Crop and Soil SciencesSoil Fertility and Plant Nutrition CourseAthens, November 29, 2011

Agriculture and nutrientAgriculture and nutrient management in the Southern Cone of Latin AmericaCone of Latin AmericaFernando O. GarciaIPNI Southern Conefgarcia@ipni.netwww.ipni.net/lasc

OutlineWhat is IPNI?

Agriculture in the Southern Cone

Agriculture in Argentina Information on field crops

Management of field crop systems

BMPs for nutrient management in grain production systemsNitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Potassium in Uruguay

Experiences in Bolivia

Other n trientsOther nutrients

Mission StatementMission StatementThe mission of IPNI is to develop and promote

i tifi i f ti b t th iblscientific information about the responsible management of plant nutrients for the benefit of the human family.

To help provide a coordinated scientific foundation forIPNI PurposeIPNI Purpose

To help provide a coordinated scientific foundation for fertilizer nutrient use and to scientifically address the associated environmental issues.

Better Crops, Better Environment … through Science

IPNI is supported by leading fertilizer manufacturers d i d t i tiand industry associations

Scientific Staff

Bolivia Latin AmericaSouthern Cone program

naPacific Atlantic

Arg

entin

Uruguay

Chi

leOcean

t a t cOcean

C Country Area Populationthousand

km2millions

A ti 2780 37 0Argentina 2780 37.0Bolivia 1099 8.3Chile 757 15.1

Paraguay 407 5.7Uruguay 177 3.4

Total 5220 69.5

Crops in the Southern Cone countriesArgentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay

32%32%

9%7%11%

6%

2%1%Total Area= 67,228,602 ha2%

Soybean WheatCorn Other field cropsFruits & grapes Vegetables

Other crops includes sunflower, sorghum, barley, rice, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, potatoes etc

Fruits & grapes VegetablesForestry Pastures & annual forages

potatoes, etc.Fruits and grapes includes citrus, grapes, apples, pears, peaches, etc.

Source : MinAgri, INE, ODEPA, DGEEC, DIEA

Area (ha), production (ton) and average yield (kg/ha) of the main field crops at the five countries of the S th C i i 2008/09

Country/ Source  Soybean Wheat Maize Sunflower Sorghum Barley Rice Total

ArgentinaArea 18000000 4732000 3489000 1957000 806000 589000 205450 29778450

Production 31000000 8373000 13080000 2440000 1752000 1265660 1325000 59235660

Southern Cone region in 2008/09

MIinAgriProduction 31000000 8373000 13080000 2440000 1752000 1265660 1325000 59235660

Yield 1722 1769 3749 1247 2174 2149 6449 1989

Bolivia

INE

Area 835039 134795 408705 259218 134327 55202 178533 2005819

Production 1225885 161553 1000385 298642 436133 46936 435960 3605494INE 

Yield 1468 1199 2448 1152 3247 850 2442 1798

Chile

ODEPA 

Area ‐ 280644 128211 4355 ‐ 18513 23680 455403

Production ‐ 1237861 1365472 7607 ‐ 95869 121400 2828209

Yield 4411 10650 1747 5178 5127 6210Yield ‐ 4411 10650 1747 ‐ 5178 5127 6210

Paraguay

CAPECO, INBIO e IICA

Area 2644856 508954 634206 180536 23000 ‐ 70000 4061552

Production 5969166 1063200 1400000 280000 27000 ‐ 216650 8956016

Yield 2257 2089 2207 1551 1172 ‐ 3095 2205

Uruguay

DIEA

Area 577800 475500 87500 55100 68100 129900 160700 1554600

Production 1028600 1356600 269800 50600 324200 409500 1287200 4726500

Yield 1780 2853 3083 918 4761 3152 8010 3040

A 22057695 6131893 4747622 2456209 1031427 792615 638363 37855824

Total region 

Area 22057695 6131893 4747622 2456209 1031427 792615 638363 37855824

Production 39223651 12192214 17115657 3076849 2539333 1817965 3386210 79351879

Yield 1778 1988 3605 1253 2462 2294 5305 2096

Estimated nutrient consumption b tby country

Consumption (thousand ton)Country Year

p ( )

