•

PRICE 10 CENTS

CONTENTS c~tUMI5TitY FOR THE PHOTOGRA.PHER

Adutto.. . • . . . . • •..••••••••.•••..• CeaM~~woiiOII ol~MMt-tu•lln4 ltaP«D.twta •••

Co.nPOAiffth •lid aa.~ o( dCYdO~n. ,, , ••••• Co.pouuoe~ aed 11114Kdoo o( bu-••••••••••••• l)c•ifloprr ,,Ju•Mioft,, ••••••••••••••••••••••• lapol1ll•C• a ad •.ll• of ~·stop,,,, ••••••••••

S.••nrkl"' Cor tro.bl«·frn .nniq .... . . . ... .

ALP H ABETICAL IN DEX

' • I

' • • '

2:01 Arid ll~rd~nhut Fl"cr. ••·•••••••••·•······ 21 2 10 Arld~l,ou·Siop •. , .• , ,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, •. •... . 22 l U A'"ldul f'uwr O(.~duPU •... . .. . . . .•.• . .. . 17 202 Chrom.- Al~o~m Flnr, ••••.•...•.....••••••• 21 216 Chrom•Afvm ll•rdt·mna Uath •••••••• ,,,,, 22 lll Chtomiwm lntenli .. u ..••.•• ,.,,,,,.,,,, ,,, 27 110 Dir«t IJro•n·Oiatk t••pou ~doPU ••••••• 11 )10 fahl'l«:r"t R~IK~·····••••••••••••········· 26

t 1 l'ie~e-C..nlo Do..-u Tult ~dopu.... .. .. .. 8 tlM P G. Mcttbotllte Tank ~c-lopu... .• .•• •• 8

Jll n•rcm•"- R..tu<u ••.•.•.••••••••••••••••• 2:6 11 Gbn•i)c,.doll'ft' .......................... I"'

I IS Gbn• 11>4,-oq•l--. ~'f:'opu., •..••••• It: l)l GoW T.....-............................... !J

J.) H1d1 Coo~c )l.fl Tny ~~lopu ........ 14" 90 lh~la Coorh" N •ll Tr•)" l>e-.dopr« •• ., ... , 16 10 ll1dt'OCI-.f!Ofle C.•"tc Drr•klpu ........... 14"

lll llrpo Al11• TOIMf ......................... 2l 2-41 lr04 OltteTOMr,,, ....................... !J 20 ~t.ll Po;~~1h•f o.~elopcr.... •. ••••. ........ 9 4 2 ~1-11 Tnt.: l)r.-.lapc.r ...................... 10 ll M II Tid.-O.•cloprr ...................... 9 4"0 M-Il Tr•1 ~•lol'f.r ..................... 10 61 M·U ,.,.., Dt••loPtr ...................... l)

JJO McrC\It)'lntt!tnllttt., , , , , .... , ...... .... .. 26 4ftM Mc:t•hoNt~ l>t•ciOP<r, ........ . . . ......... ll "" Mctol lly.Jroquinonc- Oe•cloper ........••.• 11

a:u Mctulllydroqufnune lk'clupc:r ........ , ... 19 J .H Mo.,c~ho,•cn'•lnt~ll)lficr .................. 21 l"2) Nrh .on Ooltl ,.oner ..................... .. l" 20) Ncu•·h•Aicnlu Mcc.bbulphhec FJxc.r ••••.•. .n IOJ JJ•Pf"f Of,ciOpc!r.. • 16 It' I••P-I!r u'ld Him Onc-h>JN"r ................. l9 79 P•nfMm•ldd•.tdc ~doPtt •••• , •••••••••. 1 S

HI Pinoliol')'rtOI Grnn Ot-tC'Dll.tlttr ..... ....... ;!'8 JU Pin.ak,prol YcllowiRs.mtoith.c.r ........... .28 .f' 11) ro Qn detPd", , ., • .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. • • • .. I I 6-4 Jta,.ld M .If "'r'ro.,taJ ~do~ ....... ,.... t 1 11 Retll~hkt- for. • .. .. . . .. . .. • .. .. .. • ... .. t l l M Jteplcei"'-C"ffOf" ........................ II " ' R«l~Mi~ lew... • .................. U "'" Rc-pl-•\.llwr kM-.... .. ................... ll II Rci!C'Oinh Oindopu ....................... I,

111 Scpu l'06Ct ........ , ...................... 2) UO Soff•WOt.iAa p.._pcc Qr.doprH .... ., ....... II l.)O U•i.-c-rul p_.,., ~tloPH ............... .. 10 ll' .., . ., .... O<Md Ptoport 0..-.lot~tt .............. 10 JO X-Rayl.)c,,Jo~ ...... ,, ................. tO

AOFA FORMULAS Dc-wn-''luorr-..... • • • •••••••• , , • , • , • • • • . . • . • lf ee-doPtt"....... .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . • 8·20 fi.-C"I' ...... '.... .. ....................... 2'1-2'1 Redw..,.._lfMgwk:f,,, ,,, .................... l6-l1 TOMn., .................................... 2J·2') . .. .,.d Clf'O«• .. l•& INO<cd•tc-.... .............. 19 Tw-o-lnyd.-.·clopin• pro«d•t•. .............. 19 A.af• Pho1oanDbic Ch.cmiC'alt •mi Pn-p..ncioa' .)I

NU MERICAL I N DE X

NltUNt

17 Pl,u~o(;nr.ln JJoru ·r.,.k lkvelopcor.......... 8 17A H.er-lc-lllthtr.,.,,,,,,, ... . .. . . . ..... .... ... 8 t 7M fl. G. /llti•boru e 'l'.nk J)c,eloper., .... .... 8 17.111 Jte~fllt-lll,ht:r.,, .......... . .. . ........ , ... , , 9 10 M·ll fio•ilh•llcvelop.tr ..... , .... ,,, ...... , 9 ll M·ll'rlllc~do~~ott ....................... .9 30 X·K•rlMdoJ~ot:r, .................. . ...... tO -40 M·lt'fra;O.:.t:I<JIIft",.,, ......... ... ....... 10 42 \1·11 T•ftk [)c-..dopc:t ...................... 10 -4 ' 1•,-rol)c.. t:lopr:r.. .. .. • .. . .. .. .. • .. • .. .. • • .. 11 4"7 'fnoCII,4roqt~tiiOO .. I".)ne:lop.«,,..,, ...... II "'A RC"IIIm•~ ............................... ll "'"t ~fn.bontcOc'doCI!tt ..................... ll "'"' ... """.\bltr., ............................. 1"2 6t \C•H Tr.,. O...doporr ............... ,.,., IJ 6-4 ••lttd M·H 'l'ro.,K.I Dnclopct,. .......... I) "0 IIJdroca.MiloOfM! C..•tttc ~t&opou ........... 14 "l Gl)ria [)c,doporr .......................... 14 .. J Jliah {.:.Qat,..tl M-H Tra, ~doper ...... .. 1" .,.9 Pantforftll.ddfhtde Ondopcr ............... U •• KeDtOihb O.,dop..-....................... B ?0 Jll.ah Conltut M·ll TNY Dc'C.IOIP<f, .,.,.,, t6

IOJ ll•PC"r o.,.t(ll'lt.r .......................... 16 I 10 Duwt't llrown·UI•ck t• .. .,., ~dopu ....... 17 IIJ Amitloi i'•JH!r Dc,t(upcr ......... ........ . 17 115 (~l)dn Jhdroo\IJnonc Dlt"lc:lopcr ........... 18 120 SOll·workftiJt I'•Per llev~Jopc-r •• , •• ,.,,.,,, 18 u' Jlap~rllltJ 1'11111 l)cn~lopcr ................. 19 1]0 Unh•trtafi)•I)Clr Oe\elopu ................ . 10 I,, \~atnl•CMf1.1 lltpu ~-eloper ••••.•• . •..••• 1:0 J.O I Add Jt.rllc.'nln~t f'i.,;tr, , , ........ , .. , ...... 21 20.:! (.:hrotnc "'tum tlu.r . ...... .......... ...... 21 lO) ~'on·h•rdt'nl~t~• ~trubbu.ltlhite Fi.ur ...•.•• l2 110 Add Shon·Stop ...... , .................. . . 22 216 Ou-omeAI .. m lhrdm.ina Jhah ............. 1l 111 40e"PI.A Toe""'"'.,,,,.,, ........... . .... l3 l2l ll.tpo AI"'• TOM"t ............... , ......... 2~ 2H St-1-o. Cold Tonu ...................... l.C 1)1 Gold Toe« .... , .......................... 2! 2.c1 fro. m .. TOOft' ........................... ,, JIO F...-.~, R..ctww .......................... !' J II n..u.-.i-. R ... t~~tt:r,., ..................... .16 :J)O ~lcr(V;r)' 1 .. ~ ........................ 1' HI Mood,Jtoorm't l11•m.~li.H .................. l7 .Hl Chtoai:IIIM lntcaua!l'r ..................... ?7 J\ 1 P.aal.rrii"JJI Gr"a ......................... lt )\1 Puatkf)'ptol Yc:Liow,. ..................... 1:8

(Gallon, qu:ut and Ruid ounce quantities Hsred are expressed io U.S. liquid measure.) CoprrisJn ,., G.-wrd AniliiM •IIJ r.1-. c..p.uloe

•

•

CHEMISTRY FOR THE PHOTOGRAPHER

PHOTOGRaPHERS everywhere realize rhc imporraoce which chemistry holds

in phomgraphic work, but ofc-ca consider the subject too formjdable and involved for application co their own work. This discossio.n has been ere pared to help dispel that fear, :and to show that theoretical knowledge is unimportant if rhe photogra­pher knov.'S in a pracclcal w:a.y7 what is in a developing or fixing solution. why it is there :tnd how it accompHshes i cs own particular job.

The general strucrure of photographic film, its componcnrs of nicro cellulose (or acetyl cellulose) base, emulsion coacing of gelatin which contains suspended particles of light-sensitive silver s:Ut, nnd auxiliary layers for S\JCh purposes as pcevcntion of halarioo, arc common knowledge among photographers. The chcmiscg involved in this branch of the science as held under precise control by chc manufacturer and causes the photographer lie-de concern. Photographic chemist!')' begins to affect the photographcc more direcdy io rhe devefoping and fixing operations carried out w1tb film :1nd paper. It is therefore well worth while to considet first the composition and function of the develop­ing solution to see what it contains and what ic doc5 to c.fFect development.

When a (>ho tographk emulsion is ex­posed to light, rhe silver salt ( silver bromide, chloride or iodide) which the light reaches, undergoes a definite rhougb invisible change co form what is known as rhe larcnt image. It is not )'ct de6nirely known just how this change cakc:s place, buc ic is believed chat the exposed parts of the emulsion gain a certain "acriv:uioa" rhac makes them susceptible t.o the reduc· iog action of a developer. When p.laccd in • developing solut ion the exposed, "acci­vtaed' particles of silver salt are reduced chemically to black meullic silver,leaving the unexposed particles of silver salt un­changed. Reduction io this sense does not

have the meaning commonly thought of in rhc photographic field, namely, rhe lessen­iog of density io a film negative. This chemt'cRI reduction is a cooversioo of the s-ilver sale co Irc:c silver and for the reaction one or more rtdtt&ing ~¥gmti-whkh pho­togmpherscall "developers" arc necessary.

THE DEVELOPER'S BASIC COMPONENT

There arc many cbemica.ls wbjcb arc reducing agcnrs, but most of them :~re coo powerfal to be used for developing because they reduce all the silver salt lD the emul­sion without regard co the latent image which exposure in the camera has pro­duced. TI1erdore il reducing agent must be selected wbjch is satisfactory as a developer and which confines irs Jlccion co the ex· posed p:trric.les. of silver sale, leaving the rem•indc.- unaffected. Of the reducing ageni'S that are sarisfactory for photo­grophic usc, me col, hydroquinone and pyro are most commonly used, and there arc in addition other developing ageors such as glycio, amidol and rodioal frequently em­ployed. There are also several developing agents on the market under different names from roetol, but which are basically the same cbemical-mooomethrl·para·amino-. phenol-sulphate.

II$ has been indic.~rcd, the chemic•! action of rhese developing agents is funda­mentally the same. The photographic effect, however, depends co a large exte.nt on the particular developing agent and chc way in wbkh it is used. Thus many dc\•clopcrs contain a combination of dc­vdopiog agents, and one formulA may have, for example, a high P.C'cenrage of hydroquinone to produce br~lliam photo­g<>phic images while another formula may usc: a larger ratio of mctol tO produc-e softer results:.

I

lc: is ob\'IOU$ therefore, thg,c great care should be ukcn 1n the prcp:~ratlon of de­veloping soluuons, for a slight error in che cypc or amount of che dcvelopmg agcn<S (or the other coru.titucnu coo. for that m2uer: may h2\'C 2 serious dfect on the bebanor of the developer. ~toS< successful phorosraphcn have found chat it is far wiser to usc the formulas recommended by the m:anuf:a.crurcr and tO make sure solu· tions arc carefully and accurace.ly mixed, than tO spend dmc on indh~idual expcri· menung or research. The usc of recom· mended formul•s is undoubtedly one of che moSt importont helps co getting good results in film developmem.

OTHER INGRlOI£NTS OF THE OEVROPING

SOLUTION

The func<ion aod imporcancc of che dcveloptng agcn< rn che developer h•vc boch been mcntloned-bu< chore arc three other componcnrs which also play ao important roJe in any developing solution. The first of these " the alkali-whicb is oroioanly essential for development. Most of the developing agents io use roday are ocuc:ral or slaghcly acid in tbeir normal sr:a.tc, and in this condi don gi vc licdc: or no developing :tction. Howe\•er, wben an alk~dine salt like sodium cubon:ue is in· [roduc.:ed 1 nm the solucion comain.iog the dcvclopmg a~tcnr, a very int.eresting change ~al<es pl•cc The developing agent forms what iJ c :..llcd an alkaline salt whkb io a photographic sc:n.se is a more acth•e ID.2.•

1eri•l, 2nd " IS 1h1s alkaline salt of che dcveloptng agcn< th>< acroally reduces cbc exposed gralns of sih~cr s:alt to metallic siher. The 2lk•li has a scconduy dfect in tbc dc•·clop1ng solucioo which is 2lso 1m· porwn. lc helps 1he gelatin emulsion to swell and chus hcilitates che penetration of che developing solution throughout the network layer of the emulsion.

