agrotecnologia - aÑo 1 - numero 1 - 2011 - paraguay - portalguarani

7/21/2019 AGROTECNOLOGIA - AO 1 - NUMERO 1 - 2011 - PARAGUAY - PORTALGUARANI

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@ I Zag fuctivhs da shbn y `nz znein

Igk. Nkr. Vtaccn @nris Fngdin Fnrankn

Hriagtnfig prheasihgnc pnrn ugn Nkrifucturn Vustagtnlca

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KAGTICARN

>Adifig G

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FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn


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igehJfhgtnfthsynkrhgakhfihs.fh`

Hfign Agfnrgnfig2

Tac2 (191) ;> >

Agfnrgnfig - Znrnkuny

Vtn ag astn adifig2Vhgin Nctnìrngh@irtn \hdrkuaz

Erngfh Fngncn

Vhphrta tfgifhOnrign Uidnc CnrrhfnKart Arwig Onrlnu`Dhukcns Nclrafmt Ghvh da HcivairnAgriqua Hswig Mnmg Uiccncln

Fhgsabh adithrinc2Ndrig Zncnfihs @hrgikhNgthgih Vfmnphvnch NgthgfmioLargnrdigh (Fnfmith) Hrquihcn

Lragh Lntistn LingfmiArgi Ngthgih Vfmcigdwaig@nrn Astacn Hbadn Kn`nrrnBung Fnrchs Fnphrnsh@gifn C. \n`raz Znradas da Tisfmcar@nrtg @nrn Fuliccn NgdrndnGicshg HstarcaigZhrrih Uiccncln @irngdn\hce [hcekngk DarpsfmVtaccn @nris Fngdin Fnrankn[iceridh @hrac

www.fhgtnfthsynkrhgakhfihs.fh`

Zrhdufidh phr2

Cn Lilcihkrnen uticizndn

ag cn prasagta adifig

astnr disphgilca ag cn

cti`n pulcifnfig da astn

fhcaffig.

>Adifig G

Fhcaffihgnlca

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn4

Hriagtnfig prheasihgnc pnrn ugn Nkrifucturn Vustagtnlca

Ast prhmilidn cn raprhduffig thtnc h pnrfinc da asths fhgtagidhs ag funcquiar

ehr`nth sig nuthriznfig asfritn da FHGTNFTHV Fhùgifnfig y Varvifihs.

Fhgfurr i`hs n euagtas qua sa asti`ng shg fhgnl cas, sig a`lnrkh cn

axnftitud y nftuncidnd ag chs vnchras igdifndhs, fhtiznfihgas, prafihs,

ragdiìagths, igtarasas, fngtidndas, vnchras u htrhs, astg axpuasths n

vnrinfig fhgehrà n cn situnfig dac arfndh agtra cn eafmn da rafapfig

da cn igehr`nfig, ac tia`ph da prhduffig y firfucnfig da cn ravistn.

Chs nrtfuchs pulcifndhs ag FHGTNFTHV&nkrhgakhfihs raprasagtng

cn hpigig da chs nuthras, y gh gafasnrinàgta raabng ac sagtiìagth u

hpigig da sus dirafthras.

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhgakhfihsas ugn `nrfn rakistrndn. Thdhs chs dara-

fmhs rasarvndhs.


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FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn 1


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A |@ngabh Igtakrndh da Zcnkns ag Vhbn y @nzRnerin. Va puada dagir fh`h ac àfngis`h ag ac qua sa avncng y fhg-shcidng, ag ug prhkrn`n ugifndh, thdns cns tfgifns da fhgtrhc

A |Hrukns ag Vhbnugh da chs `nyhras prhlca-`ns Nftuncàgta, ag ac fuctivh da cn shbn npnrafag vnr ins aspafias dahrukns qua ntnfng ag diearagtas astndhs eaghckifhs dac fuctivh

A |@uastrah da pcnkns ag fuctivhs axtagsivhs.Ac uastrah as eugdnàgtnc ag ac fhgfapth dac @ngabh Igtakrndh da Zcn-kns, sig a`lnrkh axista ugn krng distngfin agtra cn tahrn y

A |Zcnkns fmupndhrnsag ac fuctivh da cn shbnCns pcnkns fmupndhrns shg cns qua phsaag npnrnth lufnc fmupndhr, y fnusngdnhs nc fuctivh da shbn phrqua suffihgng fhgstngtaàgta cns vnigns

A |@ngabh da pcnknsag `nz da varngh h znerin.Ac fuctivh da `nz znerin mn f rafidh ag ehr`n fhgsidarnlca ag Znrnkuny.Ehr`n pnrta da cn rhtnfig, sista`n da prhduffig da guastrn nkrifucturnaxtagsivn....

V| Tagar xith fhg cn rhtnfig.Vustagtnlicidnd, ragdi-ìagth y ragtnlicidnd dac sista`n da prhduffig.Cn rhtnfig dafuctivhs as cn nctargntivn axithsn y sustagtnlca dac sista`n da Via`lrn Diraftn

M| Ac fhgtrhc da `ncaznsag ac sista`n da sia`lrndiraftn.Ac dasnrrhcch da sista`ns da fhgtrhc da `ncazns ag sia`lrn diraf-tn, àdingta ac ush da prhdufths marlifidns

M| @ncazns rasistagtas n marlifidns.Kun pnrn ac`ngabh ndafundh da rans fhg asta prhlca`n. Axistag nftuncàgta lihtiphs da pcngtns rasistagtas n chs marlifidns. Qg `ngabh ndafundh

T | Nkrifucturn da prafisig.Qsh rnfihgnc da igsu-`hs nkrfhcns.Cns hdargns marrnìagtns da ngabh dac aspnfih prh-duftivh adingta ac ush da chs sista`ns da sagshras ra`hths

L A

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FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn5

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@ngabh igtakrndh da pcnkns

ag Vhbn y @nz Rnerin

Va puada dagir fh`h ac àfngis`h ag ac qua sa avncng yfhgshcidng, ag ug prhkrn`n ugifndh, thdns cns tfgifns da fhgtrhc

disphgilcas fhg ac g da `ngabnr cns phlcnfihgas da pcnkns? lusfngdhavitnr ug dnh afhgìfh y ìgiìzngdh chs aeafths safugdnrihsshlra ac n`liagta.

ADasnrrhcch a Igvastiknfig Nkrfhcn

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn ;FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn ;


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Nckugns aspafias da hrukns sa fh`-phrtng fh`h daehcindhrns, htrnsfh`h lrhfns h agrhccndhrns y htrns shgpcnkns diraftns ntnfngdh cns vnigns.

Zartagafiagtas n cn Hrdag2 Capi-dhptarnAstns pcnkns fnusng dnh ag cn ensa ig-`ndurn h cnrvnc. Va nciàgtng da mh-bns, lrhtas, htrns aspafiag rancizng kn-carns ag cns nxicns h liag agrhccng cns

mhbns. Cns `s i`phrtngtas shg cns as-pafiasNgtifnrsin ka``ntncis, Vphdhp-tarn aridngin, Zsaudhpcusin igfcudagspartagafiagtas n cn enìcin Ghftui-dna, phsaag ug krng phtagfinc da fnu-snr dnh nc fuctivh.

Ag cns cti`ns znerns mng th`ndh i`-phrtngfin cn hrukn da cns vnigns, Ma-cihtmis y cn agrhccndhrn da cn mhbnHìhdas igdifntus,qua mn nuàgtndhag phlcnfig y sa mng raphrtndh sava-

rhs dnhs fnusndhs phr astns aspafias,ch func mn da`ngdndh vnrins npcifn-fihgas da igsaftifidns.

Hrukn da cn mhbnNgtifnrsin ka``n-tncis, Cap, Ghftuidna. As cn aspafiapradh igngta ag Znrnkuny, chs pifhs dantnqua sa rakistrng durngta chs àsas dadifia`lra y agarh. Chs nducths shg `n-riphsns da fhchr pnrdh fagifiagth, cns

ncns phsaag ugn c gan `nrrg hsfurnqua fruzn thdh ac fuarph. Chs muavhslcngfhs shg fhchfndhs ag cn pnrta ig-earihr da cns mhbns ag ehr`n niscndn.Qgn vaz qua gnfag sa nciàgtng yfrafag rpidnàgta y puadag ncfng-znr mnstn `` da chgkitud.

Ac fhchr da cns cnrvns vnrn da vardafcnrh, pnrdh hsfurh n gakrh fhg figfhcgans lcngfns ag ac fuarph. Vhg ùy

nftivns, phsaag krng nkicidnd y fungdhshg thfndns sa tirng nc suach. Ac fifchlihckifh dac igsafth sa fh`pcatn agtras n funtrh sa`ngns dapagdiagdhda cns fhgdifihgas n`liagtncas. Cnensa cnrvnc durn nprhxi`ndnàgtadhs sa`ngns y ac igsafth fhgsuàncradadhr da f` da ran ehcinrqua fhrrasphgda n tras ehcihchs h ugnmhbn da shbn (K, ).

