ah]6 th '{df / gful/s cg'udg · 2016. 7. 13. · 1 ah]6 th '{df / gful/s cg'udg...

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ah]6 th'{df /gful/s cg'udg

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ª= n]vf tyf ah]6 k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L ==============================================@*

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h]6 lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfd xf] . ah]6;/sf/sf] cfly{s gLlt emNsfpg] b:tfj]h xf] . ;/sf/n]d'n'ssf] ljsf; / hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu s] s:tf] lg0f{oub}{5 / To:tf lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ s] s:tf sfo{qmd //0fgLlt to ub}{5 eGg] ljifo ah]6af6 k|ltljlDat x'G5 .;/sf/n] ug]{ vr{ / To:tf] vr{ wfGg] ;|f]tsf] cg'dfg g} ah]6xf] . gful/sn] ;/sf/sf nflu s/, z'Ns jf b:t'/x?dfkm{tcfjZos ;|f]t h'6fOlbG5g\ . To;/L h'6\g] ;|f]t ;/sf/L ah]6sf]cleGg cË aGb5 . To;}n] ah]6 cfd ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] .

ljZjJofkL ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] ah]6sf ;DaGwdf gful/s rf;f]cfhef]ln lgs} a9\b} uPsf] 5 . vf;u/L ah]6sf ljifox?dfgful/s ;xeflutf a9fpg ah]6 tof/L, th'{df / sfof{Gjogtyf vr{sf] k|lqmof k4lt / To;sf] kl/0ffdsf] k/LIf0fh:tfljleGg r/0fx?df gful/sn] cfˆgf] ;xeflutf vf]Hg yfn]sf5g\ . To:tf] ;xeflutfsf nflu ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgf cfjZosx'g] ePsfn] o:tf] ;"rgfdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr lj:tf/sf nfluljZje/ ljleGg cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . ;fy}ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f / To;sf af/]df gful/s txdfjsfnt ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; gful/s ;dfhsf] ;/f]sf/ /k|fyldstfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

ah]6sf] kf/blz{tf / k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu gful/s ;dfhsf;r]t / ;lqmo ;+3—;+:yfx?n]] cfˆgf] e"ldsf a9fpFb} nu]sf5g\ . ljZje/L To:tf ;+3—;+:yfx? ah]6sf] ;xL pkof]uåf/fljsf;sf nIox? k|fKt ug{ / ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpgsfnflu bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;kmn ePsf pbfx/0f k|z:t 5g\ .

t/, g]kfndf cem} klg ah]6 th'{df, ;+;baf6 ah]6 kfl/t ug]{k|lqmof, nlIft pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] tyf lgodcg';f/vr{ eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf gful/s cg'udg

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Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/df a:g]x?dfhgtfsf] k};f cfkm\gf] :j]R5fn] vr{ ug]{ dfgl;stf cem}x6]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/, ;+;b\ / n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfosf] 3]/faflx/ ah]6sf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / To;sf] ;kmntf jfc;kmntfaf/] kof{Kt rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5}g .

t;y{, ah]6sf ;DaGwdf lgu/fgL / jsfnt ug]{ gful/s kxncleofgs} ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ vfFrf] 5 . o;sf nflugful/s ;+3—;:yfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ;lqmotf klg plQs}cfjZos 5 .

ah]6 lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df vf;u/L :yfgLo txsf ljsf;cfof]hgfx? 5gf]6 ug{ / tLgdf /sd ljlgof]hg ug{] k|lqmofdf/fhgLlts bn / ltgsf sfo{stf{sf] ;lqmotf / bafasf/Le"ldsf /xg] u/]sf] 5 . s/;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0fdf pBf]u—jfl0fHo dxf;+3, r]Da;{ ckm sd;{nufotsf lghLIf]qsf ;+3—;+:yfsf k|ltlglwsf] ;lqmotf / k|efj klg /xg] u/]sf] 5 .t/, ah]6sf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f tyf cfdhgtfsf] lxtdf ah]65'6Øfpg] u/L ;fdflhs cleofgx? ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf5}gg\ jf ePsf cleofgx? klg lgs} sdhf]/ 5g\ . cfkm"n]rfx]sf] sfo{qmddf ah]6 5'6Øfpg dfq xf]Og 5'6ØfOPsf/sdx? nlIft sfo{qmd cg'?k g} vr{ eP gePsf]df klggful/s rf;f] h?/L 5 .

ah]6df pNn]lvt /sd lgwf{l/t sfo{qmddf g} vr{ eP jf jfcGoq g} ;fl/P < vr{ ePcg'?k ljsf;sf] nIo k|fKt eof]ls ePg < vr{ ug]{ k|lqmofdf ckf/blz{tf / :j]R5frfl/tfsf]sf/0f lxgfldgf / clgoldttf kf] eof] ls < tyf ah]6sfsfo{qmd sfof{Gjog k5fl8 ltgsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg tyfn]vfk/LIf0fdf hgtfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fOPsf] 5 jf 5}g < h:tfcg]s ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;Ifd gful/s ;+3—;+:yf cfjZoskb{5 .

ah]6 eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xf] . To:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ;fj{hlgs lxtdf ;b'kof]u ug{sf nflu clwsf/Lx?nfO{pQ/bfoL agfpg gful/s ;d'bfon] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ If]qdf

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k|efjsf/L x:tIf]k ug{ / /fHonfO{ cfkm\gf] nIo xfl;n ug]{k|of;df ;fy{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . ah]6 cg'udgk|lqmof dfkm{t ah]6sf ljleGg r/0fdf ;xeflutf hgfP/;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg tyf To;sf] cg'udgdf ;+nUg;/sf/, ;+;b\, dxfn]vf k/LIfs / clVtof/ b'?kof]ucg';Gwfg cfof]uh:tf lgsfonfO{ pgLx?sf] ;kmntfsf] nflugful/sn] ;sf/fTds of]ubfg klg lbg ;S5g\ .

o;}u/L hgtfsf] jf:tljs lxt x'g] sfo{qmd / of]hgfdf /fHosf];Lldt ;|f]t ljlgof]hg ug{ klg ;lqmo gful/s ;+3–;+:yfn];/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . w]/}h;f] sfo{qmd / ah]6sf]lg0f{o k|lqmofdf /fhgLlts bn, kx'Frjfnf ;d'bfo / ;f+;bx?tyf ljsf; / cy{ k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] dfq af]njfnf/xFb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df tNnf] txsf hgtfsf] kIfdf lg0f{o u/fpggful/s ;d'bfon] oL k|lqmof dfkm{t pNn]vgLo of]ubfg lbg;S5g\ . To;}u/L, ah]6af6 7f]; kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{sf nflu;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfO/fVg klg gful/s ;+:yfx?n] lg/Gt/lgu/fgL ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

gful/s ;+3–;+:yfn] ah]6;DaGwL hfgsf/L / k|lqmofx? af/];/n 9Ën] hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] cleofg rnfP/;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pgLx?sf] gfddf /fHon] agfPsf] ljleGgsfo{qmd dfkm{t nfe k|fKt ug{ klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .To:tf gful/s / gful/s ;d'bfonfO{ oL ljifodf k|Zg ;f]Wg /pQ/ k|fKt u/L ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;Sg] agfpgsfnflu s]xL 1fg / ;Lk k|fKt ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] of]k|of; ul/Psf] xf] .

;/sf/L vr{sf] gful/s cg'udg k4ltnfO{ ;'b[9 u/fpg]cleofgdf ljZjJofkL ?kdf ;+nUg ;++:yf …b OG6/g];gn ah]6k|f]h]S6Ú sf nflu ljj]s /fds'df/n] tof/ ug'{ ePsf] æxfd|f]k};f, xfd|f] lhDd]jf/LÆ -cfj/ dgL, cfj/ /]:kf]G;Lljln6L_ gfds;xof]uL k':tssf cfwf/df of] k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;k'l:tsfdf ah]6 cg'udg af/]df ;fdfGo ;}4flGts hfgsf/L;d]l6Psf] 5 eg] ;f] ljifodf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /x]sf] gLltut

10

/ sfg'gL Joj:yf Pj+ Jojxfl/s k|rngaf/] klg ;ª\If]kdfpNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ah]6sf] ;}4flGts kIf, ah]6 lgdf{0f /sfof{Gjogsf r/0f, tL r/0fdf x'g;Sg] nfk/jfxL /clgoldttf h:tf ljifonfO{ klg oxfF ;d]l6Psf] 5 . vf;u/Ljh]6 cg'udg k|lqmofdf gful/s cg'udgsf] dxTj / To;n];/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfoL agfpg ;Sg] pkfosf af/]dfklg oxfF ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfsf] dxTjk"0f{ kIfeg]sf] ah]6 cg'udgsf ljifodf gful/s k|of;df ljZjsfljleGg 7fpFdf ul/Psf cg'udgsf sfd, To:tf] cg'udgdfk|of]u ePsf] ljlw tyf To;af6 k|fKt pknlAw / k|efj af/]dfcWoog ljj/0fx? pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ klg xf] .o;}u/L, g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df gful/s txaf6 ah]6 cg'udgsfIf]qdf ;Lldt kxnx? ul/Psf] eP klg ;/sf/L ;]jfsf]k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg / e|i6frf/hGo 36gfsf] ;TotYo aflx/Nofpg ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|of]u ul/Psf b'O{j6fpbfx/0fx¿ klg o; k'l:tsfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ;fy}, ah]6cg'udgdf sfd ug{ rfxg] ;+3;+:yfnfO{ s]xL Jojxfl/s ;'emfjklg lbOPsf] 5 . cGTodf, ah]6;DaGwL zAbfjnL ;/n ¿kdfa'‰g ;lhnf] xf];\ elg s]xL zAbsf] cy{ / JofVof klgk'l:tsfdf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

11

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;/sf/sf] jflif{s of]hgfa4 vr{, cg'dflgt /fh:j / cfpFbf]jif{sf] gLlt k|fyldstfnfO{ ah]6 dfkm{t\ k|ltljlDat ul/Psf]x'G5 . tyflk, ah]6 Pp6f b:tfj]h dfq geO{ of] jif{e/ lg/Gt/rln/xg] k|lqmofut rqm xf] h;sf ljleGg r/0fdf gful/s;dfhn] ah]6sf] ;|f]t, ljlgof]hg / pknlAwsf ljifodf 5nkmn/ ax; rnfpg ;S5g\ .

:s]r ! M ah]6 rqm

ah]6df ;fdfGotof rf/j6f r/0f x'g] ub{5g\M

• ah]6 lgdf{0f, ;/sf/n] ah]6 of]hgf tof/ ub{5,

• ah]6 :jLs[lt, ;+;b\n] cfjZos 5nkmn / ;+zf]wg u/L ah]6 kfl/tub{5,

• sfof{Gjog, ;/sf/n] ah]6sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogub{5, /

• n]vfk/LIf0f / ;+;bLo d"Nofª\sg, /fli6«o n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yf -h:t},dxfn]vf k/LIfs_ / ;+;b\sf] n]vf ;ldlt -h:t} ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt_

!= ah]6 lgdf{0fM;/sf/n] ah]6lgdf{0f ub{5

ah]6 b:tfj]hMn]vfk/LIf0fk|ltj]bg,

;+;bLo n]vf;ldlt k|ltj]bg

@= ah]6 :jLs[ltM ;+;b\n]ah]6 k'g/fjnf]sg /

;+zf]wg ub{5– / To;kl5o;nfO{ sfg'gsf] ?k lbG5

ah]6 b:tfj]hM;/sf/sf]

ah]6 k|:tfj,ah]6sf;xof]uLk|ltj]bg

#= ah]6 sfof{GjogM ;/sf/n]/fh:j ;ª\sng ub{5 /ah]6 sfg'gn] lgwf{/0fu/]adf]lhd vr{ ub{5

ah]6 b:tfj]hMah]6 sfg'g,;+;bLo ah]6

;ldltsf]k|ltj]bg

$= ah]6 lgu/fgLM ah]6 n]vfsf]n]vfk/LIf0f ul/G5 / ;+;b\n]

n]vfk/LIf0fsf tYodfly ;dLIffub{5 . ;/sf/n] n]vfk/LIf0fdf

cf}+FNofOPsf tYox?dfly cfjZossfo{jfxL ub{5 .

ah]6 b:tfj]hMcfjlws k|ltj]bg,cw{jflif{s k|ltj]bg,jflif{s k|ltj]bg,

k"/s ah]6

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n] ah]6 vr{nfO{ d"Nofª\sg ub{5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefun] ah]6 vr{sf] clGtdn]vfk/LIf0f u/L tof/ kf/]sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«k|d'v -/fi6«klt_ ;dIfa'emfpF5 / ;f] k|ltj]bg ;/sf/ dfkm{t\ ;+;b\df a'emfOG5 . ;+;b\sf];fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltn] ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf l;nl;nfdf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf] cWoog u/L cfjZos lgb]{zghf/L ub{5 .

s= ah]6 lgdf{0f

;/sf/ g} ah]6 lgdf{0fsf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g] ub{5 . vf;?kdf, cy{dGqfnodf /xg] ah]6 sfof{no -g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ah]6 tyf sfo{qmddxfzfvf_ n] ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;+of]hgsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .dxfzfvfn] x/]s dGqfnoaf6 cfjZos sfo{qmd / of]hgf ;lxt ah]6lgdf{0f u/L k7fpg tyf To:tf] of]hgfsf] s'n ah]6 ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0fu/]sf dxTjk"0f{ k|fyldstfnfO{ ;'xfpg] u/L cfo÷Joosf] l:ylt ljZn]if0fu/L ah]6 lgdf{0f ug{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . dGqfnox?sf] ;+nUgtf / To;dfx'g] dWo:ytfsf] cfwf/df ah]6 lgdf{0f ug{ s]xL xKtfb]lv w]/} dlxgf;DdnfUg ;S5 .

;fdfGotof, ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ah]6sf] hudf tof/ePsf] x'G5 . cl3Nnf] jif{af6 x'g] kl/jt{gn] gofF gLltut k|fyldstfx?-vf;u/L gofF ;/sf/ cfPkl5_ sf ;fy} ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkdf x'g]vr{sf] cj:yfsf] c;/nfO{ k|ltljlDat ul//x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf ;+;b\sf]cy{ ;ldltn] jflif{s ah]6 tof/Lsf ;Gbe{df lgoldt 5nkmn cfof]hgfug'{sf ;fy} cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ lgoldt?kdfWofgfsif{0f u/fO/x]sf] x'G5 .

g]kfndf ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof

k|To]s cfly{s jif{df ;+;b\df ah]6 k]; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L cy{ dGqfnosf]x'G5 . k|To]s sfof{non] tfn's sfof{nosf] lgb]{zg / /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]uaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kl/kq adf]lhd cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 th'{dfug'{kb{5 . of]hgf cfof]un] cfjlws of]hgfsf cfwf/df jflif{s ljsf;sfo{qmd th'{df ub{5 . of]hgf cfof]un] of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf]k|fyldstf tyf gLltut nIo lgwf{/0f u/L cy{ dGqfno dfkm{t\ ;/sf/sf;a} lgsfox?nfO{ dfu{bz{g pknAw u/fpF5 .

14

cfjlws of]hgfsf] nIo, gLlt / /fli6«o of]hgfsf] dfu{bz{g ;d]tnfO{Wofgdf /fvL sfof{non] ug'{kg]{ sfo{, xfl;n ug'{kg]{ nIo, sfo{qmd /cfly{s ;|f]t tyf b]xfosf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L cfof]un];DalGwt dGqfno / lgsfox? ;d]tsf] ;Nnfxaf6 cfufdL cfly{sjif{sf] nflu If]qut, dGqfnout ah]6sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;/sf/sf;a} lgsfox?n] cy{ dGqfnosf] kl/kq adf]lhd b]xfosf ljifox?v'nfO{ ah]6 lgwf{/0f u/L cy{ dGqfnodf k]; ug{' kb{5 .

s= ;fna;fnL ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?v= cfjlws of]hgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf sfo{x?u= rfn' /x]sf of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?3= j}b]lzs ;xfotfcGtu{t ug'{kg]{ sfo{x?ª= ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf sfo{x?r= lq–jifL{o -k~rjifL{o_ ah]6df tf]lsPsf] eP ;f] adf]lhdsf

sfo{x?5= ax'jifL{o of]hgfsf cfwf/df tf]lsPsf sfo{x?h= cGo cfjZos sfo{x?em= sfof{noaf6 p7\g] /fh:jx?sf] ljj/0f`= ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg';f/ ut cfly{s jif{sf] sfo{qmdsf] nIo

/ k|ult ljj/0f

of]hgf cfof]un] of]h

gf

tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|fy

ldstf

tyf gLltut nIo

lgwf{/0f u/L cy{

dGqfno dfkm{t\

;/sf/sf ;a}

lgsfox?nfO{ dfu{bz

{g

pknAw u/fpF5 .

15

6= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] lbUbz{gcg';f/ ah]6sf] ;Ldf, cfsf// k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/

7= ah]6 k|:tfj ubf{ rfn' / k'FhLut vr{ ah]6 zLif{scg';f/ k|:tfjk]; ug'{kg]{5 .

8= ;dfj]zL tyf /f]huf/ s]lGb|t ah]6 k]; ug'{kg]{5 .

;/sf/sf] gLltut Joj:yfcg';f/ klxnf cy{ dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]udf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd k]; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L sfof{no k|d'vsf]x'G5 . k"/s ah]6 cfjZos ePdf ;/sf/sf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd k];ug'{kb{5 .

!= ah]6 / ;|f]t ;ldlt

ah]6 lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df s]Gb|df Pp6f ah]6 ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 ./fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf u7g x'g] ah]6 ;ldltdfof]hgf cfof]usf ;a} ;b:ox?, g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ueg{/, cy{dGqfnosf ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;lrj / dxfn]vf lgoGqs;b:o /x]sf x'G5g\ . To:t} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ah]6 x]g]{ ;b:osf];+of]hsTjdf ;|f]t;fwg ;ldlt ;d]t u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;/sf/n];Dk "0f {?kdf ah]6 tof/ ul/;s]kl5 ; +;b \dfk|:t't ug'{cl3 /fi6«k|d'v -/fi6«klt_ nfO{ ah]6af/] la|lkmª ug]{k|rng 5 .

@= ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] qmd jif{e/ rln/xG5

g]kfndf ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ jif}{e/ lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . ah]6sf]lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df cy{ dGqfnon] ah]t th'{df lbUbz{g hf/Lu/]sf] 5 . ;f] lbUbz{gdf ;d]l6Psf] ;dotflnsf tn k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 .

16

ah]6 lgdf{0f ;dotflnsf

-ah]6 th'{df lbUbz{g, @)^*, cy{ dGqfno_

ah]6 k|If]k0fsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg tof/L-cjwf/0ff kq_

-/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷cy{ dGqfno÷;DalGwtdGqfno_

sflQssf] bf];|f]xKtf

k|If]k0fnfO{ ah]6 ;ldltdf k]z

-/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷;|f]t ;ldlt_sflQssf] t];|f]xKtf

ah]6 ;ldltn] ah]6sf] cfsf/ / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f

-ah]6 ;ldlt÷/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷ah]6 tyfsfo{qmd dxfzfvf_

dª\l;/sf] bf];|f]xKtf

dGqfnout / sfo{ut?kdf ah]6sf] ;Ldf /lgb]{zg tof/ ug]{

-/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷cy{ dGqfno_

dª\l;/sf] t];|f]xKtf

dGqfnout / sfo{ut?kdf ah]6sf] ;Ldf,dfu{bz{g / lgb]{zg k7fpg]

-cy{ dGqfno_

dª\l;/sf] rf}yf]xKtf

k|fKt ah]6sf] ;Ldf / dfu{bz{g ljefu, lhNnfsfof{no / cfof]hgfdf k7fpg]

-;DalGwt dGqfnox?n] ug]{_

k';sf] klxnf]xKtf

sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 tof/ u/L k]z ug]{ -lq–jifL{ovr{ k|If]k0f;lxt_

-;DalGwt lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox?÷;DalGwtdGqfnox?_

df3sf] klxnf]xKtfb]lv kmfu'gsf]t];|f] xKtf

17

v= ah]6 :jLs[lt

;/sf/n] tof/ kf/]sf] ah]6dfly cfjZos ljrf/ljdz{ -ljleGg ;+;bLo;ldltdf ;'g'jfO klg x'g ;S5_ u/L cGttM :jLs[ltsf nflu ;+;b\dfk|:t't ul/G5 . d'n'ssf] sfg'gL ;+/rgf d'tflas ;+;b\n] s] s:tf]9ª\uaf6 ah]6df ;+zf]wg ug{ kfpF5 eGg] lgwf{/0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 .vf;?kdf, ;j{;fwf/0f / gful/s ;dfh b'j}n] oxL r/0fdf ah]6sf;DaGwdf lgs} a9L Wofg lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ lsgeg] oxL r/0fdfgful/ssf ;'emfjnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L cfTd;ft ul/g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/n] ;+;b\sf] clwj]zg -h;nfO{ ah]6 clwj]zgjf jif]{ clwj]zg klg elgG5_ df cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] jflif{s ah]6k|:t't ub{5 . of] ah]6 ;/sf/n] ;+;b\df k|:t't ug]{ jflif{s gLlt tyfsfo{qmdsf] hudf tof/ ePsf] x'G5 . ;+;b\sf] ax'dtn] To:tf] ah]6:jLs[t ub{5 . ah]6 kfl/t x'g'cl3 ah]6df cfjZos 5nkmn ul/G5 .ljz]if kl/l:ylt gx'Fbf;Dd ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] k|:t't u/]sf] ah]6df ;+zf]wgub}{g .

sfo{qmd tyf ah]6dfly 5nkmn -lq–jifL{o vr{k|If]k0f;lxt_

-/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u÷cy{dGqfno÷cy{dGqL÷;DalGwt dGqfno_

kmfu'gsf] rf}yf]xKtfb]lv h]7sf]klxnf] xKtf

ah]6 k|:t't / ;+;b\af6 kfl/t

-cy{dGqL÷;+;b\_c;f/sf] clGtdxKtf

ah]6 vr{sf] clVtof/L

-cy{ ;lrj_;fpg ! ut]

cg'udg÷d"Nofª\sg

-;a} dGqfno÷cy{ dGqfno_k|To]s dlxgfsf]& ut]leq

ah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg

-cy{ dGqfno_cfly{s jif{sf]kmfu'g !% ut]leq

18

u= ah]6 sfof{Gjog

ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog sfg'gåf/f ah]6 vr{ ug]{u/L ;/sf/n] cfkm"dftxtsf lgsfonfO{ clVtof/L lbPkl5 cf/De x'G5 . g]kfndf ;+;b\af6ah]6 :jLs[t x'gf;fy cy{ dGqfnon] dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nodfkm{t\ ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt sfof{nox?sf nflu vr{sf] clVtof/L lbg]ub{5 . tyflk, Jojxf/df ah]6 :jLs[t ePadf]lhd ;xL tl/sfaf6 ;b}jsfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] x'Fb}g . h:t}, vr{sf ;Ldf / Joj:yfnfO{ cfTd;ftgul/Psf] x'g ;S5, / clVtof/L lbOPsf] /sd tf]lsPs} p2]Zosfnflu vr{ eO/x]sf] x'Fb}g . tn a9L lj:t[t?kdf rrf{ ul/Pem}+ PszLif{ssf] ah]6 csf]{ zLif{sdf vr{ -/sdfGt/_ ul/Pdf To;n] zª\sfpTkGg u/fpF5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lgwf{l/t sfo{qmd c;kmn x'g] tyfe|i6frf/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9fpF5 . clVtof/L lbOPsf] / jf:tljsvr{aLrsf] cGt/ lgs} a9L b]lvof] eg] gful/s ;dfhn] o;sf] sf/0fdfUg' kb{5 .

g]kfndf ;+;b\af6 a

h]6

:jLs[t x'gf;fy c

y{

dGqfnon] dxfn]vf

lgoGqs sfof{no df

km{t\

;/sf/sf ;DalGwt

sfof{nox?sf nflu

vr{sf] clVtof/L l

bg]

ub{5 .

19

!= g]kfndf ljsf;sf] nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] sdL /xg]5 .a? sdL /x]5 sfd ug]{ OR5fzlQm / k|lta4tfsf],

@= /fhgLlts l:y/tf lagf ljsf;n] jfl~5t ult lng ;Sbf]/x]g5,

#= ;ª\qmd0fsfndf cfly{s :yfloTj / l:y/tf sfod ug{;lsFbf] /xg]5 . ;fy}, o:tf] cj:yfdf cfly{s cg'zf;gklg sdhf]/ aGbf] /x]5,

$= ljifout dGqfnox?n] :jfldTj u|x0f gu/]sf gLlt tyfsfo{qmdsf] th'{dfsf] r/0fb]lv g} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf];xeflutf gePdf To:tf gLlt / sfo{qmdx?sf]sfof{Gjog ug{ sl7g kbf]{ /x]5,

%= lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog, ;e]{ l8hfOg, sfof{Gjogof]hgf gagfOsg gofF sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ubf{ ltgLx?sf]sfof{Gjog cnkq kbf]{ /x]5,

^= kof{Kt 5nkmn / ;xdlt lagf gofF gLlt 3f]if0ff ug{gx'g] /x]5,

&= ;Lldt ;fwgnfO{ w]/} cfof]hgfx?df 5g'{ gx'g] /x]5,

*= nufgL / ;'wf/ k|lqmofnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg' kg]{ /x]5,;'wf/ lagfsf] nufgLn] dfq k|ltkmn lbFbf] /x]g5,

(= gLltdf lg/Gt/tf / lglZrttf rflxFbf] /x]5,

!)= ;+:yfut ;dGjosf] cefjdf gLlt / sfo{qmdsf]k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;Dej gx'g] /x]5,

!!= sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf] nflu/fd|f] kl/kf6L /x]5 .