2

It is Ob'o'IOUJ that the alkaU is a really 1mporwa component of cbe de,•doping solution and it is likewise e vident that ~re: mun be e.xaci.Sed 10 us1ng the ngbt kind 2nd correct •mount of alkali. Sodium carbonate u normally recommended though potaSSium cubonate is sometimes used 10 irs place. The caustic. alkalis, sod1um hydrox1de and poussium hvdrox­ide, should not be subsri1utcd unleis dcfi. nitely specrfied as they are mucb scronger and CAn easily c•use fos. Normally chey arc used only in special·purpose developers givin~ high contrast. lloux wd similor :Ukalas \Vhich arc lm energetic are often spc:C-ilicd for fine .. grain devclopmeoc in which gr~tin size must be controlled by sof1er development. Anocher alkali used for pboto~rophie work is sodium meta· bora<e wb1cb 1S helpful in reducing bliSter formation wbcrc u is difficult to conuol the temperature of processing solutions dunng hot wcathet.

The amount of alkali should of course be we<gbed accura<ely to che 2mounc speei· ficd, as coo much may cause fog in de­veloped ncganvcs; coo lirde may rcsuJr 10 slow. sole dc'•elopmenr. It is important tO

remember when using carbonate, that the pocassium salt is gener~lly available only 10 the anhydrous form. wru le the more generolly used sodium sol< C>O be obtained as (I) the anhydrous snlr con raining •bouc 2o/o water, ( 2) che monohydrated sale containing about 15% water, or (3) in crystal form contA.ining about 63% water. The anhydrous and crystalline forms arc boch uns111ble >< ordinary conditions of tempcr:uure and humidity, and must be kept rn cigbdy scaled coouiocrs and used wtth grc;~t c~re tO pt'C'\'Ctlt considerable absorption of wucr from the atmosphere by che anhydrous ulc, or loss of water by the trySiallioe form. The monohydrared form of sodium carboonc 1s stable aod cbcrefore preferred by most pho<ographcrs for accurate prepua<ioo of developing solutions.

•

-

THI IMPORTANCE OF A PRISlRVAnVE

It is • charae<aistic or m•ny pboto­guphic reducing agents 10 :alk:!.lline solu­tions ro combine freely ;and easily with oxygen. llcc.1USC of this " hunger" for oxygen, alkaline solutions of the develop­ing •gems spoil ''ery quickly when exposed ro !.lit- To incre.a.se their useful life, to al­low the ck\·cJoping agem co do its work on the exposed silver halo de as desired, wd to prc:"ccu the occurrence of stains, a pre­scrv:au,·c: must l't added to chc: de:,•e:loping solution.

Sodnnn sulphite is ordinarily used as the prcscn•ativc, though in developers prc­p;arcd for scock in two .solutions, prcserva­rh•cs which are slightly ~acid in solution such .. sodium bisulphice wd potASSium mecabi•ulphite are J'l"'ferred. Bec•use dc­velopmg agents keep bener tn acid solu­tion rh2n in one which is alkaline. it is common practice to use one of these add sulph tces as the preserv:uivc io che de­velopor p2rt of the stock solution. In single· solution developors, sodium bisulphice is never used alone as a prC'$ervative since lc. neucrali~es some of the alkali in the solu­tion and would result in sofrer c:kYeiOJr mcnc. One other Jnrcresung point :about prc:sc:n·auvc:s is that in some c.ases tbe pn:­scn·au,·e performs a KCondary function in the de,·elopor. In some fine-gmn devel­o~rs, for ins~ncc, a l11rgc 11mount of sOdium sulpbj tc is used to Qid jn keeping gr:ain size ar 11 minimum .

The fourth and final amporr.anr com· ponent of the typic•! developing solution u the restuiner, potassium bromide. This oecesury constituent of the de-·doping soluuon acu u 2 ''brake" on t.hc chemical re.cuon of development ond keeps the opcntion under control. The action of the rcnr:une:r Js such that an JDCrcas:e 10 the conccntr;ttion of potassium bromide in the developer reads to slow down or· 'rcstcain ·' the development of the phocogn.pbic im:age. The conccnrn.uon of potassium bromide 10 the solurion is ob,.,.iousJy im· porranc, for coo much may reurd de<elop-

menr excessively :tnd indauce an appata~-r IO$$ of spocd while too little may permit development of fog.

DEVELOPER EXHAUSTION

The chemical reaction of development results 1n a depletion of certain con.stimenes of the de,·cJopiog soluuon so that with conunued usc the de,·eJoper hecomes less ellictent. This "cxb.union" of the dc­velopor ts characterized by • loss in elfec­dve speed and gradation of the phoco­g:rapluc cm1tlsion (of 1111 1X>rtllncc: in both him and papor development) and by a cb•nge in cone of the developed image ( of special import2tlce tn m•king prints) . In conscqueo.ce of this condiuon, it is stan· dard practice to use fresh de,·eloping sola· uon whenC\•cr ~ble, as it is good io­sul'lli>Ce of obcacning uniformly optimum results with pbocograpbic films and papors.

There are, however, occasions when :a rocher large quantity of developer must be P"' in use, as in the taqk development of rums, :tnd in such circumsc:ancc:s it be­comes desirable. for reoasons of economy, to prolong the usefulness of tbe devdopor by the addit1011: of a ''repJcnasher" solution which replaces soluuon carried away oo developed films and helps restore the babncc: of active ingred1enrs an the solu· uon. For replenishers for Agfo formulas commonly used in rank dc,•clopment, see the formulas apponded to Agf• 17, 17M, 47 and 48M.

By the occasional addnion of such re­plenishers ro ma.inu.in a consc~nt volume of solurion in the developmg cwlc, the useful life of the de' eloper can be pro­longed three to four umes without seriously degrading the quoliry of de­veloped negatives. If large amounts of replenisher ore to be added at any one time, the activity of the solution may be so increased that devdopin$ rime will nave CO be shortened elCCCSStvely, unless the replenisher is diluted somewhat with water.

3

Frequent requests arc made for inform:a­rion on the exhaustion cb.a.raetcrinia of a develorer so that the user may have some idci of the amount of film or paper thar mar be safely procascd. The ac­(Ur)cy o information gi,~eo on this point: depends largely on the th= following facron which should be coruidered when 10tcrpreting data on exhaustion c.harac· tcnstics. 1. The rate of exhaustion is grc.atly in·

fluenced by the type: of negatives or priors. When average density is high, exhaustion will be faster. When average density is low. exhaustion wiJI occur more slowly.

2. The useful life of a developer is shore­coed by o xidation e2used by conue< with air. Exhaustion characrerisrics wi ll, therefore, depend greatly oo the age and manner io ,,,h_jeh the solution is used.

3. The degree of permissible exhaustion of paper developers IS also dcpc:odeot oo tbc acccpcablc tolc:ra.oc:c in variation of imasc tone of ptiot:S. Exhaustion figures cited below arc bu& on whac arc nor· molly considered accepmble priors, aod may require modi6c2tion if unusuilly critical stondardsofuniformityof image rone are csrablisbed.

With approproa<c regard giveo tO the factors mentioned above, tbc: foiJowjng 6gurcs on developer exhaustion may be oppllcd in practice. il.gfa ftlm developers l7, 17M, 47 and 48M can be safely used w irhour rcplcnishmeot for the develop­men< of 24 rolls ofB2 size (or an equivalent arnounr of other site 61m) per gallon of developer if comreosation in developing time is made as the oolutioo is used. On the basiS of • golloo of de•·cloping solution the increase in devcloprog time amouniS <O ap­proxtmately 10% for c•·cry four rolls of film procascd-or more simply, 10% in­crease per roll per quart of developer. When used with their r~pccth·e replen­ishers at the nte ol ~ to~ ounce or more of replenisher per roll of film, these dcvclopc:n may be u<Cd for approximately

4

200 Bl rolls per 6•11oo of original deYelorer without neccu1t.:aung an increase in the origtoal time of de•·clopmcor. When add­ang rcplenubcr, m2.inr.a.tn origiM.I ,·olume of de• eloper discarding, if oeccsury, some used developer.

il.gf. paper de•·clop<rs 103, 125 and 135 may be used sadsfactorily without re­pleni•hment for the development of from 100 ro 125 8 x IO.inch pciniS per g:tllon of working strength developer. This quan­tity assumes a change of tone 'vi chin ac­cepmblc limits and a slight and progressive increase in exposure and dcYdoping time in order tO 111lllnu:dn coos tam pcinc quali ry throughour rhe life o f the solution.

TME IMPORTANCE OF A SHORT STOP

As neguhcs or prinrs arc removed from rhc developing solution, the)' carry with them corutdcnble amounts of alhli aod other chemicals which can conaminace the fixing b2th and interfere wicb itS acrion . Used-up developer carried alon~: with ncgan \'CS and r.incs can also cause rroublesome suans i some method ls not used ro srop development insuotly and completely. The best and most reliable way o( doing this as the wc:IJ-koowo sbort ... scop bath of dilute Acetic •cid which ocurraliz"' :any :alkali remaining on ne~acives or pnots and I_)I'C:Venrs cont':lminauon of the fixing soluuoo. Yet it is surpr-ising how man)' pho<ograpbc" still try co get a long without thjs intermediate b2th bccwec:n development and 6x.atioo. It is true th2c an acid lixiog bath will give satuf•CtO<J' results without the usc of a preliminary sbon-stop bath, but iiS usd'ul life is severely lim1ted when a ihon-stop ts not used.

Pbotograph<es frequently ask why acetic acid IS used for the shon-srop bath and 6xtng bath instead of orher common acids like hydrochloric or sulphuric. The ao­swer lies in cbe bet th:u a rd.ath·dy large :unouot of 2cid mu.sr be 2vail:ablc but the

• solution must noc be coo scrongly odd. Co~uendy a compound is IJ$Cd which is weak: 10 ac1du:y but whsch has avaibblc a high racr>e of :acid to neutralize alkali. A correspondingly larger amount or the wcalc aceuc acid may therefore be IJ$Cd than could be used or a •rrong :acid.

COMPOSITION AND JUNCTION OF THE

FIXING BATH

The procedure of fixation is rclari vely simple but ic should be carried ouc w ith cons.ide:rablc CAre :..s it c:~n be the: source of much trouble when improperly handled. The photographic film neeative upon re­moval from the dcveloptng solucion is still sensitive to light, as it concains un· developed s.lvC1" uh in che shadow por· tions of the tmagc. To make the negative image permancm by rcmo,~iog rhis und~ '\"eloped sah·cr sah. 2.s wc.ll as to m.alcc it clear and tranJparcnt for printing, the action or the familiar fixing bach muse be employed. The principal conotiroent of the lixmg soluuon iJ sod1um chiosulphace, more commonly known as .. hypo· (from its olw name of sodium hyposulphirc), for in solution this useful chcmicaJ has the property of dissolving light-sensitive silver salts. The mcchod by which che silver sale is remo,,ed is generally considered as, fuse, a. conversion tO 2 soluble double salt br the hypo, and second, the washing our o chis soluble sa.h: wirb water.

The convcndon:tl fixin$ solution genc:r· ally contains other c:hem1c:lls in lldd.ition ro the hypo. Acetic acid is often included tO aJd 1n regulating the acidity of the fixing solution and 10 prcvent s12ins. How­ever, a hypo soluuon coot:a..ining much acid I.S apt tO rccipit-atC sulphur, $0 aootba chemica , sodium sulpb..ite, is added co pcncnr chtJ unwanrcd rc:accion.

An add1tional component of the nsu.al fixing bath IS the h2rdening agcnr which prevents frtlltng and softening or the gela­tin emulsion. White powsium alu.m

(pot:wi11m alummum sulphate) is usually employed for this purpose though some pborogra(>hers prefer potaJSium chrome alum IJ$Cd w1ch a small •mount of sul­phuric acid. C.rc mun beuJcd with chrome alum as the: hardener. howc:,·er.~as it rapid­ly loses us strength and 1S only crnly dfcccive when a fresh solution is IJ$Cd.

Fixing bnhs will seldom if ever give <rouble when properly prepared from pure chemicals. If a bub rums aUlky afrcr preparation, it indicates that snlpbut is precipituin~ because of too much or coo strong an ac1d, too lie de sulphite, too high a temperature of the solurion, or improper mixing. A millcy •ppcar•nce of the bach dutiUt( USC js due tO the pt~C:III.:C Of CXCCSS alkali •nd iodicaca choc the bath should be re:pla.ccd. h is important not tO over· work the 6x.ing b:uh, becausc a. nearly exhauncd 6xmg solution will not com· plcrely remove the silver sales, and prinu or negatives m.ay rum yellow or su.in oa aging. A g.tllon of standard suengthlixing bath should lix 100 8 x 10' donble-weight prints or tbeir cquivalrot. Berweeo 100 and 120 roLIJ ol 82 film (or equivalent) may be fixed in one fallon or sundarJ­scrength 6xinll bath i the filmJ have pre­viously been nosed in a short-stOp Inch or pla.io water. When the bach frorbs or foamJ, it should be repl>eed. Many photographers have found a convenient, ccrrajn and economicAl method of insuring compJcte fixulon lies in the usc of two fixing solutions. Fixing Js carried out first in the more used of the cwo baths and finally in the fresher solution. When the older b><h becomes exhausted, the p>rdy IJ$Cd solution tokes irs pl•ec and a fresh 6xin$ bath is prcp.red for the $CCOnd soluuon.