N P2O5 K2OTotal

N+P2O5+K2O

A ti 2007 894 702 54 1650Argentina 2007 894 702 54 1650

Bolivia 2004 13 10 2.3 26

Chile 2003 270 180 81 532Chile 2003 270 180 81 532

Paraguay 2007 42 167 82 291

Uruguay 2007 128 178 21 328Uruguay 2007 128 178 21 328

Total 1347 1241 242 2829

Elaborated from Fertilizar AC; APIA; SQM; CAPASAGRO; and DF-DIEA-MGAP

Grain production in Argentina

Boliviac

Oce

an 22º S

•Approximately 90% of grain cropsharvested area is located in the Pampas‐

Argentinana

Paci

fic Chaco

pChaco region, in the east‐central plains ofArgentina.

S il f th P d fi i t ientin Uruguay

le

Pampas

•Soils of the Pampas are deficient innitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur(S).Ar

geChi

l

40º S

Country Area 2780 km2Population 41 million

•65% of the cropping area is under no‐tillage

A i t l 50% f th t t l dc O

cean

p•Approximately 50% of the total croppedland is under annual leasing conditions

Atla

ntic

Beef and Dairy production atBeef and Dairy production at USA and Argentina

USA Argentina

B f l (h d ) 104 illi 50 illiBeef cattle (heads) 104 million 50 million

Beef production (t) 12 million 3 million

Dairy cows (heads) 9 million 1.7 million

Milk production (L) 77 million 9 millionMilk production (L) 77 million 9 million

Source: USDA and SAGPyA

Field crops at ArgentinaField crops at ArgentinaArea, production, and grain yields from 1990 to 2010Area, production, and grain yields from 1990 to 2010

25000

30000

35000

a)

Others

Sunflower

Wheat

Soybean

M i

80000

90000

100000Others

Sunflower10000

15000

20000

25000

Area

 (tho

usand ha Maize

50000

60000

70000

80000

(tho

usand tonn

es) Wheat

Soybean

Maize0

5000

10000

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

10000

20000

30000

40000

Prod

uctio

n 5000

6000

7000

ha)

Maize

Soybean

Wheat

Sunflower

Elaborated from information of MinAgri

01991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

2000

3000

4000

Area

 (tho

usand h

Elaborated from information of MinAgri

0

1000

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

The Pampas region of ArgentinaThe Pampas region of Argentina

28° SouthernSouthern TexasTexas

40 50 inches

32°

Entre Ríos

Santa Fe

Córdoba

40-50 inches

Entre Ríos

Athens, GAAthens, GABuenos Aires City

36°Buenos AiresLa Pampa

Balcarce

40° IndianapolisIndianapolis20-25 inches

Map developed with ArcView - ESRI

Field crops at USA and Argentina Field crops at USA and Argentina 200720072007 season2007 season

88991 46036888991 460368

2900087530

Elaborated from information of USDA and SAGPyA

Grain yields at USA and Argentina 1991 to 20071991 to 2007

+144 kg/ha/year

7000

8000

9000

10000

)

C

+120 kg/ha/year4000

5000

6000

7000

ain yield (kg/ha Corn

+120 kg/ha/year

0

1000

2000

3000Gra

USA

Argentina

35001991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

+ 26 kg/ha/year

+53 kg/ha/year2000

2500

3000

(kg/ha)

1000

1500

2000

Grain yield (

USA

Soybean

0

500

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007

ArgentinaElaborated from information of USDA and SAGPyA

Organic C levels in soils of the northern Pampas since beginning of agriculture(Argiudolls)(Argiudolls)

80

60

/ha)

40

arbo

n (t/

43% of

y = -6,4 Ln(x) + 70R2 = 0,71

20Ca original

R 0,71

00 30 60 90 120

Years under cropping

Source: Alvarez y Steinbach (2006) from data of Andriulo and Cordone (1998)