-;|f]tM cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& sf]ah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg, kmfu'g, @)^^_

cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷)^^ sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogaf6 l;lsPsf kf7

20

3= n]vfk/LIf0f / ah]6 d"Nofª\sg

ah]6 rqmsf ] clGtd r/0fdf;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L/ ;xL 9ª\uaf6 k|of]u eP–gePsf]hf Fr ug] { nIosf ;fy ljleGglqmofsnfk eO/x]sf x 'G5g\ .;fdfGotof ;/sf/n] ; +;b \ /hg;dIf cfly{s kl/rfng;Fuhf]l8Psf lqmofsnfkx? k|:t'tug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/L vr{nfO{ s'g}:jtGq / Jofj;flos lgsfo, h:t}dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 lgoldt k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOg'kb{5 .dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] cfF}NofPsf lgisif{nfO{ ;+;b\df k|:t't ul/g'kb{5h;af6 ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] cEof;df ;/sf/nfO{ cem a9L lhDd]jf/agfpF5 . d"Nofª\sg / n]vfk/LIf0fn] ;/sf/n] ah]6 sfg'gnfO{ cg';/0fu/]sf] 5 5}g jf ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ /fd|f];Fu k|of]u ul//x]sf] 55}g egL 7Dofpg ;+;b\nfO{ ;Ifd t'NofpF5 . oxL sf/0f cfw'lgsah]6 lgdf{0f ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?dfly cfkm\gfsfo{;~rfngdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ah]6 sfo{;Dkfbg;DaGwL hfgsf/LpknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf c;fWo} hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

21

@ ;/sf/L /sd lsgcGoq vr{ x'G5 <

22

;+;b\åf/f kfl/t ah]6 klg Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{df k'¥ofP/ vr{ ul/g] w]/}sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ . s]xLsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ x'G5 eg] s]xL xr'jfsf e/dfdgf]dfgL 9ª\uaf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . ah]6 /sd tf]lsPsf] sfo{qmdeGbf cGoqvr{ x'g'df k|foM lgDg sf/0f x'G5g\M

s= sdhf]/ ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL

ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?n] sdhf]/ ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf sf/0f af/Daf/;d:of ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g\ . ah]6 vr{df u'0f:t/Lotf / /sdsf] k|jfxnfO{Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] IfdtfnfO{ ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/Ln] ;ª\s6dfkfl//x]sf] x'G5 . w]/} b]zdf cy{ dGqfnon] cfly{s jif{sf] gub k|jfxnfO{k|efjsf/L?kdf of]hgfa4 9ª\uaf6 kl/rfng ul//x]sf x'Fb}gg\ h;sf]kl/0ffd:j?k vr{ ug'{kg]{ lgsfox? cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] tLg q}dfl;scjlw;Dd cfjZos /sd vr{ ug{af6 al~rt eO/x]sf x'G5g\ / clGtdq}dfl;sdf ah]6 vr{ ug{ g;sL ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f TolQs} ylGsPsf]x'G5 . ;/sf/L lgsfox?dfly cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo x'g' s]xLcl3 /sdvr{ ug'{kg]{ rsf]{ bafa x'G5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf a9L /sd vr{ug'{kbf{ kmh"n / e8lsnf] x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . cfly{s jif{e/ ah]6sf]lgoldt cg'udg u/]/ gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] gub k|jfxsf] of]hgfdfb]lvPsf q'6L / sdhf]/L cf}FNofP/ ;/sf/dfly bafa lbg ;S5g\ . vr{sf]lgoldt cg'udgn] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs gLlt / ah]6sf nIonfO{ k"/fug]{tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ g} d2t ug{ ;lsG5 .

v= e|i6frf/

e|i6frf/n] w]/} b]zsf] ljQ Joj:yfkgdf ;ª\s6 lgDTofO/x]sf] x'G5 . vf;u/Lof] cj:yf sdhf]/ ljQLo Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cg';/0f ug]{ ljsf;zLn

23

d'n'sx?df ljBdfg 5 . ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] hgtfaf6 p7fOPsf]/sdnfO{ æ/rgfTds n]vfÆ (creative accounting) / vl/b clgoldttfh:tftl/sf ckgfP/ /fHosf]ifnfO{ cGoq vr{ ug{ cg]sg hfnem]n ug{ ;S5g\ .ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf qmddf e|i6frf/ ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] s'/f ah]6 sfof{Gjog/ kl/of]hgf cg'udgaf6 dfq kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

u= /fHosf]ifsf] /sdfGt/

;/sf/n] slxn]sflxF cg'ko'Qm 9ª\uaf6 cGo sfo{qmdsf lglDt /fHosf]ifsf]/sdfGt/ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf] pkrf/sflglDt 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 æc:ktfn k|zf;gÆ cyjf cGo :jf:Yo ;]jfsfIf]qdf vr{ eO/x]sf] x'g ;S5 . /sdfGt/ ug'{nfO{ e|i6 Jojxf/ dfGgg;lsPnf, / ;/sf/n] slxn]sflxF sfg'gL k|lqmof ckgfP/ of] sfo{ u/]sf]klg b]lvG5 . Ps zLif{sdf 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd cGo zLif{sdf vr{ ug'{ klgah]6 sfof{Gjogs} Ps c+z xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, æ/sdfGt/ lgodÆ /k"/s ah]6 dfkm{t\ ah]6 /sdnfO{ Ps zLif{saf6 csf]{df nluPsf] x'G5cyjf Pp6f sfo{qmd jf lgsfoleq} klg yk /sd vr{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/,gful/s ;dfhn] vr{sf] nlIft p2]Zo adf]lhd sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf];'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug'{kb{5 .

e|i6frf/n] w]/} b]zsf] ljQ

Joj:yfkgdf ;ª\s6

lgDTofO/x]sf] x'G5 . vf;u/L of]

cj:yf sdhf]/ ljQLo

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL cg'z/0f ug]{

ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df ljBdfg

5 .

24

3= ck|Tofl;t sfo{df sf]ifsf] k|of]u

s'g} ck|Tofl;t 36gf, h:t} k|fs[lts ljklQdf vr{ ug]{u/L k|foM ;/sf/;FucfktsfnLg sf]if /x]sf] x'G5 . To;y{, ljz]if lsl;dsf cfjZostfnfO{;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] ah]6df ;+zf]wg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] cfktsfnLgsf]ifsf] kl/rfng ;xL?kdf eP–gePsf] ;DaGwdf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n]dfq ljZn]if0f / kx/]bf/L ug{ ;S5g\ .

ª= /sdsf] ckof{Kttf

slxn]sflxF s'g} sfo{qmddf oy]i6 /sd vr{ ug{ ah]6 cIfd eO/x]sf]x'G5 . olb To:tf] sfo{qmd sfg'gL clwsf/ hf]l8Psf] sfo{qmd -pbfx/0fsfnflu, nfestf{x?, h:t} ckfª\u, n] sfg'gL?kd} ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ k|fjwfg;d]l6Psf sfo{qmd_ xf] eg] ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{e/ s'g} klg r/0fdf /sdyKg' sfg'gL bfloTj x'g ;S5 . oL sfo{qmddf ah]6 cefj x'g] vt/fb]lvP gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?n] To:tf] bfloTj k"/f u/fpg ;/sf/dfly bafaklg lbg ;S5g\ .

r= ah]6df g;d]l6g] bft[ ;xof]u

ul/aLdf lklN;Psf d'n'sx?n] k|foM ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf lglDt låkIfLo /ax'kIfLo bftfx?af6 dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|fKt ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] /sd;/sf/n] tof/ ug]{ cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df pNn]v gePsf] / ah]6n];fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;du| j:t'l:yltsf] lrq0f klg gu/]sf] x'g ;S5 . s'g}klg sfo{qmdsf] lj:t[t?kdf ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu sfo{qmddf ePsf] nufgLsf];|f]t / vr{sf] p2]Zosf af/]df k"0f{?kdf a'em\g cg'udg ul/g' cfjZosx'G5 .

5= sdhf]/ lgu/fgL

Ifdtf ;Lldttfn] slxn]sflxF ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f ;+:yfx? / ;+;b\n]ah]6sf] ;du| sfof{Gjogsf af/]df k|efjsf/L?kdf lgu/fgL ug{ ;ls/x]sfx'Fb}gg\ . gful/s ;dfhn] lgu/fgL Ifdtf a9fpg ;/sf/s} ljleGg :jtGqlgsfonfO{ d2t ug{ ;S5g\ .

25

# ah]6 sfof{Gjogk|lqmof

26

ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;fdfGotof kfFrj6f r/0f x'G5g\M

• :jLs[t ah]6sf cfwf/df ljleGg dGqfno -cyjf ljefu÷lgsfox?_nfO{ /sd lgsf;f lbOG5 .

• ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ;f]em} jf j:t' tyf ;]jf vl/b u/L vr{ ug{yfN5g\ .

• vr{ ePsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgL ul/G5 .

• vr{sf] ljj/0fnfO{ n]vf vftfdf r9fOG5 .

• cfjlws k|ltj]bg lg/Gt/ tof/ ul/G5, cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodfvftf aGb ul/G5 / jif{sf] cGTodf jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/G5 .

ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmof

vr{ ug]{lgsfox?nfO{ sf]iftyf n]vf lgoGqssfof{noaf6 /sd

lgsf;f

;/sf/L lgsfox?n]vr{ ug{ yfN5g\-tna, vl/b,OToflb dfkm{t\_

j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]vl/bsf nflu

e'QmfgL;/sf/L lgsfox?af6cfjlws / jflif{s n]vf

ljj/0f / ah]6k|ltj]bg tof/L

n]vf k|0ffnLdfsf/f]af/sf]

/]s8{ah]6

sfof{Gjogk|lqmof

27

s= dGqfno, ljefu / cGo lgsfox?nfO{ ah]6 lgsf;f

ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] sfof{Gjog r/0f ;Da4 dGqfno, ljefu, jflgsfox?nfO{ /fli6«o sf]if sfof{no -dxfn]vf lgoGq0f sfof{no_ af6 /sdlgsf;f lbg cf/De u/]kl5 ;'? x'G5 . o:tf] lgsf;f ;fdfGotof ;+;b\n]ah]6 kfl/t u/L sfg'gL x}l;ot k|bfg ugf{;fy cf/De x'G5 . q}dfl;s jfdfl;s e'QmfgL ug]{u/L s]Gb|Lo /fh:j sf]ifaf6 cf}krfl/s clVtof/L -;/sf/L clVtof/L kmf/fd_ lbOPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] clVtof/L lbFbf ah]6 lgsf;fkm's'jf ug'{sf ;fy} sfof{nox?n] ug]{ vr{sf] ljj/0f;DaGwL ah]6 zLif{sv'nfOPsf] x'G5 .

s]xL d'n'sx? – h:t}, kf]r'{un, O6fnL / ltgLx?sf k"j{ pklgj]zx?– df;jf]{Rr n]vf ;+:yf -P;PcfO{_ nfO{ ;fj{hlgs vr{sf s]xL lglZrt zLif{snfO{;f]em} :jLs[t ug]{ lhDd]bf/L lbOPsf] kfOG5 . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t P;PcfO{n]/sd 6«fG;km/ ug'{cl3 lj:t[t hfFr ub{5 . o; ljk/Lt klZrdf ;+;bLo(Westminster) k|0ffnLdf dxfn]vf -n]vfk/LIf0f / sf]if Joj:yfkg b'j}sf]lhDd]jf/L ePsf] sfof{no_ lgoGqs sfof{non] ;DalGwt ljefux?df /sdlgsf;f :jLs[t ub{5 .

v= vr{ cf/De

dGqfno / ljefux?nfO{ /sd lgsf;f lbO;s]kl5 lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsfclws[tx?n] vr{sf] p2]Zoaf/] k|:tfj ub{5g\ . dGqfno jf ljefusf k|d'vn]vf clws[t -cyjf pgn] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf clwsf/L, k|foM k|d'v n]vfclws[t_ n] oL k|:tfjx? ah]6 cGtu{t 5 5}g / pko'Qm ljlw k|lqmofk'¥ofOPsf] 5 5}g egL ;'lglZrt ug{ cWoog ub{5g\ . k|:tfj :jLs[tx'gf;fy dGqfno jf ljefun] s/f/df x:tfIf/ ub{5 jf h?/t k/]sf j:t'tyf ;]jfsf nflu vr{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfb]z lbG5 . o;}u/L, ;/sf/n] tnae'QmfgLsf nflu tna Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Payroll Management System) /C0f bfloTjsf lglDt C0f Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL (Debt Management System)sf] k|of]u ub{5 .

u= e'QmfgL

vr{sf] jf:tljs e'QmfgL ;fdfGotof dGqfno, ljefu jf sfof{nosf n]vfljefuaf6 r]s jf a}+s 6«fG;km/åf/f ul/G5 . -s]xL b]zdf s]Gb|Lo sf]ifaf6};Dk"0f{ e'QmfgLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 ._ w]/}j6f km|fGsf]kmf]g d'n'sx?df

28

e'QmfgL lng] JolQmn] vr{sf] lg0f{o -cfOcf]8f]{gf6/_ ug]{ JolQmaf6 x'g ;Sg]cgfjZos k|efjdfly sfg'gL?kdf ;'/lIft ul/G5 .

;fgf w]/} ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df ;/sf/n] slxn]sflxF gub e'QmfgL ul//x]sf]x'G5 . o:tf sf/f]af/n] e|i6frf/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 / o;nfO{ cf}krfl/sa}+lsª k|0ffnLn] k|lt:yfkg ul/g'kb{5 .

3= sf/f]af/sf] vftf /fVg]

;a}h;f] ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?n] gub n]vf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\h;cGtu{t e'QmfgL ugf{;fy vftfdf vr{ b]vfOG5 cyf{t\ e'QmfgL cfb]zhf/L x'gf;fy tTsfn} vr{ b]vfOG5 . o:tf] k|0ffnLn] ;/sf/sf] ljQLocj:yfsf af/]df rfx]sf] avt ;du| b[Zo lgdf{0f ug{ sl7g x'G5 . pbfx/0fsfnflu, ;/sf/n] s'g} dxFuf j:t' jf ;]jf vl/bsf] s/f/ ;Demf}tf u/]sf] ePklg o;sf] ljQLo ljj/0fdf gub n]vf k|0ffnL cg'?k s'g} klg lsl;dsf]e'QmfgL gePsf] hgfOPsf] x'G5, / of] sfo{ s]xL dlxgf kl5 x'g ;S5 .

ljQLo sf/f]af/sf lqmofsnfk x'gf;fy To;nfO{ Ps?cn btf{ ug'{kb{5 .o;f] ubf{ j:t' tyf ;]jf pknAw u/fpgf;fy vr{ b]vfOG5 -e'QmfgL gul/;s]sf]eP klg_ / s/ bflvnf afFsL /x]sf] jf j:t' / ;]jfsf] laqmL ePsf] -/fh:jk|fKt e}g;s]sf] cj:yf eP klg_ cj:yfdf /fh:j bflvnf eO;S5 . of]Ps?cn k|0ffnLn] d'n'ssf] ljQLo cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf lgs} ;xL t:jL/tTIf0f k|:t't ub{5 . b'ef{Uoj;, k|of]udf of] ljlw lgs} hl6n 5, / s]xL yf]/}ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df dfq of] ljlw sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;|f]t;fwg 5g\ .

ª= n]vf tyf ah]6 k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L

;fdfGotof ah]6sf] cjlw !@ dlxgf cyf{t\ Ps jif{sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ cfly{sjif{ elgG5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cjlwdf n]vf clws[tx? jf pgLx?n]k|Tofof]hg u/]sf sd{rf/Ln] jif{e/Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ afFsL aSof}tf /fh:j / vr{sf]ljj/0fnfO{ /]s8{ ub{5g\ . oL /]s8{ ul/Psf sf/f]af/n] cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6tof/ ug{ / n]vf k|ltj]bg tof/L ug{ d2t k'¥ofpF5g\ . jif{sf] cGTodf ;Dk"0f{sf/f]af/nfO{ /]s8{ ul/;s]kl5 n]vf clws[tx?n] jif{e/sf] ;+:yfsf] ljQkl/rfngsf] clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ kfb{5g\ . oL clGtd n]vfnfO{ jflif{sk|ltj]bgdf ;dflji6 ul/G5 h;nfO{ n]vf k/LIf0fsf nflu P;PcfO{ -dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ljefu_ ;dIf k7fOG5 .

29

;/sf/L sfuhftn] ah]6sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug{d2t k'¥ofpF5

$

30

rf/ lsl;dsf ;/sf/L k|ltj]bgn] ah]6 sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug{ ;xof]uub{5g\M kfl/t ah]6, cfjlws k|ltj]bg, k"/s ah]6 / jflif{s k|ltj]bg .

s= kfl/t ah]6

;/sf/n] k|:t't u/]sf] ah]6dfly 5nkmn / ax; ul/;s]kl5 ;+;b\n] o;nfO{sfg'gsf] ?k k|bfg ug{ dtbfg ub{5 . -To;kl5 o;nfO{ kfl/t ah]6 elgG5 ._s]xL d'n'sdf kfl/t ah]6n] x/]s vr{ ug]{ lgsfonfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd /sfo{qmd ah]6df b]vfpg'kb{5 . cGo sltko d'n'sdf ah]6n] ;du| vr{sf]l:yltnfO{ dfq b]vfPsf] x'G5 . kfl/t ah]6df dfq sfg'gL x}l;ot /x]sf]x'G5 . o;df /flvPsf] lj:t[t ljj/0fsf] :t/n] vr{ of]hgfdf kl/jt{gsfnflu ;+;b\sf] clVtof/L glnO{ jif{e/Ldf ah]6df ;/sf/n] ug{ ;Sg]kl/jt{gnfO{ lrlqt u/]sf] x'G5 . oxL sf/0f kfl/t ah]6 cg'udg p2]ZosflglDt lgs} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;leq cfufdL cfly{s jif{df ;/sf/n] ug]{ vr{sfljifodf ;':ki6 9ª\uaf6 tf]lsPsf] x'G5 .

v= cfjlws k|ltj]bg

ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf r/0fdf ;/sf/n] k/Dk/fut z}nLd} vr{, /fh:j / C0fsf]cj:yfnfO{ cg'udg ul//x]sf] x'G5 .1 w]/} ;/sf/n] dfl;s, q}dfl;s,dWosfnLg k|ltj]bg tof/ kfb{5g\ h;n] :jLs[t ah]6;Fu jf:tljs ah]6sf]t'ngf ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf ah]6 vr{, /fh:j /C0fsf k|fjwfgx? ;d]l6Psf 5g\ 5}gg\ x]g{ o:tf] t'ngfn] d2t ub{5 .

jif{leq k|sfzg x'g] o:tf k|ltj]bgn] ;fdfGotof ;/sf/n] k|jfx ul//x]sf];]jf ah]6df pNn]v ePcg'?k ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 5}g eg]/ ;d]6]sf]x'Gg . w]/} sd /fi6«n] dfq ;]jf k|jfx / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cg'udg ub{5g\ .ah]6sf] pbfx/0fdf lbOPem}+ gful/s ;dfhn] ckgfpg] ;jf]{Ts[i6 tl/sfeg]s} kl/of]hgf / ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;f]emf] cjnf]sg xf] . pgLx?n] ;/sf/Lah]6sf sfuhftdf dfq lge{/ /x]/ lrQ a'emfpg' hfoh x'Fb}g .

cfjlws k|ltj]bgx? ;du| ;/sf/ jf s'g} Pp6f lgsfonfO{ lnP/ tof/ kfg{;lsG5 . s]xL d'n'sdf /fh:j ;+sng lgsfox?n] cfkm\gf] cnUu} k|ltj]bg;fj{hlgs ub{5g\ . cGo sltko d'n'sdf ;/sf/sf] abnfdf s]Gb|Lo a}+sn];/sf/sf] a}+s vftfsf] cj:yfsf ;DaGwdf k|ltj]bg hf/L ub{5 . oL

! km|fO8Dofg / uf]d]h, @))% .

31

kfl/t ah]6df dfq sfg'gL x}l;ot

/x]sf] x'G5 . o;df /flvPsf]

lj:t[t ljj/0fsf] :t/n] vr{

of]hgfdf kl/jt{gsf nflu ;+;b\sf]

clVtof/L glnO{ jif{e/Ldf ah]6df

;/sf/n] ug{ ;Sg] kl/jt{gnfO{

lrlqt u/]sf] x'G5 .

k|ltj]bgn] k|zf;sLo OsfO{x?nfO{ dfl;s?kdf /sd lbPsf] s'/feGbf ;du|vr{ ePsf] /sdnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] cj:yf /x];Dd To;nfO{ cfjlwsk|ltj]bgs} ?kdf u|x0f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ah]6 vr{, /fh:j / C0fsfljj/0fx? cy{ dGqfno, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / ;Da4 lgsfox?n] ;fj{hlgsul//x]sf] kfOG5 . /fi6« a}+sn] k|sfzg ug]{ q}dfl;s cfly{s ;dLIff lgs}nf]slk|o dflgG5 .

cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ljsf; ;+u7g -cf]Ol;8L_ sf] ah]6 kf/blz{tfsf pTs[i6cEof; (Best Practices for Budget Transparency) n] l/kf]l6{ª cjlw;dfKt ePsf] rf/ dlxgfleq dfl;s k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf]5 -cf]Ol;8L, @))!_ . k|ltj]bgn] k|To]s dlxgf / cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xLdlxgfsf] cGTo;Dd k|fKt ePsf] /fh:j / vr{sf] ljj/0f ;d]6\g' kb{5 .;fy}, k|ltj]bgn] l/kf]l6{ª cjlwsf] dfl;s /fh:j / vr{sf] k|If]lkt /sdnfO{t'ngf klg ug'{ kb{5 . k|ltj]bgn] jf:tljs / k|If]lkt /fh:j tyf vr{aLrx'g ;Sg] s'g} dxTjk"0f{ ljrngsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljZn]if0f / JofVof klg u/]sf]x'g'kb{5 .

s]xL d'n'sn] sfo{qmdsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ / s/ /fh:j;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f;fj{hlgs ub{5g\ eg] cGon] ;/sf/sf] s'n /fh:j / vr{ dfq b]vfpF5g\ .s]xL d'n'sdf oL k|ltj]bgx? k|To]s k|zf;sLo lgsfon] cf–cfkm}+ hf/Lub{5g\ eg] cGo sltko b]zdf ;a} ;"rgfnfO{ Pslqt ul/G5 / vf;?kdfcy{ dGqfnon] hf/L ub{5 .

32

u= k"/s ah]6

s'g} cfly{s jif{leq k|fs[lts ljklQ cfOk/]df jf ah]6 of]hgfdf sdhf]/LePsf sf/0f s'g} sfo{qmdsf nflu /sd cefj ePsf] h:tf cfsl:dscfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ k|f/Dedf hf/L ah]6dfly ;+zf]wg ug{'kg]{ cj:yfcfpF5 / To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] k"/s ah]6 NofpF5 . k"/s ah]6Nofpg] sfo{ ;a}h;f] b]zdf gf}nf] s'/f geP klg 7"nf] k"/s ah]6 Nofpg]afgL a;]df To;n] sdhf]/ ah]6cEof;nfO { Oª \ lut ub {5 .lgoldt?kdf k"/s ah]6sf] cg'/f]wx 'g yfn] dGqfno / ;/sf/Llgsfox?leq} of]hgfsf sfo{x?nfO{cjd "Nog u/ ]sf ] 7xl/G5 .;|f]t;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8dfly x'g'kg]{v'nf ax;nfO{ klg o:tf] sfo{n]cj/f ]w k ' ¥ofp F5 . jf:tjdf;/sf/af6 k|:t't x'g] cfufdLcfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 k|:tfjdfly;+;b\df 5nkmn ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .

ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] /fd|f] cEof;sf lglDt k"/s ah]6nfO{ klg ;+;b\af6} kfl/tul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . o;n] k"/s ah]6sf] afXo lgu/fgLnfO{ ;xhLs/0fub{5 . ;/sf/af6 ul/g] ;/sf/L sf]ifsf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df cfjZos hfFr;'lglZrt ug{' klg h?/L 5 .

cfOlakLn] u/]sf] %( d'n'ssf] ;e]{If0fn] -tflnsf !_ #% d'n'ssf ;/sf/n]k"/s ah]6 k|:tfj gu/]sf] cyjf ah]6df 5'6\ofOPsf] /sdsf] k|of]u ug'{cl3;+;bLo :jLs[lt lnPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 .2 t/, @@ j6f b]zdf /sd vr{eO;s]kl5 ;+;b\sf] k/fdz{ lnPsf] jf ljNs'n} glnPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

2 ljZjsf lgDg %( b]z ;d]l6Psf 5g\M cNafgLof, cNh]l/of, c+uf]nf, ch]{lG6gf,ch/a}hfg, a+unfb]z, af]lnleof, af]T;jfgf, a|flhn, a'Nu]l/of kmf:sf], Sofd?g,rf8, sf]nlDaof, sf]:6fl/sf, qmf]Pl;of, r]s l/klJns, OSj]8/, OlhK6, Pn ;fNef8f],km|fG;, hlh{of, 3fgf, Ujf6]dfnf, xf]G8'/;, ef/t, OG8f]g]l;of, hf]8{g, shfv:tfg,s]Gof, dnfjL, d]lS;sf], dGuf]lnof, df]/Ssf], gfldlaof, g]kfn, Go"lhNof08, lgsf/fu'jf, gfOh]l/of, gj]{, kfls:tfg, kk'cf Go"lugL, k]?, lkmlnlkG;, kf]NofG8, /f]dfgLof,?;, :nf]e]lgof, blIf0f clkm|sf, blIf0f sf]l/of, >Ln+sf, :jL8]g, tfGhfgLof, 6sL{,o'ufG8f, cd]l/sf, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, leotgfd / hflDaof .

k"/s ah]6 Nofpg

]k"/s ah

]6 Nofpg]

k"/s ah]6 Nofpg

]k"/s ah

]6 Nofpg]

k"/s ah]6 Nofpg

]

sfo{ ;a}h;f] b]z

dfsfo{ ;a

}h;f] b]zdf

sfo{ ;a}h;f] b]z

dfsfo{ ;a

}h;f] b]zdf

sfo{ ;a}h;f] b]z

df

gf}nf] geP klg

7"nf]gf}nf] ge

P klg 7"nf]

gf}nf] geP klg

7"nf]gf}nf] ge

P klg 7"nf]

gf}nf] geP klg

7"nf]

k"/s ah]6 Nofpg

]k"/s ah

]6 Nofpg]

k"/s ah]6 Nofpg

]k"/s ah

]6 Nofpg]

k"/s ah]6 Nofpg

]

afgLn] sdhf]/ ah]6

afgLn] sdhf]/ ah]6

afgLn] sdhf]/ ah]6

afgLn] sdhf]/ ah]6

afgLn] sdhf]/ ah]6

cEof;nfO{ Oª\lut

cEof;nfO{ Oª\lut

cEof;nfO{ Oª\lut

cEof;nfO{ Oª\lut

cEof;nfO{ Oª\lut

ub{5 .ub{5 .ub{5 .ub{5 .ub{5 .