Igifincàgta cns paquans hrukns rns-

png cns mhbns, astn atnpn durn nprhxi-`ndnàgta dns, cuakh sa vuacvag`s vhrnfas fhgsuìagdh krng fngti-dnd da nsn ehcinr. Ag ntnquas savarhs

y fhg nctns phlcnfihgas ntnfng mhbns,lrhtas, hras y vnigns, pudiagdh neaf-tnr ac ragdiìagth. Ag fnsh da ntnquanc igifih dac fuctivh (pcngtns fhg trasmhbns triehcindns), nshfindh fhg parh-dhs da saqun, ac fhgtrhc dalar sar r-

Nftuncàgta, ag ac fuctivh da cn shbn npnrafag vnrins aspafias da

hrukns qua ntnfng ag diearagtas astndhs eaghckifhs dac fuctivh.

Ngtas da qua fnusag i`phrtngtas dnhs sa dalag ranciznr

ùastrahs, y dataftndns ac fhgtrhc lihckifh h quìfh sakg cn

aspafia.

Hrukns ag shbn

Qgh da chs `nyhras prhlca`ns

Igk. Nkr. Vtaccn @nris Fngdin FnranknFU disphgilca ag Adifig G Difia`lra da

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn=



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pidh fhg igsaftifidns, fnsh fhgtrnrihphdrg hfurrir savarhs dnhs nc ehccn-ba ch qua parbudifnr ac dasnrrhcch dacns pcngtns.

Zsaudhpcusin igfcudags. Cap, Ghf-tuidna. As fhghfidn tn`lig fh`hhrukn encsn adidhrn. Chs nducths shg`nriphsns qua ìdag ``, cns ncnsngtarihras shg da fhchr hsfurh fhg pa-quans ngfmns pcntandns, cns phsta-

rihras shg da fhchr nrrg.

Cns cnrvns shg da fhchr varda fcnrh fhgnckugns cgans lcngfns ag ac dhrsh. Zh-saag shch tras pnras da pntns nldhì-gncas, ch qua mnfa qua sa ùavng ì-diagdh pnc`hs, phr astn fnrnftarstifncn hrukn sa nciàgtn da cns mhbns raspa-tngdh cns garvndurns.

Va nc iàgtn da mhbns y lrhtas, kaga-rncàgta chs sgth`ns da ntnqua shg

liag diearagfindhs da cn Ngtifnrsinka``ntncis,phrqua stns sa nciàg-tng da cns mhbns ag ehr`n fh`pcatn,ag fn`lih cn aspafia Zsaudhpcusin ghsa nciàgtn da cns garvndurns. Fung-dh ntnfn cn hrukn encsn àdidhrn agcn atnpn raprhduftivn, sa dalag th-`nr àdidns da fhgtrhc ag ehr`n r-

pidn phrqua as ùy vhrnz y da die-fic fhgtrhc.

Lrhfn da cns nxicns.Apightin nphra-`n, Cap,Hcatmrautidna. Astn pcnknasphrdifn, puada fnusnr dnhs sa-

varhs y as da ùy diefic fhgtrhc. Acnducth as ugn paquan `nriphsn quaìda ``, cns ncns ngtarihras shgda fhchr kris fagizn y cns phstarihrasshg `s fcnrns. Cns cnrvns shg vardasfhg cn fnlazn hsfurn y n àdidn quafrafag sa vuacvag `s fcnrns mnstn cca-knr nc fhchr rhsndh. Fh`pcatn su fifch

lihckifh ag n dns.

Igifincàgta, cns hrukns ntnfng cns mh-bns da cns axtraìdndas, ugigdhcnsàdingta michs da sadn. Chs `nyhrasntnquas sa hlsarvng fungdh ntnfng chstncchs, dhgda nlrag ugn kncarn y paga-

trng ag ac ìs`h h ag ac pafhch, nm sprhdufa cn gafrhsis da cns rn`ns y mhbns ntnfndns. Tn`lig puadag ntnfnhras dhgda chs lhthgas hrncas shgugidhs phr chs michs da sadn? ag fnshaxtra`hs ntnfng vnigns.

Hrukn da cns vnigns Macihtmis spCap, Ghftuidna. Cn hrukn da cn

vnigns Macihtmis sp, as ugn aspafiqua ntnfn n cns vnigns. Zagatrng ag

cns is`ns hfnsihgngdh parehrnfihgas y sa nciàgtng da chs krnghs cafmhshs, ag phlcnfihgas acavndns puadag hfnsihgnr prdidns i`phrtngtas

phr sar ugn pcnkn diraftn y da diefifhgtrhc, phr ac cuknr dhgda sa nchbn nciàgtn.




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Hrukn agrhccndhrn da mhbns Hìh-das igdifntus, Cap. Frn`lidna. As-tn aspafia sa agfuagtrn ag fhgstngtanuàgth, ag vnrins zhgns da guastrh

pns. Ac nducth as ugn `nriphsn à-dingn, ìda `` da chgkitud, dafhchr n`nric ch ngnrngbndh. Cns cnrvnsshg da fhchr n`nriccagth ag chs prià-rhs igstnras, cuakh sa thrgng varda fcnrh

y fungdh astg prxi`ns nc astndh dapupn, sa vuacvag varda `s igtagsh. Acastndh cnrvnc y pupnc ch pnsng dagtrhda cns mhbns, agrhccndns phr ac igsafth.

Cns cnrvns priàrh rnspng ac pnrgqui-`n da cns mhbns, cuakh fhg ac nuàgthda tn`nh dastruyag ac ci`lh ehcinr,ag chs cti`hs astndihs ugag cns mhbnsfhg michs da sadn pnrn su prhtaffig,fhg ch func sa difuctn ac fhgtrhc qu-ìfh. Astn pcnkn as i`phrtngta ag fuc-tivhs da znerin, phrqua durngta chsàsas erasfhs shg `s nlugdngtas.

@uastrah da HruknsZnrn avncunr cn phlcnfig da hruknssa uticizn ac pnh da lntidn. Ac ìs`hfhgsista ag ug pnh da tacn lcngfn dh-lcndhs ag chs lhrdas, dhgda sa igtrh-

dufag dhs pnchs da `ndarn. Cn chg-kitud da asta pnh as da àtrh dachgkitud phr . f` da ngfmh.

Asta pnh sa fhchfn fuidndhsnàg-ta agtra cns micarns da cn shbn pnrn gh

parturlnr n chs igsafths prasagtas agcn zhgn ùastrandn, cuakh sa igfcigngcns pcngtns ndynfagtas nc pnh y sa ln-tag vikhrhsnàgta, da `ngarn quacns hrukns fnikng shlra ac pnh. Zhs-

tarihràgta cns hrukns shg fhgtndns.Asta prhfadiìagth dala sar rapatidhag vnrihs pugths dac fuctivh, fhgsida-rngdh, fh`h rasuctndh, cn àdin dathdhs chs pugths ùastrandhs. Ac g-àrh da ùastrns as vnrinlca da nfuar-dh nc tn`nh da cn pnrfacn.

Fhgtrhc lihckifhAc fhgtrhc lihckifh da cn hrukn Ng-tifnrsin ka``ntncis sa puada ranciznrnpcifngdh ac Lnfuchvirus ngtifnrsin,hrkngis`h agth`hpntkagh qua prh-vhfn cn agear adnd gakrn n cn ìs`n.Znrn ac fhgtrhc da hrukns fhg Lnfuch-virus sa dala fhgsidarnr fh`h cìtas`xi`hs hrukns paquans, à-dingns h hrukns krngdas fndns agac pnh da lntidn.

Cn npcifnfig dala ranciznrsa fungdhnpnrazfng cns priàrns hrukns ag ac fuc-

tivh y daspus da chs dns da cn kar-ìgnfig, da `ngarn qua ac fuctivhprasagta luagn fngtidnd da mhbns? ns acLnfuchvirus par`ngafa phr s tia`phag ac suach y puada raigeastnr ac fuctivhag ehr`n gnturnc (O, ).

Htrh i`phrtngta nkagta da fhgtrhc lih-ckifh qua npnrafa ag ehr`n gnturnc as acmhgkhGh urnan ricayi,qua ntnfn n vn-rins aspafias da hrukns y prhdufa cn ag-

earàdnd lcngfn, cn func sa diearagfin dacn virhsis phrqua ac fuarph da cn hrukn savuacva rkidh, da fhchr lcngfh pri arh ycuakh varda fcnrh (asphrucnfig).

Ag fhgdifihgas da luagn muàdndtn`lig npnrafag hrukns ùartns

phr mhgkhs dac kgarhAgth hptmh-rnsp. Cn acavndn muàdnd n`liag-tnc y ta`parnturns `hdarndns fhgsti-tuyag fhgdifihgas envhrnlcas pnrn cn

prhpnknfig da n`lhs agaìkhs gn-turncas, chs funcas phsaag cn fnpnfidndda fnusnr krngdas apizhhtins.