Looking for sustainabilityg y•No‐tillage

– Decrease erosion– Stable and higher yields– Improved water use efficiencyImproved water use efficiency– Improved soil C balance

• Rotationsotat o s– Residues: greater amount, different quality– Diversity of root systems: Architecture and rhizosphere– Soil cover for longer periods (cover crops)

• Balanced nutrition

Area under No-Tillage in Argentina

20000ha) 19,719,000 ha in 2005/06

69% of the total cropped area

15000

20000

ousa

nd h 69% of the total cropped area

10000

r NT

(tho

5000

ea u

nder

01990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Are

Source: AAPRESID (2007)

Continuous SoyCottonSunflower/SoyWheat/Soy –Corn/Soy

SugarcaneContinuous SoySoy Corn Wheat/Soy Corn/Soy

PasturesRice - PasturesSoy - Rice

Soy – CornWheat/Soy

y

Continuous SoyWheat/SoyCorn – Wheat/Soy

Continuous SoyCorn – SoyPastures Corn – Soy - Wheat/SoyPasturesCorn – Soy - Wheat/Soy

Wheat/SoyBarley/ Soy y yWheat - SoyWheat - SunflowerCorn – Wheat/SoyCorn – Soy – Wheat

Wheat - SoyBarley - Soy y

Pasturesa ey Soy

PasturesWheat – SunflowerWheat – FallowContinuous SoyCo t uous Soy

Rotations and Sequences

Area planted to Soybeans in the County of CaserosArea planted to Soybeans in the County of CaserosSouthSouth--Central Santa Fe Central Santa Fe -- Soybean Belt of Argentina Soybean Belt of Argentina -- 2000/012000/01

S G C d (INTA C ild )Source: G. Cordone (INTA Casilda)

GR Soybeans expansion in ArgentinaGR Soybeans expansion in ArgentinaGR Soybeans expansion in ArgentinaGR Soybeans expansion in Argentina14000

10000

12000

and

ha)

6000

8000

(thou

sa

0

2000

4000

Are

a

Total SoybeansGR Soybeans

01995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

Fertilizer consumption in Argentina1993-2010

1400

1000

1200

umption 

onne

s)

S K P N

600

800

utreint con

su(tho

usan

d to

200

400Nu

In the 2010/11 season total consumption was of 1 17

01993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

In the 2010/11 season, total consumption was of 1.17 million tones of N, P, K and S (3.37 million tones of fertilizer products) Elaborated from data of SAGPyA and Fertilizar AC

ArgentinaApplication/removal ratios of nutrients in corn, wheat, soybean, and sunflower1993-2010

20100 70

54%

2010

0.50

0.60

0.70

oval

ratio N P K S

33%38%

0.30

0.40

tion/

rem

o

2%0.10

0.20

App

licat

2%

I th i 2010/11 it li d 33% 54% 2% d 38% f th N

0.001993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

In the growing season 2010/11, it was applied 33%, 54%, 2% and 38% of the N, P, K and S removed in grains, respectively

Elaborated from SAGPyA and Fertilizar AC

Estimated nutrient consumption by cropEstimated nutrient consumption by cropArgentina - 2007

Crop N P S

Wheatkg/ha 46 15 10

% f tili d 95 95 50% fertilized area 95 95 50

Maízekg/ha 57 14 7

% fertilized area 90 90 40% fertilized area 90 90 40

Soybeankg/ha - 15 10

% fertilized area - 50 50

Sunflowerkg/ha 15 9 5

% fertilized area 60 40 10Source: García and Darwich, 2009

Fertilizer consumption in non-grain crops and pastures in Argentina (2006)and pastures in Argentina (2006)

200000

140000

160000

180000

(ton

es)