33

ah]6 ljZn]if0f / jsfntsf] If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf] cGt/f{li6«oah]6 ;xsfo{ -cfOlakL_ n] cf7j6f ah]6;DaGwL b:tfj]hsf]pknAwtf / To;df gful/ssf] kx'FrnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ljZje/v'nf ah]6 ;e]]{If0f ub{5 . cfOlakLsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf lk|m8dkmf]/dn] u/]sf] v'nf ah]6 ;e]{If0f—@)!) df tL sfuhftsf]cj:yf lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

-!_ k"j{ ah]6 jQmJo (Pre–Budget Statement)

ah]6 k|:t't ug'{ Ps dlxgf klxn] ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ of] b:tfj]hcfa @)^&÷^* df lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOPg .

-@_ ah]6 (Executive Budget Proposal)

;/sf/n] ah]6 jQmJo k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f u/]sf] kfOof] .;/sf/sf] ah]6 k|:tfjcGtu{t x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] cGTo cyf{t\c;f/ d;fGtdf ;+;b\df k|:t't ul/g] ah]6 efif0f;lxt Joocg'dfgsf] ljj/0f k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvof] . ah]6df Joocg'dfgsf] vr{ -vr{ zLif{sut / ;|f]tut ;d]t_, dGqfnoutk|ult ljj/0f, ljlgof]hg ljw]os, cfly{s ljw]os, /fi6« C0fp7fpg] ljw]os, C0f tyf hdfgt ljw]os / k]ZsL ljw]os;dfj]z 5g\ .

ah]6sf cGo ;xof ]uL ;fdu|Lx¿df k | f ljlws ;xof ]u-låkIfLo÷ax'kIfLo_ tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+;yfx¿af6 k|fKt;xof]usf] ljj/0f, lq–jifL{o vr{ k|If]k0fsf] ljj/0f / cfly{s;e]{If0f /x]sf x'G5g\ .

-#_ gful/s ah]6 (Citizen Budget)

g]kfndf gful/s ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] cEof; clxn];Dd k|f/DeePsf] 5}g . gful/s ah]6n] ;/sf/L ah]6sf k|fljlwsljifonfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] ;lhn} a'em\g, ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg]u/L k|:t't u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ljifosf af/]df hfgsf/LgePsf ju{nfO{ nlIft u/L ljleGg efiffdf ;/n ?kn] gful/sah]6 lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

ah]6 cg'udgdf d'Vo ;fdu|L / g]kfnsf] cj:yf

34

-$_ kfl/t ah]6 (Enacted Budget)

x/]s cfly{s jif{sf] c;f/ d;fGtdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 cy{dGqLn];bgdf k|:t't ug]{ ah]6nfO{ ;+;b\n] cg'df]bg u/]kl5 dfqsfof{Gjogdf hfG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] of] ah]6 ;fj{hlgs?kdfhf/L ub{5 .

-%_ cfjlws k|ltj]bg (In–Year Report)

g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;fj{hlgs ug]{ q}dfl;s cfly{s a'n]l6gn] jflif{sah]6 k|efjsf] l:ylt bzf{pF5 . of] a'n]l6g klg ah]6sf] k|efjljZn]if0f ug{ oy]i6 5}g lsgsL o;df jflif{s vr{÷ cg'dflgt/sd ;lxtsf] jf:tljs vr{ / cfDbfgLsf] t'ngfTds l:ylt;dfj]; ul/Psf] x'Gg .

-^_ dWofjlw ;dLIff (Medium Term Evaluation)

cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6sf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg x/]s jif{tof/ ub{5 . o;n] cfly{s jif{sf] cw{jflif{s cfoJoosf] l:ylt /af FsL ;dodf ah]6sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/Lsfof{Gjogsf nflu ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf ljifodf k"jf{g'dfgx? k|:t'tu/]sf] kfOG5 .

-&_ jflif{s k|ltj]bg (Yearly Report)

cy{ dGqfnon] jif{sf] cGTodf lgdf{0f ug]{ ah]6 sfof{Gjog k|ultb:tfj]h g} jflif{s k|ltj]bg xf] . o;n] kfl/t ah]6 / jf:tljsah]6sf] sfof{Gjogsf] t'ngfTds l:ylt b]vfpF5 . cy{ dGqfnon]tof/ kfg]{ cfly{s ;e]{If0fn] d'Vo?kdf b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s l:yltemNsfPsf] x'G5 .

-*_ n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg (Audit Report)

dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{non] ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L vr{sf] cfoJoosf]k/LIf0f u/L jflif{s n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/ ub{5 . t/ o;;+j}wflgs lgsfon] u}/ ah]6/L vr{ (Extra BudgetaryExpenditures) sf] k/LIf0f eg] u/]sf] 5}g . pbfx/0f, cfly{s jif{@)^*÷)^( sf] dWofjlw ;dLIffsf] cjlwdf ;+:yfut / JolQmutu/L ?= @* ca{ !% s/f]8 !) nfv u}/ ah]6/L /sd dfu ePsf] t/s'g} /sd lgsf;f gePsf] cy{ dGqfnon] hgfPsf] 5 .

35

3= jflif{s k|ltj]bg

jflif{s k|ltj]bgn] ;a} k|zf;lgs OsfO{x?sf] jf:tljs vr{, /fh:j ;ª\sng/ C0f;DaGwL hfgsf/L Pslqt u/]sf] x'G5 . s]xL d'n'sdf of] k|ltj]bg;/sf/sf] l;ª\uf] b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf cfPsf] x'G5 eg] s]xL cGo d'n'sdfx/]s k|zf;sLo OsfO{n] cfkm\gf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cnUu} hf/L ub{5g\ .o;}u/L, jflif{s k|ltj]bgx? PSnfPSn} jf 7"nf] k|ltj]bgsf ;fy cfPsfx'G5g\, h:t} cfufdL jif{sf] ah]6 k|:tfj .

# tLgj6f d'n'sdf cfjlws k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Fb}g . cGo kfFrj6f d'n'sdf jflif{sk|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Gg .

tflnsf !M ljZjsf %( b]zdf k"/s ah]6sf] ;+;bLo :jLs[ltsf] ;do tflnsf33333

#% b]z @@ b]z @ b]z

;/sf/L sf]ifsf] /sd vr{x'g'cl3 jf ;/sf/n] la/n}k"/s ah]6 k|:tfj u/]sf]

;/sf/L sf]ifsf] /sd vr{eO;s]kl5 jf ;/sf/af6;+;bLo :jLs[lt g} glnO{k"/s ah]6sf] sfof{Gjog

cGo

;|f]tM cfOlakLsf] cf]kg ah]6 OG8]S; @))^

jflif{s k|ltj]bgn] ;a}





k|zf;lgs OsfO{x?

sf]

k|zf;lgs OsfO{x?

sf]

k|zf;lgs OsfO{x?

sf]

k|zf;lgs OsfO{x?

sf]

k|zf;lgs OsfO{x?

sf]

jf:tljs vr{, /fh:j

jf:tljs vr{, /fh:j

jf:tljs vr{, /fh:j

jf:tljs vr{, /fh:j

jf:tljs vr{, /fh:j

;ª\sng / C0f;DaGw

L

;ª\sng / C0f;DaGw

L

;ª\sng / C0f;DaGw

L

;ª\sng / C0f;DaGw

L

;ª\sng / C0f;DaGw

L

hfgsf/L Pslqt

u/]sf]

hfgsf/L Pslqt

u/]sf]

hfgsf/L Pslqt

u/]sf]

hfgsf/L Pslqt

u/]sf]

hfgsf/L Pslqt

u/]sf]

x 'G5 .x'G5 .x'G5 .x'G5 .x'G5 .

36

cf]Ol;8Ln] jflif{s k|ltj]bg cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] 5 dlxgfleq ;fj{hlgsug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgdf ah]6sf d'Vod'Vo ;a} kIfx?,k|f/lDes cg'dfg -;+;b\n] cg'df]bg u/] adf]lhd_ / jf:tljs vr{aLrsf]leGgtf, /fh:j, C0f / ;"Id–cfly{s cg'dfgnfO{ ;d]l6g'kb{5 . k|ltj]bgdfu}/ ljQLo sfo{;Dkfbg hfgsf/LnfO{ klg ;dflji6 ug'{ kb{5 h;nfO{ ah]6sf]gLltut nIonfO{ xfl;n ug]{tkm{sf pkfosf] dfkgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cfjlws / jif{sf] cGTodf cfpg] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx? cWoog / cg'udgsfnflu lgs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ lsgeg] ltgLx?n] kfl/t ah]6sf k|fjwfgdf;d]l6Pcg'?k ;/sf/L sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf] b]vfpF5 . tflnsf@ n] b]vfPem}+ cfOlakLåf/f ul/Psf] ;e]{If0fdf ;d]l6Psf ax';ª\Vosd'n'sx?n] oL k|ltj]bgx? ;fj{hlgs?kd} pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .

ah]6 tof/ kfl/Psf] t/ ;fj{hlgsgul/Psf]

k|sflzt

kfl/t ah]6 ) %(

cfjlws k|ltj]bg ( $&

jflif{s k|ltj]bg $ %)

;|f]tM cfOlakLsf] cf]kg ah]6 OG8]S; @))^

tflnsf @M ljZjsf %( b]zdf ah]6 sfof{Gjog sfuhftsf] tof/L / k|sfzg

37

ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf]cg'udgdf gful/s ;dfhcleofgsf ;kmn 36gfcWoog

%

38

;fd'bflos txdf ;/sf/L vr{ ljZn]if0f ug{ / ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xLagfPsf] dhb'/ ls;fg zlQm ;+u7g -Pds]P;P;_ eg]/ nf]slk|otf sdfPsf]ef/tsf] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngåf/f k|of]u ul/Psf] ;xefuLd"ns ljlwsf] oxfFcWoog ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 dnfjLsf] gful/s ;dfh u7aGwg cyf{t\u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu gful/s ;dfh u7aGwg -l;P;;LSo"aLO{_sf af/]df klg 5nkmn ul/g]5 . of] u7aGwgn] lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ dfkgsfnflu ;e]{If0f ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] 5 / ;/sf/sf] Ps txaf6 csf]{ txdflzIffsf] ah]6 /sd k'Ubf s'g :t/sf] ær'xfj6Æ x'G5 eGg] dfkg u/]sf] 5 .

s= Pds]P;P;åf/f ef/tdf pbfx/0fLo ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f

;+:yfsf] kl/ro

ef/tsf] /fh:yfg /fHosf] u|fdL0f e]udf ;fdGtL hldGbf/ / ul/atyf sfdbf/aLr rs]{sf] e"ld ;ª\3if{kZrft\ ;dfhsf] tNnf]ju{nfO{ ;d]6]/ ;g\ !((! df dhb'/ ls;fg zlQm ;ª\u7g-Pds]P;P;_ u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5Nnf lbgdf o;n];/sf/åf/f ;~rflnt Ps sfo{qmddf nufOPsf sfdbf/nfO{sfg'gdf Joj:yf ul/Padf]lhdsf] Go"gtd Hofnf pknAw u/fpg;/sf/ c;kmn ePsf] ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . Hofnfe'QmfgL c:jLsf/ ug'{ ;/sf/L uf]kgLotf;Fu ;f]em} hf]l8Psf]ljifo ePsfn] Pds]P;P;n] ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'g nfu" ug'{kg]{tyf ljkGg ;d'bfosf sfdbf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'/lIft ug]{sfg'gsf] dfu ;lxt ;kmn hgcleofg ;~rfng u¥of] .Pds]P;P;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldlt 5 / o;df bz hgfk"0f{sfnLg / b'O{ hgf cf+lzs sd{rf/L sfo{/t 5g\ . o; ;+:yfdf/fh:yfgsf] u|fdL0f e]usf xhf/f}+ ljkGg kl/jf/ / sfdbf/x?;b:o ePsf 5g\ . ;b:ox?n] Pds]P;P; cleofgsf lglDt:j}lR5s?kdf cfkm\gf] ;do, k};f / vfBfGg k|bfg ul//x]sf5g\ .

s= kl/ro

clk|n @))^ df Pds]P;P; /fh:yfgsf] 8'ª\uf/k'/ lhNnfsf] ;fdflhsn]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu ef/tLo cGo u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;Fu cfa4 eof] .

39

-;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;xefuLd"ns k|lqmof xf] h;dfkm{t\ ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf];d'bfodf sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf ;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?n]g} cg'udg ub{5g\ ._ ljleGg k[i7e"ld ePsf em08} *)) hgfn] of] cleofgdf;xeflutf hgfPsf lyP . ef/t ;/sf/n] xfn} dfq 8'ª\uf/k'/df ;~rfngu/]sf] /fli6«o u|fdL0f /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt P]g -Pgcf/OhLP_ cGtu{t k|fKt /sdvr{ ePsf] ;DaGwdf Tof] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . of]sfo{qmdn] u|fdL0f e]ssf x/]s 3/n] !)) lbg a/fa/sf] tf]lsPsf] ;/sf/L/f]huf/L afkt Go"gtd Hofnf k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]6]sf] 5 .

kl/of]hgf cf/De x'Fbf ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ b'O{ lbgsf] cled'vLs/0f tflndlbOPsf] lyof] h;df Pgcf/OhLPsf] Joj:yfkg, Pgcf/OhLP sfo{qmd cGtu{tePsf e'QmfgLsf] /]s8{;DaGwL ;/sf/L sfuhft, tyf ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsfljlwx? ;d] l6Psf] lyof ] . of ]cled'vLs/0fn] ;fdf lhsn]vfk/LIf0fnfO { ;xh agfpguLtsf] k|of]u, s7k'tnL k|bz{gL /;8s gf6s ;d]tsf ;~rf/ ;Lkljsf; u/fpg d2t k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .

;xefuLx?nfO{ To;kl5 sl/a @)–@% hgf /x]sf] #! j6f ;d"xdfljefhg u/]/ æ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f;fdu|L -ls6_Æ pknAw u/fOof] ./ª\uLlj/ª\uL km]6f, s7k'tnL, Aofg/tyf d]ufkmf]gaf6 ;';lHht eO{sfdbf/sf] gfd / pgLx?nfO{ lbOPsf] e'QmfgLsf] sfuhft emf]nfe/L /fv]/k|lzlIft ;xefuLx? lhNnfsf ljleGg efudf 5l/P .

csf]{ ;ft lbgdf ;xefuLx?n] x/]s ufpF / Pgcf/OhLP sfo{qmd ;~rfngeO/x]sf 7fpFsf] e|d0f u/] . pgLx?n] e|d0fsf qmddf em08} !$),)))sfdbf/;Fu e]63f6 u/] . oL sfdbf/x? Pgcf/OhLP cGtu{t lgdf{0f eO/x]sf;8s, afFw, Ogf/ agfpg vl6Psf lyP . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf ;b:ox?n]sfdbf/;Fu sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{sf ;fy} ;~rflntsfo{qmd Pgcf/OhLPsf] dfkb08cg'?k eP–gePsf] af/]df 5fglag u/] .o; cnfjf Pgcf/OhLPn] Go"gtd Hofnfsf] e'QmfgL lgoldt?kdf lbg'kb{5/ sfo{:yndf k|fylds pkrf/ / vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . sfdbf/cfdfx?sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] lbjf :ofxf/ ;]jfsf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf]x'g'kb{5 . sfg'gcg';f/ sfo{qmdsf] /]s8{ sfo{:yndf pknAw x'g' klg

/ fh:yfg/ fh:y fg/ fh:y fg/ fh:y fg/ fh:y fg

40

cfjZos 5 h;nfO{ :yfgLo hgtfn] tTsfn} hfFr ug{ ;S5g\ .

8'ª\uf/k'/sf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fn] w]/} lsl;dsf] abdf;L klxrfg u¥of],h:t} Go"gtd Hofnfsf] e'QmfgL gePsf], l9nf] Hofnf e'QmfgL ul/Psf], /sfo{:ynsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf . Hofnf e'QmfgLsf] tl/sfn] klg uDeL/ k|ZgpAhfPsf] 5M clwsf+z sfo{:yndf >ldsx?n] sfg'gtM Joj:yf ul/Psf]Go"gtd Hofnf k|lt lbg ef/tLo ?k}ofF &# -sl/a !=* cd]l/sL 8n/_ eGbfsd kfO/x]sf lyP lsgeg] To:tf] Hofnf sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df u0fgful/Psf] lyof] . of] cEof; s]Gb| ;/sf/åf/f hf/L Pgcf/OhLP lgb]{lzsfsf]alv{nfk lyof] . lgb]{lzsfn] :ki6?kd} s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf s[lif dhb'/sfnflu /fHo ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd Hofnfsf] b/eGbf sd e'QmfgL ug{kfOg] 5}g eg]sf] 5 . oL ;a} ljifonfO{ ;fj{hlgs d~r dfkm{t\ lhNnfk|zf;g ;dIf p7fOPsf] lyof] h;n] ;'wf/fTds sfo{jfxL ug]{ k|lt1f hgfPsf]lyof] .

v= ljlw

u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtfaf6 ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fdf nfe x'g] ePklg o;sf nflu t];|f] kIfsf] ;xeflutf ;w}F h?/L kb{}g . ;Ifd ;d'bfon]cfkm}F klg ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf sfo{x? ug{ ;S5g\ . t/, u}/–;/sf/L;+:yfx?n] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;~rfng ug{ s'g} ;d'bfonfO{ cfjZosLolgDg ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg ;S5g\M -!_ ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofdf;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO{ tflnd, -@_ ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ;~rfngsf nflucfjZos ;"rgfdf kx'Fr, -#_ ;d'bfonfO{ ;"rgf ;+sng / k|;f/df d2t, / -$_ ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0faf6 k|fKt tYosf] b:tfj]hLs/0f tyf sfo{jfxLsf]dfu . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f h;n] u/] klg of] k|lqmofsf lglDt lgDg ;ftj6fr/0f cGof]Gofl>t x'G5g\ .

r/0f !M n]vfk/LIf0fsf]sfo{If]qsf] klxrfg

s'g} ;d'bfodf w]/}j6f ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] Ps};fy leGgleGg sfo{qmdsfof{Gjog ul//x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] klxnf]r/0fdf n]vfk/LIf0fsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/g] vf; sfo{qmd / lgsfox?klxrfg ug'{ xf] . s'g ;dofjlwsf] n]vfk/LIf0f -slt jif{_ ug]{ xf]

41

n]vfk/LIf0f ug'{kg{] sfo{qmdx?nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 :yfgLo txsfsfof{no dfkm{t\, /fHo÷k|fGtLo ;/sf/L lgsfox?af6, :yfgLo ;/sf/af6;f]em} jf oL lgsfox?af6 ;+o'Qm?kdf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] x'G5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f ul/g'kg]{ sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ug]{s'g} lgsfon] k|zf;sLo ;+/rgfsf] hfFr ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] ;+:yfn]

To;af/]df klxNo} ljrf/ ug'{k5{ .

;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfo{If]q tf]Sg lgDg k|Zgx?n] d2t k'¥ofpF5g\ M

!= ;/sf/L lgsfox?af6 sfo{qmdsf af/]df hfgsf/L / ;"rgf k|fKtug{ slt sl7g 5, / n]vfk/LIf0fn] ;d]6\g] ;dofjlwdf hfgsf/LpknAw x'g ;S5g\ <

@= ;d'bfon] s'g txsf] ;+nUgtf hgfpg ;S5 < ;d'bfosf] cfa4tfhlt a9L x'G5 Jofks:t/sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ ;lsg] ;DefjgfTolts} a9L x'G5 .

#= n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfaf6 s:tf lsl;dsf;|f]t;fwg pknAw 5g\ < ;+:yfn] n]vfk/LIf0f x'g nfu]sf];d'bfoleq}af6 ;|f]t;fwg h'6fPsf] 5 eg] Tof] a]; x'G5 . o:tf;|f]t;fwgdf sfof{nosf ;fy} ;fdu|L ;d]tsf] aGbf]a:t ug{ ;Sg]:jod\;]js x'g ;S5g\ .

$= ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf;+:yfx?aLr s] s:tf] ;DaGw 5 < ;xfg'e"lt bzf{pg] ;/sf/Lclwsf/Lx?n] n]vfk/LIf0fsf kl/0ffdsf] cfwf/df sfo{jfxL ug'{k5{eGg] ;+:yfsf] dfu ePsf] cj:yfdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;S5g\ .

%= n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{ ;d"xsf] /0fgLlts dg;fo s] 5 < oxL ljz]ifnIodf cfl>t eP/ s'g} klg ;d"xn] r'lgPsf lgsfo÷sfo{qmdsf]n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

r/0f @M sfo{qmdx?sf] Joj:yfkgsfaf/]df :ki6 ;dembf/L

42

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfnfO{ 7"nf] kl/df0fdf sfuhftdfkx'Fr cfjZos kg{ ;S5 h;df n]vf;DaGwL /]s8{x? -h:t} gubvftf, Hofnf gfdfjnL, vl/b ;fdu|Lsf] lan_, kl/of]hgfsf k|fljlws/]s8{x? -h:t} kl/of]hgf OlGhlgo/sf] d]h/d]G6 vftf / sG6«fS6:k]l;lkms];g_, tyf Joj:yfksLo /]s8{ -h:t} kl/of]hgf ;dfKt x'Fbfkl/of]hgf Joj:yfksn] hf/L ug]{ k|df0fkq_ ;dfj]z x'g ;S5g\ . s'g}klg kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ ;/sf/n] /fVg] /]s8{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{klg cfjZos 5 .

x/]s lj:t[t /]s8{df kx'Fr h?/t x'Fb}g, t/ vr{;DaGwL /]s8{df kx'Freg] cTofjZos x'G5 . oL /]s8{df lgDg s'/f ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5M

• ljut tLg jif{b]lvsf] gub vftf ;d]tsf] n]vf /]s8{ . o;df /fli6«o;/sf/, /fHo÷k|fGtLo ;/sf/, cGt/f{li6«o bft[ ;d'bfoaf6 k|fKt;Dk"0f{ /sd tyf vr{ ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd;DaGwL hfgsf/L x'g'k5{,

• :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf lgsfoaf6 vl/b ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] lan tyfkl/of]hgf cjlwdf 7]s]bf/nfO{ uPsf] e'QmfgLsf sfuhft

;/n lsl;dsf] lgb]{zg k'l:tsf tof/ u/]df nfebfoL x'G5 h;dfsfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ljleGg lgsfox?sf] ;"rL, pgLx?sf]hjfkmb]xLtf / Joj:yfksLo ;+/rgf, tyf sfo{qmdsf] /sd k|jfxk|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . of] hfgsf/Ln] kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lgsfo-;Dejt kl/of]hgfsf d'Vo clwsf/L ;d]t_ klxrfg ug{ ;3fpg'sf;fy} cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf kl/of]hgf af/] hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpgOR5's s'g} k|d'v kbflwsf/L;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 .

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf ;+:yfn] ;d'bfodf /x]a;]sf t/ ;/sf/Lkl/of]hgfdf sfd ul/;s]sf JolQmx?sf] klxrfg klg ug'{kb{5 .pgLx?nfO{ kl/of]hgfsf Joj:yfksx?n] /fVg] sfuhftx? h:t}sfdbf/sf] Hofnf e'QmfgL / ;fdu|L vl/bsf sfuhft ;DaGwdf /fd|f];"rgf x'g ;S5 .

r/0f #M n]vfk/LIf0f cGtu{tsfsfo{qmd;DaGwL hfgsf/L xfl;n

43

;"rgf k|fKt ugf{;fy ;+of]hs ;+:yfn] :yfgLo :jod\;]js;Fusf];xof]udf To;nfO{ s]nfpg' kb{5 / kl/of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt x/]s kmfOn/ ;"rgfnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf hDdf ug'{kb{5 tfls To;nfO{ vf]h]sf] avt

-7]s]bf/nfO{ e'QmfgL ul/Psf ;a} lansf] clGtd ;"rL_,

• cGo lgsfox?af6 vl/b u/]/ lgdf{0f kl/of]hgfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu:yfgLo ;/sf/df k7fOPsf ;fdu|Lsf] :6s /lh:6/ .

• sfo{qmdsf nfestf{n] ;f]em} gub /sd a'em]sf] x:tfIf/÷cf}F7f5fk;lxtsf] e/kfO{ -l/l;K6_ .

• OlGhlgol/ª /]s8{, d]h/d]G6 a's -vftf_ h;df ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fkl/of]hgfsf] lj:t[t :k]l;lkms];g -h:t} kl/of]hgfsf nflu cfjZoskg]{ l;d]G6sf] kl/df0f, >lds cg'dfg tyf kl/of]hgf l8hfOg_x'G5 .

• kl/of]hgf :yndf sfddf nufOPsf x/]s sfdbf/, Hofnf b/,sfdbf/nfO{ e'Qmfg ul/Psf] s'n /sd tyf sfdbf/n] Hofnf a'em]sf]k|df0f b]vfpg] e/kfOdf x:tfIf/÷cf}F7f5fk nufOPsf] ;DaGwL ;"rL/flvPsf] >ldssf] gfdfjnL .