Fhgtrhc quìfhAc xith dac fhgtrhc quìfh da pcnknsda fuctivhs ast subath nc fritarih quasa npciqua nc dafidir shlra cn sacaffigda chs igsaftifidns, ehr`n y `hàgthda npcifnfig, fhghfiìagth shlra chsigsaftifidns, cns pcnkns y cn eaghchkn

dac fuctivh. Nda`s sa dala th`nr agfuagtn cns fhgdifihgas fci`tifns daccuknr y cn thxifidnd dac prhdufth quasar npcifndh.

Ag cn nftuncidnd, ac àrfndh hera-fa ugn n`pcin kn`n da prhdufths da`hdarndn n lnbn thxifidnd pnrn ac à-dih n`liagta. Da astn `ngarn sa pua-da fhgtrhcnr cns pcnkns sig dnnr n chsagaìkhs gnturncas.

Zcnkn phfn da ntnqua Fhgtrhcnr fungdh. Hrukns daehcindhrns Ngtas da hrnfig % da daehcinfig fhg hru-

kns krngdas phr ùastrah.

Daspus da hrnfig % da dasehcinfig fhg hru-kns krngdas phr ùastrah.

. Lrhfn da nxicns Mnstn cn ehr`nfig da vnigns % da pugtns ntnfndns.

Tnlcn 2 Astndhs eaghckifhs da cn shbn y givac da fhgtrhc da cns pcnkns prigfipncas.Z at ncci, .

Maftrans Zugths da ùastrah

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n

n

Vakg Z, , ac gàrh dapugths da nfuardh nc ran dala sar2

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn>:



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@uastrah da pcnknsag fuctivhs axtagsivhs

Asths fhgfapths puadag sar npcifndhs n ugn krng fngtidnd da fuctivhs y pcnkns.

Vakg F (), ac astudih da cns phlcnfihgas puada sar divididh ag axtagsivhs a igtagsivhs. Chaxtagsivhs shg fhgdufidhs ag rankrngdas pnrn fhghfar distrilufigda aspafias da igsafths h pnrn pradafir dnhs h liag pnrn dafidir àdi

dns da fhgtrhc. Qgn ìs`n ran dalsar uastrandn vnrins vafas durngta aìs`h fifch, dgdhsa gensis ag ugastndh eaghckifh ag pnrtifucnr.

\nzhgas pnrn ùastranrFhg ac ùastrah sa ìdag nspafthracavngtas da cns pcnkns y ac sista`n

phr aba`pch ac tn`nh da cns phlcnfihgas da cn pcnkn ag racnfig n cn atn

pn da dasnrrhc ch dac fuctivh, fnpnfidnd da fhgsu`h da cn pcnkn, tnsns d

raprhduffig y tnsns da `hrtncidndAg lnsa n astns igehr`nfihgas sa puadag disanr astrntakins h tftifns dfhgtrhc, da cns prigfipncas pcnkns.

Cn eugfig lsifn dac uastrah as qusa puadng th`nr dafisihgas fhrraftnda `ngabh h fhgtrhc? da astn `ngarsa puadag avitnr prdidns afhgìfnphr ntnqua da pcnkns.

Igk. Nkr. Vtaccn @nris Fngdin Fnrankn

FU disphgilca ag Adifig G Difia`lra da

Ac ùastrah as eugdnàgtnc ag ac fhgfapth dac @ngabh Igtakrndh da Zcnkns, sig a`lnrkh axista ugn

krng distngfin agtra cn tahrn y cn prftifn. Cns igehr`nfihgas hltagidns shg eugdnàgtncas pnrn cn

th`n da dafisihgas.

(rn. Znrta)

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn >>



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FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn>< FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn>6



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gdifa da phlcnfigFhgsista ag cn avncunfig dac tn`nhda cns phlcnfihgas n trnvs da chs prh-dufths àtnlcifhs h da chs aeafthsfnusndhs phr chs igsafths.

n. Zrhdufths àtnlcifhsChs prigfipncas prhdufths fh`prag-dag cns axuvins, axfraàgths y cns sa-frafihgas.

Cns axuvins shg rasths qua chs igsafthsdabng daspus da fndn ùdn y puadagsarvir fh`h àdih da avncunfig dacn phlcnfig. Ag ac fnsh da cns hruknsfhghfidns fh`h `nrngdhvnAriggysacch,as efic hlsarvnr cns axuvins da cns

pupns ag ac suach.Chs axfraàgths shlra cns pcngtnsntnfndns tn`lig shg luaghs igdi-fndhras pnrn asti`nr cn phlcnfig,shlra thdh da hrukns. Asta `thdhrasuctn ùy aeaftivh fhg ac kusngh

fhkhccarh dac `nz Vphdhptarn euki-pardn,qua sa nchbn dagtrh dac fhkh-cch y fungdh sa hlsarvn axfraàgtherasfh ag krng fngtidnd as sgth`nda qua dagtrh sa agfuagtrn ugn hru-

kn da fhkhccarh da krng tn`nh.

Fiarths igsafths prhdufag safrafih-gas, prigfipncàgta chs Mh`ptarhsfh`h puckhgas, fiknrritns y fhfmigi-ccns. Kagarncàgta cn nlugdngfin daastns safrafihgas nzufnrndns ast agracnfig diraftn n cn fngtidnd da igdi-viduhs phr pcngtn y shg nfh`pnndnsphr ug mhgkh da fhchr gakrh qua ehr-`n cn Eu`nkign.

l. AeafthsChs aeafths da chs igsafths shg àdi-dhs n trnvs da chs dnhs fnusndhs ncns pcngtns, chs funcas puadag sar di-rafths a igdirafths.

@adidn da dnhs dirafths2 Fhgsis-tag ag fhgtnbas dirafths, h san dnh

phr ugidnd fh`h phr aba`pch gà-rh da eruths dnndhs phr pcngtn, g-àrh da rlhcas dnndhs, atf. Aba`-

pch2 ac kusngh pariccarh dac nckhdgMacihtmis virasfags, qua ntnfn cns pa-

riccns y fpsucns, qua sakg Kat ncc, dhs hrukns phr pcngtn puadaghfnsihgnr ac % da prdidns.@adidn da dnhs igdirafths2 Zua-da sar cn daehcinfig, fhgsidarngdhac ran ehcinr dastruidn phr igsafths`nstifndhras fh`h hrukns, vnquitnsy cngkhstns, aba`pch daNgtifnrsin ka-``ntncisag shbn,Ncnln n nrkuiccn-fan ag nckhdg, qua ag dns pua-dag fhgsuìr f`da ran ehcinr.

Tn`lig phda`hs adir dnhs igdi-rafths, n trnvs dac gàrh da cnrvnsag ac sista`n rndifucnr, fungtifng-dh ac dnh n cns rnfas. Astn tfgifn sanbustn pnrn àdir ac dnh dac khrkhbhdac suachZngth`hrus sp, pcnkn da sh-bn, `nz y kirnshc.

(Fhgtign)

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn>4



15/36

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn >1



16/36

Zcnkns fmupndhrnsag ac fuctivh da cn shbn

Chs fmigfmas shg cns prigfipncaspcnkns fmupndhrns ag ac fuctivhda shbn. Cns prigfipncas aspafias agguastrh pns partagafag n cn Enìcin2Zagtnthìdna. Nftuncàgta cn aspa-fia `s nlugdngta as ac fmigfma `n-rrgAufmistusmarhs,nda`s sa hlsar-

vng cns sikuiagtas aspafias2 fmigfmavardaGaznrn viriducn,fmigfma vardapaquahZiazhdhrus kuicdigii,Adassn

àditnlugdn,lnrrikn vardaDifmachpsurfntus, Tyngtn pardithr, Nfrhstar-

gu spp.Thdns, fhgstituyag ac fh`-pcabh da fmupndhras ag shbn.

Astns aspafias fnusng ug dnh diraf-th n chs krnghs, ch func da`ngdn vn-rins npcifnfihgas da igsaftifidns pnrnsu fhgtrhc y raprasagtng fhgsidarnlcasknsths pnrn ac prhdufthr y mn trndhfh`h fhgsafuagfin, rasistagfin da chsfmigfmas n chs igsaftifidns.

Chs fmigfmas nducths phsaag ug fh`-phrtnìagth lnstngta `nrfndh, chqua enficitn ac `ngabh igtakrndh. Igi-fing cn fhchgiznfignc gnc dac parih-dh vakatntivh h igifih dac parihdh dahrnfig (\ \). Ag astn atnpn, chsfmigfmas dabng n chs mhspadarhs nctar-gntivhs h liag astg snciagdh da ugnprhchgkndn dinpnusn.

N pnrtir da cn npnrifig da vnigns \nuàgtn cn phlcnfig phrqua sa igi-fin ac parihdh da raprhduffig, sahlsarvn krng fngtidnd da gigens agac fuctivh y sa daghìgnparihdh dancartn.