80000

100000

120000

consum

ption 

40000

60000

80000

Fertilizer c

0

20000

Fruits Citrus Wine and table grape

Potatoes Sugarcane Tobacco Others Pastures

Source: Fertilizar Asociación Civil

g p

Biodiversity

Resource use    ffi i i

Nutrient balance Nutrient loss

Soil erosion

Healthy environment

CROPPING SYSTEM OBJECTIVESefficiencies:   

Energy, Labor, Nutrient, Water 

Water & air quality

Ecosystems i

Net profit

Yield

Quality

services

Affordable & accessible food

Productivity

Profitability

Durability

Net profitWorking conditions

Return on investment

Farm income AdoptionSoil productivity

Yield stability

Right Source Right Source at Right Rate, Right Time, Right PlaceRight Rate, Right Time, Right Place

Water use efficiency in maize under different fertilization treatmentsfertilization treatmentsNutrition Network CREA Southern Santa Fe –2010/11

30

20

25

(kg/mm)

Check

15

20

e efficiency ( PS

NS

NP

5

10

Water use

NPS

NPSMicro

P i i i Pl i i

0Balducci San Alfredo

Precipitation Planting‐maturityBalducci  420 mm  and San Alfredo  517 mm

Source: CREA Sur de Santa Fe‐IPNI‐ASP

Networks CREA Southern Santa Fe – AAPRESID/IPNIAverages of 43 sites in 5 years

Check NPSWheat

2588 kg/ha 3878 kg/ha

Double crop soybeans

Check2763 kg/ha

NPS3136 kg/ha

Soybean inoculationA. Perticari ‐ INTA InocularA. Perticari INTA Inocular

1994‐2004

3113

1896

282227193113

3000

g/ha

)

1896

1000

2000

n yi

eld

(kg

0

1000

Gra

in

Check Inoculated

102 102 trialstrials 180 180 trialstrials

No soy history With soy history

Biological N fixation provides up to 75% of the N accumulated by the crop

Fate of N fertilizer applied to wheat and maize crops in the Pampas region of Argentina

Sink Range References

p p g g

Plant 35 to 80%Melaj et al. 2003; Portela et al. 2006; Rilloand Richmond 2006; Rimski-Korsakov et

al. 2008

Organic matter 7 to 29% Sainz Rozas et al. 2004; Portela et al. 2006 ; Rimski-Korsakov et al. 2008;

Videla et al., 1996; Garcia et al. 1999; Volatilization 1.1 to 30% Sainz Rozas et al. 2004; Rimski-Korsakov

et al. 2007a

D it ifi ti 0 13 t 6 9%Palma et al. 1997; Picone et al. 1997;

Denitrification 0.13 to 6.9% Sainz Rosas et al. 2001; Ciampitti et al. 2008

Leaching <0.01 to 23% Sainz Rozas, et al. 2004; Portela et al. 2006 ; Aparicio et al 2008g 2006 ; Aparicio et al. 2008

Adapted from Lavado et al. (2007)

Right N rate for wheat and maize crops

Soil testing for nitrate-N at planting (0-60 cm)

Partial N budgets

N mineralization indices (Nmin, POM)

Sap nitrate concentration in stems

Crop simulation models

Sap nitrate concentration in stems

Crop canopy sensors (Minolta SPAD 502 or p py (remote sensors such as Greenseeker)

Available N at planting and maize grain yieldg y

AAPRESID-Profertil 2001 INTA C. Gomez 2000 INTA C. Gomez 2001AAPRESID-INPOFOS 2000 CREA 2000 CREA 2002CREA 2003 CREA 2004

14000

/ha) Applying 80 kg N 10000 kg grain

(29 kg grain per kg N)

10000

12000

eld

(kg/

( g g p g )

Grain yield = 1800.1 N 0.3398

8000

rain

yie

7700 kg/ha yR 2 = 0.493

n=834000

6000G

70 kg N

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400N at planting, 0-60 cm + fertilizer N (kg/ha)

Critical levels of available N at planting (NO3--N, 0-60 cm

depth) for wheat and maize in different areas of the Pampas with different expected yields