SUGG£SnONS FOR TROU8Lf•RIU MIXJNG

The fint aod perhaps most important point to foUow 10 tbe preparation of solu­tions is tbat o( using cbcmicals which are

s

"phmo~rophically pure". Cheap commer­cial grade1 of every cbemic:.tl used in J;,hoto­graphoc processes can be obramcd, but m2.0y of them coota.an impunucs which arc: dcmmcnral <0 perfect resulu. Chemi­cals which :u-c marked ··c.r ... (Chc:mi­ca!Jy Pure) and those which arc marketed for photographic purposes by reliable ma.nufacrurcrs are ah,.ays safe to usc. and cau be depended upon. Cbc:micals marked U.S.P. may be su>tablc if the amount of impuriry present is know~ to be msig~f .. icant. T111s can be dercrmmed by looktDg up the U.S.P. stand>rds for the chc:micll in qucsuon by consulting the edition of the Unued Srates Ph:amucol?'"· tenth edition (1925) or eleventh ediuon ( 1935) as iodocated by the number X or X l which fo!Jows the U.S.P. on the chcnoical con­tainer l:~bcl.

The KCond most amponant rule for <roublo-frcc solutions os- pc:rbapo that of mhjng llll components of a solution in the order liS<ed in the formula. This is c:xue.Dlcly imponam: :1nd lack of .tuention to this point can easaly result in the forma­tion of precipitates ,,_,hich wilJ not d~s~ sol\'c in the solution. A worth while coroJla.ry to this ruJc is ro wait until each chemical is thoroughly dissolved before adding the oat component of the solution. In most siogle-.olution de'clopcr1 the prescrvati\'e Sodium sulphite is usua}-ly added immediately after the dcvclopong •gent but before the hydroquloonc if tbls chemical is used. When two de•·cloplllg •gco« such as mc<ol and bydroquioonc arc used, the 2ddocioo ts generally made in cbe order metal, sulphite, hydroquinooc. However w ith developing :agents like glycin, the sulplllte 2nd carbonate arc dis­solved first, as the glycin dissohes with greater dilliculcy otherwise.

A thord important rule for any pho~g­raphcr is ro usc tbc purest water obram· •blc. lnnumeublc troubles in developing and fixaog bave b«n uaccd ro tmpuritics present in the wa<er. Many pbotopphcrs find it a wise decision to usc distilled warer

6

for :aJJ scock solutiO•lS, addeng up water for dilution.

The time required for the preparation of processing soluuons con be reduced ma­terially by the usc of bot water ( about 125" F.) as most chemicals dossolve more r:tpidl)• in hot than in cold warer. A con· vcnicm method of prcp.ring one quart of de\·c:loper, for inscancc, is to scan with about 24-28ounccsofhot water ( llS" F.) and after the 2dditioo of all chemicals, to add sufficient cold water tO bnng the totnl ,·olumc up ro 32 ou.oces.

Another po1nr v.·ell '''orth rc.membcrios: os that of wagbiog aod measuring all quantities as close!)• as possoblc. Particular c:are should be taken to ~void errors in sm;all quantities, us :t ten-grain error i.s obviously a very serious one on • fi!cy­gratn quaotlt)', while on a half-pound quantity it might not ha,·c hannruJ dfeca.

Finally and no less tmportant for 1 be order in wh acb iris men rione..l, is the m:auer of tcmpcrarurc. The need (or uniform regu­lation of tcmpcruurc cannot be ovcr<m· pbasoK<l. Whole it bas to the past been accepted praC<iec to dc\·clop film ac 65° F. and papc:r at 70° F ., pr:acti<:al consider:a­dons have resulted in rhe rcconuueod:~.tion o( 68" F. (or both film and paper develop­ment. Accordongly, all developing umcs lined in thos book haYc been n:•·iscd to conform with this stand...-d of 68° F.

COMPENSATION OF NON-STANOARO TEMPERA TVRES

While besc results an: obt•iocd when film devclofnlent is c:t.rrled our ac 68° f' .• there an:. o course, certain occasions when surroo.ndios conditions arc: such tb:u: n as impossible ro maintain solution$ at lhis u:mperara.rc. Jn insr.:mccs when the tern· perature is nOt higher ch11n 75° F. orlowcr th:~.n 60° F., development can be carried out with can: o( the de,-cloping time is modified <0 keep the contrast of the do­•·clopcd 6Jm negative withon a do:sorcd

• range. The following t:tble of Time· Tempera cure Cocfficten,. indicucs the per­centage correction tn developing time for " number of popular Agfa formulas. II, (or example, h were ncces.sary co usc Asfa 11 at 75° F., with 2 film normally rcqwrmg 12 minurc.s dc\·clopment at 68° F., the de•·cloping rime would be reduced }}% ro •rrroxunuely 8 minurcs in order to keep concras-c within rhe desired ran8C· Of course. care must be taken in handling wet photogrophic film ;It the bigher tem· pcr~atures, 2.$ the:: gelatin emulsion is rbcn more susceptible to scurchcs and other phys1col cbinage.

TIMI·TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS

Agf• 17. Agfa 17M . . Agfa 20. Agfa 30 . As£• 45 Agfa 47 A8f• 48.\1 A8fa 64 ....

+6}%

+6}~ +8} 0

+85 0 +50% +65% +6}% +75%

- }} - 3} - 35 - 35 0

-% - 3}% - 3}% - 25%

When development is necessary ar tem­peratures above 75° f'. the usc of 11 chemi­cal, such as sodjum sulphate, which acts as • "swelling suppressor" is advisable. For de'elopmcnr at so• F., 100 to lW grams (3~ ro 5 ounces) of sodium sulphate crystals• should be •dded ro uch htcr ( quart) of dtotuptr •nd shon-mp so char protection againSt excessive swel1ins will be afforded until films have been hardened '" the finng barb . Development time "' so• F. With the proper .mount or sodiUm sulphate added will be approxim .. dy 30% less than the nonn•l development nme at 68° F. II r:cmperarurc C.lls below that for

•If anhydrous $01.hum tuJph•tc ia em• pJoycd use ,J.i the anMJutu •pccificd.

which sod1um sulphate addiuon is made, devclopi~g time may ha•·e to be lengthened 30 to W'7o to compensate Cor loss in de­veloping accion.

Due to the rnpid oxidation of pyro at high temperAtures Agfa 45 should not be used u tempera cures obo<e 75° F

Another method of muumiung the chance of physical damage caused by processing at high r-emper:nures i.s the usc of a hardening short-stop bath1 such as Agfa 216, directly after dcvelopmcnr. In summ:uion, these methods of high-rem· perature proc~~ should not be con· sidcred as pr~ de,·eJopmg technique but merely u the best expc<Jicnr when process1ng solurions e:annm be m.a.io­rained or 68° F.

AGITATION

Developtng times lisced with formulas shown on later pages of this booltlet, as well AS the time-temperature compc:nsa· tion methods previously described, arc based on cfTccdvc agitanon of the film in the developing solution. Effective agita· tion can be considered to be any method which prov1dcs a continu;al flow of solu­tion ocross the surfoce of the film, but for practic21 coosidera_tioru :tn mrmni11rnt form of •gitation can be employed which will adequately remove development by­productS and supr,ly fresh developing solution co [he fi m emulsion. Sucb a method requires ocru>l movement of tbe film in the deYclopcr, or developer over tbe film for 5 seconds out of e"ery minute, and can be achieved by rockio$ the trf io tray development, or by agitation o the film in the solution when tonk devdol,>' mcnt is employed. The important point u that a repeatable method or getting dfcc­ti•·c •gitation sbowd be established if uniformly exccUcac results arc to be obtained in film development.

7

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGfA 17

FINE.GRAlN I)ORAX TANK OJ!VELOPER

In addjtloo tO itS uscfulocts "' a fine.. grain dc:vdopcr, dt.i$ formula t. s.acisfactocy (or obtaining: soft lrada­tiQn with A a/a Di:rect Co~y Film, Ag.fa Direct Duplicating Filn1 and Agfu. portn.it 1nd prCS$ 6.1ros. lt 1$ also r«ommcndta lor motion PJCtu1'1: ocgauvc dcve.lopmcnt. Lhis$0ft·working, fincograln dc:vc:lopcr may be obtalocd in psckagcd form re:ady·t.o-usc by ordering " Agfa 11 Finc:-G-ra.i.o Ikvdoper.''

Hot WatC 0-lS• F. or 52' C.) ,. Ag&. Metol. . . • .. • • • . . . . • Agft Sodium St~lphitc:, anhydtolb­Asf.a 1-l)·droquinooe •. BOrax . • • • . .

~~:~":~~~mid~ . . . . . . . Do not dilute for uSc:.

Mrlric } quaru

88 graUu 10){ Ot1tt0:$

){ oz. 70 g:r. ;.(oz. 70 gr.

30 grains l sllllon

Tank. Oevdopmcnc tituc 1:t 68° F. ( 2.0' C.) , 10 t.0 IS minute$ for finc-graio 61m.s, 12 t0 20 minutes (Of" Direct Copy, Direct Ouplicadns, and ponn.ic shee-t films.

'tray Oc-\•d.opmcot dmc lu 63• F. {20° C.) , 8 to 12 minuets dcpeodlng on film type and density desired.

AGFA 17A REPLENISHER

Add~ tO V. ounce of ~ple-nbbu to Agfa l7 for c:acb roll of Bl filna or 36-c:Xpo~ure }5mm. 61tn ~or cquh·a~ leac) dcvdopcd. Ma.inuin oragi.nal volume of de,·doper, disc.arding if necessary some used devdopcr. No incrc:uc: in Original clcvcloping rime is ntec$"111Y wheo ~pJcniJ:hcr is used in this ma.nncr. Av.ailllble in p.2tkaged fonu by ordcri.tlg ''Asf:a l?A Replenisher."

Hot Watcr ( Jl5e P. or 52• C.) Agi_a Mcrol.. . • . . • • .. . Agfa Sodium Sulphirc, :ut.h)'dtous Agfa Hydroquinooc.. . Boru. Water to make

'f.fttrit Mvir.INp•iJ

750 cc. 14 ounces 3 qua.rts 2.2 grllml }2 gra.ins ;( o~. 2.0 1!1•

• SO g:rams 2;{ ox.. 80 gr. 10}{ ouncc:J 4.$ graa3 6} graii'IS -}'{ 01.. SO g:,

18 grams M oz.. 44 sr. 2)4' ox. 7S gr. . J [itu 32 oui\Ccs 1 g~Jlon

AGFA 17M

l'lN£·GRAlN M:ETA.BOR.ATE TANK DI!VELOPER

ThU dc:vdoper is recommcoded (Ot those who desire a for:mula similar to Agfa 17, but pccmirting srconcr vllliatiun in developing time.

Hot Wat« {12$° F. or 52° C.) .......... . . • Agfa Mew! . . • • . . . . . . •••. . Ag(a Sodium Sulphite, :mhydrous Agfa Hydroquioonr:.. . .. . . . ..... Ag(a SOdium Mctabonn: Agfa Po~ssium Bromi-de. . . . . . • •. . .•. \l/3tcr ro make , ..... , . • • • • • • .. , ...... .. ... .

Do oot d ihuc: (or usc,

M.ttrir Attlnl•~is

no cc:. 24 oun«$ ) quar~

. 1.5 grams 22 sra.ins 88 &nins 80 grams 2}{ o:~:. 80 gr. loy.' ounces 3 ,gn.na 45 grains ;( Ol. 70 gr. 2 v•ms 30 gains J4 01:. 10 gr. .5 gam 7}-( gains )0 gr~in1

I liter 12 oune« 1 gallon

Devdop.m.c.nc dme ac 68• P. (20° C.), 10 tO JS mim.a1et for-lioc-graln 6.1JUS. Luger a.mvonu of Metaboate may be used with corretpot,ding rdu-crion of clevdoping dmc ( up tO 10

~rams of Mctsborate pc.r Hter with a devd oping t ime o( 5 minutes ar 68°) aJthoogh slightly COaNCr grain si-ze will tbeo be: experienced.

8

• DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 17M REPLENISHER

Ad<l)$oos, -oi«J'l«liih<r«>Ap 17Mla<<>dl <011 olBHima< )6oapol""llaua. 6bss (O< cqui•· J.leru) dcTc:k:Jrcd. \t&J6u.ia otigi.rul YOI-.mc: of cbdopct. disc:udinJ if occ:au.ry eo.. UKd dCTd0pcr. No tocrnsc: 1n Of1Jina.l dc'f'Ciopi.ng tibiC is oca:s:s.a.ty wbm replenisher i:J D1cd lft thi~ DUli.IW;r.

Hoc Wu(l' ( 11S F. or )1• C.). Agf,j Mctol

"""" • 7}1) "'·

Agl:t Sodiurn Sulrhicc, .. ,hydrous . • Ag(~ HydrOquioonc ,

. . . . . 1.lv:una

.. . . . . . . . . . SO gums 4.} gra.m1 8 8filmt 1 lirer

Agfll Sodium Mcuboutc . W •tcr to make , ,

. . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . ....... .......... ...

AGFA 20

M·H POS.ITJVE DEVELOPER

14 ounces ll arain.s lU oz.. 80 gr.

6) grain• Y. ox. JO gr.

I <pu.rc

} qua.ru

~:: Ol. 20 ". lOY.( OUfKd

)i ••. lO 8'· 1 oz.. 40 gr-•

~lion

lhis; duo .... wL.:ana an-dOper is tc'COmmcadcd for normal contn.u wich tray or tanfc dtnlopmcor of positi.-c dim.

].~tnt ,A,.,P,.u Hoc u•am ( 12)• F. 0t sz.• C.) ... ... . . •....• 750 ex:. 14 owxa l Cf1WU A,JI;l Mtcol • • • • • • . • • • • l pm~ )0 pans }{oz. 10 &". A&faSodiUJilSWpfucc.IUlh~ •... • ..• 21 V,_ ltor . .o,. ) ),.oL«lg. AaJa Hydroqui.Qooc.. • • . • • • • . • •• • .. srams 60 V.tJJU }{ OL 10 If'· Agfa Sodium: Catboo.UC", raooohyclraccd .. .. . . . . • • • • l8.S sums X Ol. lO I"· 2~ Ollr:'!Cd

Acla Pow.,:ium Bromide" .... . ....•... , . 2 #•tin lO gaatlf h 01. 10 gr. Wattt to make . . . . . • • . . • • 1 liter l2 o.ancn I g.alloo

Do I'IOl dilute: ror we. Nurn•.d dc:velopio, c:irnc ) to 4 mJnutct II 68. F. ( 20• C.).