Ag cn atnpn da dasnrrhcch da vnigns(\) y ac igifih da ccagndh da krnghs(\ .) as ac astndh ag qua ac fuctivh

as ùy susfaptilca nc ntnqua da fmig-fmas, cn phlcnfig tiagda n nuàgtnrsustngfincàgta. Asta parihdh as fh-ghfidh fh`h Zarihdh Frtifh. Cnphlcnfig ncfngzn ac pifh `xi`h agac parihdh (\), cuakh cn phlcnfigdafrafa phrqua chs krnghs ncfngzngcn `nduraz sihckifn.

Tiphs da dnhs hfnsihgndhsDapagdiagdh da cn phlcnfig da.fmigfmas phr àtrh ciganc, nuàg-

tng chs dnhs ag ac astndh eaghcki-fh da ccagndh da krnghs.Cn aspafia. Ziazhdhrus kuicdigii ascn `s dnign, as cn qua fnusn ra-tagfig ehcinr ag `nyhr àdidn ydnhs krnvas n cn saìccn fh`h pr-didn da vikhr.Ac fmigfma `nrrg as cn aspafia `s.nlugdngta ag thdns cns rakihgas sh-barns dac pns y ac dnh qua fnusn as

Cns aspafias fmupndhrns fnusng

ug dnh dirafth n chs krnghs

y su fhgtrhc da`ngdn vnrins

npcifnfihgas da igsaftifidns, ch

qua raprasagtn fhgsidarnlcas

knsths pnrn ac prhdufthr y

mn trndh fh`h fhgsafuagfin

rasistagfin da chs fmigfmas.

Cns pcnkns fmupndhrns shg cns qua phsaag npnrnth lufnc

fmupndhr, y fnusng dnhs nc fuctivh da shbn phrqua suffihgng

fhgstngtaàgta cns vnigns, krnghs, h liag rnspng h fhrtng ac tabidh,

suffihgngdh ac cquidh qua sakrakn ac ìs`h.


FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn>5



17/36

da aghr i`phrtngfin fh`pnrndhfhg htrns aspafias.Zhr cn fhgstngta suffig, chs fmig-.fmas rancizng hrifihs paquahsqua sirvag da agtrndn n chs ìfrhr-kngis`hs fh`h ac MhgkhGa`nthsphrnfhryci qua fnusn cn `ngfmn daearàgth ag chs krnghs.Hfnsihgng ugn lnbn fncidnd da krn-.ghs, lnbh taghr da nfaita, prhvh-

fngdh krnghs fmuzhs y daehràs.

Fhgtrhc quìfh. Qticiznr igsaftifi-dns sistìfhs ag dhsis ndafundns agac `hàgth da igifih da igeastnfign pnrtir dac ccagndh da krnghs, avitnrigsaftifidns da fhgtnfth, rhtnr chs ig-saftifidns pnrn avitnr thcarngfin y ra-sistagfin da chs fmigfmas.

Givac da dnh afhgìfh da fmig-fmas ag shbn. nducths/àtrh ciganc

ag fuctivhs pnrn saìccn. nducths/àtrh ciganc ag fuctivhs pnrn krnghs.

Givac da fhgtrhc2 fmigfma nducth h gigens da ar astndih/àtrh ciganc.

@hsfns LcngfnsVhg pcnkns fmupndhrns phr axfacagfin,partagafag n cn Vul hrdag Mh`hptarny dagtrh da cn is`n sa agfuagtrng vn-

rihs kgarhs y aspafias. Cns s fhgh-fidns shg chs kgarhsLaìsiny rin-caurhdas.Zhsaag ug krng phtagfinc dadnh, yn qua puadag fhgvartirsa ag

vafthras da virus. Ntnfng n ugn divar-sidnd da fuctivhs fh`h phrhth, shbn,nckhdg, àcg, sngdn agtra htrhs.

Cns gigens y nducths da cn `hsfn lcng-fn, nc nciàgtnrsa da cns pcngtns, ra-

dufag ac vikhr y ragdiìagth da chsfuctivhs neaftndhs. Vafratng ugn sus-tngfin nzufnrndn dhgda sa dasnrrhccnug mhgkh qua igtarara fhg cn eug-fig ehthsigttifn da cn pcngtn.

Cns pcngtns puadag sar ntnfndns dasdasu aàrkagfin phr chs nducths y das-pus ch mnfag cns cnrvns? n`lhs sa nci-àgtng da cn pcngtn suffihgngdh cnsnvin ag ac agvs da cns mhbns, ch funcpuada hfnsihgnr prdidns ag ac ragdi-

ìagth. Chs dnhs afhgìfhs `si`phrtngtas chs fnusn cn aspafia La-ìsin tnlnfi nc trngsìtir ac virus dac`hsnifh dhrndh (LK@U).

Fhgtrhc quìfh2 Ac fhgtrhc quì-fh `s afiagta sa rancizn fhg igsafti-fidns sistìfhs fh`h ac Iìdnfchprid,Nfatnìprid y nckughs ehsehrndhs fh-`h ac Nfaenth . Chs ehsehrndhs sa da-

lag uticiznr ag dhsis ndafundns, shlrthdh fungdh sa trntn da ugn pcnkn qurpidnàgta puada ndquirir rasistagfin vnrihs igkradiagtas nftivhs. Fnla dastnfnr qua sa dalag avitnr chs piratrhidas yn qua shg igsaftifidns da fhgtnfthgh igdifndhs pnrn asta tiph da pcnkns.

Fhgtrhc lihckifh2 Ag ehr`n gnturnc, cn `hsfn lcngfn as pnrnsitndn ph

nvispitns dac kgarhNìtus sp2Arat`hfarus sp, Zrhspnctaccn spp. y Agfnrsin sp. Tn`lig as dapradndn phgaurptarhs (Fmryshpnspp), asfnrnlnbhs fhffigcidhs y ugn `hsfn dcn enìcin Dhcifmhphdidna. Kagarncàgta asths agaìkhs gnturncas shgùy susfaptilcas n chs igsaftifidns piratrhidas, qua sa dalag npcifnr sch agfnsh gafasnrih.

fnrhs ag shbn

Chs fnrhs sa dasnrrhccng ag cn shbn agfhgdifihgas da ta`parnturn acavndn ysaquns prhchgkndns. Kagarncàgtacns igeastnfihgas igifing ag chs lhrdadac fuctivh, ag pcngtns lnbh sh`lrn dchs rlhcas h liag ag pcngtns astrasndns ag `ngfmhgas ag cn pnrfacn. Caspafia `s fh`g as ac fnrh lcngfh Zhcipmnkhtnrshgaùs cntu. NfnriTnrshgaìdna, fhghfidn fh`h nfnrh

Cns pcngtns puadag sar

ntnfndns dasda su aàrkagfin

phr chs nducths y daspusch mnfag cns cnrvns? n`lhs

sa nciàgtng da cn pcngtn

suffihgngdh cn snvin ag ac

ags da cns mhbns.

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn >;



18/36

trhpifnc. Cn ma`lrn phsaa ugn fhch-rnfig lcngfn n`nriccagtn, fhchfn susmuavhs ag ehr`n niscndn ag cn ensa ig-earihr da cns mhbns guavns. Gh taba ta-cns. Ac ntnqua igifinc as ag chs lrhtas ymhbns guavns, dhgda sa prhdufag ughsfurafiìagth y ug nrruknìagth damhbns guavns.

Htrn aspafia qua sa agfuagtrn ag cnshbn as ac atrngyfmus cudagi. Nfnri,Tatrngifmidna. Cns ma`lrns shg da

fhchr rhbh igtagsh y chs `nfmhs b-vagas shg n`nriccagths h rhbh hpn-fh. Gh tabag tacns, ehr`ng fhchginsdagsns ag cn ensa igearihr da cns mh-

bns, parh ag ntnquas `s igtagshs saagfuagtrng ag cn pnrta suparihr dacn pcngtn ntnfngdh lrhtas. Cns mhbnsntnfndns quadng n`nriccagtns y fnagag ehr`n pra`nturn. Chs parihdhs dasaqun envhrafag n cn prhciearnfig daastn aspafia.

Chs fnrhs fnusng dnhs parehrng-dh cns fcucns, nciàgtgdhsa dac c-quidh axudndh ag chs lhrdas da cnsgarvndurns da cn ensa igearihr da chsehcihchs da cns pcngtns da shbn. Ac pri-àr sgth`n da ntnqua as fungdh sahlsarvng pcngtns fhg mhbns lcngqua-figns h pcntandns ag chs lrhtas, cuakhsa vuacvag n`nricchs y phstarihràg-ta `nrrhgas.

Zhlcnfihgas acavndns puadag fnusnrcn fndn pra`nturn da cns mhbns y pr-didns nfagtundns ag cn prhduffig.Ag phfn da saqun ac phtagfinc dadnh nuàgtn fhgsidarnlcaàgta, cndistrilufig da cn pcnkn as kagarnci-zndn phr thdn cn pnrfacn y ac fhgtrhcquìfh sa vuacva `s diefic.