:yfgLo clwsf/Lx?n] kl/of]hgf;Fu ;DalGwt hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ubf{To;sf] kl/0ffd 8/nfUbf] x'g] cg'ej u/]df pgLx?n] ;"rgf lbg c;lhnf]dfG5g\ . ;"rgf dfUg rfxg] dflg;dfly ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] wDSofpg],dgfpg], cg'go ug]{, jf a]jf:tf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fk|lqmofdf ckgTj :yflkt ug{ / of] k|lqmofdf bLuf]kg Nofpg] u/L d2tug{ ;fd'bflos :jod\;]jsn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ /pgLx?n] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{sf nflu nfdf] ;ª\3if{ klg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .k|foM, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtfdf x'g] nfdf] / ;kmn ;"rgf ;+sngcleofgn] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ljifo dfq geO{ ;d'bfo :jod\nfO{;zQmLs/0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 .

r/0f $M;"rgf÷hfgsf/Lsf] t'ngf

44

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hs ;+:yfn] kl/of]hgf sfuhft tyf Dofl6«;sf]k|ltlnlk agfpg'kb{5 / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ul/g] ufpFdf n}hfg'kb{5 .:jod\;]jL 6f]nLx? 3/3/ k'u]/ kl/of]hgfsf kmfOnx?df /x]sf ;"rgfhgtfnfO{ lbg'kb{5 .

kl/of]hgfdf sfd u/]sf :yfgLojf;L jf pgLx?sf l5d]sL;Fusf]a}7s÷e]63f6df lbOg] kl/of]hgfsf af/]sf] hfgsf/L pgLx?sf nflulgs} pkof]uL x'g;S5 . Pds]P;P;n] u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddfsfdbf/sf] gfdfjnLsf] k|ltlnlkdf d[ts jf gSsnL dflg;sf] gfdb]v]/ :yfgLox? crlDet ePsf lyP . o;}u/L, kl/of]hgfsf] sfddflnOPsf :yfgLo sDkgLsf vr{sf lanx? klg :yfgLojf;Ln] unt7x¥ofpg ;S5g\ lsgeg] pgLx?n] To:tf] sDkgL cfkm\gf] ;d'bfod}gePsf] atfpg ;S5g\ .

;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f 6f]nLn] k|To]s kl/of]hgf :ynsf] e|d0f ug'{kb{5/ lgdf{0f of]hgfdf ug'{kg]{ ck]lIft sfdsf ;a} r/0fx? k"/f u/]sf] hfFrug'{kb{5 . o;}u/L, ;fdflhs sfo{qmdsf nfestf{x?;Dd e|d0f u/L

k|fKt ug{ ;lsof];\ .

Pds]P;P;n] kl/of]hgfsf hfgsf/LnfO{ Dofl6«;df r9fpF5 h;n]kl/of]hgf /]s8{af6 k|fKt x'g] ljljw lsl;dsf hfgsf/LnfO{ ;ª\If]lks[tub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6f Dofl6«;df sfdbf/sf] gfdfjnLaf6 k|fKthfgsf/L /fVg ;lsG5 h;n] Ps} lbg b'O{ leGg kl/of]hgfdf sfo{/tsfdbf/;DaGwL ;"rgfnfO{ /]s8{ ub{5 / o;af6 abdf;Lsf k|df0fx?kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

;+of]hg ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;lhnf lsl;dsf rf6{x? klg agfpg ;S5g\ . oLrf6{df s'g} ;d'bfodf lgdf{0f x'g] k"jf{wf/ kl/of]hgfdf cfjZos kg]{lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] kl/df0fnfO{ b]vfpg ;lsG5 . oL rf6{x?df kl/of]hgfsfnflu tf]lsPsf] lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] kl/df0f / pBf]un] tf]s]sf] Go"gtddfgb08nfO{ t'ngf ug{ klg d2t ub{5 .

r/0f % M;"rgf÷hfgsf/L ljt/0f

45

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO :yfgLo ;d'bfosf nflu lgs} /f]rs / /dfOnf]jftfj/0fdf ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . ;"rgf ;ª\sng / ljt/0fsf r/0fx?k|efjsf/L ePsf 5g\ eg] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ;d'bfoleq} lgs} rrf{sf]ljifo alg/x]sf] x'G5 h;k|lt w]/}sf] pRr cfsfª\Iff /xG5 .

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ug]{ :yn :yfgLojf;L ;a}nfO{ ;'xfpg] lsl;dsf]:yndf 5gf}6 ug{ ljz]if k|oTg ug'{kb{5 . of] ;'g'jfO lbge/ x'g ;Sb5,To;}n] cfdGq0f ul/Psf ;a}sf nflu a:g] 7fpF, vfg]kfgL / cGo;fdu|Lsf] aGbf]a:t /fd|f];Fu ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . lgs} a9fOr9fO ul/Psf];'g'jfO :yn klg /fd|f] x'Fb}g lsgeg] o:tf] d~r s]xL /jflkmnf] x'G5 /oxfF cfddflg;n] v'n]/ ;xefuL x'g ?rfpFb}gg\ .

;'g'jfOdf kfFr lsl;dsf dflg;sf] ljz]if e"ldsf x'g ;S5M

• ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;+of]hg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfn] :yfgLo:jod\;]jLsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnP/ Ph]G8f to ug'{kb{5 .

• k|a'4 gful/ssf] Pp6f Kofg]n -;Dej eP jl/i7 ;/sf/Lclwsf/Lx?_ n] sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf ug'{ kb{5 . pgLx?n]

vr{sf] /]s8{df b]vfP adf]lhdsf] /sd k|fKt u/]–gu/]sf] k|dfl0ftug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo :jod\;]jLn] kl/of]hgf :ynx? / sfo{qmdsfnfestf{x?sf] klxrfg ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ / oL nfestf{;Dde|d0f u/fpg ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

;d'bfoaf6 ;ª\slnt ;a} hfgsf/L ;Da4 kl/of]hgf kmfOndf ;'/lIfttl/sfaf6 /fVg'kb{5 . ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] ;a}nfO{ cfufdL ;fj{hlgs;'g'jfOsf af/]df atfpg'kb{5 / ToxfF pkl:yt eP/ kl/of]hgf;DaGwLoyfy{ s'/fsf af/]df af]Ng k|f]T;flxt ug'{kb{5 .

;"rgf ljt/0f k|lqmof Ps xKtfb]lv b'O{ dlxgf;Dd nfUg ;S5 . o;n];fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO cfpg} nfUbf ;d'bfoleq lgs} xnrn lgdf{0f ug{]/fd|f] cj;/ h'6fpF5 .

r/0f ^M;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] cfof]hgf

46

sfo{qmdsf af/]df lgodx? -h:t} ckdfghgs, cg'lrt zAbsf]k|of]udf aGb]h nufpg]_ hf/L ug{ ;S5g\ .

• :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwnfO{ klg ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOdfcfdGq0f ug'{ kb{5 / ;/sf/L kl/of]hgfdf x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/sf]l:yltsf af/]df ;'g'jfOsf qmddf p7\g] eofgs tYox?nfO{pgLx?n] cf–cfkm\gf ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ .

• kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf :yfgLo ;/sf/Lclwsf/LnfO{ klg ;'g'jfOdf pkl:yt x'g cfqmd0f ug{' kb{5 .pgLx?nfO{ :ki6?kdf atfpg' kb{5 ls ;'g'jfOsf] sfo{ cf}Fnf78\ofpg] cEof; dfq xf]Og / ;d'bfosf nflu k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug]{cj;/ klg xf] . ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtfsf af/]df Tolt kl/lrtgePsf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] ;'g'jfOdf p7\g ;Sg] ljifok|ltTolt v'zL gx'g ;S5g\, t/ sf}t'xn / g}lts aGwgn] pgLx?nfO{;'g'jfOdf pkl:yt x'g pTk|]/0ff lbg ;S5 . -slxn]sflxF jl/i7clwsf/Lx?n] cfkm"eGbf tNnf] txsf clwsf/LnfO{ ;fj{hlgs;'g'jfOdf pkl:yt x'g lgb]{zg klg ug{ ;S5g\ ._

• cGTodf, ;d'bfosf] klg ;'g'jfOk|lt clt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .7"nf] / ;lqmo >f]tfsf] pkl:yltn] klg ;kmn / c;kmn ;fdflhsn]vfk/LIf0faLr leGgtf Nofpg ;S5 .

;d'bfosf JolQmx?n] k|df0fx? b]vfPkl5 ;Da4 clwsf/Lx?nfO{cfkm"n] s'g} sf/jfxL ug]{ jf pgLx?nfO{ cfkm"lj?4 nfu]sf cfIf]ksf];kmfO k]; ug]{ k"0f{ cj;/ lbOg'kb{5 . ;'g'jfOsf] of] r/0f lgs}/:;fs:;Lsf] x'g ;S5, t/ ;a} ;xefuLsf cfjfh ;'lgPsf] / /]s8{ul/Psf] ;'lglZrt ug]{u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

Pds]P;P;sf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf qmddf Pskl5 csf]{ jQmfn]e|i6frf/sf pbfx/0f, ;/sf/L /sdsf] k|of]udf ckl/kSjtf, tyf;/sf/L lgsfox?aLr g} sdhf]/ of]hgf /x]sf] atfPsf lyP . of]ax; / 5nkmn lgs} hLjGt ag]sf] lyof] lsgeg] ;/sf/Lclwsf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf kl/of]hgfsf] kIfsf] arfj ul//x]sf x'Gy] eg]ufpFjf;Ln] tTsfn} k|ltjfb u/L ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?sf egfOdf /x]sfuNtL sdhf]/LnfO{ cfF }NofpFy] . s]xL n]vfk/LIf0fdf ;/sf/Lclwsf/Lx?n] uNtL ePsf] :jLsf/ ub}{ rf]/L u/]sf] ;/sf/L /sd;'g'jfOsf] cWoIftf ul//x]sf Kofg]n;dIf a'emfPsf lyP .

47

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf glthfnfO{ k|efjsf/L k}/jL cleofgdf ?kfGt/0fug'{kb{5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtfsf ;DaGwdf x'g] s'k|aGwsf ljz]ifb[i6fGt / Jofks gLlt ;f]rljrf/ b'j}nfO{ of] sfo{ ul/P ;Daf]wg x'g;Sb5 .

;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f;DaGwL cf}krfl/s k|ltj]bg ;'g'jfO ;dfKtePnuQ} tof/ ug'{ kb{5 / To;sf] k|ltlnlk agfO ;Da4 jl/i7 ;/sf/Lclwsf/L, ;~rf/ dfWod / cleofgdf sfd ul//x]sf cGo ;d"xnfO{k7fpg'kb{5 . k|ltj]bgn] abdf; clwsf/Ldfly rfNg ;lsg] sbdtyf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{tkm{ cfjZos gLlt kl/jt{g;d]l6Psf] ;'emfj k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .

n]vfk/LIf0f ;+of]hs ;+:yfn] To;kl5 n]vfk/LIf0fdf b]lvPsf tYodflycfjZos sfo{jfxLnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg]tkm{ k|oTg ug'{kb{5 . ;/sf/Llgsfox? n]vfk/LIf0fsf kl/0ffdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{tkm{ l9n9fn ul//x]sfx'g ;S5g\ / lgs} 7"nf] afXo bafa h?/t x'g ;S5 .

r/0f & M;'g'jfOsf] cg'udg

u= pknlAw

;kmntf

;g\ !((% / @))% aLrPds]P;P;n] ; "rgfsf ]xs;DaGwL hfu?stf km}nfpg/fHo -/fh:yfg_ / /fli6«o :t/ u/Lb'O{ txdf w]/}j6f ;'g'jfO sfo{qmdcfof ]hgf u/ ]sf ] lyof ] . oL;'g'jfOk|lt Jofks k|ltlqmof k|fKtePsf] lyof], /fh:yfg ;/sf/n];"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'g nfu"ug ' {kg ] { dfu;lxt xhf/f } +k|bz{gsf/Ln] Pds]P;P;sf]

;/sf/L lgsfox?

;/sf/L lgsfox?

;/sf/L lgsfox?

;/sf/L lgsfox?

;/sf/L lgsfox?

n]vfk/LIf0fsf

n]vfk/LIf0fsf

n]vfk/LIf0fsf

n]vfk/LIf0fsf

n]vfk/LIf0fsf

kl/0ffdnfO{ ;Daf]wg

kl/0ffdnfO{ ;Daf]wg

kl/0ffdnfO{ ;Daf]wg

kl/0ffdnfO{ ;Daf]wg

kl/0ffdnfO{ ;Daf]wg

ug]{tkm{ l9n9fn

ug]{tkm{ l9n9fnug]{tkm{ l9n9fn

ug]{tkm{ l9n9fn

ug]{tkm{ l9n9fn

ul//x]sf x'g

ul//x]sf x'g

ul//x]sf x'g

ul//x]sf x'g

ul//x]sf x'g

;S5g\ .;S5g\ .;S5g\ .;S5g\ .;S5g\ .

48

cleofgdf ;fy lbPsf lyP . ;+;b\n] of] sfg'g ;g\ @))) df kfl/t u/]sf]lyof] . ;"rgfsf] xs cleofgn] To;kl5 s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg;kmn ePsf] lyof] / kfFr jif{kl5 g} ef/tsf] ;+;b\n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwLsfg'g kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] .

;"rgfsf] xs gful/s ;d"xx?sf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ zlQmzfnL c:qxf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ @))$ df cfof]lht hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xssfnflu /fli6«o cleofgåf/f cfof]lht ;Dd]ngdf ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwdf #( j6f sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP . sfo{zfnfdf cfjZosLovfBfGgsf] cfk"lt{, e|i6frf/, cfly{s ljZjJofkLs/0fsf gsf/fTds c;/tyf /fHosf ;'/Iff sf/jfxLsf] kl/0ffd:j?k gful/ssf] j]kQfh:tf ljljwljifo p7]sf lyP . ;Dd]ngdf ef/tsf ljleGg :yfgaf6 $)) hgf ;xefuLePsf lyP .

o;afx]s, Pds]P;P; / cGo w]/}j6f gful/s ;dfh ;d"xn] ;"rgfsf]xsb]lv u|fdL0f e]ssf 1ul/asf nflu clgjfo{ /f]huf/L sfo{qmd ;~rfngug{ dfu u/]sf lyP . of] cleofg ;kmn eof] / ;/sf/n] klg Pgcf/OhLP -dfly JofVof ul/Psf]_ nfO{ sfof{Gjog u¥of] . of] sfo{qmd dfkm{t\ x/]s u|fdL0fe]ssf lgjf;Ln] ;/sf/af6 Go"gtd !)) lbgsf] /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf lyP .Pgcf/OhLPsf] Pp6f ljlzi6 ljz]iftf eg]s} /fHo ;/sf/x?n] of] sfo{qmdsf];fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg'kb{5 . sfo{qmdsf] sfof{GjognfO{ cg'udgug{ Pds]P;P;åf/f lgld{t ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

;g\ @))& ;Dddf ef/tsf ljleGg /fHodf /x]sf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfdWo]em08} cfwfn] Pgcf/OhLPsf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L sfuhft k|fKtug{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|of]u ul//x]sf lyP . pgLx?n] ;d'bfodf Pgcf/OhLPsf]nufgL /x]sf lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ul//x]sf lyP . oLn]vfk/LIf0fx?n] dfly JofVof u/]em}+ 8'ª\uf/k'/ n]vfk/LIf0faf6 ;fj{hlgsePs} lsl;dsf] kl/0ffd pb\3fl6t u/fpg ;kmn ePsf lyP .

Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljsf;qmd cg';f/ cfGw| k|b]zsf] /fHo ;/sf/n] Pgcf/OhLPsfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/ /f]Sg ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fsf]dxTjnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] . o;n] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{lj:tf/ ug{ w]/}j6f gful/s ;dfh ;d"x;Fu ;fem]bf/L ul//x]sf] 5 .

r'gf}tLx?

Pds]P;P;n] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f sfof{Gjogdf w]/}j6f r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgfug'{ kl//x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;"rgfsf] xssf afah"b ef/tdf

49

;"rgfdf kx'Fr lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . ljQLo s'k|aGwdf bf]ifL7xl/Psf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? cfkm"dfly cleof]u nfUg] eon] ;"rgf lbgclgR5's x'G5g\ . pgLx?n] ;"rgfsf] xssf] sfg'g cGtu{t ;"rgf k|fKtug{ cg'/f]w u/] klg To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ c:jLsf/ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ jf;"rgf lbgaf6 cNemfpg], l9nfO ug]{ jf n'sfpg] u5{g\ .

Pds]P;P;n] /]s8{x? kfOxfn] klg Hofbfh;f] ltgLx? lgs} v/fa xfntdfx'G5g\ / sfuhftaf6 cy{ lgsfNg c;fWo} d'l:sn x'G5 . ;/sf/Lsfof{nosf] sdhf]/ /]s8{ k|0ffnLn] n]vfk/LIf0fdf l9nfO ub{5 / o;sf]c;/nfO{ klg 36fpF5 .

o;afx]s, ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?n] slxn]sflxF wDSofpg] ub{5g\ / ;fj{hlgsd~rdf pkl:yt x'gaf6 /f]Sg]u/L ufpFaf;LnfO{ klg wDsL lbG5g\ . o:tf]cj:yfdf :yfgLojf;Ln] ;/sf/L sfo{qmdsf af/]df cfkm\gf lzsfot atfpg;ª\sf]r dfG5g\ .

cGTodf, ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0f k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg] o;nfO{;/sf/L ah]6 k|lqmofleq} ;dflxt ul/g'kb{5 . To;kl5 dfq :yfgLojf;Ln];/sf/L sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] lgoldtcj;/ kfO/xG5g\ .

Pds]P;P;;DaGwL hfgsf/L Od]n dfkm{t\ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] Od]n 7]ufgfxf]M [email protected] Pds]P;P;sf] cfkm\g} j]e;fO6 5}g .

ljQLo s'k|aGwdf bf]ifL





7xl/Psf ;/sf/L

7xl/Psf ;/sf/L

7xl/Psf ;/sf/L

7xl/Psf ;/sf/L

7xl/Psf ;/sf/L

clwsf/Lx? cfkm "dfly





cleof]u nfUg] eon]

cleof]u nfUg] eon]

cleof]u nfUg] eon]

cleof]u nfUg] eon]

cleof]u nfUg] eon]

;"rgf lbg clgR5's;"rgf lbg clgR5's;"rgf lbg clgR5's;"rgf lbg clgR5's;"rgf lbg clgR5's

x'G5g\ .x'G5g\ .x'G5g\ .x'G5g\ .x'G5g\ .

50

v= u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu gful/s ;dfhu7aGwgåf/f dnfjLdf ;fj{hlgs vr{ ;e]{If0f

;+:yfsf] kl/ro

u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf nflu gful/s ;dfh u7aGwg-l;P;;LSo"aLO{_ ;g\ @))) :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . of];+:yfdf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?, lzIfso'lgogx?, wfld{s ;+:yfx? / lhNnf ;~hfn ;d]tdnfjLsf ^& j6f gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx? /x]sf 5g\ .l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] clwsf/k|flKtsf] ;femf nIo k"/f ug] { dg;fosf ;fy oL;+:yfx?nfO{ Ps} ynf]df NofPsf] 5 . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n]clk|n @))) sf] 8fsf/ ;Dd]ngdf ;xdlt hgfOPsf];a}sf nflu lzIffsf ;fy} ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIodfpNn]lvt pknlAwx? xfl;n ug]{tkm{ cg'udg ug]{bL3{sfnLg k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . -;g\ @))) df/fi6«;ª\3n] cf7j6f ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ dfGotfk|bfg ug]{u/L Pp6f k|:tfj :jLs[t u/]sf] lyof] h;nfO{x/]s /fi6«n] xfl;n ug'{k5{ . tL k|:tfjx? lgs[i6ul/aLnfO{ cfwf 36fpg]b]lv PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf] k|;f/nfO{/f]Sg] / ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ljZjJofkL k|fylds lzIffpknAw u/fpg];Ddsf /x]sf 5g\ ._

s= kl/ro

dnfjLn] k|fylds lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 ;g\ !(($ b]lv @))!aLrdf lzIffsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] nufgL a9fPcg'?k lzIffsf]u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g . w]/} gful/sn] z+sf hgfPsf lyP ls ;/sf/dfJofKt e|i6frf/ / s'k|aGw g} o;sf] d'Vo h8 xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\!((( df pb\3fl6t ePsf] Pp6f rlr{t sf08df dnfjLsf] lzIff dGqfnon]ljBfno lgdf{0fsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] !* s/f]8 &) nfv dnfjL Sjfrf-sl/a !# nfv cd]l/sL 8n/_ 3f]6fnf u/]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] . gful/s;dfh ;d"xx?sf] ljZjf;df ;/sf/L ah]6 / vr{nfO{ glhsaf6 lgofn]sf]

51

eP e|i6frf/ /f]Sg / ;fj{hlgs /sdsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg k|f]T;flxtx'g ;SYof] .

oxL sf/0f l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] lzIff If]qdf cfkm\gf] Wofg nufpg] lg0f{o u¥of] .dnfjLsf] ;+;b\n] kfl/t u/]sf] cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] /sd /fli6«o sf]ifaf6;f]em} lhNnfl:yt vftfdf k7fOPsf] x'G5 / To;nfO{ lhNnf kl/ifb\sf] :jtGq9ª\uaf6 vr{sf] afF8kmfF8 ul/G5 . of] ljs]lGb|t k4ltn] ;Lldt hjfkmb]xLtfdfq lbG5 lsgeg] /fli6«o / lhNnf ;/sf/n] /sdsf] k|of]usf af/]df yf]/}dfq hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpF5g\ . oBlk l;P;;LSo"aLO{sf] ;e]{If0fn] lzIffsf]ifsf] k|of]u;DaGwL :jtGq tYofª\s pknAw u/fpF5 h;nfO{ gful/s;dfhn] lzIffdf Jofks / a9L k|efjsf/L nufgLsf nflu k}/jL ug{ k|of]u ug{kfpF5g\ .

l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] lzIff / ah]6 gLlt tyf hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cfjZostfsf];DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] a'emfOnfO{ klg k|a4{g ug]{ kxn ub{5 . of] nIoxfl;n ug{ ;+:yfn] lzIff ah]6sf] cg'udgnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug{ !# j6flhNnf ;~hfn u7g u¥of] . oL ;~hfnx?n] :s'n jf ;fd'bflos ;d"xdfkm{t :s'n ah]6 cg'udgnfO{ ;xfotf ub{5, h:t} :s'n af]8{ jf cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3 . o;sf] abnfdf l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] oL ;~hfnx?nfO{ :yfgLok|oTgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg pgLx?sf] IfdtfnfO{ ;anLs[t ug]{u/L k|fljlws;xfotfsf nflu d2t ub{5 . oL lhNnf ;~hfn Psk6s k"0f{?kdf;~rfngdf cfPkl5 pgLx?n] ;b:o ;+:yfx?nfO{ lzIffafx]s cGo If]qdf;d]t ah]6 cg'udgdf ;+nUg u/fpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .

52

v= ljlw

;fj{hlgs vr{ 6«flsª k|0ffnL -k]6\;_ ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ljj/0f kQf nufpg]ljlw xf] h;n] ah]6 k|jfxsf af/]df vf]hL ug{]u/L /fh:j / vr{sf] ljj/0f/fVg] ;/n kmDof{6 xf] . k]6\;sf] k|of]u u/]/ s'g} klg ;+:yfn] ;/sf/sfljleGg tx dfkm{t\ k|jfx eO{ clGtd pkef]Qmf;Dd k'Ug] ;|f]t;fwg / ToxfF x'g]r'xfj6nfO{ kQf nufpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, :s'n dd{tsf nflu s]Gb|;/sf/åf/f pknAw u/fOPsf] lzIff sf]ifnfO{ kQf nufpg k]6\;nfO{ pkof]uug{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] of] /sd lhNnf k|zf;gaf6 ljBfnod} k'u]sf] x'G5 .o'ufG8f -aS;df x]g'{xf];\_ df klxnf]k6s ljZj a}+sn] k|of]u u/]sf] k]6\;nfO{ljZje/sf bh{gf}+ d'n'ssf ax'kIfLo bft[ lgsfox? / /fli6«o bft[ lgsfox?n]k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .

aS; !M k]6\; – o'ufG8fnL cg'ej

;g\ !(() sf] dWolt/ o'ufG8f ;/sf/sf lglDt k|d'v bft[ lgsfo ljZj a}+sn]Ps bzseGbf a9Lb]lv k|fylds lzIffsf nflu o'ufG8f ;/sf/n] ah]6dfkof{Kt dfqfdf a9f]Q/L u/] klg k|fylds ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ egf{sf] b/ l:y//x]sf] kfof] . o:tf] z+sf ul/of] ls /sdsf] r'xfj6 jf /sdfGt/ ul/Psfsf/0f 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 /sd k|fylds ljBfno;Dd /sd gk'u]sf] xf] .

o;sf] ;Totf kQf nufpg ljZj a}+sn] klxnf] ;fj{hlgs vr{ 6«flsª ;e]{If0fu¥of] . o;sf] glthfn] ;/sf/L clwsf/Ldf c;fWo} 7"nf] lrGtf a9fof]M !((!/ !((% aLrdf cf};tdf k|fylds ljBfnodf dfq !# k|ltzt jflif{s k|ltljBfyL{ cg'bfg k'u]sf] b]lvof] . afFsL /sd of t cg'lrt sfo{df nufOof] jflzIff;Fu c;DalGwt p2]Zodf k|of]u ul/of] . of] ;e]{If0fn] 7"nf ljBfno /wgL kl/jf/sf s]6fs]6L k9\g] ljBfnon] ;fgf / Go"g:t/df /x]sf ljBfnon]k|fKt u/]sf] cg'bfgeGbf a9L nfe lnO/x]sf lyP . oyfy{df cfwfh;f]ljBfnon] /sd g} kfPsf lyPgg\ . oL cToGt lrGtfhgs tYox?n]clwsf/Lx?nfO{ kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLtf k|a4{g ug{ cg]sg k|oTg cl3a9fpg pTk|]l/t u/]sf] lyof] . s]Gb| ;/sf/n] lhNnfdf hfg] /sdnfO{;fj{hlgs ug{ yfNof] / ljBfno tyf lhNnf sfof{nox?n] k|fKt u/]sf]/sdnfO{ :yfgLo txdf ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{ lgod agfof] . ljBfno ;ldltx?n]klg lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/L sfof{nox?nfO{ s;/L lhDd]bf/ agfpg ;lsG5 eg]/o:tf hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u ug]{ af/]df tflnd lnP . oL k|oTgsf] c;/ gf6sLolyof]M !((( df ljBfno ;e]{If0f ubf{ ljBfnosf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6/sdsf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L tL ljBfnon] k|fKt u/]sf] kfOof] -;g8]6,@))$_ .

