!t#% taste and scent (,ohd &hair!l% 2002)/ Inas!ch as% floral otifs doinate the

carved coonent in ,ala# vernac!lar architect!re as the *ea!t# of nat!re ives ideas to craftsen in

rod!cin an astonishin asteriece/ +he selection of floral otifs is *ased on: aroriateness and

coosition% characteristic-!niG!eness and roerties of lants% food and edicinal lants% lant stat!s

and sirit of the lants (,ohd Pa8ar!l% 150: ,!haad Affandi% 1H)/ +hese rinciles have *een

alied fro the earl# ancestors to the resent local craftsen/ +h!s% itho!t this iortant Ru%un, an#

craftsen o!ld *e !na*le to colete their tas8 in creatin s!ch a *ea!tif!l decorative art/ Aart fro

ossessin a f!nctional and ornaental val!e% ,ala# oodcarvin also sinifies the reional identit#%character and the c!lt!re of the societ#% for e.ale% in the desin anifestation/ 4or e.ale% an

eerin *ranch of the lant !st *e feat!red as aearin fro *ehind or *elo oriinal *ranch% hich

reresents the idea that the elderl# !st *e iven recedence (,ohd &hair!l% 2002)/ +h!s% reflectin the

sirit of the eole and the era/ Fenerall#% ore than 20 t#es of floral otifs had *een alied to carved

coonents/ +hese t#es of lants are norall# ade ! *# craftsen and can *e easil# fo!nd roin

in their s!rro!ndin (9a?a 4!@iah and A*d!l 9ahan% 2000)/ +he val!a*le lants ere alied in carvin

so that the# o!ld *e ree*ered and reconi@ed *# the ne.t eneration/

*. +onc"usion

It is iortant to 8no and reconi@e the role of otif in ,ala# oodcarvin that can allo its

e.istence to revail for f!t!re eneration/ +he desin of the carvin deicted on a carved coonent is

infl!enced *# t#es of floer% floral otif and its attern of transforation fro the asterJs oriinal to

artistic resentation *# another carver/ Since ,ala# oodcarvin is an art and c!lt!ral val!e% its otif is

associated ith the eriod of carvin% stat!s of onershi% s8ills of craftsen and laceent of carved

coonents in a *!ildin/


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-ursuriani )haffee and .smail )aid/ Procedia )ocial and $ehavioral )ciences ## 01#2 ###3### 11

References

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&e*ansaan ,ala#sia/

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;rchitectural ?or%s4D!rnal Ala Bina% Dilid 5% o/2% 200/ "niversiti +e8noloi ,ala#sia/

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,ohd or% ,/% and Siti 4atahi#ah% ,/% (2010)/ Islamic Philosophy on Behaviour-based Environmental

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http://eprints.utm.my/3834/http://eprints.utm.my/3834/http://eprints.utm.my/3834/http://eprints.utm.my/3834/http://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/images/stories/ajebs12may2010c4.pdfhttp://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/images/stories/ajebs12may2010c4.pdfhttp://eprints.utm.my/3834/http://eprints.utm.my/3834/http://eprints.utm.my/3834/http://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/images/stories/ajebs12may2010c4.pdfhttp://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/images/stories/ajebs12may2010c4.pdf


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S!rve#in% "niversit# +e8noloi ,A9A/

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"niversiti &e*ansaan ,ala#sia/

aicebs london 2013

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