@hàgth y givac da fhgtrhc. Ac `h-àgth idanc da fhgtrhc quìfh asfungdh sa prasagtng chs sgth`ns da

mhbns lcngquafigns h pcntandns y ntn-quas ag `ngfmhgas. Ac givac da fhg-trhc as fungdh sa agfuagtrag fn-rhs ag cns mhbns ùastrandns, h liag % da daehcinfig da cn pnrfacn.

Fhgtrhc. Ac ush da nfnrifidns aspa-ffhs a igsaftifidns ehsehrndhs fhgnffig shlra chs fnrhs, as afiagtaag cn raduffig da cn phlcnfig, siga`lnrkh chs muavhs shg rasistagtas y

puada hfurrir cn rpidn raigeastnfig

phr gigens nckughs dns daspus da cnnpcifnfig da nfnrifidns a igsaftifidns,var tnlcn .

Ac fhgtrhc sa dieifuctn phrqua chsfnrhs sa chfncizng ag cn ensa igea-rihr da cns mhbns y ag cn pnrta ig-earihr da cn pcngtn h san ag zhgnsdhgda chs prhdufths ccakng fhg di-eifuctnd.

Cns ccuvins y cn nctn muàdnd dac n`-liagta radufag cn phlcnfig phrquasa fran ug n`liagta envhrnlca pnrn acfrafiìagth da chs mhgkhs y da htrhsnkagtas agth`hpntkaghs.

Fhgsidarnfihgas gncasCns pcnkns fmupndhrns ag kagarnc, shgùy parbudifincas pnrn ac fuctivh dashbn, phr acch dalag fhgsidarnrsa à-didns eugdnàgtncas pnrn ug luag`ngabh da cns ìs`ns. Chs fmigfmas

dalag sar fhgtrhcndhs fhg igsaftifidnsndafundhs qua fhgtagkng igkradiagtasnftivhs sistìfhs ag su ehrùcnfig.

Va dalag prnftifnr `hgithrahs era-fuagtas ag ac fuctivh, n pnrtir da cn h-rnfig, pnrn dataftnr ehfhs da ntnqua.

Va dala avitnr ac ush da igsaftifidnspiratrhidas, pnrn fhgtrhcnr fnrhs y`hsfns lcngfns.

Tnlcn 2 Igkradiagtas nftivhs da igsaf-tifidns nfnrifidns y dhsis phr maftran.

Igkr. nftivh Dhsis/mn

Zrheaghehs n . ffNlnàftign n ffAgdhsuceg . n . ffNfaenth n k

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn>=



19/36

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn >9


20/36

Dasda ac pugth da vistn da `n-gabh da pcnkns, ac fuctivh da`nz da varngh as ùy i`phrtngta,

phrqua parìta cn agtrndn da pcnknsguavns y ns disìguya cns aspafinci-zndns. stns shg cns qua `s dnhsfnusng n chs fuctivhs, shlra thdh n cnshbn qua as fuctivndn ag varngh y asntnfndn phr ug krng gàrh da pcn-

kns aspaffns.

Cns pcnkns aspaffns h aspafincizn-dns shg nquaccns qua npnrafag fndn fi-fch da fuctivh ag àghr h `nyhr ph-lcnfig fh`h ac kusngh fhkhccarh ag

`nz Vphdhptarn eukipardnh cn hruknda cn mhbn da cn shbn Ngtifnrsin ka`-`ntncis.

Ac `nz da varngh h znerin, as ntnfn-dh phr pcnkns diearagtas nc nz sa`-lrndh ag igviargh. Ag n`lhs as ac fh-khccarh cn pcnkn qua fnusn `nyhr dnh.Astn pcnkn puada ntnfnr fh`h kusngh

fhrtndhr, lrhfn dac fuacch, fhkhccarh ykusngh achtarh.

Ac fhghfiìagth da cn eaghchkn dacfuctivh parìta dasnrrhccnr astrntakinsda `ngabh igtakrndh da pcnkns.

Ac fuctivh da `nz znerin mn frafidh ag ehr`n fhgsidarnlca ag

Znrnkuny. Ehr`n pnrta da cn rhtnfig, sista`n da prhduffig da

guastrn nkrifucturn axtagsivn.

Fhgtrhc da pcnknsag `nz da varngh h znerin




21/36

Zcnkns nshfindns nc fuctivhLrhfn dac fuacch Acns`hpncpus cikghsaccus. Astn pcnkn as erafuagta agfuctivhs sa`lrndhs ag suach nraghshh fhg phfn fhlarturn, y sa nfagtn agparihdhs da saqun. Cns cnrvns hfnsihgng parehrnfihgas n givac dac fuacchda cn pcngtn. Cn lrhfn Acns`hpncpuast fhgsidarndn fh`h pcnkn da diefifhgtrhc quìfh. Ac igsaftifidn Fchr

piriehs as cn àbhr nctargntivn pnrn afhgtrhc da astn pcnkn.

Fmigfma lnrrikn varda Difmachpspp. As erafuagta hlsarvnr cn prasagfin da fmigfmas, ntnfngdh n cns pcgtucns da `nz? sths suffihgng cn lnsa dcns pcgtucns igyaftngdh sncivn pnrn cpagatrnfig da chs asticatas. Ac fuctivh

da `nz as sagsilca nc ntnqua da astpcnkn, cuakh sa hlsarvng daehr`nfihgas ag cns mhbns, raduffig ag ac frafiìagth y, ag fnshs axtra`hs, ùartda pcngtns.

Fhgtrhc. Ac ush da igsaftifidns furnsaìccns disìguya chs dnhs da astpcnkn.

Ac Iìdnfchprid , ag ugn dhsis d k/ ok da saìccns, as afiagt

pnrn ac fhgtrhc da astn pcnkn y htrnsqua sa prasagtng ag cn priàrn atnpdac fuctivh. H liag, uticiznr ac (tihdifnrl + iìdnfchprid) n fpnrn ok da saìccns.




22/36

Ensa vakatntivn y raprhduftivnAc dnh fnusndh phr pcnkns ag cn en-sa vakatntivn y raprhduftivn, dapag-da dac astndh eaghckifh, fhgdifihgasfci`tifns, sista`n da fuctivh y enf-thras litifhs chfncizndhs (agaìkhsgnturncas).

Ag astn ensa, ac fuctivh puada sar ntn-fndh phr vnrins aspafias da pcnkns2

Kusngh fhkhccarh Vphdhptarn euki-pardn.stn as cn pcnkn prigfipnc dacfuctivh da `nz ag vnrihs pnsas, ig-fcuyagdh nc Znrnkuny. Zuada ntnfnrnc fuctivh dasda cn karìgnfig mns-tn cn ensa da aspiknìagth. Vakg acDr. Ivg Fruz, cns prdidns dalidh ncntnqua dac fhkhccarh puadag radufircn prhduffig mnstn ac %.

Ag cn aspikn, ac kusngh fhkhccarh pua-da ntnfnr astichs-astik`ns (fnlacchs dac

`nz), h chs krnghs ag ehr`nfig ag cnpugtn da cn `nzhrfn h ag cn pnrta ln-snc h àdin dac ìs`h. Aspikns fndnsh dnhs ag ac pugth da igsarfig da cn



23/36

Ac fhghfiìagth da cn eaghchkn dac fuctivh, parìta dasnrrhccnr

astrntakins da `ngabh igtakrndh da pcnkns, da astn `ngarn sa

puada disìguir ac gàrh da npcifnfihgas da igsaftifidns, h liag

hptiìznrcns.

aspikn fhg ac tncch, tn`lig shg igdi-fntivhs dac ntnqua da cn hrukn.

Ac fhgtrhc da astn pcnkn as hphrtughfungdh fnusng ac rnspndh da mhbns,ngtas qua cns cnrvns sa chfncifag ag acfhkhcch, dhgda ac fhgtrhc quìfh sadifuctn.

Ag atnpn da rnspndh da mhbns, shg ra-fhàgdndhs chs igsaftifidns sihcki-

fhs h igmilidhras da quitign? ac Diu-lagzurhg [K ag ugn dhsis da n k/mn, prasagtn luagn afiagfinag ac fhgtrhc.

Qgn vaz qua ac ntnqua sa nkudizn y cnscnrvns vng nc fhkhcch, sa puada ranciznrugn azfcn da dhs igsaftifidns fh`hac Fchrpiriehs + Diulagzurhg ag cndhsis da ( ff + k)/mn. Fhg asthsa hltiaga aeafth da fmhqua y rasidun-cidnd ag ac fhgtrhc.

Fiknrritn dac `nzDnclucus `nidis.Cns fiknrritns, shg paquahs igsafthsfmupndhras da cn sul hrdag Mh`hp-

tarn. Astn pcnkn as ùy i`phrtngtphrqua as vafthr da virus da agearàdndas qua fnusng ugn `nrfndn fchrhsis y agngis`h ag cns pcngtns ntnfndnsTn`lig puada trngsìtir ac viruqua fnusn ac rnyndh gh. Cns prdidnqua fnusn, dapagda da cn susfaptilicidnd dac `ntarinc fuctivndh y da cnfhgdifihgas n`liagtncas.