AreaCritical level 

(NO ‐ N 0 60 cm Expected yield ReferenceArea (NO3 ‐N, 0‐60 cm + fertilizer)

Expected yield Reference

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ kg ha‐1 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

Wh tWheatSE Buenos Aires 125 3500 González Montaner et al., 1991

SE Buenos Aires 175 5000‐5500 González Montaner et al., 2003

Central and South Santa Fe 92 3500‐4000 Salvagiotti et al., 2004b

Southern Santa Fe and Córdoba 100‐150 3200‐4400 García et al., 2006

MaizeNorthern Buenos Aires 150 9000 Ruiz et al., 2001

Northern Buenos Aires 150‐170 10000 Alvarez et al., 2003

C t l d S th S t F135 < 9500

S l i i l 2004Central and South Santa Fe162 > 9500

Salvagiotti et al., 2004c

Southern Santa Fe and Córdoba 150‐200 10000‐11000 García et al., 2006

Right time: N losses by leaching and denitrification for two different applicationdenitrification for two different application times in wheat

50 50

40

50

(kg

ha-1) Leaching

Denitrif icationMdP 2003

40

50

(kg

ha-1) Leaching

Denitrif icationMdP 2005

20

30

gen

loss

es (

20

30

gen

loss

es (

Planting Tillering

Planting

Tillering

0

10

0 75S 125S 175S 75T 125T 175T

Nitr

og

0

10

Nitr

og

g

0 75S 125S 175S 75T 125T 175T

N rate (kg ha-1)0 60S 120S 60T 120T

N rate (kg ha-1)

Barbieri et al., 2008

Right time: Grain yield under two different

9000a) FP *

application times in wheat

Planting

600070008000

ld(k

g/ha FP

FT

**

**

PlantingTillering

300040005000

grai

n yi

e **

010002000

Whe

at g

MdP02

MdP03

MdP04

MdP05

Balc02

Balc04

Balc05

Tand02

Tand03

Tand04

Location and year

Barbieri et al., 2008* denotes significant differences between treatments

Right source and place: Maize yield under different N sources and placement at centraldifferent N sources and placement at central Santa Fe

0 0 4

7110 78

40

7902 89

50

7650 85

25

7995 89

60

7642 85

60

8000 89

44

8000

10000

g/ha

)

4000

6000

e yi

eld

(kg

2000

4000

Mai

ze

Urea CAN UAN

Broadcast Incorporated0

40 80 40 80N Rate (kg/ha)

Broadcast Incorporated

ate ( g/ a)

Fontanetto, 2004

Current work looking at Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Sources: Urease and nitrification inhibitors

Urease Inhibitors in MaizeFontanetto, Bianchini et al., 2007/08

Treatment NH3‐N Losses Grain yield NUE% kg/ha kg grain/kg N

Check ‐ 7334 ‐Urea 70N 10 8381 15

Urea 70N + NBTPT 4 9166 26Urea 140N 25 9623 16

U 140N NBTPT 6 10368 22Urea 140N + NBTPT 6 10368 22

¿How do we manage P?¿How do we manage P?

• Soil testing: Bray 1 P• Recommendation options• Recommendation options–Sufficiency concept–Build and maintenance concept

Bray 1 P availability in i igrain cropping areas

of Argentina

0-20 cm sampling, 2005 and 2006 (n=34447)

(Sainz Rozas and Echeverría, 2008)Echeverría, 2008)

P response in soybeans101 field trials 1996-2004101 field trials 1996 2004Compiled from data of INTA, INTA-Fertilizar, FA-UBA, FCA-UNER and CREA

PUE = 42.0 -11.8 Ln(Bray P)60g ( y )R 2 = 0.419

4050

bean

/kg

12 k b /k P12 k b /k P2030

(kg

soyb

P) 12 kg soybean/kg P12 kg soybean/kg P

010

pons

e (

12 mg/kg Bray P12 mg/kg Bray P-20-10 0 20 40 60 80

P R

es

20Bray P (mg/kg)