AGFA 22

M-H T ITLE OBVELOI'ER

This (or mula is recon1mc:ndcd for u-ay or rank- ck'·elopmc:m o( dDC tide film aod potith'c: 6Jm CD obtzin rauh..- of hi&h contrau.

Hot u~.-l(f US F or .).1 C.) Aaf• M<tOI A~!. Sodsum S..lrhore, aohfdtooo A&£• Hrdroq•-... . • A,P Sodi~&m Cubocutc".IDODOh,dhttd .. Agh Poc&Mium BtoauJc \\.,ncr co nuke

Mtmt 750 «.

.8cnm «>-8 ., ....

50 ....... 5v..,. l Uett

A•w*t•u 14 OYDCa ) qu:uts 11 , .... )1 gr>lOU

I J" o..ca S OIIDCiCio

h OL 10 g . I 01. 40 r;t. IJ 4 oancct 7 0W11C0

1s va•ns n OLtoJt. )l ounca 1 a:illoa

Do OOt dilute for ut-e. Nonn.t.l dcvdori.ng dnx S co 8 muuue~ at 68 F. (lo• C.).

9

DEVE L OPING FORMULAS

AGFA 30

X·RA Y DI!VIli..OPUR

Thi' dcvdopct il r«<illtlteflodcJ (Ot usc with Agl~ X·Ray Film and fot usc with Afl"~~ 01rCCt Copy Film .and Oirccc Ouplicaung Film "hen raulu of maximnm briJiiancc ar~ dttircd. Agfa )0 as al•o ruiublc for Agf~ IC"tial f1lnl1l'\ it is clean•workln8, hu IOftJ' Ji(c 2t1d Si•tt higft C:OmTISL

Hoc: Water ,ns• F. or )1• C.) A&faMnol A~a Sodium Sulphite. atlhydrou. Asla H~ tboquioooc. ,.,,.Sodium Ca.rbonatt, monohydrated A'-(a Pota.njum Bromide \\au~r fO make-.

Do no~ dilute for use.

Mrmt

7l0 «­).)F ....

110 '""" 9 1"11'0S 40 ........

l ~·"" I littr

2< """"' lO ........ 2 OQOCb

h o~. lOg. 1){ OL .0 P'•

30 graitM 32 ounces

) qa.aru 'OL 9$ gt.

8 OWl«'S 1 OL eo gr. S!, ounca

J+ oz. lOgr. 1 salloa

Normal dc"t.IOpmcnt dmc llC 68' F, (20• C.). (cw- X·Ra" l•ilm, 6 mioutcs~ for Non..SCr«n X~Ray FUm. 8 minutn, for Oir«t Copy Film and Otma Ouplia.tios film, <t 10 S miauca. for Asfa uri.al tilm. IO..lS nli.nota dcpcn.Jan, upoo the ~ of dc•clorioa m~itlc..

AGFA 40

M·H TRAY DEVELOPER Thi~o i• a brillimt Mctol•lt)·droquinonc tU.\ .x,-cfopct lor roll. pact aod sbect film.

llot W11tct fJ15' F. 01' Sl' C.) ArJ.• Mcwl . AI(• Sodium Scdpbitc, ;a,rthvdt'QI ' Ap;a Hy~Qinoot . Af,(& Sodturn Carbocutc, CIOCJob,Jtarcd A~b Pot.a\4iliUII &oaUdc: \\ atc:r to nulc:.

StNi s,/wtl, Mttrlr

900 cc. 4.) lfilmt

S4 ....... 1-) .......

S4 , ....

l ""'"" 1 lu~

for w.c dilute:: l pan stock ..ohmon with l PJ-HS wuct.

Dc:vclopmcnt time 4 to 5 minutes at 6$• F. (20° C.).

AGFA 42

M·H TANK D~VELOPER

AawnJ.,.;, l9 ooocn J~ quiU'ts 66 gains ') ru:. 4 S gt. tJ: 01. 2$ ,., • n. ouoca }( OUOC"C I ODac.c

IJ{ oa. 2} 11. 7h oaoca. 45 J"'.U"S ~.; Oil. 80 5'. }2 OCIOCn 1 galiOn

Tb1i h a .olNrodc:~l tank fotmula r~cd (or p.xlc. roll aod ponrtit 6.lmt.

Hot Water J2)0 f. or Sl. C.). AJ(a Mttol _ AJla Sodium S~lpbnc, anb) drou• AJb ttydroqninooc _. Agla SOdium C!lrboPatc, utOool•ydratcd . ABJ:a l~oussJum MeubU.ulphltc A3l-a ,._,,-lll,ium Bromide. W11tct co ma.ke.

Do aor dilute for-*·

Oc-rc.lof 11 w 2:0 aUnuta at 48' F. no• C.).

10

MriTK

7l0 co:. .Spm

• s """"' 1.1 ~rams 8 ,;rams -4 jCtll.ftl•

I.S ~·m• 1 liter

Ar,_,rJ.,.,.,J

24 oaoca ) qu.a.n.s 12 gra.i.ot of7 g-aiM 1){ OUIKO 6 OUQC:Q

18 pint 70 gnjns ]I( oz. lOS'· 1 0'1!.-40-gr.

59 Jl'lllns J4 o:r. 20 gr. U Jrains 88 ~iDS )2 OUIKU l 111Joa

• AGF'A 45

PYRO DEVELOPER

DfVELOPINO FORMULAS

Tbn lorcnla as tccom.aatndcd co t:botc: who prJ:c:r Ppo dcTdopmtcr. Scod: tOtocaoot •boa!d be kept in storpued boultf.

Ag(;a Sod.inm Bi1ulphhc Agl• l'yto. Acb Porudum Bromide Wactt to make

Ag(a Sodlllm Sulrhitc, anhydrout . \\'Jttt to make . . A8fa Sodiulb Ca.lboaacc. monobydrattd. Water m ma.kc

s.,.,., 2

Mrmt

9.8pms iO gr.amt

1.1 sr•m• 1 lirer

, , • • • lOS gr.nu I liter

S•ll~tifllt J

.. .. • 8S gums 1 litu

AHmi.,.U

'• OL lSp. l_l{ o;c. 2S gr. 2 OUti(:CI 8 ouc~

16 suins 64 gtttitl$ )1 0UD(O I 8'1.liOCI

)_H' OMC:c:J 14 OW>C<$

)1 ...... I g.alloCI

1l~ OUOc:tt l1 ...... )1 ........ I plloo

TAN"K 06\'ELOP\U:...'-'T:Tal:e:onc pare ucb.SoJutioas: I, 2.,] mel adcl J1 parts water. !'o:ormaldcTt.lopmt:at rlmc..lroa! !ho llmiftczrn at 68• F. (2o•c..). TR.AY DEVEl.OPMI!t\"T~ Tab 1 pvc uch Sototioos 1. 2., l aod add 7 para, w.ucr. ~OilMI ck'ftlopGICat ri.mt. &om 6 ro 8 aillua ac 68• F. ·zo• C.). Solarioc, will keep m1 ~bca scored wru-rd~ bur WI de~ lboc!d be ascd iauacdiatd1 alter aaialna.

AG:FA 47

MIITOL HYDROQUINONE DEVELOPER

Thit lJ a lonf'lilc. cJcaJJ•workinJ (onnula which will gi,·c cxccUan resultt. •• aniJldatJ lilm dev-eloper for d th« tray or r~onk development. Avail•blc in pxka&cd lorm by ordering Agl~ 4'7 dcvdopc:r.

Hot Wucr (llS F. or n•c.) .. Ag{• M.<IO)

. \gla Sodium Sulrhhe, an.h)dJVus Agfa Sodium BaJulphitc A sl.a H rdroquJ DOne ••

A sf• Sodium Ca.rboa.atc, mooobvdraud At.f.a Pow,ham Btomidc \\•aur to ma.h

Do ftOt ~lhlf( lot o.c.•

ltflrrit A•'fml•lfh

7}1) cc. ) qll lffl

l.S sr~tns ' 88 StdiU 4S B'•W • 6 oanco I grm ~ 60 p-ahu l grJ.ms /j J• ox. 70 &r• 6 (;TamJJ~ ), Ol.lO If·

8 Jr&IIUf. ..... , w•am I lit.cr .e 1 a&JJoa

2}S' 8~11ona U 01.. 90 V·

I lb. ~oz . K ounce

I '• Ql. 80 gr. 1~­;: oz. 10 gr.

),t> plloos

T.\S"K OE\ El.OPML'"T· :O.:onn:.d ckYC:lopman rime. 6 ro S aWnncs at &• F. ~llO C.) wttb CIC(.;Aie)W aJituiorl Tl.\ Y DE\'E.t.OP\Ih.'\T· ~Omtal dcTdopmct~t time: ) ro 7 aunuca 11.t 6a F. (llO• C.).

•for longer de,.clopln.( dma wnh a.n.k dc:ffiOpmcnr, dilur..: occ p.a.rc dcvclopial.oluuao with ooe ~ \ttt"' aocl dcvclOfl 11 co 16 minucct. ott 68• F. (20• C.).

11

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 47 A REPlENISHER

Add }{ 10 J• 0110tt of rq*nis:bct co Atfo. 47 iior c.h ro.U ol8l61m(or equiY.a!cac) deTCSoptd.. ~faiDJ•in CJri.liaal..olumc or ckTCiopn. d.i:Kanlin& if OCO:S:ut)' tome: aed dcvdopc:r. No IOCRaK in oriJia.al deTdopiAJ tiax b nc:caury Vi heft ftl!lc:cisho- il wed in this tbtlftet. Auil.tblt io pach'¢d form by ordcrin.s AP, 47.\ ltcrlcntmu.

Awn.,.u Hbt Watcr (lls• F « )2 C.) .•. . .• 7lQ «. 14 OIIIKU } qtwn Asfa Mccol . ) gra,. 4S gra.tos •. 01:.70 gr. A,Pa SodJun• SIIIJ'huc, aah,dtOUJ ·~ gr01m Agfa Sodium 8if\11phhc 2 lftmo Asla llydroquJnonc •. . . 6 JCilthl

1 'j ouncts 6 Quoec;s 30 ~aiot f~ oz. JO gr. 88 ~uins J( tn. 20 gr.

Agf.t Sodium C.rhor•ate, mooohydracc-d 12 Jta.nM~ )• o~. 6S gr. 1M o~ 50 gr. W 11.te:r ro make , • ". . . ... I liltt 31 ouncd J g11llov

AGFA48M

MET AllORA Tl! DEVELOPER

Thu foe-mula U rccommc:aded for PhocofinisbinJ, Prolcuion.al, anJ Ama,c-ur dcnJopiaJ ar~d is suib))lc for dttp u.nk UK OVC'f a iOOJ period Of time.

Ho' Waca (lu• P. or Sl• C.) AtJ,_ Mtcol A,U Sodnu• SlliJ'h.uC', anbyd:rORS A gfa H 1droquat100t. • •• , • Agla Sodl\ua Mcubo..-.tc: ••• Agfa Pou»lum Uronudc • Wata to m.alcc • •

Oo not diJutc lor""'·

M.thK

. 7ll) " · 2 , .. ...

«< ... ... I .)SJ...,

10 F • mt .) gum

I Jua

..... ,..,.u ) qasru ! t.( pl!oos J.Ol.lOg. Y. oz. 90gr.

)h OQftCC:f. I lb. 2K cu.. SS g-aift1i "{ oz.. 90 g.

I t • oz.. JO t;r. 4}( oooca )0 gr sins h oca.oct

soJioa ))! ,.u ...

TANK. DEVBLOPMI!NT: Notmsl dcvdopiog time~ to 7 m.iouc~ te 68• F. (20• C.). TllA Y I)CVELOPMH.NT: NMmsJ dc\·dop.ing time 41 to 6 mtnutc.~t 68• F. (zo• C.). Thete duel oping tlnt.es apply to Ag(:a pormtit, pres• and conuttc,r<ial Mnu •nd tO 1111 /l.g(a rOll and pack

films uccpc Flnopan which should be dcV'elopcd 20 ro lO per cmt lctt.

AGFA 48M REPLENISHER

Add !{ co J: ounce o( rcplttlisha to As{;~ 48..'-l lot each roll o£ 81 falm (or equivalent) dcn:iopcd. ~Uiouiu oripnal YOI~amc of dc¥clopa, dl$Urd.mg if nca:ss:arr tome used dc'Yclorcr. No iocrcuc ir.~ origitul dcTc:IOpia.g tiJ.DC: u occaa.vy wh.m ~lcni1bcr i$ utcd ia this I2WUICr.

Hoc Wacct (us• F. or Sl• C. 7lQ «. 1< - ) ........ Ap Mccol . 6 .} ..... 510 JU.Ift) .,. oz. .)0 g. At/• Soduam Sul('buc, 1ohydrocn: Jl) "''"' I - • ........ Asfa Hydroq•inon< 10 g .... } . 01. lS Jf· }! ; OCiftCC$

Asf.a Sod tum Mcuhoratc <0 ,.. .... I ' • oonccs ) ·= Water tO make .. . I Ina I qua.rc I plloo

12

•

• DfVHOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 61

M·B "IRA Y D£VELOP£R

Thit ~~Ioper i• rcconuncnckd fOe usc: with com:mcrd.al film co prodiiCt ncptiva ol normal coo.rrast. fr may al10 be utcd $acW'actorily foe roll, pxk and sbcc' 6Jm lor ncJativa o( t\CUJC brilli1.tK'C.