Chs sgth`ns da dnhs da cns pcngtn

igeaftndns npnrafag daspus da n sa`ngns dac ntnqua da cn pcnkn. Chdnhs dirafths shg fnusndhs phr csuffig fhgtigun da cn snvin, asth hfnsihgn cn fchrhsis ag cns mhbns, quadngn`nriccagtns h rhbizns, `nrfmitns ycuakh, cn ùarta da cns pcngtns.

Fhgtrhc. Ac prigfipnc `thdh da fhgtrhc as uticiznr vnriadndas rasistagtasaciìgnr pcngtns kunfmns, avitnr sia`lrns ùy tnrdns, avitnr sia`lrns su

fasivns h fhgtguns.Ac trntnìagth da saìccns disìguyac ntnqua ta`prngh.



24/36

Zuckg dac `nz \mhpnchsipmu``nidis.Chs puckhgas shg pcnkns sa-fugdnrins dac nz y sch fnusng dnhssikgifntivhs ag nctns igeastnfihgas.

Astn pcnkn ehr`n fhchgins, suffihgngcn snvin y aciìgng sus axfraàgths c-quidhs shlra cn pnrta neaftndn, cn funcsa ccagn da ugn sustngfin nzufnrndndhgda sa dasnrrhccn ug mhgkh gakrhccn`ndh Eu`nkign. Cn atnpn `s sus-faptilca fhg racnfig nc ntnqua da chs

puckhgas, as ag astndh da pra hrn-fig. Zuada parbudifnr n cn ehr`nfigda krnghs, hrikigngdh aspikns paqua-ns fhg krnghs daehràs.

Fhgtrhc. Unrihs agaìkhs gnturn-cas pnrnsitng h pradng ac puckg dac`nz, ngtagiagdh cn phlcnfig n ln-bhs givacas. Chs enfthras fci tifhs fh-`h nlugdngtas ccuvins, shg dasenvhrn-

lcas nc igsafth.

Ac fhgtrhc quìfh sch sa bustifnfungdh, ac ntnqua as `nsivh ag krng-das igeastnfihgas y fungdh fhigfidagfhg cn atnpn da pra hrafiìagth.

Tnlcn 2 Dhsis da igsaftifidns furnsaìccns y ehcinras rafhàgdndhs pnrn ac fhgtrhc da chs prigfipncas igsafths pcnkns da `nz znerin.

Igsafths Zcnkns Igsaftifidn Dhsis

Cnrvn da vnquitn (Dinlrhtifn spafihsn) Iìdnfchprid k/ ok saìccns

Fmigfma lnrrikn varda (Difmachps spp) Iìdnfchprid + Tihdifnrl n ff/ ok saìccn

Lrhfn dac fuacch (Acns hpncpus cikghsaccus)

Kusngh Fhkhccarh (Vphdhptarn eukipardn) Diulagzurhg [K n k/mn

Cueagurhg AF

@ath`yc

Zuckg dac `nz (\hpnchsipmu` runldhìgnca) Nfatnìprid k/mn



25/36



26/36

Va agtiagda phr rhtnfig da fuctivhsugn nctargngfin rakucnr y hrdagn-dn ag ac fuctivh da diearagtas aspa-fias vakatncas, ag safuagfin ta`phrncag ugn datarìgndn ran. (K,). Cn safuagfin da fuctivhs uti-cizndhs dala raspatnr nspafths n`-liagtncas y afhgìfhs dac sista`n dasia`lrn diraftn, dngdh gensis aspa-

finc n cn sustagtnlicidnd.

Zhr ac fhgtrnrih, ac `hghfuctivh ascn sia`lrn rapatidn, nh trns nh, daugn ìs`n aspafia ag ac ìs`h cu-knr y phfn. Cns sufasihgas shbn/tri-kh, shbn/`nz tnrdh (znerin) y shbn/nvagn gakrn si sa rapitag nh trns nhag ìs`h cuknr shg aba`pchs da dh-lca `hghfuctivh.

Ac hghfuctivh da shbn as prnftifndh

ag ac % dac ran da cn nkrifucturnàfngizndn ag Znrnkuny. Asta sista`ni`pida cn hltagfig da ragdiìagths`xi`hs ag ac fuctivh da shbn y ch da-bn vucgarnlca nc ntnqua da agear adn-das y pcnkns.

Cns rhtnfihgas da fuctivh dalag pcn-gifnrsa pagsngdh ag ug sista`nda prhduffig nkrfhcn shstagilca ygh sch ag hphrtugidndas da kngng-fins hfnsihgncas h fhg visig da fhr-th pcnzh.

Cn pcngifnfig da cn rhtnfig dafuctivhs dala fhgsidarnr safuagfins

qua2

@ngtagkng ac suach par`ngagta-àgta fuliarth.Nphrtag krngdas fngtidndas da rns-trhbhs nc sista`n.Axpchrag fhg sus rnfas fn`ndns di-earagtas dac suach.Axphrtag diearagtas fngtidndas dagutriagtas ag sus krnghs.Igfcuyng nlhghs vardas qua nphrtag

y rafifcag gutriagtas aspaffhs pn-

rn chs fuctivhs qua ca sikuag ag cn sa-fuagfin.\h`png ac fifch da pcnkns y agear-àdndas.Gh dag hphrtugidnd n qua sa ùcti-pciquag cns `ncazns.

Tagar xith fhg cn rhtnfig

Vustagtnlicidnd, ragdiìagth y ragtnlicidnd dac sista`n daprhduffig

Cn rhtnfig da fuctivhs as cn nctargntivn axithsn y sustagtnlca

dac sista`n da Via`lrn Diraftn (VD), eragta nc sista`n da

`hghfuctivh qua as vucgarnlca n cns pcnkns y agearàdndas, da

ncth givac da dakrndnfig dac suach y nrriaskn nc prhdufthr nc

ernfnsh dac sista`n da Via`lrn Diraftn (VD)

Igk. Nkr. Zhrrih Uiccncln @irngdnFU disphgilca ag Adifig G Difia`lra da



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Asta fhgbugth da enfthras envhrnlcasccavnr n ugn disìgufig da cn da-

pagdagfin da igsu`hs (raduffigda fhsths phr earticizngtas quìfhs,marlifidns, eugkifidns, igsaftifidns)n ugn `nyhr astnlicidnd da chs ragdi-ìagths y n ugn `nyhr ragtnlicidnddac sista`n da prhduffig.

Zrigfipncas aeafths da cns rhtn-fihgas da fuctivhs. Aafth da cn rhtnfig da fuctivhs sh-lra cn fhlarturn da suachs2Qg pcng da rhtnfig da fuctivhs dalahptiìznr cn fhlarturn vivn dac suach(pcngtns ag frafiìagth), igfcuyagdhaspafias qua ch fulrng rpidnàgta y

n cn vaz astnlcafiagdh safuagfins quahfupag ac tarragh ac `nyhr tia`phphsilca fhg fuctivhs.

Axpariagfins rancizndns fhg rhtnfihgasda fuctivhs ag Ykunz y Fmhr vinlici-znrhg rhtnfihgas da fuctivhs qua par-ìtiarhg radufir ac tia`ph agtra cnfhsafmn da ug fuctivh y cn sia`lrn dacfuctivh sikuiagta. Ag astns rhtnfihgassa igfcuyarhg nlhghs vardas ag chs pa-rihdhs da agtraznern da chs fuctivhs da

ragtn y fhg asth chkrnrhg vnchras dafhlarturn dac suach (vivn y ùartn)qua sa `ngtuviarhg phr agfi`n dac % durngta thdh ac nh. (Eik. )

. Aafth da cn rhtnfig da fuctivhs shlraac nphrta da fnrlhgh hrkgifh nc suach2Axpariagfins fhg rhtnfihgas da fucti-

vhs ag Ykunz `hstrnrhg qua fhg acush da safuagfins ndafundns da fucti-

vhs sa hltuvh `nyhr prhduffig dalih`nsn y nphrta da fnrlhgh hrkgi-fh qua cn prhdufidn phr ac dhlca `h-ghfuctivh trikh/shbn. (Eik. )

Ac nphrta da rnstrhbhs da cns safuag-fins da fuctivhs ag rhtnfig gh schdala nyudnr n àbhrnr cn fhlartu-rn dac suach, tn`lig dala nphrtnr

fnrlhgh hrkgifh qua fhgtriluyn `ngtagar y nuàgtnr ac fhgtagidh d`ntarin hrkgifn dac suach, da ch fhgtrnrih sa hfnsihgnr su dakrndnfig.