53

l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;g\ @))@ / @))&sf] aLrdf lzIffdf ePsf] vr{sf];e]{If0f ug{ k]6\;nfO{ tLgk6s k|of]uul/;s]sf] 5, / k|To]s k6s o;sf]ljlwdf ;'wf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k]6\;k | lqmofsf ] Ps efusf ] ?kdfl;P;;LSo "aLO {sf ;d'bf los;b:ox?n] b]ze/sf lzIfsx? / lzIffclwsf/Lx?nfO { Pskl5 csf ] {dfgsLs[t k|ZgfjnL e/fpF5g\ .w]/}j6f :s'ndf k|wfgfWofksx?nfO{e/fOPsf] k|ZgfjnLn] ljBfyL{;Fu;DalGwt hfgsf/L -egf{, k/LIff pQL0f{ b/, ljBfno 5f8\g] b/, OToflb_,lzIfs -of]Uotf, lzIfssf] sdL, cfjf;, OToflb_, ptna e'QmfgL -lzIfssf]tna ;fdfGotof gub lbOG5, vf;u/L ;x/L If]qdf_, lzIf0f / l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf]pknAwtf, ;'ljwfx?, tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f / hjfkmb]xLtfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] lyof] .l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;e]{If0fsf nflu ;x/ / u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfnoaf6k|ltlglwd"ns %)) j6f ljBfnosf] gd"gf ;ª\sng ub{5 -d'n'ssf bzdWo]Pp6f_ .

ljBfno:t/Lo k|ZgfjnLn] ljBfyL{sf] egf{, sd{rf/Lsf] tx, ljBfyL{ / lzIfssf]cfjf;, tyf lzIfssf] of]Uotf;DaGwL tYofª\s ;ª\sng ub{5 . oLk|ZgfjnLdf cy{ dGqfnodf k7fOPsf] ljBfnosf] k|:tfljt ;fna;fnL ah]6vr{, dGqfnoaf6 k|fKt jf:tljs /sd, tyf tLgj6f 5gf}6 ul/Psf dlxgfsf]jf:tljs ;fna;fnL vr{ ;dfj]z x'G5 . cGo k|Zgx?n] sIffsf]7f /l;sfOsf ;fdu|Lsf] kof{KttfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 .

l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] lhNnf ;bg, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no, lzIff cfk"lt{ OsfO{,tyf lzIfs tflnd sn]hx?af6 klg tYofª\s ;ª\sng ub{5 . lhNnfcfo'QmnfO{ ljt/0f ul/g] k|ZgfjnLn] ;fna;fnL vr{sf nflu cy{ dGqfnoaf6cg'/f]w ul/Psf] /sd, lhNnfsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 /sd, lhNnfn]oyfy{df k|fKt u/]sf] /sd tyf dfl;s vr{ -vr{ ePsf] p2]Zo ;d]t_;DaGwL ljj/0f eg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;f]lwPsf cGo k|Zgx?df rfn'cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df of]hgf ul/Psf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgf tyf xfn}sfof{Gjog ul/Psf kl/of]hgf / ltgLx?sf] nfut /x]sf lyP .

o;}u/L, lhNnf lzIff Joj:yfksx?nfO{ tLgj6f 5gf}6 ul/Psf dlxgfsf];fna;fnL vr{ / k|fylds lzIffsf] ah]6df 5'6\ofOPsf] dfl;s afF8kmfF8 -

54

k|fKt /sd / vr{sf] t'ngfdf_ af/]df ;f]lwg]5 . pgLx?nfO{ egf{, sd{rf/L,tna ljt/0f, / oftfoft / cGo ;'ljwf;DaGwL tYofª\s pknAw u/fpg klgcg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] .

cfk"lt{ OsfO{nfO{ lzIf0f / l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf] afF8kmfF8sf nflu ah]6 cfjZostf/ jf:tljs lgsf;faLr lglZrt ug{, vl/b / cfk"lt{ k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nofª\sgug{ tyf k|fKt ePsf] ;fdu|Lsf] kl/0ffd;DaGwL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;e]{If0ful/g'kb{5 .

l;P;;LSo"aLO{ ;lrjfnon] k|ZgfjnL ;+sng ub{5, On]S6«f]lgs :k|]8l;6dftYofª\s eb{5 / o;sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg pTkfbg ug{ ljZn]if0f ub{5 . o;qmddf tn pNn]lvt sfo{x?df ljz]if Wofg lbOg'kb{5M

• ah]6 afF8kmfF8df ePsf] s'g} a9f]Q/L,

• lzIffsf ljleGg txsf nflu ah]6df ePsf] leGgtf,

• ljBfno / sn]hx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] lzIf0f / l;sfO;fdu|Lsf] kl/df0f,

• lzIfssf] tnasf] kl/df0f / ;doj4tf,

• lgo'Qm ul/Psf / tflnd lbOPsf lzIfssf] ;+Vof,

• ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf lzIfsx?sf] ljt/0f,

• k|To]s ljBfnodf vf;u/L n}+lustfsf cfwf/dfafnaflnsfsf] egf{, /

• ljz]if h?/t kg]{ afnaflnsfsf] egf{ / pgLx?sfnflu lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf .

Pp6f d:of}bf k|ltj]bg l;P;;LSo"aLO{ ;+:yfx?aLr afFl8G5 / To;nfO{ :jLs[tug{sf nflu ljz]if a}7sdf 5nkmn cfof]hgf ul/G5 . o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j?k,clGtd k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/G5 .

l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;+;b\df jflif{s ah]6 5nkmn eO/x]s} ;dodf dGqfnosfclwsf/Lx?, ;f+;b\x?, ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? tyf ;~rf/ dfWodsf k|ltlglwx?;dfj]z /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs e]nfsf qmddf of] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ub{5 .To;kl5 lhNnf a}7sx? cfof]hgf u/L lhNnf ;bgsf clwsf/Lx?, lhNnflzIff clwsf/Lx?, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? tyf ljBfnosf clwsf/Ln] k|fKtglthfsf af/]df 5nkmn rnfpF5, olb cfjZos eP ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wgug{ sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/G5 . k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ;dfrf/kq tyf /]l8of]

55

/ 6]lnlehgdf ;dfrf/ k|sfzg, k|;f/0f x'G5g\ . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] dGqLx?,/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no / bft[ lgsfoh:tf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ k|ltj]bgsfk|ltx? pknAw u/fpF5 / k|ltj]bgn] p7fPsf ljifonfO{ s;/L pgLx?n];Daf]wg ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ k|lta4tfsf nflu cg'/f]w ub{5 . l;P;;LSo"aLO{n]oL k|lta4tfnfO{ ;+u|x ub{5 / pgLx?n] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]adf]lhd To;sf]sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ub{5 .

u=pknlAw

;kmntf

l;P;;LSo"aLO{n] k]6\; dfkm{t\ lgs} dxTjk"0f{ ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . ;g\@))@ df, pbfx/0fsf nflu, /sd cefjs} sf/0f ;/sf/n] lzIfs tflndsn]h aGb u/]kl5 gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?n] tLg dlxg] cleofg ;~rfngu/]sf lyP . of] cleofgs} kl/0ffd:j?k ;/sf/n] Tof] sn]h k'gM ;~rfngug{ afWo eof] . u7aGwgn] sn]hx? aGb ul/P x/]s jif{ ^,))) gofFlzIfsnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ ;/sf/L k|lta4tf pNnª\3g x'g] ts{ u/]sf lyP .

;g\ @))# df w]/} lzIfsn] cfkm\gf] tna l9nf] u/L jf ljNs'n} gkfPsf] kQfnfu]sf] lyof] . gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?n] o; ljifodf ljz]if?kdf ljrf/ ug{;+;bLo ;ldltdfly bafa lbP . ;+;bLo ;ldltn] Tof] ljifonfO{ g];gnP;]DAnLdf lkmtf{ k7fof] .

;g\ @))$ df ;/sf/n] l;P;;LSo"aLO{sf] ;kmn sfo{ b]v]kl5 ;/sf/n]vr{;DaGwL cfkm\g} tl/sfsf] 6«flsª ;e]{If0f ;~rfng u¥of] . gful/s;dfhnfO{ ;e]{If0fsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f / cg'udg sfo{df cfa4 u/fOPsf]lyof] .

gful/s ;dfh ;d"xx?n] ljz]if Ifdtf ePsf afnaflnsfsf vf; h?/tnfO{ah]6 5'6\ofpg tyf oL ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fpg] lzIfssf nflu ljz]if lsl;dsf;fdu|L vl/b ug{ ;/sf/dfly bafa lbPsf lyP . o;afx]s, ;/sf/n] clxn]u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qaLr /x]sf] z}lIfs lje]bnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf]5 . ;/sf/n] u|fdL0f If]qsf lzIfsx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ljleGg pTk|]/0fflbg] of]hgf cl3 ;fg'{sf ;fy} u|fdL0f If]qsf lzIfsx?sf nflu cfjf;lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf lqmofsnfk cGtu{t g} l;P;;LSo"aLO{n]ljZj a}+s, o'g]:sf], lzIffsf nflu ljZjJofkL cleofg tyf ;a}sf nflulzIffsf lglDt clkm|sL g]6js{ SofDk]gh:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx?;Fu lgs6/x]sf] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;/sf/L a}7s / lzIff;DaGwL sfo{;d"xdf;xefuL x'gsf nflu lgoldt?kdf cfdGq0f ul/Psf] 5 . gful/s ;dfhsf]

56

:yfgnfO{ cem a9fjf lbg / dnfjLsf] ;dfhdf k|efj kfg{ tyf cg'udg /d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfkm\gf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu o;n] cfkm\gf]cg'ejnfO{ k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . .

r'gf}tLx?

;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;fj{hlgs vr{;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf nflu cfof]hgf u/]sf;e]{If0fdf w]/} lsl;dsf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . klxnf], ;/sf/Lclwsf/Lx?n] ah]6 / vr{sf tYofª\sx? k"0f{?kdf ;fj{hlgs ub}{gg\,h;n] vr{sf] jf:tljstf yfxf kfpg lgs} sl7g x'G5 / z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{;'wf/ ug]{tkm{ ;/sf/n] s'g xb;Dd sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug{d'lZsn x'G5 .

bf];|f], w]/}h;f] ;/sf/L clwsf/Ln] pknAw u/fpg] hfgsf/L ck"0f{ x'G5g\ jfTof] klg pknAw u/fpg c:jLsf/ u5{g\ . pgLx? hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ul//x]sf]bfaL u/]/ cNdNofpF5g\ . t];|f], w]/} ;b:ox?df z}lIfs ah]6sf tYofª\ssf]ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;Lldt k|fljlws Ifdtf dfq x'G5 .

rf}yf], u7aGwg ;d"xsf ;b:ox? cfkm\g} ljljw sfddf pNem]sf x'G5g\ /k]6\; k|lqmofdf pgLx?n] kof{Kt ;do lbO/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} s'g} cj:yfdft ;e]{If0fsf nflu ;ª\slnt tYofª\ssf] u'0f:t/Lofsf sf/0f k|ltj]bg /fd|f]ag]sf] x'Gg .

cGTodf, dnfjLn] ;a}sf nflu lzIff / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIonfO{ k"/f ug'{cl3w]/} r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf lzIff If]qsfnflu s'n ah]6sf] em08} @* k|ltzt ah]6 /x] klg cfly{s jif{ @))%÷)^df Tof] 36]/ !# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;a}sf nflu lzIffsf] ;g\ @)!% sf]nIo xfl;n ug{ cGt/f{li6«o hutn] u/]sf] @^ k|ltzt /fVg'kg]{ l;kmfl/;eGbfof] lgs} sd ah]6 xf] . ;P;;LSo"aLO{n] ;kmntfk"j{s ah]6 vr{sf]cg';Gwfg u/] klg of] u7aGwgn] lzIffsf] ah]6 j[l4 u/fpg]tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{cem} cfZj:t kfg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] j[l4n] dfq dnfjLsf] lzIff k|0ffnLdfcfjZos ;'wf/sf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ k|d'v kIf x'g] b]lvG5 .

;P;;LSo"aLO{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L Od]n 7]ufgf [email protected] df k|fKtug{ ;lsG5 . of] u7aGwgsf] cfkm\g} j]e;fO6 eg] 5}g .

3= k]6\;;DaGwL yk hfgsf/L

k]6\;;DaGwL cltl/Qm hfgsf/L ljZj a}+s, z}lIfs of]hgfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«oOlG:6Ro"6 tyf o'g]:sf]df pknAw 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx?n] k]6\; ;~rfngsf nflu;+:yfx?nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf lj:t[t hfgsf/L ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ .

57

ah]6 sfof{Gjogcg'udgsf cGo;kmn kxn

^

58

Pds]P;P; / l;P;;LSo"aLO{sf cg'ejx? vr{nfO{ cg'udg ug]{ gful/s;dfhsf k|oTgx?sf b'O{j6f ;kmn syfx? x'g\ . tn b'O{j6f To:t}pbfx/0fx? ;ª\If]kdf lbOPsf] 5 . klxnf]n] ljBfno lgdf{0fsf] cg'udgsfnflu o'ufG8f 8]A6 g]6js{ -o'l8Pg_ n] k|of]udf NofPsf] ;fd'bflos cg'udg/ d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ckgfOPsf r/0fx? lbvfPsf] 5 . bf];|f]n]d]lS;sfnL ;d"x kmG8/sf] ;kmntfsf] ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . kmG8/n]PrcfOeL÷P8\; sfo{qmdsf nflu ;/sf/n] 5'6\ofPsf] /sd k"0f{?kdf vr{u/fpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] lyof] .

s= o'l8Pgåf/f ;fd'bflos cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLsf]:yfkgf

k}/jL ug]{ ;+:yfx? / JolQmx?sf] u7aGwgn] ;+o'Qm?kdf /fi6«JofkL C0fdf]rg cleofgsf nflu Pstfa4 x'g] lg0f{o u/]kZrft\ o'l8Pg ;g\ !((^ df:yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .4 Tof] cleofgdf ;kmntf xft nfu]kl5 o'l8Pgn] C0fdf]rgsf lglDt 5'6\ofOPsf] ;/sf/L artaf6 ePsf] vr{ cg'udgdsflqmofsnfkdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] lyof] .

;/sf/L sfo{qmdnfO{ lhNnf txb]lv ufpF tx;Dd cg'udg ug{ o'l8Pgn];fd'bflos cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnL -l;aLPdOP;_ sf] k|of]u u¥of] .o'l8Pgn] of] k|0ffnLnfO{ cf7j6f lhNnf / em08} $& j6f pk–sfpG6Ldfk|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . l;aLPdOP;nfO{ lgDg tl/sfaf6 sfof{Gjog ul/Psf]lyof]M

!= nlIft lhNnf / pk–sfpG6Lsf] 5gf}6 .

@= lhNnf:t/sf lgsfox?dfem l;aLPdOP;sf nflu ;xof]u h'6fpg lhNnftxdf k|f/lDes r/0fsf] a}7s cfof]hgf tyf d'Vo ;+:yf / JolQmx?sf]kl/rfng .

#= l;aLPdOP; cjwf/0ff atfpg, ;d'bfosf] k|ltlqmof a'em\g tyf ;xefuLkl/rfngsf af/]df kl/ro lbg :yfgLo ;d'bfox?;Fu e]63f6 .

$= :yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6 cg'udgstf{x? -em08} *)–!)) hgf_ sf] 5gf}6 .

%= 5gf}6 ul/Psf cg'udgstf{x?nfO{ tflnd .

^= ;fd'bflos ;"rsfFs tyf ;"rgf Joj:yfkg / sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, /ljleGg ;/sf/L txdf sfo{x? x'g'kg]{ dfu ub}{ cg'udgsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf

$ of] cWoog 8] /]lGhcf] OToflb, @))^ df klg cfwfl/t 5 .

59

k|:tfj lgdf{0f .

&= ;d'bfo:t/sf kl/of]hgf / lqmofsnfksf] cg'udg .

*= pk–sfpG6L txdf cg'udgstf{x?n] ;+sng u/]sf tYox?sf] ;ª\u|x .

(= :yfgLo ;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu pk–sfpG6L txsf] a}7s cfof]hgf,dflyNnf] txsf clwsf/L;Dd k'¥ofOg] ljifosf] klxrfg tyf lhNnf:t/sf];ldltsf lglDt k|ltlglwsf] lgo'QmL .

!)= lhNnf txdf cg'udgstf{af6 ;+slnt tYox?sf] ;ª\u|x .

!!= o'l8Pgsf] kxndf Ps lbg] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf .sfo{zfnfdf cg'udgsf pknlAwx?, xfnsf r'gf}tLx? / cg'udglqmofsnfkx?dfly lj:t [t?kdf 5nkmn . lhNnfsf jl/i7sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{zfnfdf pkl:ylt .

l;aLPdOP;sf] k|of]u u/L o'l8Pgn] :yfgLo txdf w]/}j6f ;/sf/Lsfo{qmdx?sf] ;kmntfk"j{s cg'udg ul/;s]sf] 5 / ;+slnt hfgsf/LnfO{/fli6«o txdf k}/jL ug{ k|of]u ul//x]sf] 5 . o;sf] Pp6f ;jf]{Ts[i6 pbfx/0feg]s} ljBfno ;xof]u cg'bfg (School Facilities Grant P;PkmhL_ xf]h;nfO{ ;/sf/n] ljkGg ;d'bfodf lzIffsf k"jf{wf/x? -sIffsf]7f, zf}rfno,lzIfs cfjf;, OToflb_ sf] ;'wf/sf nflu ;g\ !((* df cf/De u/]sf] lyof] .

clk|n @))@ df o'l8Pg /o;sf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?n]o'ufG8fsf] k"jL{ If]q 6];f]sf]sf6fjfsL lhNnfdf P;PkmhLsf]if b'?kof]u ePsf] ;DaGwdfk|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyP .o'l8Pgn] /sdsf] b'?kof]uePsf] ;DaGwdf j[Qlrq ;d]tpTkfbg u/]sf] lyof] h;nfO{;~rf/ dfWodx?n]Jofks?kdf k|rf/k|;f/ u/]sflyP . of] k|ltj]bgn] k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{nosf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fof] / ;/sf/L5fglagsf nflu tTsfn} cfb]z klg lbOof] . 5fglagn] o'l8Pgn] k|:t'tu/]sf tYox?nfO{ ;xL 7x¥ofof] / o;}sf] kl/0ffd:j?k lhNnf 6]G8/ af]8{nfO{x6fOof] . lhNnfdf P;PkmhL kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu gofF lhNnfOlGhlgo/nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/of] . lgdf{0f sfo{sf] dfkb08 gk'¥ofO{ sdhf]/ lgdf{0fdflhDd]bf/ b]lvPsf 7]s]bf/x?nfO{ k'gM lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof] .

;/sf/L sfo{qmdn

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;/sf/L sfo{qmdn

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;/sf/L sfo{qmdn

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lhNnf txb]lv ufpFlhNnf txb]lv ufpFlhNnf txb]lv ufpFlhNnf txb]lv ufpFlhNnf txb]lv ufpF

tx;Dd cg'udg

ug{

tx;Dd cg'udg

ug{

tx;Dd cg'udg

ug{

tx;Dd cg'udg

ug{

tx;Dd cg'udg

ug{

o'l8Pgn] ;fd'bflos

o'l8Pgn] ;fd'bflos

o'l8Pgn] ;fd'bflos

o'l8Pgn] ;fd'bflos

o'l8Pgn] ;fd'bflos

cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg





k|0ffnL -l;aLPd

OP;_sf]

k |0ffnL -l;aLPd

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k |0ffnL -l;aLPd

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k |of ]u u¥of ] .k|of ]u u¥of ] .k|of ]u u¥of ] .k|of ]u u¥of ] .k|of ]u u¥of ] .

60

o;afx]s, cg'bfg lbOPsf efjL of]hgfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df ;xof]u ug{P;PkmhL lgb]{lzsfdf ;/sf/n] ;+zf]wg u¥of] . 7]s]bf/x?n] cab]lvu'0f:t/Lo sfo{ u5{' / ;a} kl/of]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg u5'{ eg]/ sfo{;DkfbgUof/]G6L sfuhftdf 3f]if0ff ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, 7]s]bf/x?n] a}+s Uof/]G6Lklg a'emfpg'kg]{5 h;n] kl/of]hgfsf] nfutsf lglDt lgsf;f ePsf] /sd;Fuk]:sL /sd a/fa/ x'g]5 . o; lsl;daf6 olb 7]s]bf/n] ;t{gfdfdf pNn]vePsf ;t{x? k"/f ug{ c;kmn eP ;/sf/n] 7]s]bf/sf] hdfgL a;]sf]a}+saf6 ;f]em} k]:sL lbOPsf] /sd lkmtf{ lng ;Sg]5 .

o'l8Pgsf af/]df hfgsf/L rflxP ;+:yfs} j]a;fO6 www.udn.or.ug.af6k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 .

v= kmG8/åf/f d]lS;sf]df PrcfOeL÷P8\; sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg

k|To]s jif{ ;g\ @))# b]lv cg';Gwfg tyf k}/jL ;+:yf kmG8/n] d]lS;sf];/sf/n] PrcfOeL÷P8\;df u/]sf] vr{sf] ljZn]if0f ul//x]sf] 5 . kmG8/n];g\ @))% sf] ;ª\3Lo ah]6sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf If]qdfJoj:yf ul/Psf] /sdsf nflu gofF afF8kmfF8 k|0ffnL ckgfOPsf] klxrfgu/]sf] lyof] . klxnf]k6s ;]u'/f] kk'n/ -d'n'ssf] :jf:Yo ;]jf sfo{qmd_nfO{ PrcfOeL÷P8\; /f]ulj?4 n8\g] sfo{qmdsf nflu /sd lbPsf] lyof] .oyfy{df, o; ;+:yfn] g];gn PrcfOeL÷P8\; ;]G6/ -;]lG;8f_ ;d]tsfcGo ;+:yfsf] t'ngfdf a9L /sd k|fKt ul//x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s, s]xL/fli6«o c:ktfnx? – of] dxfdf/LnfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ ljz]if1tf geP klg– n]PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf] pkrf/sf nflu /sd k|fKt u/]sf lyP . kmG8/n]PrcfOeL÷P8\; sf]ifsf] ah]6 k|of]u;DaGwL cg'udg u/L ljZn]if0f ug]{lg0f{o u¥of] . d]lS;sf]sf] km]8]/n OlG:6Ro"6 ckm PS;]; 6' klAns OGkm/d];g-cfOPkmPcfO{_åf/f :yflkt ljB'tLo k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/L kmG8/n] cy{ ljefu,;ª\3Lo :jf:Yo ljefu, ;]lG;8f, ;]u'/f] kk'n/sf nflu /fli6«o cfof]u //fli6«o c:ktfnx?df Ps jif{leqdf cfly{s ljj/0fsf] dfu ub}{ @)) eGbfa9L cg'/f]w k7fof] . of] cg'/f]wdf PrcfOeL÷P8\; /sdnfO{ s'g tl/sfsfcfwf/df k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] / /sd k|fKt ul//x]sf c:ktfn tyf cGo;+:yfn] s;/L To;nfO{ k|of]u ul//x]sf lyP eGg] hfgsf/L dfu ul/Psf]lyof] .

kmG8/sf] cg';Gwfgn] lgs} lrGtfhgs tYox? kQf nufof] . klxnf], ;/sf/Llgsfox?n] pknAw u/fPsf hfgsf/Lsf] :t/Lotf lgs} sdhf]/ lyof] .kmG8/n] ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 /sdsf] ljt/0f, jif{sf] dWo efu;Dddf ePsf]

61

vr{sf] l:ylt tyf ljleGg p2]Zosf nflu ;|f]t;fwgsf] k'gM afF8kmfF8sf;DaGwdf lgs} ljjfb:kb k|ltlqmofx? k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .

bf];|f], ;+:yfx?n] PrcfOeL÷P8\; /sd vr{ ubf{ Jofks?kdf thlahLclwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf lyP . of] /sdnfO{ tLgj6f ;+:yfn] cfkm"v'zL æ;fdfGo;]jfÆ df k'gM juL{s[t u/L To;nfO{ a}+lsª / cfly{s ;]jf, ;/;kmfO, lgu/fgLtyf ejg lgdf{0f / ;jf/L;fwg dd{tdf vr{ u/]sf lyP .

cGTodf, hjfkmb]xLtfdf lgs} 7"nf] sdhf]/L b]lvPsf] lyof] . d]lS;sf]dfc:ktfn / ;+:yfx? :jfoQ ePsfn] :jf:Yo ljefun] PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf]ifsf] /sd s;/L vr{ x'G5 eg]/ tf]Sg ;Sb}g . o;afx]s, ;]lG;8fdf/fli6«o PrcfOeL÷P8\; /0fgLltsf af/]df /]vb]v ug]{ lhDd]jf/L eP klg of]/sdsf] k|of]unfO{ ;+of]hg ug]{ sfof{b]z 5}g . ;fy}, ljQ ljefun] klg sf]ifk|fKt ug]{ ;+:yfdf /sd lgsf;f x'gf;fy /sd vr{ ePsf] dfGb5 rfx] Tof]/sd h'g;'s} ljlw ckgfP/ vr{ ul/Psf] g} lsg gxf];\ . kl/0ffd:j?k,;/;kmfO, dd{t / a}+lsª ;]jfdf vr{ ePsf] /sd klg PrcfOeL÷P8\;sfo{qmdd} vr{ ePsf] b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 .

PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf /f]uLsf] ;d"x;Fusf] ;xsfo{df kmG8/n] rf/ efusf] k}/jL/0fgLlt cf/De u/]sf] 5M5

!= kmG8/ / cfOPkmPcfO{n] kmG8/n] phfu/ u/]sf tYo / sfo{jfxLsf;DaGwdf ;kmn kqsf/ ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u¥of] .

@= kqsf/ ;Dd]ngsf] kl/0ffd:j?k kmG8/n] ;]lG;8fsf lgb]{zsx? tyf:jf:Yo ljefusf ljQLo–k|zf;lgs k|d'vx?;Fu w]/}j6f a}7s u¥of] .

% PyL, @))% df cfwfl/t cWoog .

62

oL a}7sdf kmG8/n] tf]lsPsf] sf]ifsf nflu hjfkmb]xLtf ;DaGwL :ki6/ bx|f] k|lta4tf k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . :jf:Yo ljefun] ;g\@))% sf nflu cGo ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yf;Fu} u}/–PrcfOeL÷P8\;sfo{qmddf /sd nufOPsf] ;DaGwdf klxrfg ug]{ tyf To:tf];|f]t;fwgnfO{ s;/L vr{ ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ 5fglag ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfPsf]lyof] . o;}aLr, ;]lG;8fn] :jfoQ ;+:yfaf6 PrcfOeL÷P8\;;DaGwLvr{nfO{ /fd|f];Fu lgoGq0f ug{ Pp6f ;+oGq agfpg] k|lta4tf ;d]t

hgfof] .

# = of ] ljifonfO { cfGtl/sn]vfk/LIfs ;dIf k'¥ofOof] . pgn]ah]6 zLif{s aflx/ / tf]lsPeGbfkm/s p2]Zo /fv]/ x'g;Sg] ;a}vr{nfO{ /f]Sg ;xdlt hgfPsflyP .

$= kmG8/n] cfkm\gf] cg';GwfgsftYox?nfO{ k|:t't ug]{u/L b'O{k6ssª\u|]; ;ldlt, :jf:Yo ;ldlt /n}+lus ;ldlt ;dIf e]6 u¥of] .

e]6df tf]lsPsf ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf sª\u|];n] s;/L ljrf/k'¥ofpg ;S5 egL k|:tfj k|:t't ul/Psf ] lyof ] . kmG8/n]PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf If]qdf nufgL a9fpg / PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf la/fdLsf]pkrf/ ug]{ d'Vo c:ktfnx?nfO{ yk ah]6 5'6\ofpg dfu klgu/]sf] 5 .

oL 5nkmnsf] kl/0ffd:j?k k|ltlglw;efn] nfO{ ;g\ @))^ sf]ah]6df PrcfOeL÷P8\;;DaGwL cToGt dxTjk"0f { sfo{ ul//x]sfb'O{j6f ;+:yfsf ;fy} ;]lG;8fsf] ah]6df lgs} yk u/L ah]6 :jLs[t u¥of] .kl5Nnf] yk ul/Psf] /sdnfO{ /f]syfdsf lglDt k|of]u ug]{u/L tf]lsPsf]lyof] . kmG8/ / cGo gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?n] PrcfOeL÷P8\; /f]syfdnfO{/fli6«o k|fyldstfdf /fVg o:tf] k|oTgsf] cfjZostf /x]sf]df hf]8lbPsf 5g\ .

kmG8/sf ljifodf hfgsf/L rflxP ;+:yfsf] j]a;fO6http://www.fundar.org.mx df ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .

PrcfOeL÷P8\;sf

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dfu u/]sf] 5 .dfu u/]sf] 5 .dfu u/]sf] 5 .dfu u/]sf] 5 .dfu u/]sf] 5 .

63

u= a|flhndf ;kmn ;xeflutfd"ns ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmof

36gf cWoog

b]zdf tfgfzfxL zf;g /x] tfklg Ps k|hftflGqs /fhgLlts bnsf] cu|;/tfdf;'? ul/Psf] c;n zf;g jf nf]slk|o zf;gaf6 hgtf s;/L nfeflGjtx'G5g\ eGg] a|flhnsf] ;kmntfsf] syf xf] of] . ToxfFsf hgk|ltlglwn] ljz]ifu/Lgu/kflnsfsf d]o/x?n] ;'? u/]sf] hg;xeflutfsf] ;kmntf of] cWoogaf6b]lvG5 . gu/kflnsfsf d]o/x?n] ah]6 lgdf{0fsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx?dfgu/jf;LnfO{ ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] sfdsf] yfngL pgLx?n] u/]sf5g\ . ;'?df Pp6f gu/af6 yflnPsf] of] kxnn] clxn] b]zJofkL?kdf g}nf]slk|otf kfPsf] 5 . o;sf sf/0fn] cfˆgf cfjZostfsf] vf]hL / ltgsf];dfwfgsf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] Joj:yfkgdf gful/sdf hfu?stf /r]tgf knfPsf] 5 . o;sf sf/0fn] rfn' jif{sf] ah]6 s] s;/L vr{eO/x]sf] 5 / cfufdL jif{ s'g If]qsf nflu vr{ cfjZos 5 of ah]6sf]afF8kmfF8 / vr{df ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] af]w ug{ ;s]sf] 5 5}geGg] af/]df klg gful/sn] cfkm} yfxf kfpg] ePsf 5g\ . o;sf nflu gu/jf;Ljif{}e/L nflu/xG5g\ . pgLx? ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] df};d / k|lqmof tyf vr{sf]clGtd lx;falstfasf k|lqmof g} yfxf kfpg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . To;}n]pgLx?nfO{ lx;falstfasf] gful/s vf]hL -;f];n cl86_ k|lt klg ;r]t /;hu /xL cfPsf 5g\ .

;g\ !(^$ b]lv !(*% ;Ddsf] cjlwdf a|flhndf tfgfzfxL zf;g Joj:yflyof] . ;g\ !((* kl5 dfq k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] xf] . t/ lgs}cl3b]lv a|flhnsf] gful/s;dfh ;lqmo / ;r]t lyof] .tfgfzfxL Joj:yfdf klgbnx? eg] ;lqmo g} lyP .o;}aLr ;g\ !(*( df ToxfF;DkGg ePsf ] gu/lgjf{rgdf js{;{ kf6L{n] gu/r 'gfj lhTof ] .gu/kflnsfåf/f gful/snfO{lbg ;Sg] ;]jf / pgLx?nfO{k|hftflGqs k|lqmofdf ;xefuLu/fpg ;Sg] pkfox?sf]vf ]hL ;f ] bnn] u¥of ] .

64

o;}qmddf ;f ] bnn] nf]slk|ok|zf;gsf] gf/f lbof] / k|hftflGqscEof;nfO { gful/s tx;Ddk'¥ofpg] kxn yfNof] . oxL qmddf;f] kf6L{sf tkm{af6 d]o/df lgjf{lrtJolQmx¿n] ah]6sf ] lg0f {o /;fj{hlgs vr{sf] Joj:yfkgdfgful/s ;+nUgtfsf] df]8]nsf] k|of]uug{ yfn] . of] k|lqmofsf] klxnf]k|of]u kf]6f{] PlnuL{ gu/df ul/of] /of] clxn];Dd Pp6f ;kmntfsf]

syfsf ?kdf kl/lrt 5 .

o;nfO{ pgLx¿n] k|hftflGqs cEof;sf nflu gful/s ;+nUgtfsf] l;h{gfTdsk|of]usf] gfd lbPsf lyP . ;fy} o;nfO{ a|flhn aflx/ klg k|efjsf/L ;|f]tJoj:yfkgsf] k|hftflGqs k|lqmofsf ?kdf lnOof] . ;f] ;x/nfO{ k|ultzLngful/s ;dfh tyf >d ;ª\u7x¿n] klg g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;x/sf ?kdf lnOGyf]/ b]zdf clwgfosjfbL zf;g Joj:yf /x]sf avt klg gful/s ;dfh />d ;ª\u7gx¿n] ;f] gu/df k|hftGqsf] k|rf/ ug]{ ub{y] .

gu/ k|d'vn] ;f] gu/df gful/sx¿;Fu ah]6sf nflu cfjZos / k|fyldstfsf]dfu u/]/ of] k|lqmofsf] yfngL u/]sf x'g\ . gu/df k|d'vn] sfo{sfl/0fL / /pkk|d'vsf] sfof{non] ljwflosL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ df]8]n agfOof] .o;/L gu/ k|d'vn] ah]6 :jLs[t ug]{ / To;nfO{ pkk|d'vsf] sfof{no /p;sf cGo r]Da/åf/f cg'df]bg ug]{ sfo{sf] k|f?k agfOof] . of] ;+/rgfcGtu{t ah]6 lgdf{0f, of]hgf th'{df / ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf nflu ;dGjo ug{gful/s cu|;/tfdf ;dGjo ;ldltx¿ klg lgdf{0f ul/of] . Tof] ;x/nfO{ ljleGg!^ j6f If]qdf ljefhg ul/of] / ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf ljifonfO{ kfFrj6fk|fyldstfdf afFl8of] . tL k|fylds ljifo lyP– oftfoft, lzIff / ;+:s[lt,:jf:Yo tyf ;dfhsNof0f, cfly{s ljsf; / s/, ;x/L ;ª\3;+:yf Pjd\;x/L ljsf; . oL ljifodf x/]s jif{ x/]s If]qdf b'O{ r/0fdf 5nkmn x'G5g\ .oL b'j} r/0fsf] 5nkmn gful/sn] pgLx? cfkmF};Fu cfk;L ?kdf / pgLx?s};xeflutfdf x'G5 . gful/ssf JolQmut, ;d"xut, ;d'bfout dfu / rfxgfx¿sf];+nUgtfsf nflu x/]s jif{sf] dfr{ dlxgfdf gful/s e]nf x'g] ub{5 .

To;kl5 x'g] ljleGg r/0fsf] ah]6 5nkmndf efu lngsf nflu If]qLok|ltlglwx¿ 5gf]6 ug]{ ul/G5 / o;sf nflu ;d'bfox¿sf] kl/rfng x'G5 .of] r/0f eg]sf] gful/s txdf x'g] ;d"xut 5nkmnsf] r/0f xf] / o;df

d]o/n] gu/dfd]o/n] gu/dfd]o/n] gu/dfd]o/n] gu/dfd]o/n] gu/df

gful/sx¿;Fu ah]6sf

gful/sx¿;Fu ah]6sf

gful/sx¿;Fu ah]6sf

gful/sx¿;Fu ah]6sf

gful/sx¿;Fu ah]6sf

nflu cfjZos /

nflu cfjZos /

nflu cfjZos /

nflu cfjZos /

nflu cfjZos /

k|fyldstfsf] dfu u/]/





ah]6 lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf]





yfngL u/]sf x'g\ .yfngL u/]sf x'g\ .yfngL u/]sf x'g\ .yfngL u/]sf x'g\ .yfngL u/]sf x'g\ .

65

gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf /xFb}g . To;kl5sf] r/0f gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v;Fu;d'bfosf k|ltlglw / gful/sx¿sf] pkl:yltdf x'g] ub{5 . clk|n dlxgfdfx'g] of] 5nkmndf ut jif{sf] ah]6sf] pknlAwsf] d"Nofª\sg cfufdL jif{ ;f];x/df ul/g'kg]{ ah]6 afF8kmfF8sf] cfjZostf / k|of]hgsf nflu ljleGgIf]q / ;d'bfoaf6 k|ltlglwsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ sfd x'G5 . o;/L dfr{b]lv h'g;DdljleGg r/0fx¿df x'g] oL cgf}krfl/s 5nkmndf tL If]qsf ;fd'bflosljsf; ;d"xx¿, o'lgogx¿, cfdf ;d"xx¿ nufotn] cf–cfˆgf If]q /:yfgsf] cfjZostf / dfux¿sf] klxrfg u/L cfufdL k|lqmofsf nflu k|:t'tub{5g\ .

oL dfunfO{ cfjZostfsf cfwf/df k|flyldstfdf /flvG5 / ;xeflutfd"nsah]6 lgdf{0f kl/ifb\df k7fOG5 . of] k|lqmof;Fu} kl/ifb\ klg u7g x'G5 . ;f]kl/ifb\ h'nfO{ dlxgfdf u7g x'G5 . o;df k|f/lDes ?kdf tof/ kfl/Psfljifoj:t'df ;Da4 JolQmsf] klg ;xeflutf x'G5 . kl/ifb\df x/]s ;d'bfo,If]q tyf o;cl3sf ljleGg kfFrj6f ljifout 5nkmnsf ;xefuLdWo]]k|To]saf6 Pshgfsf] b/n] g5'6\g] u/L $$ ;b:o /xG5g\ . kl/ifb\n] cfˆgf]sfo{k|0ffnLsf ;Ldfx? / lg0f{o lng] k4lt cfkmF} agfpg] u5{ . o;kl5ePsf 5nkmnaf6 l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf ljifodf kl/ifb\n] 5nkmn yfN5 . /tL dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ gu/kflnsf ;dIf k|:t't ub{5 . o;n] tof/ kf/]sf]clGtd ?knfO{ ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfdf gu/kflnsf ;dIf clGtd sfo{fGjogsfnflu k7fpF5 . gu/kflnsfsf] klg pkk|d'vsf] r]Da/df ljwflosL 9ª\uaf6pQm k|:tfljt ah]6df 5nkmn x'G5 . l8;]Da/;Dd x'g] pQm 5nkmnnfO{kl/ifb\n] s8fO{sf ;fy cg'udg klg ul//xG5 . r]Da/n] klg clGtd ?klbPkl5 To;nfO{ ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf nflu sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ /x]sf] d]o/;dIf k7fOG5 . oL r/0fx? kf/ ePkl5 ah]6 kfl/t ul/G5 . o;/L ah]6kfl/t dfq x'Fb}g o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] klg cg'udg gful/sn] jif{}e/L ul/ g}/xG5g\ .

;kmntf

of ] sfo {qmdn] ljz]i ftMgful/snfO{ ;zQm agfPsf] 5 .lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'gsfnflu o;n] gful/snfO {pT;flxt agfPsf] 5 . hgtfn]lt/]sf] s/af6 ag]sf] /fh:jsf]kl/rfng s] s;/L x'G5 /

kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf]

kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf]

kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf]

kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf]

kl/ifb\n] cfkm\gf]

sfo {k |0ffnLsf

sfo {k |0ffnLsfsfo {k |0ffnLsf

sfo {k |0ffnLsf

sfo {k |0ffnLsf

;Ldfx? / lg0f{o

;Ldfx? / lg0f{o

;Ldfx? / lg0f{o

;Ldfx? / lg0f{o

;Ldfx? / lg0f{o

lng] k4lt cfkmF }lng] k4lt cfkmF }lng] k4lt cfkmF }lng] k4lt cfkmF }lng] k4lt cfkmF }

agfpg] u5{ .

agfpg] u5{ .agfpg] u5{ .

agfpg] u5{ .

agfpg] u5{ .

66

To;df gful/sn] cfˆgf] cfjZostfsf If]qdf s;/L ah]6sf] Joj:yfkgug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf ;f] sfo{qmdn] gful/snfO{ hfgsf/ agfPsf] 5 .h;n] ubf{ gu/x?sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\sdf klg ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 .gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ ;'lw|Psf w]/} pbfx/0f of] sfo{qmdkl5 cfPsf 5g\ .hgtfsf] r]tgfsf] :t/ a9]sf] tYo klg pgLx?sf] lgjf{rgdf a9]sf];xeflutfn] hgfpF5 . ;f] gu/kflnsfsf] lgjf{rgdf ;g\ !(** df #$ k|ltztdfq gful/s ;xeflutf /x]sf]df ;g\ !((^ df of] a9]/ %^ k|ltzt ePsf] 5 .o; gu/nfO{ Ps k|l;4 cGt/f{li6«o jfl0fHo;DaGwL klqsfn] klg u'0f:t/LohLjgofkgsf] ;x/sf ?kdf dgf]lgt klg u/]sf] lyof] .

ToxfF klxnf klxnf pBf]uwGbfx? g/x]sf, ;x/Ls/0f klg cToGt} cJojl:yt/x]sf], /fh:j p7\tLsf] cj:yf klg lgs} sd /x]sf], a;fO;/fOsf sf/0fn];x/ Jojl:yt aGg g;s]sf]df ;g\ !(*( kl5sf rf/ jif{otfsf] cj:yfx]bf{ ;f] ;x/df 7"nf] / ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(*( b]lv !((%;Ddsf] ;f] cjlwsf] dfkg ubf{ klg vfg]kfgLdf gful/ssf] kx'Fr a9]/ *)af6 (* k|ltzt k'u]sf], gu/jf;Lsf] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgfdf kx'Fr $^ k|ltztaf6a9]/ *% k|ltzt k'u]sf] / ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ egf{ ;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g'nfO{ klgpQm sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] dfkgs} ?kdf x]l/G5 . ;g\ !(*( b]lv ;f]gu/df x/]s jif{ sDtLdf #) lsnf]ld6/sf b/n] ;8s lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 .

;/sf/L vr{nfO{ s'g

}

:jtGq / Jofj;flo

s

lgsfo, h:t} dxfn

]vf

k/LIfsaf6 lgoldt

k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ lh

Dd]jf/L

lbOg'kb{5 .

67

;8ssf nflu gu/jf;Lx? emu8f ub{}gg\ / cfˆgf] If]qdf dfq ;8ssf]of]hgf kfg{sf nflu /fhgLlts eg;'gsf nflu klg bf}8w'k ub{}gg\ . pgLx?n]cfFkm}F of]hgf agfPsf 5g\ / ;f]xL of]hgf d'tflas x/]s jif{ #) lsnf]ld6/sfb/n] ;8s aGb} hfG5 . To:t} kf/blz{tfsf sf/0f gu/kflnsfsf sfdx?k|lthgtfsf] ljZjf; a9]sf] 5 h;sf sf/0f gu/kflnsfnfO{ s/ ltg{] sfddfklg gful/s pT;flxt ePsf 5g\ . o;cl3sf lbgx?sf t'ngfdf clxn]cfP/ /fh:j p7\tLsf] b/ sDtLdf klg %) k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . gful/ssf]cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ePsf] tyf >ldssf] Hofnf klg a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] klggful/s ;xeflutfsf] of] sfo{qmdn] lgs} g} ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] .

To;}u/L a|flhndf gLltut txdf cyjf gLltlgdf{0f txdf dlxnfdf guGo dfq;xeflutf /x]sf]df ;f] gu/df eg] n}ª\lus ;dfgtf a9]sf] 5 . ah]6 lgdf{0ftyf gLltlgdf{0fsf If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf /xg] tyf pgLx?df klg;zQmLs/0fsf] r]tgf cfPsfn] n}ª\lus ;Gt'ngsf] /fd|f] jftfj/0f b]lvPsf]xf] . ;'?;'?df js{;{ kf6L{k|lt gful/sx? cfnf]rs Pjd\ zª\sfn' x'g]u/]sf] / gu/sf sfdx? k|lt pbfl;g /xL plDsg vf]Hg] k|j[lQ /x]sf]dfclxn] klg gful/s cfkm}F gu/sf sfddf ;xefuL x'g] u/]sf kfOG5g\ . oL /o:tf c? klg s}of}F ;kmntfx? of] sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;sf]k|ToIf dx;'; gu/jf;Ln] u/]sf 5g\ . hg;xeflutfsf] of] ;kmntfsf] a|flhndfdfq geP/ ;j{q pbfx/0f lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

k|efj

of] sfo{qmdn] ;a}eGbf klxnf] / k|ToIf k|efj TolxFsf gu/jf;Ldf kf/]sf]5 . pgLx?sf] dfgl;stfdf cfkm\gf] gu/sf] sfd cfFkmF} ug'{k5{ / cfkm"n]lt/]sf] s/sf] /sdsf] vf]hL cfkm"n] g} ug'{kb{5 eGg] u/]sf 5g\ . To;kl5of] gu/sf] ;kmntfsf] syfn] cGo gu/x?df klg k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . sltkoc? jf l5d]sL gu/sf gful/sx? :jodn] g} cfkm\gf] gu/sf] cl:tTjnfO{;f] kf]6f{] Plnu|L gu/df g} uflelbP klg x'GYof] eGg] dg;fo ;d]t JoQm u/]sfpbfx/0f klg ;'Gg] ul/GYof] . Tof] gu/df ePsf ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0fsfsfdsf pbfx/0fn] ubf{ l5d]sL gu/x?nfO{ klg o;/L k|efljt kf/]kl5 tL:yfgx?df of] sfdsf] l;sf] ul/Psf lyP .

To;}u/L gu/df sfd ug]{ k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/df klgpNn]Vo dfqfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . klxnf gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Ln] gu/jf;Ln]ga'em'g\ eg]/ g} k|fljlws efiffdf af]Ng] u/]sf]df clxn] eg] pgLx?n]gful/snfO{ a'emfP/} s'/f ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgLx?n] gful/snfO{ ljsf;sf;xofqLsf ?kdf x]g{ yfn]sf 5g\ . of] pgLx?sf] dfgl;stfdf k/]sf] Pp6f

68

cToGt} ;sf/fTds k|efj xf] . s'g} klg gofF sfd ubf{ jf lg0f{o lnFbfhgtfsf] ;xeflutf vf]Hg] afgL clxn] pgLx?df k/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf]k|efj of k|ultnfO{ (Techno Bureaucracy) af6 (Techno Democracy) dfkl/jt{g ePsf] klg eGg] ul/G5 . gu/kflnsfsf] k|fljlws ljifodf klgk|ToIf?kdf gu/jf;L / k|fljlws sd{rf/LaLr 5nkmn x'g] ub{5 . ;g\!(*) sf] bzsdf gu/kflnsfn] ug]{ h'g;'s} gofF sfddf klg lj/f]w k|bz{gug]{ ;+:sf/ /x]sf]df clxn] To;sf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . clxn] eg] gful/sx?lj/f]w jf alx:sf/sf] ;6\6f ;xeflutf rfxG5g\ . a|flhnsf *) eGbf a9Lgu/n] hg;xeflutfdf ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] of] tl/sf ckgfPsf 5g\ . afFsLn]klg s'g} g s'g} ?kdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf cfjZos 5 eGg] vfnn]cfof]hgfsf] yfngL ug{] z}nL ckgfPsf 5g\ .

69

gful/s cg'udgsfg]kfnL ;kmn syf&

70

s= kLl8t hgtf hfu], cfkm\gf] k};f dfu]

;+:yf kl/ro

lk|m8d kmf]/d lj;+= @)^@ df :yfkgf ul/Psf] Psu}/;/sf/L k|fl1s ;+:yf xf] . o;n] gful/s clwsf/,k|]; tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtf, k|hftGq / ;"rgfsf]xs;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu sfd ub}{cfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL clwsf/sf]P]g Nofpgsf nflu ;/sfnfO{ bafa lbg b]zJofkL?kdfcleofg ;~rfng u/]sf] of] ;+:yfn] b]zdf ;"rgfsf]xs;DaGwL sfg'g cfO;s]kl5 klg ;~rf/ dfWod /gful/s txdf o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;lqmo?kdfsfd ul//x]sf] 5 . gful/snfO{ ;"rgf dfUg] sfddfpT;flxt ug{ tyf cfkm}F klg ;"rgf dfu]/ ;/sf/sfs}of}F clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/h:tf 36gfnfO{ hgtfsf]tx;Dd aflx/ Nofpg cxd\ e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 .tLg jif{cl3 g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf ePsf] Pp6f k|fs[ltsk|sf]ksf] 36gfdf k/L 3/jf/ljxLg ag]sf gful/snfO{/fxt lbnfpg of] ;+:yfn] dfu]sf] ;"rgfn] 7"nf] ;xf/fldn]sf] 5 .

36gf

lj;+= @)^% sf] ebf} @ ut] /flt ;Ktsf];L gbLsf] ;'g;/Ll:yt t6aGwelTsFbf Jofks hgwgsf] lgs} Iflt eof] . t6aGw eTs]/ ufpF k;]sf] af9Lsfsf/0f ;f] If]qsf sDtLdf klg ^) xhf/ gful/s 3/jf/ljxLg x'g k'u] .o;n] 3/jf/, ;8s, l; FrfO s"nf ] , vfg]kfgL, :yfgLo ;~rf/,pBf]uwGbfnufotsf ;+/rgf Wj:t agfof] . xhf/f}F x]S6/df nufOPsf] wfgafnLgi6 x'g'sf ;fy} v]tLof]Uo hldg klg gi6 eof] . sl/a %) xhf/ rf}kfofnfO{af9Ln] aufpg'sf ;fy} s]xL dflg;sf] Hofg uof], ;of}F 3fOt] eP . of]t6aGwsf] k'gMlgdf{0f jf k|efljt dflg;sf] p4f/ ;/sf/sf nflu 7"nf] r'gf}tL

71

aGof] . ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s?kdf jf cfˆgf] ah]6af6 of] Ifltsf] k'gMlgdf{0fug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]v]g / o;sf nflu g]kfnL gful/s Pjd\ ljb]zL /fi6« tyf;ª\3;+;yf;Fu ;xof]usf] cfu|x u¥of] .