A1mk AHinbtl'fi.t Hot \Vat« ( 12$' F. ur .)l' C.) . . no cc. 2. QUI_,(Cf l (J.Uilrt$ Agla Merol. . . .... " .... I 1rsam IS Faixlt 60 gnains Ag(a Sodhma Sulphhc:, IIJ\h)•drous . • IS sr•m• }( OIII)CC 2 Ounca Ag(a Hydroquinonc • . • . . . . 2 JCtiOI:l )0 Jraios J1 ot. 10 St· Agf• Sodu1m Carbooatc, n)QnQbydra.ted •• IS gu.ma U oun« 2 ouocos At/a Pota.uium 8roruidc I pm IS grajm 60 ,. ... Water tO male 1 littt )1 OUOCID 4aJIOD

Do flOC dilute b uat. NOrmal ckttlopmc:at time. 4 tO 6 aainuta •t 68' F. lO' C.).

AGFA 64

RAPID M·B (TROPICAL) OEVRLOPER

Thj• i1 a dcan-.. •.-'Orkins dc,·clopcr of paniculoar vulve lo.r rapid dc~lormcnt CN' dc,•dopmcnc ac high rem· pcutlnet.

Hoc Water ( JU' F .. Sl' c ) . . ... . .. 7)0 a:. Ag& Mctol .. ' . . ..... . l.S gums Asfa Sodium Sulrhhc, anb,·Jrou' 2S grams Afl-a Hydroqa.h)()Gt . . . . ........ 6Sp10$ Agla Sodnuu Catbooacc, aaonotndr-accd ... ... . . .. 16 ........ Ap Powmm &oaudc ........ ... . 1 /11&10 Water to ma.k~t. • . .. . .... . . . . . . ...... 1 lita

Do aoc dilak for OK.

NonruJ dtYCiopmc:cc tillllt-) to <t mmtatd at 68° F. ( 20• C.).

1 tO) minutes u ss• F. (2.9° C.).

24 ··- l """"" J6 grahn '• O:t. ,}S g. '• en. «>I". lV. Ol. .4() gr.

II) .,.. .. 14 w. ss &"· H OL 1)". 2 0~ 60 &'·

IS , .... 60 " .... )l .,_, pJJoo

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 70

HYDROQI.itr\O~'E CAUSTIC Ol'V£LOP£R

'nu dnc:Jopcr U ~cd £or Proca. 6J.m UKd in rcpn>diKUOQ ... otic

S.tat-1

Hoc \\Iacer ( liS F. ot ~·C. Agla Hydroqu"-c Agf" P6QU.ium Mctablsulphitt lt.Jfa PotWium Dtornidc Cold Wattt

Cold \Vat(r, , ,,, .. .. .. ' Agfa Sodium H,-d.roJCidt

A{,­

•• 7511 «. • 2} ,...,.

. 2l paw

. 1) ,.....,

1 lieu

.......... ' ... 1 Utct

(C.~arlcSod• Flakct) ........ ...... . .••• l6 "'"" M&X cqll&l run of Sohn&OIU 1 and 2 im.mcdiatdy bc:fort ~Hoe. De'•clop 6Jnu within 3 mioutes .u 68' F. ( 20' C.).

'Mat be: 1obt.tmaud by: Pota.IIIIUD Hfdtoxidt ••••••..•••••••.• . .•.•••••••• •• )0 P'&tlll

AGFA 72.

GLYON DEVELOPER

A,.,Utm 2~ ouoccs j quuts

·~ g ,, 40 If· } t,. oz. 40 gr-! , 01, <40 gr. }}-• OI. 'fO gr . ), .. 0¥, <4() Jf. }I ~();, .fO If

)l ounces 1 s~Uon

31 ounce•

01. 90 gr.

Tbitlotruul.l U m:om.meodcd for usc with commcrcld film• in repodu<doo work and is Jlio suitable tor dn•dopCl<nc of roll, p;;~.c.k •nd thcct film.

Hot Water (ltj• P. Of .u•c.) . . ... ......... ..... , .800 «. Aafa Sodhuu SuiJ1hhe, anbydrow . . . . • • • • . . . . • . .. 12S gttmJ Ag(~A Pocmluc11 Carbonate, • .. • • . . . • . • • • . , , .. • • • . . .. . 2)0 gram• Agfa Gly<ln .. . . . . . . . .. •••.•. . . .. SO ll"m• Waccr co ma.li:c . .. ... .. .... , , ..... , . • • • 1 liter

2) OUII(c&

4)( OUI'ICCS

8U OW'ICCS

l}t 01. 80 gr. )2 OUOCCI

:) quart;,

l lb.lo.. 1 lb.1o.. 6J: ounces t galJoo

TANK OE\'E.LOPME:on': Ta.ke ooe JW1 stoek solntion, fJcecn r•• rt "Atct and de\dop 20 tO IS miaa.tcs ac 68 P. ~10' C.· , TllJ\ Y OE\'E.LOPMENT: Take ooc part uock 10lucao.,, (our paru wattt ~nd de'>t-.lop) to 10 mlnuttt at 61l' r. ,20 c

AGFA 73

HlGll CONTRAST M·H TRAY DEVELOPER

This fOflll~tl.a., tc<OIIiliDCOdcd fot ckTdopmc:nc of proceu, commcr<:u1 a.nd tlmll&l lilau "hcc attcmcly hi&h concr.bc ll dnilcd. Sec foomou uackt AJ;h 90 on pase 16 (Of Formul:t.

14

• DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 79

PARAEORMALOEHYDE DEV£LQP[R

Thi.t is a ttaod.ud lomw.Ja rec:ommcnc!cd foe ~col Rq'lfOihb and Rtf«<)litb Or1ho f"tl.ms. At)a 79 mAT M obr.&iacd ltl p<ka~ form rudy•c()-QK by onkr-.lJ13 "PARAIJTl-t Ob\'ii.LOPEJt "

A-fJJrr.: A"inht-u W~tcr (Nor O\'c:t 90• 1:. or u• C.) 1000 ((. 64 0\UKC$ As(a Sodium Sulphhc, •nhydrous 12<) gram.\ ~ ounces PanJotJn•lclchydc. lO w•m• I ounce Asfa Pot~~.»lum Mc.tabbulphhc IO.S AtlltnJ 1.50 sum• Asl• llc>rlc Acld Cryiralo lO !filml I OUilC.C A,;fa Hydroqmoonc:. llO arams ) ""'"''' Asfa PotuJium Bromide 6 grarm llO p-.iru Wuu «> m.akc ~ Jircn I aa.tloo

DWol,.c cbctrtic..Jt to the order 1m~:a &01! aa;c 10hnioa full l-trtOJtb. Souul drttlopcDCnt WIX. 2 m J m.iov:a It 65. tO 70. F. ( 20 10 n. C.). For .Rqyolilb Onhochtom.J:ri(. dcYc.top Ui tO } .Unum .at u.mt: Wll­

pcraCWC'~

AGJA 81

J\£PROUTH DCVELOPF.R

n,Js formula mav be obtained In p1dugcd form by specifying "Rcprolhh Qo,·dorcr. ' ' Formula SJ provides a sinslc:-tolurion de,·doper ol c::xcdlent keeping quaHty for the de\'eiOpm<nt ol Rc:J~Iith Film.

MtlrN lf..,.,..,,J Hot water us• F or )l•C.). 7:)0 cc 1~

... _ ) q..,.

A 'If.• Hydroq•loooc )) gam• I ~. 70 Sf· <}{ """"' Ag& Sod1u.m SulrfJIIC, anh)·droul ~~ II""" n:ouaca 1}4 OUDCc$ A/)~ Sodt1u11 Carhon•tc, IDDDDhyJ.t.to:l 10 gam- lJ, ouoc:a ~~-AJhCiaKACid ss,..... 10 ..... \: C)a:OCe'

Apa Pou.ssaue Brolaidc 10 11' .... h ... >Sfll lh (MlC(cS \\' ucr to aukc I Iller )1 ...... I gal loa

Do 00< d1huc lew I;IK. NomuJ: ckwlopmau r1mc wit bin l mtnUid ac 68t F. (lo• C.).

IS

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 90

HIGH CONTRAST M-H TRAY DI!VUOPI!R

l1W .S..d<>ra hu bcm p.vrimlady &.ip:d (« - wub Co-.! aod Plocon 61..,• ro pod~~« nc:JJ.U\'a of ..,dliant conuau.

Ho1 Watn 11S F. or }1 C.) 7l0 r;c. 2~ ...... ) quuu Agfa Mctol , - 7J grain• Ji oz. 7S gr. Agfa Sodium Sulrhitc. an h) drot» 40 &r•m• I){ o>. 40 I'• S}( oe~nces AgJa Hydroqulnone. •. . . . - . 6 grams 88 gnin1 J.{ or. 2() b'T. Agb. Sodium Carbonacc, monoh)'d.tarcd •• 40 8'JUIJ IH OL-«) gr. Sr.f ounces Agfa Po~sium Uromide . ) gtlo ii iJ ~s graiDs }( 0%. 70 gr. Wattt to make I lher )1 ounc« I gallon

Do not ddutc for UK.

•f.or rcsulu O( hipct concn.u, this ckvdopcr mat be acbptal CO Ji•c AJ(" 7l formula by the additioa of three snrm ol Pow.ia~n Bromide: ptt litc:t o( d:c:vdopcr (4) pins per )1 OL), wuh clcvc:lopins. c:imt of 1 co l miouus ac: (18• F uo• C.).

AGFA 103

PAPER DEVELOPER

Thi.t formulJ i• tUOmmrnd-=<1 as • dc:,·dopc:r for Conma, Spttdelt •nd Utovl:ra papen when cold, bJgc--bJack: ronC1 11tc: dc:iircd. h may bt had in pach&cd form by otdttin& Asfa 10) lk\·doptt.

Hc>t Wucr rns• I or s2• C.) Agfa Mcwl Agfu Sod•uo• Sutrhitc, a.nhydrou~ Agfa H)'droquinunc Agfa Soduuo C.ubon.uc, monohydriltcd Ar)a Pota-M&Wil Brom1dc \\' accr to aul:c

sr'KIL s,J.-~,.,• }.IJtrlt

.7JI) "· ).~ gr-.rnt •s granb• II S gu.mt 711 ...... 1.2 ga.au I htcr

,A,..,;rJ.t*h

14 ouncc;i ) quarts lO 11tains 1 _. oz.9Sgr. l "S w ncn • 6 ounces•

I • 0&, SS «' I}S' ouoco 1~o•lSp. IOh OU:OCCS

II pam 71 I'Wu )1 owx .. I pllao

PAPER. 01;.\ ll.OPMa..'T· Dilute: lpuc:.sroc:lc 501urion wnh lf-W'U water. For Bro' ua UJd nm.ilat bro~ic!c p&pcn. dc,c.Jop 1 tO It-) m•nutn •c 68• F. (lo• C.). F<lt Spmla .tad Con" II a nomuJ &,e~t timt 1S 4S ~ Other coaucc rarer" m.ar rcquart 1 to lM m.inucn.

Fc:w llo"'cr• M>ftcr fok,etormcnt of 8roTir& dilute" 1 tO 4. Dc,·dop l't 10) m1nu1~. at 6S• F. ·20• C..J.

•Rc:-' u.ed (onn.

lG

• DEVILOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 110

DIR£CT BROWN-BLACK PAPER DEVELOPER

Ek-auriflll "urn tOOD m.ay be obtaaru:d with this dc~Jopc:r Oft botb COC\t.ICC. and rroJ«:tioc P~·

Stld Solvti•

Hoc Wut:c ( ll_s• F. or 32• C.) • AJfa HydroquinollC ... . , • , , • Asfa Sodium Sulphite, Mhfdtout ...... .

24 OUOtel

I t OIIOCC

l~ o:c. ~gr. 2~ 0\U)CCJ

.) qustts } ounces 7,U OUtiC'd

lO OlltlCCS Atefa Sodium Carbonate, n10ooh)•draacd. At,la Pot&.~;ium 6ro1nidc . Water ro 111.alc

Mrtru

1.SO cc. 22.) sraml .S7 gram1 15 granu 1.75 gumr J Iller

<40 sraim )1 ounces

J( ... 50 8'· I gaUon

fOr UK dilurc J J'UI UO(:k soJutioo with) fW'U Water.

Give ptinn ) co 4 tu:ocs aormal c:xposurc aod de'-d()p S tO 7 minutes ac & • f ( 20• C.).

AGFA 113

Al'ODOL PAPER DEVELOPER

Thi~ formula b intended for ttay dc:\"Ciopmcru Oftl)" Md muu be mix-ed lra.h t:lld\ dmc. It U: recom:mc:odcd ouly lOt I mall Jot1 ol prlm.t.

Agla AmldoJ .. Agfa Sodium Sulphhc, anhydrou.to. Agf.a Poc.niuna lkomidc. Waccr to make

6.6 gracns 44 grams

-SS II'"'"' 1 Jhcr

~ grain1

~·-8 graim J2 oowca

Do aoc dihuc lor u~. Jl bot water is u.cd for d.is:solvt.ng c.bcmic.a.t.. chc tOdiiUD aulfWcc and ~em t.omidc sboaJd be dWoJvcd fint and tbc: amidoJ added oolr aha the telutioa bq cookd.

F<lf dn'clop~DtCt o/Cykora aaJ ai.mitat papcn CK twia: the a..moonc of Pot*IIUD Bromidctptrificd tbQo,~

Ck-'"dop I co lm:inuca .,, 68• F. ( 20• C.).

17

DEVELOPING FORMULAS

AGFA 115

GLYCJN.HYOROQUINONE OhVELOPER

St.d S..U.:ur~

Mtlrl( lft•fldlllfll

Hoc Wacer (US' F. or n• C.). no (C. 14 ounces } quat1>

At/aSod.iwnStdpbh.c, anhydroas. 90 8'•na ) OWX<S 12 ....... Acfa SocU ... C...bonAtc, -ydt&u.! 1,0 ..... } """"' I lb. "02.. ApGiyrin )0 ,.. .... I .,...,. • ooocu ApHy&oquiftOO< 9.) ar•m• J,. Ot. }0 "'' 1 .oz.IOgr. Agla P~iu.ns Bromide- 4 ,.. .... 60 ,... ... \; Ol. '1/J gr, Watct tO make I liter 31 ounces I J.&IIOI'I

For WNm toon, dilute: I put $COCk IOiutJoa witb l putt w•tcr anJ dc'IC!Op p-Uml1 S tO J minut~ :at 68' F. (lO" C.).