. Aeafths da cn rhtnfig da fuctivhs shlra cn igastnfig da `ncazns2Qg krng gàrh da nkrifucthras quigkrasnrhg ag ac sista`n da sia`lr



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diraftn tuviarhg ufmn difuctnd pn-rn hltagar ug luag fhgtrhc da `nca-zns y ag ùfmhs fnshs igfurriarhg agncths fhsths pnrn ug afiagta fhgtrhc.Asth hfurri phrqua durngta cn igtrh-duffig da cn sia`lrn diraftn chs nkri-fucthras ranciznrhg ac fhgtrhc da `nca-zns axfcusivnàgta fhg cn uticiznfigda marlifidns, san ag cn dasafnfig,rancizndn pnrn sustituir n cn prapnrn-fig dac suach pnrn cn sia`lrn, h ag cnigstncnfig y `ngabh da chs fuctivhs.

Htrn fnusn dac diefic fhgtrhc da cns`ncazns sa dali nc `hghfuctivh y nchs parihdhs sig fuctivh. Ac sista`n da

prhduffig da cns gfns mn sakuidhac asqua`n da ug fuctivh ag pri`nva-rn/varngh y htrh ag hthh/igviargh,siagdh qua ghr`ncàgta chs ìs`hsfuctivhs shg uticizndhs thdhs chs nhs,igtarfncndhs fhg parihdhs ag dhgda actarragh sa quadn sig fuctivh. Cn axpa-riagfin ùastrn qua cn igeastnfig da`ncazns ast ag racnfig diraftn fhgcn durnfig dac parihdh da dasfngsh,sig fuctivh.

Cn rhtnfig da fuctivhs puada disì-guir cn phlcnfig da `ncazns, ag cnàdidn qua vnyn igfcuyagdh aspafiasda nlhghs vardas qua aciìgng chs pa-rihdhs sig fuctivhs (dasfngsh).

Ns, chs suachs dalarg par`ngafarfhg fuctivhs (nlhghs vardas h fuctivhsda ragtn) durngta thdhs chs àsas dacnh, pnrn igmilir cn karìgnfig y ac

dasnrrhcch da cns `ncazns. Asth sa chkrnfungdh nlhghs vardas da frafiìagthigifinc rpidh, da acavndn prhduffigda lih`nsn y nctn fnpnfidnd da supra-sig da `ncazns (kirnshc, frhtncnrinbugfan, shrkh, ìccath, gnlh ehrrnbarh,atf.) shg astrntkifnàgta sa`lrndhsagtra dhs fuctivhs fhàrfincas, i`pi-diagdh qua cns ncazns fh`pcatag susfifchs y prhduzfng saìccns. Fhg chsnhs disìguir fhgsidarnlcaàgtasu phlcnfig ag ac suach. (Eik. )

Zrigfipncas nvngfas ag cn ndhp-fig da cns rhtnfihgas da fuctivhs

Nuàgt cn divarsifnfig da chs

sista`ns da prhduffig nkrfhcn quasustituyag chs parihdhs sig fuctivh ync `hghfuctivh da shbn, trikh y nvagn

gakrn (`nz, kirnshc, shrkh, fnghcn yhtrns aspafias da nlhghs vardas).Cn prftifn da cn rhtnfig da fuctivhs

prhùava ac nuàgth da cn fhlar-turn da suach y su prhtaffig, y dacfhgtagidh da `ntarin hrkgifn.\adufa cn phlcnfig da `ncazns ncavitnr qua fh`pcatag su fifch.Axistag fhhparntivns qua gngfingug `nyhr gàrh da rulrhs (`nz,kirnshc, shrkh, fnghcn, atf).Tn`lig mny a`prasns prhvaadhrnsda igsu`hs qua rancizng fhgtrnthsfhg nkrifucthras pnrn prhduffigda rulrhs nctargntivhs fh`h `nz,kirnshc, fnghcn y shrkh.

1::

Gàrh da ncazns phr = >5 >>

==/=9 =9/9: 9:/9> 9>/9< 9


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Ac fhgtrhc da `ncaznsag ac sista`n da sia`lrn diraftn

Nigifih da chs , ac sista`n dacnlrngzn fhgvagfihgnc arn ugnprftifn fh`g ag cn nkrifucturn ax-tagsivn, a`pcagdhsa chs marlifidnsdaghìgndhs da pra-sia`lrn igfhr-

phrndhs fh`h ac I nznquig y ag à-ghr àdidn, chs phst aàrkagtas.

Ag asn dfndn, sa fhàgz n prnftifnrvagtnbhsnàgta ac sista`n da sia`lrndiraftn, radufiagdh ac ush da chs mar-

lifidns pra-sia`lrn igfhrphrndhs aigfraàgtngdh cn uticiznfig da chs

phst aàrkagtas fh`h ac I`nzatmn-pyr y ac Fmchriùrhg fhg ncth phr-fagtnba da fhgtrhc da `ncazns da mh-bns ngfmns ag ac fuctivh da shbn.

Astn prftifn eua axithsn, sa rapiti nhtrns nh mnstn qua npnrafi ug lihti-

ph da cafmaritn,Aupmhrlin matarhpmy-ccn C., rasistagta n chs marlifidns NCV,àfngis`h da nffig nc qua partaga-

fng ac I`nzatmnpyr y ac Fmchriùrhg.Ngta astn situnfig, pnrn ac ngabh daastn pcngtn dnign, sa rafurri n htrhsprhdufths fh`h ac Ehàsneag, Cnfth-eag y Nfiuhreag shdih y, fhg àghrerafuagfin n chs pra-aàrkagtas. Acxith eua pnrfinc, puas ùfmhs nkrifuc-thras fhgtigunrhg tagiagdh prdidnsafhgìfns phr cns `ncazns gh fhg-trhcndns ag chs fuctivhs da varngh.

Znrn cn sakugdn ìtnd da chs , sigtrhdufa cn shbn \hugd Qp \andy(\\), rasistagta nc Kciehsnth. Agthgfas ac nkrifucthr, fhg ug shch prhdufth, npcifndh ag funcquiar astndih eaghckifh dac fuctivh y da cns `ncaznsphdrn aciìgnr cn igtarearagfin da astns cti`ns, aspafincàgta ag atnpn dpra fhsafmn.

Ta`phrncàgta cns `ncazns dabnrhg

da sar ug prhlca`n sig a`lnrkhcn gnturncazn sa ndnptn y ranffihgnN fnsi diaz nhs da ush kagarncizndhdac àgfihgndh marlifidn y da cn sh

bn \\ ag ac Znrnkuny, yn sa idagtif ug lihtiph da onpi phrhr, Di

kitnrin igsucnris (C.) @an ax Ao`ngag cn chfncidnd da Fn`ph , Dapnrtnàgth da Fnnkunz, qua thcar cnpcifnfig da ugn dhsis nctn da Kciehsnth. Nda`s tn`lig sa idagtifug lihtiph da `luy, Fhgiznspp, ra

sistagta n Kciehsnth, qua nftuncàgtas as ug prhlca`n ag ac Lrnsic.

Ac Kciehsnth as ug nkrhdaeagsivh ùluagh, i`phrtngta pnrn guastrhs sista`n fhgsarvnfihgistn da sia`lrn diraftn, sig a`lnrkh agtagda`hs qunmhrn dala sar fh`ligndh fhg nkagtas quìfhs da shphrta, pnrn `nxiìznr su eugfig fh`h marlifidn.

Igk. Nkr. Ndrig Zncnfihs @hrgikhFU disphgilca ag Adifig G Difia`lra da

Ac dasnrrhcch da sista`ns da fhgtrhc da `ncazns ag sia`lrn diraftn,

àdingta ac ush da prhdufths marlifidns parìta hptiìznr cn

prhduffig da chs fuctivhs axphrtnlcas.



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@ncazns rasistagtas n marlifidns

Kun pnrn ac `ngabh ndafundh da rans fhg asta prhlca`n

\asphgdiagdh n ugn igquiatud fh-`g n ùfmhs prhdufthras, dndhac krnva prhlca`n qua ageragtn`hs agchs diearagtas chtas da prhduffig agchs fn`phs, as i`phrtngta fhghfar y`ngabnr ndafundnàgta cns `ncaznsag chs fuctivhs, aspafincàgta cns ra-sistagtas n chs marlifidns (fh`h ac fh-`gàgta ccn`ndh Fnpii phrhr yLuln qua ag cn rancidnd rasistagtas nthdh igtagth da fhgtrhc)

Fhgtnr fhg `nyhr igehr nfig y fh-ghfiìagth nc raspafth, parìtir as-tnlcafar ugn kun pnrn `ngabnr cnsrans fhg asta prhlca`n, puas mhy cnrancidnd ghs ùastrn, n tfgifhs, prh-dufthras y a`prasns, qua ac kciehsnthgh shcufihgndh thdh.

\aìtigdhghs n cns lilcihkrnens, ta-ga`hs lihtiphs rasistagtas, aspafias, da cns funcas difhticad-

gans y `hghfhticadgans.Znrn agtagdar, fhàgfa`hs phr diea-ragfinr Thcarngfin da \asistagfin.

Thcarngfin2 asta eagàgh hfurrafungdh ugn pcngtn h aspafia puadashlravivir y raprhdufirsa daspus daugn npcifnfig dac marlifidn pnrn sufhgtrhc.