Relationship between Bray 1 P and relative yield of the main crops at the Pampas of Argentinathe main crops at the Pampas of Argentina

1616--2020 2222--26261414--18181010--1414 1616 2020 2222 26261414 18181010 1414

Phosphorus Agronomic Efficiency and Partial Nutrient Balance in Soybean at the Northern Pampas of Argentina 15 field trials carried out at in the 2003/04 season

TreatmentGrain

yieldAgronomicEfficiency

Soil P balance

PartialNutrientBalance

(kg/ha) (kg soybean/kg P) (kg P in the soil) (kg P removed/kg P applied)

Check 3135 - -16.9 -P10 3372 24 -8.2 1.8P20 3557 21 0.8 1.0P30 3695 19 10.0 0. 7

Source: Melchiori et al. (2004), Project INTA-IPNI-Mosaic

Fate of fertilizer P applied to grain crops in the Pampas region of Argentina

Sink Range ReferencePlant 15 al 35% Ciampitti, 2009, Rubio et al. 1998

p g g

p

Labile fractions# 15 al 44% Boschetti et al., 2004; Picone et al., 2008; Ciampitti 20092008; Ciampitti, 2009

Moderately labile 26 al 59% Boschetti et al., 2004; Picone et al., fractions† 26 al 59% 2008; Ciampitti, 2009

Recalcitrant orRecalcitrant or stable fractions₤ 17 al 36% Vázquez et al., 2008; Ciampitti, 2009

# Resin-P or MIA, Pi- and Po-NaHCO3, 3† Pi- and Po- NaOH, and P-HCl₤ Extracted with H2SO4 or digestion with H2SO4/H2O2

Ciampitti et al., 2009

Relationship between soil P balance and soil Bray 1 Psoil Bray 1 P

40

50ControlFertilizado con P

ASoils< 20 ppm Bray 1 P increases 4 

mg/kg with 10 kg P 

20

30

0,018*Balg-1

sue

lo)

g/ g gof positive balance

0

10 0,37*Bal

80 B-1 (m

g P

kg

Soils

4050607080

-0,19*BalP B

ray- > 40 ppm

10203040

0,006*BalBray 1 P decreases 2 mg/kg with 10 kg P of negative balance

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 1000

Balance Acumulado de P (kg P ha-1) Ciampitti, 2009Accumulated P Balance (kg P/ha)

S deficiencies• Soils with low organic matter sandy soils or• Soils with low organic matter, sandy soils or

intensively cropped soils which lost SOM

Diagnosis of S deficiencies• Cropping system and environment• 10 ppm sulfate-S critical levelpp• Shallow water table with high sulfate

concentration

Responses to SulfurResponses to Sulfur

No SNo S With SWith SNo SNo S With SWith S

••Rates of 10Rates of 10--15 kg S/ha15 kg S/haRates of 10Rates of 10 15 kg S/ha15 kg S/ha••Sources: Sulfate containing fertilizersSources: Sulfate containing fertilizersTi PTi P l ti l til ti l ti••Time: PreTime: Pre--planting or plantingplanting or planting

••Placement: Broadcast or bandedPlacement: Broadcast or banded••Residual effectsResidual effects

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), N Recovery efficiency (RE) and N Internal efficiency (IE) of wheat crops fertilized only with N (N100) and N +wheat crops fertilized only with N (N100) and N + S (N100+ S20)

Variable Units N100 N100 +S20

NUE kg grain per kg applied N 8.4 10.7NU kg grain per kg applied N 8.4 0.7

REkg N uptake per  kg 

applied N0.35 0.47

pp

IE kg grain per kg N uptake 22.7 22.5

S l i tti t l 2009Salvagiotti et al., 2009

UruguayExploration of K deficiencies inExploration of K deficiencies in corn in the western region

P bl d t t d i 2005/06Problems detected in 2005/06

Field trials in 2006/07 and 2007/08

Uruguay: K in MaizeVa. Constitución (Uruguay) - 2006/07( g y)