Far Ttt'f ""'arm tooes &Ad mocc: opm ab.dow'S, apcciaJ.Jy wub C)'k.OfJ., d..ilvtc J put saxk a.olurioa 'With 6 patU wstc:t, .JirinJ prinu) co 4 timcJ nonnal c:xpos:urc: and 1}-{ tO S mJnoccs dc'-dopmc:nc. Bec;auK o( d.ilutiocl o( the d"·doper. tOhnlon wlll exhaosc more rapidly a.od will require ntore frequent replac:tmc-nt.

AGFA 120

SQIT.WORKING PAPER DBVELOPER

This U a soft•wOtklna d~vciOpc:r, prhoarlly lnccndc:d (or porrult work when •olt aradacion is required,

HOt '\\"accr (11} • F or )l C.) AJ!a MctOl A &fa Sodium Sulpb1tc, anhydro~ Ag(a Sodium Calbona~c, mo®hydrlllcd Ag(a Poc:w.iurn Bromide: Waur to male~

Mt"" 7,0 a;

11.) &t•mJ l6 grams J6 vams 1.8 sr•rns 1 htcr

for usc. dilute I f&rC •teck .olutioa w1tb l pam W1tcr.

Nonnal de,·dor•aa umt, 1}( ro ) muu,ca ac 68• F. (zo• C.).

18

l< ...... } q1W1> J~ oz. 70 I"· lh OL 60 tJ•

I 01.. $S gr. 4-'- ~ ounces I o.. 88 gr. ,.,, ounces

17 8nUns 1 , ouna:

Jl """"" I gallon

•

• DEVELOPING FORMULAS

TWO-TRAY PRINT DlVUOPMENT

Wru le rhc majority of photographiC printS can be prepared most conveniently by development in a single Jolutioo, some occasiODS are often met in which the aitic:tl n>ture of the subject rcqu~rcs a degree of coorrol o'er contrast that is not normally available. In such iiUtanccs the rwo-rray prioo ~·elopment procedure can be employed to good .advantage, for ir permits :t nicc:ry o( control over rrint gr.adat1on chat c:a.nnot be obtained by usual variations of exposure and developing time.

The cwo--uay proc:cclurc iovolvcs the use of cwo .separate: dc\~cJoping solutions. usually a soft-worklng formuJ., such as AgC. 120, and a brilhant-working dc:'dopcr, like Ag(a 1)(}-though some workers ptefer the combination of Agfa 120 and 125. Development is begun in one solution and completed in dtc other, the firu dc:\'doper used having the greater effect. Tbu procedure is particulatly helpful in producing full. scale ptinu which exlublt wdl modulated gtad.rion in both boghligbr and shadow.

AGFA 1;tS

P.-PER .-NO FILM DEVELOPER

Thi•lorn~ula b recocummded lor dcvelopmcnc of Cykon. Cykon:, Urovira. Convira, lncfbcone and si.mUar ~pen. It ua .aJso ~ ustd lor d~,·dopmeftt ol rull, ~ck and sheet film when brilliant ntgad\'tt uc desind. It may be: obtiiiard ic puJcap form by orderins Ash 12S Deftloper.

Hot Wat('f ( 12)• F. Of .51• C.) At)~ Mnol Ap Sodi .. SWphn<, anby._ Asfa. Hydroquux~nc At;& Sodl.um Carbon.uc:. mooohydnced Asfa Potll$sium 6romidc Water co ruk~

Mmtr

7)0 rc. ) """' -« "'""" 12 """" 6l graotS 1 arams

. 1 liter

U 0Ut~Ce1

4l """" J•i OUDC:a;

140J.. 60gr. 2}4 ounces

JO srains }2 Oti.QCd

) qu;uu ... en. iOp.

6 """""' )~. 0&. lO gr. 9 ouocc:s ~: 0%. 10 gt.

1 rilio•

P.A.P£k DE\'"ELOPM£..''1': Oilut.e 1 pan scoc.Jc tOJutioo .. uh 1 para. watct. J::)cvclop 1 co 1 nu:ac.ca ar 68• F. (20• C.). For toltcr aod slowa dC"\·dopman dilute I to 4, and develop JJ.{ co) minu1cs at68• F. ( 20• C.). For greater brilliance:, sborteo d1c c.a:posurc tlightly and lc-nst.hc:n the de"dopmenc rime. For gtcacc:r softncn, Jengtbeo the cxpm.wc sUghrly a.nd sbon~o the dcycJopmcot tlnsc.

FIL.\1: OE\"El.DPMEl<-'T: Dilute l put acodc tofucioo with 1 p;ltt W2tcr aod clcfflop} coS atautct u68• F. (m• C.). For aoltcr u:sulta., dalutc 1 tO) and ckvdop l co.) mto\ltc:s at 6$• F. (lo• C.).

19

DEVELOPING FORMU L AS

AGFA 130 UNTVe\SAJ. PAPER OBVEI.OPER

TbU formula U a uni'"crul de, dOpa- fot all projc:cc:iOo and COnt2Ct r•JXU• h sh·a rich blac-k cones with etttllcm brlllb.ncc ;a.Qd dcuil. A sf-a IJO rruvldtt mH•suJ~J l11titude in dc,·elopmcnt and is dcu•worldog even wtcb Jon& dC\'cloping times.

Hot Water .11S F. or )2.• C.) At,b. Mcrol . • • • • • .. .. •• /t.gf~ Sodhun Sulphite, llnhydrout •• Agfa HydrOqulnocc., ,, ,,, , ,, ••••. Ap SoW ... Cu.,._tc, -hydnc.d .. Ap PowJ,.., Bromide ApGJyoo Water co m.akc . .........

no «-1.1 g1<~ms

10 l'anu IJ gams 111 &f&mS s.s &J&mS

II &f&mS I licer

,h,.J.,., 14 ~ l qll&rtS

)1 gn.ins 11{ ounca >' <».lO gr. ll) OODCC.'$

I!Op.im }~ OL jO Sf•

)2 Oun«S

t,.ol':.lOJ'. 6){ ouuccs 1~ ounces 10~ OGAC<S

•• CIGIX<

I~ """"" I ,;allon

The rrcparW uod: tohnion ts deu but •llghdy coiOted The coloration In fhft C:1k doo noc indiatc the ~oper has dctcr-iotucd or it u.afit lor'*·

ror 11K. dilUte' 1 pace t.tock 10furioa •ula J part ""*ttt". Noaoal dc.-clopiog rime ac 68• F. (zo• C.) (or Bro<rira, l to 6 miouta, (Of Conviu, C)'koo, C)·kora aod

IDdlaconc, JJ-' co 3 minuces.. Grcacc:r ~tntt c.ao be obu.in¢1.! by uslot the dc:vd~pcr uodc .oludon (ull nrmgdt. Sofcu rC\ula can be

obt:aiocd bJ• diluficg 1 fW1 s(O(k solucioa wid:.l puu wam.

AGFA 135 \17 ARl\1-TONI! PAPER OI!VELOPI!R

ThUdn~~;lorer u~cd foe ridl, wanD·bbck tOocS with Cykoa. Coa.,.ir•~ C,-kcn.,a.-o..,._,tac!iuooc. aodsimil., r•pc:u. This lomaa1.~- m.ay be obtaiocd jn f&(h.scd formready-tO-I.lK by Ordcriug Atla JJ$ Dtvdopcr •

Hoc Wala" {ltj• F. or S1•C.) • Ap Maol. A,P. SocUum Svlrhitc:, anb) dro1n A&f~ Hydroqu[oonc ........... .. Ag(a Sodiunt C.rbon..are, monoh)"draccd Agb Powsium Ocomidc .. , .. , Water tomah

• rt«l s,Utt;,, lt1mk

7l0 c:c. I 6 11""'

24 &J&mS 6.6 grams

14 grams Ugr...,. 1 lim

A••iniJt~.l

24 owx::cs l qU&rU 14 pns 516 paim

H "'· lll &<· >h "'· 96 sraint ~{ox. 60 gr.

K ox. 20 gr. )J{ ox. 40 V.alM }( Ol.. jO 11· ~ ~ I ,~kG

For '*• d1hnc l put uock .olution with 1 patl wa.tcr. A (VOpaly cxpo.ed priot wiU be: fully dc,·c.loped at 68• F. (20• C.) in aboot 1M" tO 1 minutq, Complete ~vdopmcm may be apc:etcd 10 u.kc: •lightly longer with rough•Jinl•ced paptl'$ thao with ~emi·glooy or lu.Uct"-$urlaced papett. For greaccr toft !Jut, dllucc 1h~~; bath with wacc:r up tO c<t'"' quaotidcs oJ ckvclopcr aad watt;r, To iotrc.uc- ch~~; wJ.rmth. add bc-omidc up co double: the: amowu in the (Or ml&la. Tbc que ci cy oi bromide lpC('i6cd ia cbc forma.l.a. bowcYcr, auwa rich. 'III'»1D.. •-dt· lui.....!-...

lO

• FIXING FORMULAS

A GJA 201

AOD HARDENh'IG Fna;R

nU hat'11taitiJ 6$iGJ bub for aK' with either 6fm Of p&pc:r may bt ttOftd ind.maitd)' anr! uJCd rcpeatdJy wnU c::rbatntcd. I( cbc fi.tinJ batb &ot.hs, rums: doudf, Or cakes loop thaa 10 miaates co 6.t ouc complcttlr, it mu,:c be re-placed by a fresh .olurion..

A...m/•~11

Hot Water ( ItS• P. ot st• C.) ..•......•... .. . . ... 1-l)'po. .. . . .. •.•••••••.....••.

... soo "'· • ••. 240 gr.m•

16 ounces J{ g.allon 8 ou~ 2 poundJ

Hot Water {11.s• F. or .Sl° C.) ..... .... . .. .... ...... . ... l.SO cc. ' OUOCCI lO OWK<l

Agta Sodium SuJphirc. anhydrOttS ••••• 0 ••••• ••• •••••• ,, 3'•"" Jot ounc:c 2 ounces

Acetic AeiJ (28%) •.• ••••••• 0 • 0 ••••••• . . . ., cc. .~ .. - 6 OOOCC$

Ag& Powtiu.m Alum ..... .. .. . ... . .. . .......... . " - ~ .. nee 1 ocnccs Add Solutioa lto l llftd sdd water co mU.c: .•.••• .. ... I bta )2

.. _ I plloc

Oiuolvc:dlc:mK.tlt cboroapty iDordc:r ,li\"CG &Dilui:rtapidly •hilc: .-cld.inJ Soluuoo 2 wSola:uoa L Gl2rid Ac:cdc Acid mar be dila~ t0 28'%COIXaltntioa by addi.tiJ) puuol ..:;&.! t0 8 puuol W&ett. Do aoc ~ilc-rc: fot uc. Narm.aJ Uln& dJDC' S to 10 •lev= at 68• F. (20° C.) .

A GFA 202

CHROME ALUM FIXIlll

ThU hiU'da1ina fixins bach (Ot Ujt with filmJ in hot weather should be uted fmh. •• ic docs t!Ot retain its hudenins action.

Hot Water ( U.S' F. or~· C.). Hypo •••. Asfa Sodnua Sulphite, ~nhyd.rou' \\'accr tO tnakc . .

''tater AJU Poust.iom Chroroe: Aftam Solpbuuc And C.P.

.Mttrlt

.. ..... 2.) litd1 960 ~~"'"' 60 gams

) liccn

s.w.,.l I litet

. 60 -a cc.

ANir.lllp.;.~

80 oooccs 2 pounds 2 """"' ) qu.,...

)1 -2 -~. OWICic:

Slowly pour So1uuoct 2 inco Soluuoa 1 w-hile rapidl1 nini.n1 the lactc:r. Do ooc dilute for use. Do aot dissoh·e the Chrome Ahua ac s tcmpcntwe hisbtt tha.a lSO' F. (66' C.). :\J"""Y' rmw: 6Jm tboroo&hJy bdote 6xl.ns. Norm.al tixinJ cjme) co 10 minutes at 6S' F. ( 20' C.).

21

FIXJNG, SHORT·STOP AND H.AROENING FORMULAS

AGFA 203

NON·HAROENlNG METABISULPEDTE FIXER

nus fixin8 balh u rccocnmcMc:d for Ilk .. -bea hardt-oiog it not d~ittd. h Js hj&hlr dtdrablc: lor am~ra.cy of rcgUtracioa in coloc- \\'Ork with RcprOihh Film,

Hypo. Ag(a Potodum MctllbiJu.lpb.itc •• Waut ro JUke

Sud S•lati• M.urir

1900 grams 270 l"ltM

41itcn

Th~ M.c:ubi.s,ulphite should be added only wbm the Hrpo wlulioo is c.ool.

For ua.e, dilute one: put nod.: solution with ocw: part wua. Normal 6xi.na time: 5 co 10 minuta at 68° F. ( l0° c.

AGFA 210

ACID SHORT-STOP BATH

Thit IOh.~tion b rccomrncndc:d (Of UK bc:l'i'ro~at de\·t:loper and f.xc:r, to pKVCat staining O( 6Jm ncsativcu.nd pdnts. AJiratc: liJrn ncgatiwa or prints for abour 5 K<ondJ itt chis bath be:loce ua.os/ming to 6:xiaJ .olucioa.

ACchC t\c:id 2$%. , Watct,

Glac1.d Atttit Acic! (99.)'e) ca.~y be diluted to chc-~ coocmuatioa hr misin& dutt pans of Gbcial Att.tic Acid with c:i&Ju pun o( water.