;xof]u u/fpg cfXjfg ub}{ ;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqL k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf p4f//fxt sf]if klg v8f u¥of] . /fxt sf]ifdf :jb]zL Pjd\ ljb]zL gful/s, b]z //fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfn] /sd pknAw u/fP . g]kfnleq}af6s/f]8f}F ?k}ofF ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf eof] . ljb]zL bftf /fi6«, ;+:yfn] klg s/f]8f}F?k}ofF ;f] sf]ifdf ;xof]u u/] . ;xof]u /sd lgs} 7"nf] dfqfdf hDdf eO/x]klg af9LkLl8tx¿ eg] lr;f] e'OFdf / Knfli6ssf] 5fgfd'lg /ft u'hfg{ afWoeO/x]sf lyP . 3/jf/ljxLg ag]sfgful/s cfkmGtsf] 3/df cf>olnO/x]sf, lzlj/df a:g'kbf{ lr;f]n]la/fdL k/ ]sf, afnaflnsfvfg]kfgLsf] cefjdf la/fdL k/]sfh:tf ;dfrf/x¿ cfO g} /x] .

of] c:tJo:t cj:yfkl5 kmf]/dsfcWoIf tf/fgfy bfxfnn] tLaf9LkLl8tsf gfddf hDdf ePsf]/sdsf] x/lx;fa ;lxtsf] ;"rgfdfUg'eof] . /fxt sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf]/sd s] slt 5, / Tof] s'g s'gJolQm, ;+:yf jf b]zn] pknAw u/fPsf 5g\ tyf k|sf]kaf6 s] slt hgwgsf]Iflt ePsf] 5 eg]/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;Fu lj;+= @)^%sflQs @% ut] lgj]bgdfkm{t tL ljifosf] ;"rgf ;"rgf dfluof] . t/ k|wfgdGqLsfof{non] of] hfgsf/L lbPg . Pp6f g]kfnL gful/ssf] x}l;otn] tyfcfkm}Fn] klg ;f] sf]ifdf /sd pknAw u/fPsfn] cfˆgf] jf cGo gful/saf6lbOPsf] /sdsf] s] s;/L k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg]/ hfGg kfpg' :jfefljs xf] .t/ k|wfgdGqL sfof{non] ;f] hfgsf/L lbg ;s]g / lgj]bgnfO{ u[x dGqfnotkm{k7fOof] . u[xn] klg nfdf] ;d;o;Dd ;"rgf lbg ;s]g / hfgsf/L lbg' egLlhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;'g;/LnfO{ n]vL k7fof] . kl5 u[x dGqfnosf;lrj ;dIf ph'/L lbOof] / ;f] dGqfnon] ;"rgf lbg afWo eof] .

u[xn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;"rgfdf k|sf]k kLl8tsf] p4f/ / k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu;/sf/n] ? b'O{ ca{ ^) s/f]8 /sd 5'6ØfPsf] b]lvof] . ;/sf/n] p4f/sfnflu dGqfnout?kdf ;d]t ah]6 5'6ØfPsf] hfgsf/L u[xn] lbof] . lgj]bsbfxfnn] of] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ;'g;/Lsf af9LkLl8tnfO{ lbg'eof] . cfˆgf

lk | m8d kmf ]/dn]lk | m8d kmf ]/dn]lk | m8d kmf ]/dn]lk | m8d kmf ]/dn]lk | m8d kmf ]/dn]

gful/snfO{ ;"rgf dfUg]





sfddf pT;flxt ug{

sfddf pT;flxt ug{

sfddf pT;flxt ug{

sfddf pT;flxt ug{

sfddf pT;flxt ug{

tyf cfkm}F klg ;"rgf





dfu]/ ;/sf/sf

dfu]/ ;/sf/sf

dfu]/ ;/sf/sf

dfu]/ ;/sf/sf

dfu]/ ;/sf/sf

clgoldttf /

clgoldttf /

clgoldttf /

clgoldttf /

clgoldttf /

e|i6frf/nfO{ gful/s

e|i6frf/nfO{ gful/s

e|i6frf/nfO{ gful/s

e|i6frf/nfO{ gful/s

e|i6frf/nfO{ gful/s

txdf Nofpg cxd\txdf Nofpg cxd\txdf Nofpg cxd\txdf Nofpg cxd\txdf Nofpg cxd\

e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 .





72

gfddf :jb]z / ljb]zaf6 k|fKt ePsf] ;xof]u /sd ;/sf/n] cfkm"x¿nfO{ g}glbPsf]df kLl8tx¿ cfGbf]lnt ag] . pgLx¿n] kLl8tx¿af6} ;ª\3if{ ;ldltagfP / cfˆgf] gfdsf] ;xof]u /sd cfkm"x¿n] g} kfpg'kg]{ dfu u/] .pgLx¿n] xKtf}+;Dd ;'g;/L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf wgf{ lbP . lzlj/sflj:yflktx¿ lbgxF' ;f] If]qsf hgk|ltlglwnfO{ e]6\g, :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{bafa lbg] sfdsf Jo:t eP . kLl8tsf gfddf ;f9] @ ca{ ?k}ofF 5'6ØfOPsf]eP klg pgLx¿ eg] v'nf cfsfzdf vfgf / kfgLsf] cefjdf /ft u'hfg'{kg]{cj:yf af/]sf ;dfrf/x¿ ;~rf/ dfWodn] klg ;Dk|]if0f u/] . ;ª\3if{;ldltsf ;+of]hs k~rgf/fo0f d08n eGg'x'G5 – …of] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePkl5;/sf/nfO{ klg bafa k¥of], o; If]qsf ;ef;b\dfly klg bafa eof] / ;+;b\dfklg pgLx?n] s'/f p7fpg yfn] .Ú cGttM ;/sf/n] ;f] If]qdf rf/hgf dGqLg} v6fof] / /fxtsf nflu klg sfd yfNof] . ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] pRr:t/Losfo{bnsf] l;kmfl/;df tTsfnsf nflu hUufsf] Ifltk"lt{, gi6 ePsf] afnLsf]d'cfAhf, 3/ dd{t jf gofF lgdf{0fsf nflu sf7sf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} af9Ldfk/]/ d'To' ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ ?= Ps nfv / lzlj/df d[To' ePsf kl/jf/nfO{?= @% xhf/sf b/n] ;xof]u ug]{ sfd ;'? u¥of] .

;/sf/sf dGqLx¿n] ToxfF a;]/ /fxt lbg] sfd t ;'? eof] t/ cfˆgf gfddfhDdf ePsf] ;a} /sd eg] gful/sn] kfpg ;s]gg\ . ;ª\3if{ ;ldltsf;+of]hs d08n eGg'x'G5– …xfd|f gfddf ;/sf/n] @ ca{ ^) s/f]8 ?k}ofF/sd 5'6\ØfPsf] hfgsf/L xfdL ;a}n] yfxf kfof}F t/ klg tTsfnsf nflueg]/ ;/sf/n] ?= &# s/f]8 lbg] lg0f{o u¥of] . lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd xfdLn]klv{of}F t/ ?= &# s/f]8 klg xfdLnfO{ ;xof]u ePg . To;af6 ?= @% s/f]8dfq pknAw u/fPsf] yfxf eof] . To;kl5 xfdLn] ;ª\3if{sf sfo{qmdnfO{hf/L g} /fVof}F . o;cl3 ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ug]{ eg]/ juL{s/0f u/]sf w]/}dflg;n] /fxt ;xof]usf nflu lgj]bg lbO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ clxn];Dd /fd|f];Fu;xof]u kfPsf 5}|gg\ .Ú

clxn] klg ;f] af9Lsf lj:yflkt / kLl8tx¿n] ;Dk"0f{?kdf ;xfotf t kfPsf5}gg\ t/ ;"rgfsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0fn] hgtf hfu]sf 5g\ . o;sf/0fpgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] clwsf/sf nflu n8\g tyf ;/sf/nfO{ ;fdflhspQ/bfloTjaf]w u/fpg ;lhnf] agfof] .

ljlw

;"rgf vf]Hgsf nflu of] 36gfdf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|of]uul/Psf] 5 . vf]hstf{ tf/fgfy bfxfnn] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g @)^$ sf]k|of]u ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf # df ‘k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs

73

lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgfdf kx'Fr x'g]5’ eg]/ n]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] gful/sn]cfkm";Fu ;DalGwt / ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf ;"rgf dfUg / kfpg ;S5g\ .

hgtfsf nflu / pgsf gfddf s] slt /sd ;/sf/n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 /sxfFaf6 s] slt ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 eGg] af/]df ;f] P]gsf] k|of]u u/]/;/sf/;Fu ;"rgf dfu ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf ;fy} o;df lgj]bs cfkm}Fn] klg;f] påf/ sf]ifdf /sd pknAw u/fPsf]n] ;f] /sdsf] s] s:tf] ;b'kof]uePsf] 5 eg]/ klg ;"rgf dfUg'ePsf] 5 . ;'?df ;/sf/L lgsfon] of];"rgf lbg gdfg]klg lgj]bsn] lgs} ;f] ;"rgfsf nflu lk5f u/]kl5 of];"rgf k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

k|efj

kLl8t gful/ssf nflu hDdf ePsf]of] /sdsf af/]df yfxf ePkl5pgLx?df cfˆgf] clwsf/sf nfluPsh'6 x'g'k5{ eGg] k|efj hfu]sf]cg'ej ;'gfpg'x'G5 ;'g;/Lsfkqsf/ ofd k|wfg . cfˆgf gfddf:jb]z / ljb]zaf6 ;xof]u h'6]]sf]eGg] va/n] gful/snfO{ lgs} g}pT;fxL agfof] . cfjZos ;/sf/L;xfotf klg gkfpFbf cfwf/e"tcfjZostfaf6 klg alGrt eO a];xf/f ag]sf pgLx?df of] ;dfrf/n] cfzfhufof] . pgLx?n] ;'?df Pp6f / To;kl5 c? klg ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt agfP /;f] /sdsf] k|flKtsf nflu ;ª\3if{ yfn] . ;"rgf dfukl5 pgLx?sf gfddfhDdf ePsf] ;xof]u /sdsf] k|lt g} xftdf lnP/ pgLx?n] ;/sf/L sfof{nodfbafa lbg yfn] . ToxL cfwf/df pgLx?df cfˆgf s'/f /fVg;Sg] Ifdtfsf]ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Tolta]nf klg pgLx?n] cfˆgf gfddf 5'6\ofOPsf] /sdcGoq nufgL eof] ls eg]/ vf]Hg] u/]sf lyP . o;sf nflu pgLx?n]cfˆgf hgk|ltlglw Pjd\ :yfgLo txsf /fhgLlts g]tfx?nfO{ klg cfˆgf];ª\3if{df ;fy lbg] sfddf Psh'6 kf/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} :yfgLo:t/sf ;/sf/Lsfof{nox?df kLl8t gful/sx? ah]6sf nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf lk5f u/]sflyP .

;"rgfsf] xs k|of]u u/L k|fKt ul/Psf] ;f] b:tfj]hn] pgLx?nfO{ lgs} ;lhnf]agfPsf] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . clxn] klg tL kLl8t hgtf ;/sf/n] lbg]eg]sf] k'/fgf] k|lta4tf adf]lhdsf] /sd glbPsf] eGb} lg/Gt/ s]Gb| / :yfgLo

kLl8t gful/ssf nflu

kLl8t gful/ssf nflu

kLl8t gful/ssf nflu

kLl8t gful/ssf nflu

kLl8t gful/ssf nflu

hDdf ePsf] of] /sdsf





af/]df yfxf ePkl5af/]df yfxf ePkl5af/]df yfxf ePkl5af/]df yfxf ePkl5af/]df yfxf ePkl5

pgLx?df cfkm\gf ]

clwsf/sf

pgLx?df cfkm\gf ]

clwsf/sf

pgLx?df cfkm\gf ]

clwsf/sf

pgLx?df cfkm\gf ]

clwsf/sf

pgLx?df cfkm\gf ]

clwsf/sf

nflu Psh'6 x'g'k5{ eGg]





k|efj hfu]sf] cg'ejk|efj hfu]sf] cg'ejk|efj hfu]sf] cg'ejk|efj hfu]sf] cg'ejk|efj hfu]sf] cg'ej

;'gfpg'x'G5 ;'g;/Ls

f

;'gfpg'x'G5 ;'g;/Ls

f

;'gfpg'x'G5 ;'g;/Ls

f

;'gfpg'x'G5 ;'g;/Ls

f

;'gfpg'x'G5 ;'g;/Ls

f

kqsf/ ofd k|wfg .

kqsf/ ofd k|wfg .

kqsf/ ofd k|wfg .

kqsf/ ofd k|wfg .

kqsf/ ofd k|wfg .

74

;/sf/;dIf Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] / 8]lnu];g hfg] / bafa lbg] sfd ul//x]sf5g\ . ;fy} ;f] 36gfkl5sf /fli6«o ah]6x?df klg cfˆgf nflu /sd 5'6\ofpgtyf To;sf] ;xL sfof{Gjog u/fpgsf nflu ;ª\3if{ ;ldltx? agfP/}clwsf/sf nflu nl8/x]sf 5g\ . of] ;"rgfsf] k|flKtn] cfkm"x?nfO{ lgs};lhnf] agfPsf] cg'ej ;ª\3if{ ;ldltsf ;+of]hs d08nsf] klg 5 . pxfFeGg'x'G5– ;/sf/L lgsfon] xfdLn] kfpg] /sdsf af/]df s'g} cfgfsfgLu/] eg] xfdLn] ToxL ;"rgfsf] b:tfa]h b]vfP/} ;/sf/L clwsf/LnfO{ /sd/ sfo{qmdsf nflu afWo agfpFYof}+ . To;}n] ;/sf/L nfk/jfxLsf sf/0fn]cfkm"x?sf] hLjg c:tJo:t ePsf] / To;sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu klg;/sf/n] g} ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ eGg] k|efj ToxfFsf kLl8tx?df k/]sf]b]lvG5 . –––––––

v= kqsf/n] vf]h] clgoldtfsf] /x:o

36gf cWoog

s'g} klg ljifosf] cg';Gwfg jf 5fglag u/L ;TotYo kQf nufpg ;/sf/n]ljleGg x}l;otsf cfof]u, ;ldlt, sfo{bn u7g ul//x]sf] x'G5 . oL cfof]u,;ldlt, sfo{bnn] a'emfpg] clwsf+z k|ltj]bgx? ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] kfOGg .k|foM cfof]ux? u7g x'Fbf cg';Gwfg / 5fglagsf nflu lglZrt ;dofjlw /ah]6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df clwsf+z cfof]un] ;dod}sfd ;DkGg gu/]sf], cfof]usf] ;dofjlw a9fpg] ul/Psf], cg';Gwfgsfgfddf ckf/bzL{ tl/sfaf6 vr{ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

o:t} ;d:of em]n]sf] 5 h]kL hf]zL 36gfsf] cWoog ug{ ul7t cfof]un]klg . 36gf lj;+ @)^% dª\l;/ !# ut]sf] xf] . s}nfnLsf kqsf/ h]kLhf]zLsf] xTof ePsf] tYo v'Nof] . c;f]h dlxgfdf g} ckx/0fdf k/]sfpgsf] vf]hLsf nflu Jofks kxn ul/P klg pgnfO{ dª\l;/ !# ut] hª\undfd[t cj:yfdf e]l6of] . xTof/fnfO{ s8f sfg'gL sf/afxL ug{ / pgsf kl/jf/nfO{Ifltk"lt{ lbg g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª\3n] b]zJofkL cleofg rnfof] . ;/sf/n]h]kL hf]zLsf ljifodf tYo kQf nufpg !% lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ 5fglag cfof]uu7g u¥of] . t/ cfof]un] !% lbgdf sfd k"/f ug{ ;s]g . k6sk6s cfof]usf]Dofb ylkof] .

cfof]un] @)^^ ;fnsf] sflQsdf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnnfO{k|ltj]bg a'emfof] . P3f/ dlxgfkl5 a'emfOPsf] of] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ul/Pg .kqsf/ hf]zLsf xTof/f sf] x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L cfdhgtf, kqsf/

75

dxf;ª\3 jf o;sf ;b:onfO{ x'g ;s]g . cfof]un] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/fu/]sf] lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/f aflx/ cfPg lsgeg] ;/sf/n] kqsf/hf]zLsf xTof/fnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] jf sf/afxL u/]sf] hfgsf/L g]kfnL hgtfn]kfpg ;s]gg\ .

oL k|;ª\usf ;dfrf/ ;fj{hlgs eO/x]s} a]nf lxdfn va/klqsfsf;dfrf/bftf /fdhL bfxfnn] @)^^ df3 !@ ut] ;f] cfof]un] !! dlxgfdfu/]sf] vr{sf] lx;fasf ;fy} cfof]un] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] k|ltj]bgsf]k|ltlnkL dfu ug'{eof] . pgn] s] s:tf sfdsf nflu s'g zLif{sdf vr{ePsf] 5 / To;sf] lan ekf{O;d]t dfUg'ePsf] lyof] . hf]zLsf kl/jf/n]klg ;/sf/af6 s'g} Ifltk"lt{ / ;xfotf kfPsf lyPgg\ / pgLx? klg cfof]usf]k|ltj]bgsf] kvf{Odf lyP . oxL sf/0f cfof]un] u/]sf] sfdk|lt kl/jf/ /l;Fuf] kqsf/ dxf;ª\3sf] rf;f] a9\g' :jfefljslyof] .

kqsf/ bfxfnn] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g,@)^$ sf] k|of]u u/L u[xdGqfno;Fu oL b'O{ljifosf] ;"rgf dfUg'ePsf] 5 . t/ u[xdGqfnon]cfkm";Fu ;f] k|ltj]bg g/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fof] .;fy} dGqfnosf ;"rgf clwsf/Ln] cfof]usfnflu ?= #) nfv (^ xhf/ ^)! lgsf;f ePsf]/ ?= @( nfv %# xhf/ %!# vr{ ePsf] hfgsf/Llgj]bsnfO{ u/fP .

k|ltj]bgn] s;nfO{ bf]ifL 7x¥ofof] of ;/sf/n] xTof/fsf ?kdf s;nfO{sf/afxL u¥of] eGg] g} lgj]bs bfxfnn] vf]h]sf lyP . u[xdGqfnon] xTofljifodf s'g} hfgsf/L u/fPg . p;n] cfkm";Fu k|ltj]bg g/x]sf] hfgsf/Lu/fP/ plDsof], u[xdGqfnoh:tf] b]zsf] ;+j]bgzLn lgsfon] cfkm";Fu k|ltj]bg5}g eg]/ hfgsf/L u/fpg'nfO{ gful/sk|ltsf] a]jf:tf eGg ;lsG5 . cfof]un]u/]sf] vr{sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f glbO{ ;du| vr{ dfq pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

;kmntf

u[xdGqfnon] vf]lhPsf] ;"rgf glbP klg kqsf/ bfxfnn] ;"rgf dfUg] sfdaf6kl5 x6\g'ePg . pxfFn] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]uu/L /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]udf ph'/L lbg'eof] . lgj]bs bfxfnn] cfof]usfnflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ?= #) nfveGbf a9L /sd sxfF, s;/L / s] df vr{ePsf] /x]5 eGg]af/]df hfgsf/L dfUg'ePsf] lyof] . o;k6s klgu[xdGqfnon] cfof]usf nflu 5'6ØfOPsf] /sd / ;f]sf] nflu ePsf] vr{sf]

76

Psd'i7 /sd dfq lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] lyof] .

;"rgf cfof]un] lgj]bsn] dfu u/]adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf lbg u[xdGqfnonfO{k'gM lgb]{zg lbof] . cfof]usf] bf];|f] k6ssf] cfb]zkl5 dfq dGqfnon]lgj]bsnfO{ ;f] 5fglag cfof]un] u/]sf] vr{sf] ljj/0f tyf o;sf nfluk|of]u ePsf lan ekf{Osf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f lbof] . k|fKt lan / ekf{Ox¿af6cfof]un] u/]sf] clgoldtfsf] /x:o v'n]sf] 5 .

cfof]un] u/sf] vr{dWo] clwsf+z kmh'n Pjd\ cgfjZos b]lvG5 . cfof]un]hf]zLsf xTof/f / bf]ifL ls6fg u/L sf/afxLsf nflu s;}nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . cfof]un] cfkm"nfO{ lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] klg b]lvGg .;/sf/L /sdsf] b'?kof]u ug]{ dg;fo /fv]/ !% lbgsf] Dofb kfPsf] cfof]un]!! dlxgf nufPsf] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf plAhPsf] 5 .

k|efj

of] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 ;ldlt / cfof]ux?nfO{ ldtJooL agfpg bafal;h{gf ePsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . of] 36gfn] cfof]u / ;ldltx? u7g ubf{;/sf/sf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjdfly g} k|Zg plAhPsf] 5 .

;/sf/n] cfof]u u7g ug]{ t/ k|of]hg adf]lhd p2]Zo k"/f g} gu/L eQf dfqvfg] k|j[lQsf] klg o;n] phfuf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} cfkm\gf sfo{stf{ tyfglhssf JolQmnfO{ hflu/ lbg] h:tf] z}nLdf o:tf cfof]u jf ;ldlt u7g ug]{/ o;nfO{ tL JolQmn] klg ;dofjlw nDAofpFb} k};f vr{ u/L eQf vfg]sfddf dfq k|of]u ug]{ k|j[lQ of] 36gfn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

To;}n] of] 36gfsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0fn] cfufdL lbgdf o:tf cfof]u u7gug{ / ltgsf sfdsf/afxLsf af/]df kf/bzL{ x'gsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ bafalbPsf] cg'ej ;"rgf dfUg] kqsf/ bfxfnsf] 5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5 –…hgtfk|ltpQ/bfoL aGgsf nflu hgtfsf] s/af6 hDdf ePsf] /fHosf]ifsf] vr{sf]lx;fa klg hgtfnfO{ g} b]vfpg'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z of] 36gfn] lbPsf] 5 .Úo;n] ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfPsf] / cgfjZos tyf kmh'nvr{sf af/]df hgtfn] vf]hL u5{g\ eGg] klg lzIff lbPsf] 5 . o;n] ;dfhdf;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] cg'ej kqsf/ bfxfnsf] 5 .

77

ah]6 cg'udgsf pkfo*

78

ah]6 cg'udgsf pkfo

h'g;'s} vfnsf] jsfnt ug{sf nflu klg ;a}eGbf klxn] To:tf] jsfnts;/L ;'? ug]{ eGg] to ul/g'k5{ . Pp6f egfO klg 5, Ps y'k|f] bfp/flrg{sf nflu Ps 306f 5 eg] cfwf 306f aGr/f] pHofpgdf vr{g'k5{ .To:t}, ah]6 vr{sf] cg'udgsf] sfd ;'? ug{' cufl8 To;sf] tof/Lsfnflu lgs} ;do vr{g'kg]{ x'G5 h;af6 To:tf] ljlw to xf];\ ls To;sfnflu pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgaf6 dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsof];\ .

sfd ;'? ug{] s]xL tl/sfx? oxfF k|:t't ul/G5M

! /0fgLlts p2]Zo to ug]{M

ah]6;DaGwL jsfnt ug{sf nflu k|i6 /0fgLlts p2]Zo x'g' kb{5 . p2]Zo;dfh / ;d"x b'j}sf nflu cy{k"0f{ x'g'k5{ . cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] cg'ej /

• ;+;f/sf w]/} d'n'sdf ljleGg lsl;dsf gful/s;+:yfx?n] ah]6nfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] sfdk|efjsf/L ?kdf ul//x]sf 5g\ h'g oxfF klg ug{ ;Dej5 .

• ah]6sf] gofF cg'udg ljlw to ug]{b]lv ;+;b\ tyfcGo lgsfo;Fu ;d]t ;xsfo{ u/L ah]6 sfof{Gjogsf]cg'udg ug]{ / uNtL cf}+FNofpg] 7"nf] cj;/ gful/s;dfhsf ;+:yfx?;Fu 5 . of] cj;/sf] k|of]u ug{}k5{ .

• oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf ;a} ;d"xx?n] ljutdf s'g} g s'g}?kdf ltgsf b]zsf] ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf ;sf/fTdsk|efj kf/]sf 5g\ . Tof] ;kmntfsf] pbfx/0fn] w]/}nfO{To:t} sfdsf nflu pTk|]l/t u/fpg ;S5 .

• ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cg'udg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf lgs}5 . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf ljlwafx]s ah]6 cg'udgsfnflu b]zsf] kl/l:yltsf cfwf/df cGo w]/} pkfox?cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 . vf;s'/f eg]sf] gful/s;+:yfn] pknAw cj;/sf cfwf/df /rgfTds ljlwx?to ug{' ;a}eGbf pQd x'G5 .

79

Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ . /, To;n] ;d"xsf] jsfntsf] k|oTgnfO{ a9fjflbg ;Sg'k5{ . ;d"xsf] ah]6 k}/jL of]hgfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] jf pko'Qm nIflgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] Pp6f pkfo SMART (p2]Zo k|i6,dfkgof]Uo, k|fKt x'g;Sg], kTofl/nf] / ;doa4 x'g'k5{ eGg] l;4fGt) xf] .

@= ah]6 k|lqmofaf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]{M

ah]6 cg'udg ug]{ ;+:yfn] ;a}eGbf klxn] ah]6 lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsfx/]s k|lqmofaf/] k|i6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{' h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu ah]6 ;+a4;/sf/L clwsf/Lx?, ah]6sf] a'emfO{sf b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk"0f{ dflgg] ;+;bsf;b:ox?, o; ljifodf l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ kqsf/x?, bftf;+:yfsf clwsf/Lx? /ah]6sf] ;a} cGt/j:t'sf] 1fg ePsf cy{zf:qL Pj+ gful/s ;+3;+:yfsfk|ltlglw;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ jf 5nkmn lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . To; cltl/QmcWoogdf ;+nUg x'g] ;d"xn] ah]6;DaGwL ;/sf/sf ljleGg k|sfzgx?,ax'kIfLo ;+:yfx? h:t}, ljZj a+}s, cGt/fli6«o d'b|fsf]if nufotn] ;do;dodf lgsfNg] k|sfzgx? klgah]6;DaGwL ljifodf 1fg xfl;nug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'G5g\ . o;}u/Lb]zsf] ah]6;Da4 sfg'gsf] klg/fd|/L cWoog ug{'k5{ .