Cano and Ernst – Facultad de Agronomía (UdelaR)

6372 b6467 b6364 b6290 b7000 6290 b

4000

5000

6000

(kg/

ha)

2638 a

2000

3000

4000

Gra

in y

ield

0

1000

Check 125 kg KCl 125 kg KCl 225 kg KCl 75 kg KCl +

G

voleo 75 kgK2SO4

•Soil analysis Exch. K 0.15 cmol/kg•Planting date: 12/10/06•Planting date: 12/10/06. •Hybrid: Mass 504 MGCL. •Fertilization 150 kg (12-52-0).

Uruguay: K in maize Uruguay: K in maize Cano et al (2007/08)Cano et al (2007/08) -- Young (Uruguay)Young (Uruguay)

(La Macarena)

Cano et al. (2007/08) Cano et al. (2007/08) -- Young (Uruguay)Young (Uruguay)

4458 a3976 a

5000

3976 a

3000

4000

d (k

g/ha

)

346 b349 b313 b1000

2000

Gra

in y

iel

346 b349 b313 b

0Check 70 kg Urea 150 kg AS 150 kg KCl 150 kg KCl

+ 150 k+ 150 kgAS

K calibration for UruguayBarbazán (2009)Barbazán (2009)34 field trials from Bautes and Beux; Garcia and Quincke; and Cano and col.

Critical level at 0.34 meq/100 g

(133 ppm K)

Bolivia: Fertilization Network Bolivia: Fertilization Network FundacruzFundacruz--IPNIIPNISanta Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia)Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia)( )( )Jorge Terrazas, Emilio Avila and collaborators

Ch kCh k PKSMiPKSMiCheckCheck2321 kg/ha2321 kg/ha

PKSMicrosPKSMicros3196 kg/ha3196 kg/ha+875 kg/ha (38%)+875 kg/ha (38%)

Soybean: Average Yields in three regions of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia)

4500

Network Fundacruz-IPNI

3000

3500

4000

kg/ha)

Check

1500

2000

2500

ean yield (k PK

PS

KS

500

1000

1500

Soyb

KS

PKS

PKS+Micros

0N C E N C E N C E

2005/06 2006/07 2007/08

Chloride in wheat in the PampasAverage yields for the 10 field trials with response to ClAverage yields for the 10 field trials with response to Cl between 2001 and 2006

36583872 3978 4016

4000

d (kg/ha)

3000

grain yiel

2000

Whe

at 

2000

0 23 46 69Cl rate (kg/ha)

Zinc in Maize

28

University of Rio Cuarto/Mosaic –2007/08

1081

6

67411

002

1032

7

1163

7

1070

3129 2

1174

4

12000

a) 96 1

8000

eld

(kg/

ha

4000

Gra

in y

ie

NPNPS blendNPS chemical blend

0

La Aguada Calvo

NPS+Zn

Rates of 11-21 kg S and 1 kg Zn

XIX Latin‐American and XXIII Argentinean Soil Science Congress 

Latin America together protecting its soilsLatin America together protecting its soils Mar del Plata, 16‐20 April 2012 

More information atwww congresodesuelos org arwww.congresodesuelos.org.ar

clacs2012@congresodesuelos.org.ar

XIX ISTRO 2012 - IV Reunión SUCS

Montevideo 24 28 September 2012Montevideo, 24-28 September 2012

10 December 2011Deadline to present contributionsDeadline to present contributions

www.fagro.edu.uy/ISTRO

ISTRO - International Soil Tillage Research Organization Founded on 27 September 1973

www.fagro.edu.uy/ISTRO

Founded on 27 September 1973

Non-profit Organization Organized as a corporation for education and scientific

Th nkTh nk uu!!!!ThankThank youyou!!!!

Fernando O. GarciaIPNI Southern ConeIPNI Southern Cone

fgarcia@ipni.netwww.ipni.net/lasc