AGFA 216

CHROM U ALUM HARDENING DATil

Tbl'l b.ttb mar be CEKd ia fl;a« ol the ~par ICctic: aeid lhorc~top co &ivc addtbOIU.l bardcoiac to 61m. It U parucularlr dttin.blc in hot wn.lhtt, (Of cro~cal dc,~Jopmcnt. aM lot-ncgativt$ ~hich ha,·c to tiC cnlatg~ wc:t.

Ap i'<><aaiwD Clu<>m< AIIUOI \\'attt ,

Jllp&JIH 1 lilc:r

Fllms 'hould be 1giu.ud thoroughly whco immc:ncd 1n rhc taludoa. MuJmu.m budeniaa "'ill be obWAtd

with •bout thrtt aiaotes uurmmr.

The: tOiction •hould be U)(d frob 11lt docs not L:ttp well. Formation o! a grttnish •ludge i' an lndiCA:rion tb:n chc .olution Jll(lurd be replaced by a (rc'h bach.

lf the: Cbroax AJgmu:JCd b•C th&c a.lud&e is. fora.cd wbco lbt bub i• fftt ascd sn addtti.onofc:oac:mtnud SnJ("buriC ;\Qd (lee. J'Cf Jittr or}( dum ('Ct Jl.O~) eaD be mAde: CO the: tohUIOO tO O\·CfC'Omt thit conditioo,

22

• AGFA 221

SEPlA TONER

Tht~ fOCCS: II t~ for wuwa-browa Kpd corxf,

s.t.,.l

Hor \\'un (11)• F. Of 12•C.) ••••. . .... .. . noc:c.. A&f.a Powti.u.m fariq;an£de.. , • • • • , ..•.. .• . . Agla Porauiurn Bromide . , • , ... .. .... ... . A&fa Sodaum Carbonate, monobydrat~ •. . Wattt to make ••• . , ..... , ...... .. .• • . , . , . ,

,., J.fo&n:lt

10 gr;~ms lOgums

I ll~r

AJl' Sodium Sulrhide. . • . •.. . ..•. ~.) aramt: Warr:r co mal:c: .. • • • . • .. • .. S(X) cc.

TONING FORMULAS

Arwmf.,U

l4 ........ J)l oz..80g. y. ... J5 &T· ~Ot, lOI',T.

)2 Oun(c',s

I.U OUOc:t'S

16 OUO«t

For uJ.C •• de~lbcd below, dilute one part Soh1doo 2 with dghr pant war«. l~fPORTANT-nc •urc 10 we Sodium Sulphide. nOt Sodium Sulphite, ID comroundlng chc .Redc\·doper. Also Uk dcao uay•.fr« (rom c.xpotc:d iron 1pots, cspcci•lly with Ble~hJns lbth. Otherwite bll.le 1pou may form oa pri.att.

PrintJ 1bould he: v.ubcd tboroa&,bly and cbca blcac.bcd i.a Solution J uoultbc blade. inu;3c is oooortn:cd ro • vttyiiJbt brow"' color (abocu I mioutc). Prinu ihoaJd tha:l be washed ltx' JO ro lS mi.cuna aocl redcvdoped io dJgttd Solunoe l.

lcrkvciOf'CM"'I thou.W be: compktt: io about 1 miavcc. Afur tcdc:t'ciOpCDmc the pNoa ,boW4 be: washed frx about .JO mi.auc~ .tod thea dnc:ct II the CCICcr .&oaW lea~ tcdimtnc whj(h raulu"' nrnk:~ ex fiDp mub oa eM Jlilffxc of chc J'>'pct the (W'Illt should be immcncd for a f~w K'COtld) 1.0 • )~ tOiocjoa of .-e-ric .acid., Jru "bich a JO.aunarc "W.Uhlll& is O«CUatf.

AGJA 222 HYPO ALUM TONF.R

TbU: tOfW:t Js tCCOBID)CJldN lor buud(ul ~dish-brown roncs.

. ' . . ...

Wua .. Agb Slh·n Nuracc

StfMilm l Altlrit

. . • . . . . ' • ll50 cc. • • • • .. • • • • • .. .. <1)0 pam•

S.l.11tlfl :!

s.t~~~- J

JOe<. 1.)"""'

W.a&U )t) ((..

AtYinllll~ll

80 OWW:<i

15 ··-1 ouacc:

zo grains

I -.\~.£-. Poc:asshUIIfo.jiJc 2.7 JUIDt 40 sraios

Add Soluuoa l co Sohatioo I Tbc:a add Solutioa) ro tbc IPI&tt:n. Fi.oall't add IO)p:.~.Jm (lh CIUDC:Cf) of AI& Poca1.'1t\UD A hun co cbn. .olotioo. ADd bat the "tire b.zth co the bodi111 polot or u.til tulpburiz:.atioo w~ pbtt and.uco.J br. -~ appcau.occ: of the tolutioa). Toac pri.nu %()co 60 aJ.IIIiHCS 1ft thit b.at.b .at uo­]lj• F. ( oO•)! ' C.). AJatatc prints Ott.Uioo:aJJy ucr:il coetm& U compJ~rt. Care shouJd ht: citk.en t0 ace that the bl3d::s arc- f"Jly con,·nced bc:fO« re.movlt!s tbc priers from the toa.in& b.ach. ochcrwttc dck.blc coaa .m..a}' reudt.

TONING FORMULAS

AGFA Ul

NELSON GOLD TONER U.S. Pat. Number 1,8.f9,24S

\\"i.th thb eoocr ic is pot'it.k: a> obWa • uriccy ol plns.ioJ bcowa coocs b~ nryiag 'he u.a~e of coa.ias Prinu may be: rcmo'C'Of &om the ba&h when the dcsim! adOr u rucbcd. ThU formola is suitable for RJC w1th C)•kota, lndiamnc, Cykoo, and Coarira.

\\'arm \\'attt, abocn ll.S' F. ( Sl' C.) A sf.a Sodium ThioAllph.i.tc: ( Hypo) . • • Ammon:ium PcnuJ(au:. . . ... . .....

}.fJ.rrit <4 licm

960-. .... • 120 vams

A.nirJ.,_,, 1 1aa1oa 1 po<>Jld$ 4 ounces

Dissolve cite Hypo COtt1plc1ely bcJ(IIrc addln11 the PcttuJ(acc. Stir vigorou~ly while addinM the Pcnulfatc. J£ the b:ttb docs not lUtQ mllky, iocre01$C the ccntpetattlk" uncU h doc:s.

Pn:put (ollowittg tolucioo and Add it ('uxJ!Idi.ttJ prccipiucc) slowlT tO the Kypo-PcnuTCacc toJutioo -.·hdc uitr"it!& the laner rapidly. &tit .. Jt M r-' ...,_ tiJm ,.L.t, .. t .,,,.£U.J twtk.

Cold Water , 6< "· 1 ounce• Atl.a Silvc:t Nicruc:. }.2 J"lltnlo 75 gains Sodi~;~m Chloride .. . Hvams 75 I!"'"'" NOTE: Tj, S•lur .\~ih~t J"'-U It J.lJU!rul ~tJtttb Jt/.ttn Milllt, S.,._CJJ..Jt.

s,ll,t iO!I 2 Water . .llO cc:. 8 ouncn Ap Gold Chl«idc .••• I '"'"' IS g.t.uu

f.ot Ut(, add.,. oo.nccs (11) cc.)ofSolt~don l 1lowly to So1uttoo I whiJc "'trin& the lau~ rapidly.

The: bath thould not be: uuJ until •ftcr ic 111.1 bee:oruc: cold and hts f0«t1ed a Jedlmau. Then pour o« du: cle::a.r liquid for uk.

Pour the dcartOIVtioo ioCO a tny stalldJ0.1 iDa ""tel' b.ach .ftd bca: CO 110• f . {-f}° C.). The "mpcnnatc,

wbca """"I· .bould be bel~= 100• ....! 110 F. ( J8"....! 4) • C.). Dry pnn<> •hoold be .....Xed ch«ooJblr in "'1;«~ bd'orc tOnius.

K~p llC h1nd an unt011ed black-llnd-wbhe princ (or comparl.soo during coning. Pt-inu should be se:par.ted at aU tin)(:S ro imurc e\'en tonios.

Whca lbe: cks.ind tOGc ia obuiocc!, rime the: p-iotJ ill told wattt.

~all prinu hATC: beta coned, rcnam cbcna ro the 6nn& bub for fi,·c: natnlii[CS., chen w.uh for one bow in runnins water.

The: b.uh should be rc:•ivcd '" ina:noa.Js by che addjtion of lcarthcr qu:~.nlicie:• of the gold Solution l. The: qua.atity to be: added wi.ll depend upoa chc number o! prints contsl and the ci.mc of CDQi4g. For exampl-e, when tortit!& tO a watm btowo., add l dram ( of cc.) of .alariotl a.hu c.t.Ch Mrt S x 10 pints,« the:Lt c~~•-&lmt, hAYC

bed fOOCd. ftttb IOI:atiOQ 11111 be~ &otll titl't(' tO tiJDc to kttp t:be bath up fO chc proptr \Oiume.

24

• AGFA 231

GOLD TO!'-~

TONIN G FORMULAS

This fou aub &ins a CaGJ:e of reel CODC:f co sepia:·tOOCd prinu. the brilliAQCC of tJ:ac cooc ~io.1 oo the ~ D:Kd. 8rilh.&tl ' chalk·ml lOQCS Ut ptodoo:d Oft c,koe, while with lod.iacont and Cykora dukcr tludcs uc fot.cd. II dnttN, ckqt blue tOQQ uuy Wo be obu.iocd wicb l.bb bmv.la by US&a& bteck..and·wh.nc prietJ imtc:ad ol priau ch.u hnc 6nt h«o Kpi.a.rooect Uausul df'«a of m.bcd coocs of bl~bbck sh.adows ~soh ra!di•h higbhahnCIIII be produced br usias prina. which have been rani.a.Jlr coacd lo I Hrpc>Alwzucpi.a-COC'la.

Hot Waur ( 113• F. or j.l• C.) .. •Ammonium Su!rhocyanatc . tGold Chloride, 1% Solution . \V~cr CO make

J.f.t-rm A""'•tt•.t . .. no " · 14 ouncu

Ia) lfanll )}{ OWl«S 60 ce. 1 ltuid o~. 1 lit« Jl OunGc.s

For Red Tone~; l'rinu IIIUH fim be bleached and toned by sulphide rcdc.vcloplne•n method ( sec: Asfa lll). Alta wuhlng, place prlntt ln aho,•c: solution until t01'ing is cornrfccc (rcqulrct 1 S•4S ll'l lnuc·n). For redder tones onc·hall the .-pccif~-td • •no,mt of 1ulphoqanat c: may be used.

For Dttf Blue To.,es: Ornh .cpia toning opcutioo and place wdl-wuhtd blaclc-~nd .. whiu: printS direcrly i.n above coaao,~ .ohuioa.

For Mb:cd T onct : Prin lJ should be incoroplctt:ly toned in a H y-p0 Alum Toner, tuch as A gfa Ul, aocl washed. before D't:almtnt io abov-e IOiutioa,

AGFA 241 IRON BLUE T ON!!R

Produd na l!rdliaoc bluc: tono, tbjs lotmuJa is suitab1c (cw Uk whh Cr lcora, Urowlra and tndiaronc Papcrt.

Hoc \\'1uer ( llj0 f . or .)1' C.). F'c:rric Ammonium Cht-Atc , Ag(ll Pora~siu111 Fe~~i~yanidc: •• l\g(a Acetic Acid, W?o. . Water co make:

M ttnt . .)00 <C.

8 pams a sr•nu

l6$ cc:. 1 liter

Anlnht,.IJ 16 OU.I'lC.ct

)'{ounce K ounce

9 ouoca .)1 OUOC'CI

Solution thould be preputd with di.Jcillcd wa.tc:r il pOUible. If c:a•mcled iron tuys arc used., no chips or aacb io the enamel•hould be pra;cat or lpots and streah may appear in the: print,

Priou for blue toaina should be &xed ia pb.io, ooa·b:ardc:nio& hypo Nth ( 'l'l'hkh should bt hpt ., a tc:m· pc:rann o{ 68• F. or l&l'lda to a void uod~:~c: swillia~ Whee pitllu have: been fUlly tooc:d ia the: abaft soltn:ioo, tbty will be: JfttCkb in·~· but wilJ be aw, wu.bcd ocn to. clat bhac: color wht"a placed ill f'OiiLDiDJ ........

Tbt dcrch of 1hc bloc: tOO.ial wilt .uy soux:what with tbc qua.J:icr ol pri.nu coned io at.liJhHoccd priat$ ~.U1 tellllu.na ro lifhcc:r bl~~n. Socnc: inacmi6cuioo o( the: ptint IH .. :u, ocnn a.a IO&Ual• comcqaca.dy. prints Should be: sliahdy fi~Jltc:r thaa cbc: dc:olity 4csitcd is::a the: Cio·al toocd puce.

Wub w•ta thould be .adi6cd sliahrtr with Uletic acid sill« tbc biQC: coae u qwu .soluble i.n aU::.allcc: solutions s.nd i:s COCti:Jc:ubly Wl'..a.kciXIIf wbca Wa$h water is al.kaHac. Pkoul.na v.viatlOftl. ia the cone ca:a be: obtaiocd by bl~id& the w.uhc:d prints in a U% sohuioa (5 JfatiH per Htct) Of Botu which p:od~Ka .softct, bluc:·sr•r toac~, 1hc: ucc:nt dcpcoding oa the lcoJtb o( crc:acman.

25

RfDUCING AND INTE NSIFYING FORMULAS

AGFA :uo I'ARAt£R'S REDUCER

TbiJ is a C'IIUUIJ tcdQQCr lew Jmccin& the ckfts.ity of bcJ.'I}' Dt&Jtift't .and at the: WDc time iaauritls thrit cor:arut. h Is af'C":u.llr Yalu.ablc for rcprodoctioo g,. ro c.ka c.hc: wbua.