#= ah]6 k|lqmofsf] ;xof]uLk':ts -ufO{8_ tof/ ug]{M

ah]6;DaGwL k}/jLstf{ ;d"xx?n]gful/snfO{ ah]6 k|lqmofaf/] ;r]tgfhufpg] vfnsf ;xof]uL k':ts-k'l:tsf_ klg tof/ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ;xof]uL k':ts k|sfzg ubf{;+:yf :jo+sf] 1fg / cg'ej lj:tf/df klg 6]jf k'Ub5 . o;n] ah]6cg'udgsf nflu kf/ ug{' kg]{ dfly pNn]lvt txx?sf] kl/k"/ssf ?kdf;d]t sfd ub{5 . o:tf ;xof]uL k'l:tsfx? ;/sf/sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjog,To;nuQ} x'g] n]vfk/LIf0f / ;'k/Lj]If0f nufotsf ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g]u/]sf] eP klg ah]6 rqmdf g} ;Lldt eP/ ;xof]uL k':ts tof/ ug{'k5{ eGg]5}g . o;df ah]6 lgdf{0f / :jLs[lt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6]/a9L hfgsf/Ld"ns agfpg' >]ois/ x'G5 .

$= ah]6 cg'udgsf] ;Lk xfl;n ug]{M

OG6/g];gn ah]6 kf6{g/;Lk h:tf ;+:yfx?n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ah]6

h'g;'s} vfnsf] jsfnt





ug{sf nflu klg ;a}eGbf





klxn] To:tf] jsfnt

klxn] To:tf] jsfntklxn] To:tf] jsfnt

klxn] To:tf] jsfnt

klxn] To:tf] jsfnt

s;/L ;'? ug]{

eGg] to

s;/L ;'? ug]{

eGg] to

s;/L ;'? ug]{

eGg] to

s;/L ;'? ug]{

eGg] to

s;/L ;'? ug]{

eGg] to

ul/g'k5{ . Pp6f egfO





klg 5, Ps y'k|f] bfp/f





lrg{sf nflu Ps 306f 5





eg] cfwf 306f aGr/f]





pHofpgdf vr{g'k5{ .

pHofpgdf vr{g'k5{ .

pHofpgdf vr{g'k5{ .

pHofpgdf vr{g'k5{ .

pHofpgdf vr{g'k5{ .

80

cg'udg sfo{df ;xefuL x'g rfxg] ;d"xx?sf nflu ah]6;DaGwL tflnd;~rfng ug]{ u5{g\ . cg'udg ;d"xx?nfO{ k|fljlws / /0fgLlts ;Lkxfl;n ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu To:tf tflndx? Hofb} pkof]uLx'G5g\ . ah]6;DaGwL ljifodf pT;'s ;d"xn] cfkm"n] ug{ vf]h]sf] cg'udgsfnflu ;Lk xfl;n ug{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ah]6 cg'udg u/]sf] cg'ej ePsfjf cg'udgdf ;+nUg cGo ;d"x;Fusf] e]63f6 / 5nkmn klg pkof]uLx'G5 . cGtdf, ah]6 cg'udg kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ rfx]sf ;+:yfn];'?jftL cj:yfx?df k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu lj1sf] k|of]u ug{' /fd|f]x'G5 . k"j{ ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ljQsf] hfgsf/L ePsf JolQmx?sf]of] k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . g]kfndf cfOlakLsf tkm{af6 ;/sf/Lah]6sf] cg'udg ul//x]sf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] lk|m8d kmf]/dn] of] ;+:yfsf]cg'ej klg ah]6 cg'udgsf] ;Lk k|fKt ug{sf nflu pkof]uL x'g;S5 .

%= ah]6 ;"rgf k|flKtM

w]/}h;f] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx? ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf ;+:yfsf sfdsf/jfxLsf]uf]Kotf sfod ug]{tkm{ pBt x'G5g\ . gful/s ;dfhn] ah]6 ;"rgfsf] dfua9fPkl5 uf]Kotfdf /dfpg] o:tf ;+oGqsf] s]Gb| efudf g} cfqmd0f x'g]x'gfn] :f"rgf n'sfpgsf nflu e|i6 sd{rf/LaLr nfdf] ;dob]lv lgs} ldn]dtf]ePsf] x'g;S5 .

cfOaLkLn] @))^ df ah]6 kf/blz{tf ;DaGwdf %( d'n'sdf u/]sf] cWoogn]ah]6 lgdf{0f / cg'df]bgeGbf ah]6 sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf;Lldt?kdf dfq pknAw x'g] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg ah]6sfof{Gjog, n]vfk/LIf0f / d"Nofª\sgh:tf ;"rgf k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;xhcj:yf 5}g .

ah]6 ;DaGwdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx?n] s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txdf ah]6 k|lqmofsf]kf/blz{tf j[l4sf nflu klxnf jsfnt ug{'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ah]6 kf/blz{tfsfnflu jsfntsf cltl/Qm ;+:yfn] ah]6 ;"rgf k|flKtsf nflu ljleGg/0fgLltx?sf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf /0fgLltx?dWo]Ù

-s_ ;xof]uL clwsf/Lx? lrGg]M ;/sf/ Pp6} 7"nf] 9'+uf] h:tf] x'Fb}g . ;/sf/sf;a} clwsf/L ;"rgf n'sfpg] / c;xof]uL x'Fb}gg\, gful/sd}qL /pbf/ klg x'G5g\ . kl5Nnf] k|j[lQsf sd{rf/Lx? ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdsf];"rgf k|fKt ug]{ k|oTgdf dxTjk"0f{ /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/ aGg ;S5g\ .csf]{tkm{ vf;} ;xof]uLh:tf] gb]lvPsf t/ c;xof]uL eg] g/x]sfclwsf/LnfO{ klg ;d"xn] ljz]if k|oTg dfkm{t kf/bzL{tfsf] cfjZostfsf]dx;'; u/fpg / ;xof]uL t'Nofpg ;S5 . pgLx?sf] k|lti7f a9fpgsf

81

nflu ;sf/fTds sfd u/]sf] b]vfpg] / To;sf] h; kfpg] cj;/l;h{gf ul/lbg'k5{ tf ls pgLx?df To;sf nflu k|]/0ff ldnf];\ . cg'bf/clwsf/Laf6 ;"rgf lngsf nflu lgb]{zg jf bafa lbg dflyNnf] txdfu'gf;f] jf ph'/L klg ug{'k5{ .

-v_ ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] k|of]uM ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gn]gful/snfO{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ub{5 . ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf]k|of]hgsf] nflu of] sfg'g 7"nf] ;xof]uL aGg ;Qm5 . t/, cg'udg;d"xx?n] ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'g eP/ klg cfjZos ;"rgfk|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf xF'b}gg\ . ;"rgf k|flKtsf] lgj]bg lbO;s]kl5 klgkmfOnx? x/fPsf] jf To:tf] ;"rgf lbFbf /fli6«o lxtdf cfFr cfpg]h:tfts{ lbP/ ;"rgf glbg] k|rng klg 5 . g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwLsfg'gsf] k|fof]u ug{ lk|m8d kmf]/dn] gful/s ;+:yfx?nfO{ ;3fpFb}cfPsf] 5 . t;y{, cfjZos ;xof]usf nflu lk|m8d kmf]/ddf ;Dks{u/f}+ .

-u_ lgsfout ;fj{hlgsLs/0fgLltx?sf] k|of]uM hfGg kfpg]clwsf/ k|Tofe"t ug{ sltkolgsfox?n] ; "rgf;fj {hlgs ug] { cfkm \g }gLltx? klg agfPsf x'g;S5g\ . To:tf gLltsf ]cfwf/df klg ;"rgf k|fKt ug{;lsG5 .

-3_ n]vfk/LIfsx¿, ljwfosx¿ /bftfx¿; Fusf ] ;xsfo { M;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfox? ;"rgfsf e/kbf{ ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ .;fdfGotofM ;f+;bx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs kl/of]hgfaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ eGbfclws hfgsf/L x'G5 . gful/s ;dfhsf ;d"xn] cfkm"x?sf] ljifodf;xfg'e"lt /fVg] ;f+;bx?af6 cfjZos w]/} ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5 .;+;b\sf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldltdf o:tf ;"rgfx? x'G5g\ . j}b]lzs;xof]udf a9L g} lge{/ b]zx?df ;/sf/L kl/of]hgf To;df klg j}b]]lzs;xof]u /x]sf] kl/of]hgfsf] ;"rgfdf bft[ lgsfox?sf] kx'Fr x'G5 .bftfx?n] cfk"mn] u/]sf] ;xof]usf] ;xL ;b'kof]usf] ;'lglZrttfrfxG5g\ eg] ;fdflhs k/LIf0f k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df pgLx? klg ;xof]uLxG5g\ . t;y{, pgLx?af6 klg ;"rgf lng ;lsG5 .

;"rgfsf] xs;DaGw

L;"rgfsf]

xs;DaGwL

;"rgfsf] xs;DaGw

L;"rgfsf]

xs;DaGwL

;"rgfsf] xs;DaGw

L

sfg'gn] gful/sn

fO{sfg'gn]

gful/snfO{

sfg'gn] gful/sn

fO{sfg'gn]

gful/snfO{

sfg'gn] gful/sn

fO{

;"rgfsf] xssf]

;"rgfsf] xssf]

;"rgfsf] xssf]

;"rgfsf] xssf]

;"rgfsf] xssf]

k|Tofe"lt k|bfg

k|Tofe"lt k|bfg

k|Tofe"lt k|bfg

k|Tofe"lt k|bfg

k|Tofe"lt k|bfg

ub{5 .ub{5 .ub{5 .ub{5 .ub{5 .

82

-ª_ k|ToIf bafa tyf cleofgM dxfTdf ufGwLn] eg]sf 5g\ …tkfO{+sf] bafanfO{;/sf/n] klxn] a]jf:tf u5{, To;kl5 xf;f]sf] ljifo agfOlbG5, clgo'4 5]8\5 t/ cGtdf ljhoL eg] tkfO+{ g} aGg'x'G5 .Ú k6sk6ssf]k|of;af6 klg cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ c;kmn ;+:yfx?df olbk|ToIf clx+;fTds bafa cleofgk|lt ljZjf; 5 eg] pgLx?n] ;"rgfglbg] To:tf ;/sf/L lgsfosf lj?4 cg;g nufotsf bafasf]pkfo ckgfpg ;S5g\ . gful/s ;+:yfx?n] cfdhgtfsf] lxtdfpgLx?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L zflGtk"0f{ 9ª\un] bafa l;h{gf ug{ ;S5g\ .

To;}u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg tyf cGo k|ltj]bgx?klg Hofb} pkof]uL ;|f]t x'g\ . o:tf]] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ug]{ xs gful/sdfx'G5 . dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no tyf sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqssfof{no klg ah]6;DaGwL ;"rgf k|fKt ug{sf nflu csf]{ dxTjk"0f{lgsfo xf] .

-r_ yfngL u/f}+M ;do lnP/, /fd|/L ;f]r]/ tyf /0fgLlts of]hgf th{'dfug{'kg]{ eP klg ah]6 ;d"xn] sfd t ug{' g} k5{ . s]xL ;d"xx?n]cfkm\gf] ;"?cftL /0fgLlt / s]xL k"j{ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ah]6;DaGwLsfd ;'? u/L sfds} l;nl;nfdf oL b'j}nfO{ lgs} ulx/f] 9ª\un]ljsf; ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . x/]s txsf] sfdaf6 ;d"xn] ;fj{hlgsah]6nfO{ a9L hjfkmb]xL agfpg] ;DaGwdf yk cg'ej, cfTdljZjf;/ Ifdtf a6'N5g\ .

/fd|f];Fu ;f]rljrf/ u/L ah]6 kf/blz{tfsf nflu /0fgLlt agfpFm . s]Gb|Lotxb]lv :yfgLo lgsfo;Dd ah]6 / sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs k/LIf0fsf sfdcufl8 a9fpFm . ah]6 tyf gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmd;DaGwL kof{Kt ;"rgf ;ª\sngu/L ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj clej[[l4 ug{sf nflu cfTdljZjf;k"j{s cf–cfkm\gf];Lk / Ifdtfsf] k|of]u ug{ cu|;/ xf]cf}+ . ;fgf] yfngLn] ;dfh kl/jt{g;Dej 5 .

83

ah]6 -Budget_

cfufdL aif{sf] cg'dflgt cfo, Joo, C0f, ;xfotf cflbsf]lj:t[t ljj/0f ;d]l6Psf] ;/sf/L b:tfj]h g} ah]6 xf] . of];/sf/sf] d'Vo cfly{s b:tfj]h xf] . o;n] ;/sf/n] cfkm"n]lnPsf ;du| gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn] kl/nlIft p2]Zo;Fu cfly{sgLltsf] tfbfDotf / ljsf; k|fyldstf emNsfpF5 .

/ftf] lstfa (Red Book)

cfufdL jif{sf nflu to ul/Psf]] vr{sf] zLif{sut ljj/0f, rfn'jif{sf] ;+zf]lwt cg'dfg / ut jif{sf] oyfy{ vr{ ljj/0f ;d]l6Psf];/sf/L b:tfj]h . o;df ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 tyf ljlgof]hg P]gadf]lhd x'g] Joo cg'dfgsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 .

afF8kmfF8 (Apportionment)

lglb{i6 ;Ldfleq /x]/, lglZrt ;dodf ljlgof]lht jf :jLs[t/sd vr{ ug{ jf s;}nfO{ e'QmfgL ug{ ;Da4 dGqfno / vr{sfcGo OsfO{x¿sf nflu ;fdfGotof cy{ dGqfnon] ug]{ /sdsf]:jLs[lt jf ljt/0f .

ljlgof]hg -Appropriation)

sfg'g adf]lhd lglZrt ;Ldfleq /x]/ tf]lsPsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsfnflu ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t vr{g ;+;b\n] sfo{sf/LnfO{ lbPsf]:jLs[lt . jflif{s ljlgof]hg ah]6 sfg'g jf s'g} s'g} b]zdfah]6 sfg'g:fFu ldNg] u/L 5'§} ljlgof]hg P]gdfkm{t\ ul/G5 .lglb{i6 p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ slxn]sflxF jflif{s ljlgof]hg ckof{Ktb]lvg cfPdf k'/s ljlgof]hg klg :jLs[t ug]{ ul/G5 .slxn]sflxF 5'§} sfg'gdfkm{t\ Ps cfly{s jif{eGbf a9Lcjlw;Ddsf nflu To:tf] clVtof/L k|bfg u/]df To:fnfO{ …:yfoLljlgof]hgÚ gfdn] klg kl/eflift ul/G5 -h:t}M ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsfg'g_ . clwsf+z b]zdf ljlgof]hg aflx/sf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{'k/]df lgsfo tyf ljefux¿sf nflu sfo{sf/Lsf] ljz]if :jLs[lt

zAbfy{

84

cfjZos k5{ .

e}kl/ sf]if -Contingency fund/Contingency Reserve)

cg'dfg gul/Psf] afx\o kl/l:ylt ;fdgf ug{sf nflu kl5 afF8kmfF8x'g] u/L ah]6leq} Joj:yf ul/Psf] sf]if . dWosfnLg ah]6Aoj:yfdf e}kl/ cfpg] jf gLltut sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ah]6dfcfjZos nrstf k|bfg ug{ / s'g} zLif{sdf vr{ ul/xfNg'kg]{cj:yf gcfpFb} vr{ gxf];\ eGgsf nflu o:tf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yful/G5 .

e}kl/ cfpg] bfloTj -Contingent Liability)

bfloTjdf ;xefuL ePsf] t/ To:tf] bfloTj ltg{'kg]{ s'/f eljiodfx'g] jf gx'g] s'g} 36gf / To;sf] ;dodf lge{/ ug]{ s'/f e}}kl/cfpg] bfloTj xf] . oL clxn]sf] xsdf jf:tljs bfloTj x}gg\ -eljiodf klg To:tf] bfloTj l;h{gf x'Fb} gx'g klg ;S5 _

cfly{s juL{s/0f -Economic Classification)

cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df vr{x¿, vl/b tyf lgM;u{-laqmLnufot_ sf] If]qut ljefhg ug]{ k|lqmof g} cfly{s juL{s/0fxf] . o;nfO{ If]qut juL{s/0f -Sectoral Classification_ klgelgG5 . s[lif, ;]jf / pTkfbgd"ns If]q u/L tLgj6f d'Vo If]qx¿x'G5g\ .

k|zf;lgs juL{s/0f -Administrative Classification_

vr{ ug]{ O{sfO{x?sf cfwf/df ul/g] vr{sf] juL{s/0f . h:t},dGqfno, ljefu jf sfof{nox¿ vr{ ug]{ O{sfO x'g\ .

s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -Gross Domestic Product)

;du| pTkfbgsf] dfkg, h'g pTkfbg k|lqmofdf ;xefuL ;a} afl;GbfJolQm jf pTkfbg OsfO{n] ug]{ s'n d"No clej[l4sf] hf]8kmn;Fua/fa/ x'G5 -olb s/ ltl/Psf] 5 eg] Tof] 36fpg'k5{ tyf s'g}cfly{s ;xfotf jf 5'6 kfPsf]df d"No clej[l4af6 Tof]36fpg'k5{_ . csf]{ zAbdf b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleq ul/Psf]pTkfbgsf] hf]8 h;df s'g} klg s'/f bf]xf]/f] hf]l8Psf] 5}g Tof] g}s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg xf] .

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/sdfGt/ -Virement)

s'g} cfly{s jif{sf] aLrdf nlIft vr{ of]hgfnfO{ Pp6f vr{zLif{saf6 csf]{ vr{ zLif{sdf ;fg]{ k|lqmof . /sdfGt/sf] :jLs[ltlngsf nflu vr{ ug]{ lgsfon] ;fdfGotof :jLs[t k|zf;lgsk|lqmof cjnDag ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .

dWosfnLg vr{ ;+/rgf -Medium Term ExpenditureFramework_

jflif{s ah]6 bL3{sfnLg of]hgf;Fu d]n vfg] lsl;dsf] xf];\ /vr{sf] of]hgf s]xL nfdf] ;dosf] xf];\ eGgsf nflu ;fdfGotofMtLg jif{sf] vr{ cg'dfg jif}{lkR5] tof/ ul/g] k|0ffnL . ah]6th{'df ubf{ x/]s jif{ yk b'O{ jif{sf] vr{ cg'dfg klg ;Fu} /fvLah]6 ;Fu;Fu} To:tf] ;+/rgf tof/ ul/G5 .

lgsf;f -Disbursement)

s'n jf li f {s ljlgof ]hgsf ] ;a} jf cf + lzs /sdq}dfl;s jf dfl;s?kdf ;DalGwt dGqfno jf vr{ ug]{lgsfonfO{ vr{g] k|of]hgsf nflu pknAw u/fpg' . To;}u/Lvl/b ;+emf}tf adf]lhd 7]s]bf/nfO{ lbg'kg]{ ;+emf}tf cg';f/ lbOg]lgsf;f .

glthfd"ns ah]6 -Result Based Budget_

s'g} sfd;Fu geO{ To:tf] sfd u/]jfkt k|fKt x'g] jf x'g'kg]{k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t /x]/ agfOg] ah]6 .

3f6f ah]6÷Go"g ljQ÷ah]6 3f6f -Budget Deficit/DeficitFinancing)

;fdfGotof ah]6 lgdf{0f ubf{ ;|f]teGbf klg ;/sf/n] ug]{jf ug}{kg]{ vr{nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ tof/ ul/G5 . To:tf] vr{ ug]{k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t b]zleq}af6 x'g] /fhZj kl/rfng/ j}b]lzs cg'bfgn] y]Ug g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ Joocg'dfgeGbf cfo cg'dfg sd x'g hfG5 eg] To:tf] ah]6 .o;/L ck'u x'g] /sdnfO{ j}b]lzs jf cfGtl/s C0f jf b'j}af6kl/k"lt{ ul/G5 h;nfO{ Go"g ljQ elgG5 .

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dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg -Mid-Term Review_

cy{ dGqfnon] ug]{ jflif{s ah]6n] kl/nlIft u/]sf of]hgfsf]sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] k|ult ;dLIff .

rfn' vr{ -Recurrent Expenditure)

;/sf/, dGqfno / cGo vr{sf OsfO{x?sf] b}lgs k|zf;lgsvr{ jf Ps cfly{s jif{eGbf a9L ;do;Dd c;/ afFsLg/xg] vr{, h:t} zflGt–;'/Iff, tna–eQf, kfgL–lah'nLOToflbdf ul/g] vr{ . o:tf] vr{sf] pknlAw vr{ ul/Psf];do;Dd dfq /xG5 / ;fna;fnL ?kdf ul//fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . of]k|fylds vr{ xf] lsgeg] rfn' vr{ gu/]df ;/sf/sf] b}lgsk|zf;g g} 7Kk x'G5 .

k"FhLut vr{ -Capital Expenditure)

bL3{sfnLg lxtsf] p2]Zo /fvL ul/g] vr{ h:t}, ;8s oftfoftnufotsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f . k"FhLut vr{sf] c;/ Ps cfly{s jif{eGbfa9L / slxn]sflxF bzsf}+;Dd klg /xG5 -h:t} hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdful/g] vr{_ .

ljsf;sf k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg -Result BasedManagement_

;/sf/n] ;~rfng ug]{ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?af6 lgwf{l/tk|ltkmnsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;f]xLcg';f/ To:tf sfo{qmdsf]sfof{Gjog ug{ nfu" ug]{ cfw'lgs / j}1flgs Joj:yfkg k4lt .o:tf] Joj:yfkg k/Dk/fut k|lqmof s]lGb|t geO{ k|ltkmn s]lGb|tx'G5 . cyf{t\ s;/L sfd ug]{eGbf klg s:tf] k|ltkmn xfl;n ug]{eGg]df s]lGb|t ul/g] Joj:yfkg .

k"/s ah]6 -Supplementary Budget)

cfly{s jif{sf] dWolt/ cfOk'Ubf ;+;b\n] :jLs[t u/]sf] ah]6dfpNn]lvteGbf km/s zLif{sdf vr{ ug{'kg]{ jf ah]6sf] k|fyldstfdfg} kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ ePdf To:tf] kl/jt{gsf] k|:tfj tof/ u/Lcg'df]bgsf nflu ;/sf/n] ;+;b\df k]z ug]{ ah]6 k|:tfj .;fdfGotof cfly{s jif{sf] lrdf ;/sf/ kl/jt{g ePdf jf dxTjk'0f{

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kl/jt{g tTsfn} ug{' cfj:os b]lvPdf k'/s ah]6 k]; ug{]ul/G5 .

;fjfF e'QmfgL -Principal Repayment)

b]zleq p7\g] /fh:j ah]6n] kl/nlIft u/]sf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsfnflu ck'u x'g] ePdf b]zleq jf aflx/af6 ;/sf/n] C0f lng]ub{5 h'g tf]lsPsf] efsfleq lkmtf{ ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ul/g]lkmtf{ ;fjfF e'QmfgL xf] . k/fDk/fut ah]6 k4ltdf o;nfO{ vr{sf?kdf /fVg] rng /x]sf] eP klg clxn] o;nfO{ vr{ cGtu{t/flvF+b}g .

/fh:j -Revenue_

;/sf/sf] cfDbfgL . ;/sf/n] s/, ;]jf z'Ns, b:t'/, ;/sf/L;DklQsf] ef8f nufot dfkm{t cfDbfgL ub{5 . ;fdfGotofM /fh:js/ / u}x| s/ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .

/fh:j cg'dfg -Revenue Estimate_

ah]6 cfufdL jif{sf] nflu /fHosf] cfo / Joosf] cg'dfg xf] .:jb]zleq}af6 x'g] cfDbfgLsf] cg'dfg g} /fh:j cg'dfg xf] .

cfGtl/s C0f -Internal Borrowing_

Go"g ljQ kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu b]zleq}af6 p7fOg] ;fdfGotof 5f]6f]cjwLsf] C0f . g]kfn ;/sf/sf nflu o:tf] C0f g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] 6«]h/L lan, C0fkq cflb hf/L u/L p7fpF5 . ;fdfGotofMjfl0fHo a}+sx?n] ;/sf/sf] nflu C0fbftfsf] sfd ub{5g\ .kl5Nnf jif{x?df j}b]lzs C0feGbf cfGtl/s C0fsf] dfqf a9Lx'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

j}b]lzs C0f -Foreign Debt)

Go "g ljQ ePsf ] cj:yfdf To;nfO { k " lt { ug {sf ] nf lu;/sf/n] l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ jf ax'kIfLo ;xfotf Ph]G;Lx¿;Fulng] C0f . ;fdfGotofM ljsf;sf cfof]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflulnOg] o:tf] C0f ;x'lnotk"0f{ Aofhb/df / nfdf] cjlwsf nflulnOG5 .

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cg'bfg -Aid_

eljiodf ;fjfF jf Aofh lkmtf{ ug{ gkg]{ u/L k|fKt x'g] ;xof]u .o:tf] ;xof]u ;/sf/sf] Pp6f lgsfon] csf{] lgsfonfO{, h:t}s]Gb| ;/sf/n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ klg lbg ;Qm5 h;nfO{cfGtl/s cg'bfg elgG5 . ljb]zL d'n's tyf bft[ ;+:yfn]s]Gb| ;/sf/nfO{ klg ;xof]u lbG5g\ eg] To;nfO{ j}b]lzscg'bfg elgG5 .

u}x| ah]6/L vr{ -Off-Budget Expenditure_

ah]6df pNn]v gu/L ;/sf/n] cGo sfo{qmdsf nflu ug]{ vr{/sd .

u}x| ah]6/L sf]if -Extra Budgetary Fund_

ah]6df pNn]v gul/Psf] / ljlgof]hg P]g cg';f/ geO{ a]Un}P]g jf lgodcg';f/ vr{ ug]{u/L ;/sf/n] v8f ug]{ ljz]ifsf]ifx? . h:t}, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if, k|wfgdGqL /fxt sf]if,o'jf :j/f]huf/ sf]if cflb .

ah]6 th '{df / gful/s cg'udg · 2016. 7. 13. · 1 ah]6 th '{df / gful/s cg'udg...

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