\asistagfin2hfurra fungdh ugn pcng-tn h aspafia, ghr`ncàgta susfaptilca,ndquiara cn fnpnfidnd da shlravivir yraprhdufirsa daspus da ugn dhsis damarlifidn qua sarn catnc pnrn ugn ph-lcnfig ghr`nc da pcngtns.

Fnusns da cn rasistagfin.Ag asta nrtfuch vn`hs n prastnrca as-pafinc ntagfig n cn \asistagfin da cns`ncazns n chs marlifidns, fhàgznra-

`hs phr rafhghfar cns fnusns qua pua-dag sar2

Ac a`pcah da marlifidns da nctn a-fnfin fhg ug gifh sitih da nffig,npcifndh ag cn ìs`n ran phr nhsfhgsafutivhs.Cns npcifnfihgas raitarndns dac is-`h marlifidn durngta ac fifch da ugfuctivh.Ac ush dac ìs`h marlifidn durngtavnrihs fifchs fhgsafutivhs da ug fuc-

tivh h, npcifnfihgas raitarndns da mar-lifidns fhg ac ìs`h sitih da nffig,nc ìs`h h n diearagtas fuctivhs.Fnshs da `ncazns rasistagtas da cnìs`n enìcin ag rans ndynfagtas.Ac ush da chs marlifidns fh`h gifh`thdh pnrn ac fhgtrhc da `ncazns.

Cns ncazns qua s eficàgta ndquia-rag rasistagfin shg cns da fifch ngunc,

MDasnrrhcch a Igvastiknfig Nkrfhcn

Axistag nftuncàgta lihtiphs da pcngtns rasistagtas n chs

marlifidns. Qg `ngabh ndafundh da cns `ncazns, phr pnrta dac

prhdufthr, ca parìtir hptiìznr ac ragdiìagth da su igvarsig

radufiagdh sus fhsths.

Igk. Nkr. Largnrdigh FnfmithHrquihcnFU disphgilca ag Adifig G Difia`lra da

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn6:


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phrqua tiagag fifch da vidn ùy fhr-

th, prhdufag krng fngtidnd da saì-ccns ag fndn fifch fhg nctn fnpnfidnd dakarìgnfig.

Ag guastrh pns yn sa mng dataftndhìcas da maftrans fhg prhlca`ns dafnpii phrhr (Dikitnrin) rasistagta.Mny shcufig, y ast ag guastrns `n-ghs agfhgtrnr cns àdidns, fhg cnsluagns prftifns nkrfhcns. ûadn da-gir cn astrntakin.

@adidns pnrn ug luag `ngabh2\htnfig da fuctivhs fhg luagns prf-tifns nkrfhcns, lusfngdh cn sustagtnli-cidnd ag chs sista`ns da prhduffig.

Qticiznr trikh, fhg luagn dasafnfigigifinc.Va`lrnr nz fhgshrfindh fhg Lrnf-fminrin pcngtnkigan,fhg ugn luagndasafnfig ngtifipndn pnrn ug luag

fhgtrhc da `ncazns durngta ac astn-

lcafiìagth dac fuctivh.@ngabh da cns vnriadndas fhgvagfih-gncas y kagtifnàgta hdifndns.Qticiznr Kirnshc FC ag ug phrfagtn-ba da cn pnrfacn.Gh dabnr sig fhlarturn gigkugn

pnrfacn . Va`lrnr nlhghs vardas.Ndhptnr sista`ns pnrn nuàgtnr`ntarin safn.Avitnr fnlafarns da chtas igeastngtash igdasanlcas.Lusfnr aquicilrnr chs suachs.

Ccavnr ndacngta cns rafhàgdnfih- gas tfgifns.

\afhrda`hs qua2

Gigkg prhdufth as luagh si cn npcifnfig as `ncn.

Gigkg prhdufth as àbhr qua suprhpin npcifnfig.

Qgn luagn tafghchkn da npcifnfignkrakn vnchr.

Via pra dala`hs rafurrir n cns tafghchkns da npcifnfig y, si taga`hs du

dns, fhgsuctnr fhg chs prheasihgncas.

MDasnrrhcch a Igvastiknfig Nkrfhcn

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn 6>


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Nkrifucturn da prafisig

Qsh rnfihgnc da chs igsu`hs nkrfhcns

Ac rafiagta prhfash da kchlncizn-fig da cn afhgh`n i`phga nchs sakàgths prhduftivhs, fh`h acsafthr nkrfhcn, ncfngznr givacas dafh`patagfin igtargnfihgnc, dagtrhda fhgdifihgas sakurns da sustagtn-licidnd n`liagtnc.

Asta guavh pnrndik`n, nshfindh nguavhs fhgfapths `thdhs y tfgi-fns, fh`h cn nkrifucturn da prafisig,

parìta chkrnr fhg afiagfin astns a-tns, phr ch qua as hphrtugh qua sangigfhrphrndhs nc prhfash prhduftivhnkrhpafunrih, kagarngdh fn`lihs rn-difncas da nftitudas fhg racnfig n cn

prftifn nkrfhcn nftunc, fhg ugn vi-sig da fhgsarvnfig y prhtaffig dacagthrgh n`liagtnc.

Ag asta guavh asfagnrih kchlnc, acn`liagta y ag aspafinc chs suachs, pra-sagtng vnrinlcas qua mnstn nmhrn gh

euarhg dalidnàgta th`ndns ag fhg-sidarnfig ag chs divarshs prhfashsprhduftivhs npcifndhs ag cn nkrifuc-turn, igfcush ag ch qua sa raara n cntrngsearagfin da cns tafghchkns kaga-rndns phr cn igvastiknfig nkrfhcn.

Cns vnrinlcas agfihgndns dalag sarigfhrphrndns n chs prhfadiìagths ytafghchkns npcifndns ag nkrifucturn?

yn nckughs nhs ntrs, nkrifucthras dapnsas da tafghchkn nvngzndn, fhàg-znrhg n ndhptnr ug guavh sista n daprhduffig daghìgndh Nkrifucturnda Zrafisig, fuyh prigfipnc fhgfap-th as npcifnr ag ac chfnc fhrrafth y agac hàgth ndafundh, cns fngtidndasda igsu`hs gafasnrihs n cn prhduf-fig nkrfhcn, pnrn rans fndn vaz à-ghras y `s mh`hkgans, tngth fung-th cn tafghchkn y chs fhsths agvuacths

ch parìtng.

Cn igfhrphrnfig ag cn prhduffignkrfhcn da marrnìagtns fh`h chssagshras ra`hths, cn npcifnfig da chssista`ns da igehr`nfihgas kahkr-fns (KIV), ac ush da sista`ns da phsi-fihgnìagth kchlnc (KZV), parìtagugn `nyhr afiagfin ag ac ush da chsrafurshs nsikgndhs n cn prhduffig nfn`ph ag fngtidndas astriftnàgtafncfucndns, parìtiagdh astnlcafar

fuc, fugdh y dgda, ug igsu`hdala sar npcifndh y f`h mnfarch.Fhg ch func ug prhyafth nkrh-prh-duftivh sa fhgviarta afhgìfn y tf-gifnàgta vinlca y, cns igvarsihgas agigsu`hs h ag cn fhrraffig da enfth-ras ciìtngtas n cn prhduffig puadngsar a`pcandhs, fhg ac fritarih da usnrrnfihgncàgta chs igsu`hs nkrfhcns,`nxiìznr cn fncidnd, prhduftividnd

Cns `hdargns marrnìagtns da `ngabh dac aspnfih prhduftivh

àdingta ac ush da chs sista`ns da sagshras ra`hths y ac KZV,

bugth fhg chs ngcisis da chs suachs, knrngtizng ac xith,

ìgiìzngdh shlrafhsths.

Igk. Nkr. Onrign Uidnc CnrrhfnFU disphgilca ag Adifig G Difia`lra da

FHGTNFTHV&nkrhtafghchkn6: (mlridh fhg

axilicidnd y rustifidnd), ]L 5:>< (ncth ragdiìagth y prhduftividnd),

]L 4:>6 (mlridh fhg ncth phrfagtnba da krnghs y `nsn varda pnrn agsicn-

ba). Tn`lig chs prhdufths dac phrtehcih Mhrtaf y cns cgans da prhdufths

Nkrifma` y earticizngtas Marigkar qua cn a`prasn raprasagtn fhg axfcusi-

vidnd ag Znrnkuny. Ns, Mhrtaf herafa nc nkrifucthr, prhdufths da fncidnd,

tafghchkn y nsista n sus fciagtas ag cn hptiìznfig da sus rasuctndhs.

Enggy @adign. @nroatigk Mhrtaf.

N :Qg ugdh da nctargntivns prhduftivns

Ag cn >5 adifig da asta avagth hrkngizndh fndn nh phr cn Fhhparn-tivn Fhchgins Qgidns, pnrtifipnrhg >< dacns funcas shg da Nrkagtign. \afili`hs


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