Hypo ..•.••• • W attt tO make •• •• ,

1\g{;~. Pot11uium P'cnicy~&.o idc . Water lO make.,. . .• ,

s.t.J..,J

S•lluJM 2 . . 19 gtamJ

. . . .w "'·

A ~trJII P.'~

8 """"' l2 ouoccs

J1 oz.. ss ,. 8 ounc~

For u~ mb: One pan Solution 2 and four puts SolutiOQ 1 'n 31 p.1rcs w,ucr. Soludont 1 aod l should be stored acparaccly and mix~ homcd.iac:c-ly bc:(ore use.

AGFA ~~~

FLA'ITENING REDUCER

Thil r~IXCl' ii llklaJ lor lcssc:c.ioa the dcmity aod maauc of bu.,. DtJativu.

A &b PoU»uuD Fcrric:..antJc Aafa PoraMuun Oromtik \\'at« co malt;c

SJ~t~lMl

~"­)ll'""' 10 J"&nll

1 litd'

AnwJ.t-u

I ... 7lf1· h 01. 40 &'"·

)2 OUnc:c:s

Bleach an Soluclot1 l and dtu t~u&b w.ubiog. redc..-dop co dalrcd d~hr aod cooua.n lt1 Ag(a -17 or ocher ncs>~cnc dc.,clorcr uccpt fine· grain dcvdopcn. Then Jix 1111d w.uh in u•uU mallAU. Conduct opcr:ttion ia •ubducd llshr.

AGFA 330

MERCURY lNTBNS!PICR

Thi$ lntcm16cr U ruommendcd for iocreuing: the pdndos: dcntity or cbio, lb:l nc&.uh·t~.

Agh Potutotum Drom1dr •Mercuric Cblortdc \V:ncr co tmlc

10 £r&IDI lO &r&tDI l litc:r

A•wiri•lfiJ

• OL )S Jl'· •.oz.}Sg.

)2 """"" Do aoc dducc foe UK. Ncpti.-a co be- ioWKiW 111U$C be YC'S"f c.horoaJblt wubcd btu or ydlow stains auy

mutt Olltbc •oum.l&cd Ot,attn:. lm!DC""C cc-pti,.cs in aboTt: soluuoo Ufttd c.horouJblt biCACbcd. m the: b1.c­o( the 6Jm 4nd chen w~ ill "A&tU coau.inio1 a &:w clropt of hydrochlor-ic .ad. J.cdc~op bfuthcd oet.ati~ ill~ Socluam Sulpbuc or aay st:J.nd.atd ckvdopcr. Surf'JA~X scum whd fonDl dW'UlJ tCOI'2J( o£ the blachU,g solution doa noc .dtca the blcac.btt but ~.hotiJd be removed before tttloJ chc ..oluUoa.

• INTENSIFYING FOR MULAS

AGFA 331

MONCKHOVliN'S lNTENSLFI£R (For Rqln>ductioo Fi! .. )

Th.it f-Oflllula JhO nrJ' lf'C~t uucosi6cuion atld C:OOtr.tU £or lioc drawiA.I aad haJ/lOO.c t~attioa WOlle.

AIJI;a Pou.J.,ium Bromide •Mctcuric Cbloridt W11fc1 co nt1kc

Cold Water , •Puu~,huo C)•&nidc Agl& Silver Nh:ntc

SJIIIMII

...

. . . . . . . . . ............. .

M~trk

11 ar•mt l31JtlUIJI

. • 1 !her

1 l iter • 2) sramt • 1) &f'IID.J

AN~trl.,.u

~ Ouft(c

1-4 ounce )2 ountct

l2 ounces. X ounce H ounce

The sJiver niuau aoJ W pou.uium cyanide should be diuot~ tn kparate lou of w&ter, and. the former Kdcd lO the lancr uatil a rermaocnt p-c:cipita.tc is p-odU«d. "J'bc rni.nure iJ aJJo•'O:l to •tancl Jj mioutd, and alttt 6hcriq, fota Solatioo L

Pia« DtiJ.&In"c:t lD Soluuoo J uadl bleached tbroup, tbm rinse ud rfacc io Solurioc 1. U inttmi6cuioo. it carried tOO f.u, tbc otpti"c: may be f'CdtlCcd with a weak 10lutioa o( hypo.

•u· AI.NING-AcgliV of the: dud.l7 pOilooous o.amrc: ol th11 UneG~i.6u, n sbotal4 be coed 11r1th ca.~ and bonJts cont&io."'l 1t thoold be: suitablr aurb:d. N'C'YU miz cya.aidc: solutio. wnh acM!s Ot 11M: them in poorly "t"attil&tcd roo,.. Oitcatd wutc solutioos into runnias watct.

AGFA ll:l

CHRO~OIJM INTENSIPII!R

Thh lornJula lli rttonunc:nclcd b«AII1C h i• ron,·cnimc in use •nd givet pcrmanc:cu resulu. The degree 1.0d ChllU(C('f O( iOtCtltihUfiOil ( lll'l be (I)QITUIJcd CO <1Jl CXtttlt bv tnodJfte&fiOD O{ tht: developing time U.Scd fot the rcJcv-c1o('C'r.

t.gfa Por~-.u1m Bichromate.. H' drochlouc:. A C1J Water co m.ake

9&nm• 6«. I hta

l)S gni.o• 1.6 drams ll-

IJIUD01i( orpch-a lD th.lJ toOJuuoa uJi1 h.J«:J<bcd, "~b foe$ IIIUIIItc$ iA MUWUDJ water, aftd dcnlOp ia briJhl bcu dii'Uield li&ht u:a a Mttol Hydroctudooc c!n-dopc:r tach &J AJf& 47. Nc&&U\'"CS shocJJ then be &iTCD a IS.m.i.Ducc "ash bclorc dtyUII.latccs.ibcioa t:~t&f be rcpconcd Cor iftcrc»ed elect.

If an'! hlgccok.r• caOtil ol the ilm hK is ooticf:.ablc: ahtt i!lcctUJ6cAtion,lt may bc:nul1 rc:IDOl"<d by~& abc 61m £or cwo c. lhJC'C K<Oacb m wacer conu.in.UI& a kw drop of JDUDOa.a, io aS% solution of poussium mcu.basu.lrhuc:, or in a S% .olutioo of sodium sulphite. Thb uuuncru a.boulcl be follo"cd by a thotoa&b washioa in waccr.

27

DESEN S ITIZING FORMULAS

AGFA 3 51

PINAKRYPTOL GREEN DESENSITIZER

Tbit. sohuioa it tllitabk: foe uc-.tUZ~U~t o! apor;cd. 6lJrtJ puiow co ckvdorcacor, co pcnrut £ocreaxd du:k­rOQCI:I ilfutnuutioc &Od lfC<UU t.af«y fot 6lJD iospectioa dur:ifiJ dc'f"C.lopt~~otnt. TbiJ dQt111.itittt iJ DOl rteom­m~cd foe biJh-tp:cd, p.uxhrom.uic: films (c:xttpc: Supapac Prcsa, lot wbich it it prclt:tablc tO Puu..ktypco1 Yellow) ,

Pinakrypcol Grt:en •••• , , . , . . . . ... .. •. , , .. , •.•• ••.. ... •Water co make. . ........ .. , . .• • .. . ... ..... .. .

Mt!Nt

1 aum lOO C<.

A..ml,;,_;,

IS l!"iiU 16 ouocn

For u~. J.ih•tc I pa.lt ttoc.lc wlurJoo with 10 para ware~ . lmmmelilmt (M two mlnut~ at 68° F. (20• C.) with room In coral darlcnctt, and tb1;0 traoJcr to dc-vdopins sohnion. Alt"' t\lo:O minuttt' de'"clopmcot., 6Jms may be IJUfCC.Ied for IO.to )}-$~ pcriodt at ooe-minutc irW:rvab; llh1mination bc:inJ tupplic=d by a ycUow­&f'Cctl u/dlsht ( to1Xh u Agfa ACi with lO.watt bmp) placed 2 to l lett dhca.ot. l>rc-Kntitltcd bl.ms should ~ d.cvdoped approximately )0 co l<XJ% longer io A&fa 17 a~:~d .50% longer iA Asfa 47 th.an OOcNrc-ued films tO

obcsin comranbtc ,.-adaUoa and s.ludow dctait

II pdc:rrcd, the 1&JDt ttotk toloctoc ttat be: CI5Cd dirccdy ift the dcvc.Jopu Us the p·oponioo: 1 put dCKDSi· ti..,., JO rarn .S..Clopor. Thu proc>C>lct< shoul4 aot b< followed with <le<dopcn ..,.,...;.,...,. thu 1 gram per lita' ( IS I'•* per qun) of hy.!toqaiaoac.

•Uu: ola »30 waca-akobol aaix-twc lor solurioa will impow: tbc k:«ppaa qualiua of Usc dacosiWet.

AOFA 352

PiNAK.RYPTOL YELLOW OESENSITIZI!R

A .ohniou suiu.ble (or tre~&cmmt of eJ:po~d 6Jrns JX'Cvious co dcvdopmcm co permh iBcrcucd darkroom ill11mioalioo and grurcr u.fcty lor 6Jm Uupea:ioo during devdopmetu, rhl• dcscmitiut IJ pefcrrcd for high· speed, ~nchrom•uc filmt ( except Superpsa Prcu).

Pina.kryptol Ydlow. •Water co make ••

1 r;am 1 liter

ts gra.im )1 ouoccs

Do ooc dilucc foe w.t. lmmcnc 6l.m ffX rwo minut.ts ac 68• f . ( lO' C.) 'kath rOOm in coW dark:DC$$. J.Dd thc:a tn:Uk:r co dc:vdopina .oluhoo. Mu::t N'O minut:c::s ckTt:iopman. fi.ta 1217 bC" 1.0tpccud lor- 10. co 1)­SCICOnd pcriod.t ac ooe-aucucc iDc:crv.ah, ilJamio.arioa bciog supphcd by a ydlow·srca Wda,pc ( such u Agb. A6 wicb JO.wau lamp) rfaccd 2 co) fttc diswu. tks:a:lsitized 6J-lhoald be ck-.,::lopcd a~td710 co lao% loop ia At,la 17 aM ~ loap in Atfo. 47 ~ DOO·crnU'd 6Ja co obu.ia c:ompar-abtc: JJ*laciao and 'Shadow ckcaiJ,

This .ohnion should be IIKd u a scpua« bath and oot mUcd wilh ~10f!4.o&I01arioa..

•UK of a »SO Wltcr•alcoboJ mixrurc lot solt~rioa wiiJ improorc chc lcccpiftJ quAl ides of c.bc dcsc:osiriur.

28

• RAPID PROCESSING PROCEOURI

RAPID PROCESSING PROCEI>URE

Thls procedure has been de,•iscd by the Agfa Ansco Research Laboratory to meet the requirementS of those who must carry out finishing operations on exposed films in the shortest possible time. The two-solution method outlined below is inreodcd pn· marily for sheet 61ms used in news photOgraphy, and with hlvoroble drying conditions will permit complcdon of developing, fixing, washing and dtying operations in fifteen minutes or las. Great c:are should be t:tkc:n co maintain clcan:littc:ss in all operations and to follow directions carefully.

Hoc Watcr (us• f. ot ~·c.).

Atf• ~l<ool At;& Sodium Sclpbit<, OU!hydt..,. Agh HydroquiOOO< Water co make.

J\tJrrit

oo7l0cc. . }S"• . )0 v•m• . 10 sram•

1 lhu

s,w .. z

24-

7$ """" I ounce J( ••. )$ 8'·

}2 ounces

) qusrts ~ ... 7sv. . """'"'

ty,( Otl~ I s;a1loa

Hoc: Wa.Ut ( usc P. or Sl• C.). ..7-)0a:~ 24 ounca l ctuaru A,U Sodium Carbonate:, moaohrJrarcd .. 100 gums )}( ouocn l)}( out!«$ Waccr tO m.dcc: . . . 1 liter )2 ounces I aalloo

Solut.ioas I 1tld lttc: seottd tqWtttly snd UKd tcpantdyc 8oda solationt rruy be tMd rcpnudly, bac Solatioo ltboc11d be replaced wbcu ic bccoozv=s bad.lt diicolorcd. Do ftOt diJar.c lor tiC:.

F« dcvc!opmau, immcrK 6hru. ftrn in Solution 1, oat in Solutioa 2, aJJowlng l·minutc jmmcr1ion in e:acb sohuion (ac 7011 P. lJ • C.) and ttJiN& fflftiltJtJI•sitJUI#M '""'P.11ht 1rt.tiN f!ri#J. O>ouut can be controlled by alccrtn1 dmc 61m is kept inSohnion 1 . .B.uic immcnloa. time s.bould be c.hs.oscd co 4S K'CODd~ fOf dndoptDCQt .u 11• f ., 1 m.inuu U tcCOodu.t 6S F.

STEP 1. SHORT STOP

Place him• in convc:ntion~J accdc·acid tbon.ottop b.ub (oc 6wc KC:OndJ. illi!.llt lh,.,s.hi.J. For cempct-atur~ over ro• F. , dilute the sbortO$tOp bath wich a.a cqu.aJ ¥Ohunc of wacc:r.

stEP ). FIXATION

Ar•fflplil

Hot Wacu ' ll.S• F Ot )l• C.) .. 16 OUDCC:S 1 qutn HfPO . •. • •.•..• llJ• OQnCel; ) roaods

,.,a Hoc Waccr (US' F. or Sl• C.).. ..,... • • .... . . 150«. $ounces lD -At;& Sodium Sulphiu, anhydrous .. , ...... , . . IS 8'""' }> ......a: 1 -A«lic Acid ( l&%)oo. . .. . • • .. • oo oo .. .. • oo 4H<. ., ....... 6 ... ... AglaPotaJSiumAium...... . ... . .• . ••••••• , ,,,.,,. lSgr•m' Add Part 8 co A and add water co 1111kc ........ , ,.. ..... l lher

~ ounce 1 OUOC<S

)1 ouncu I a.alloo

29

RAPID PROCISSING PROCEDURE

Tu.cda 6Ja. co Soluuoo) aod a,J.iatc-cootinooa.ly- for-I~ aUmna •llich tbould be w&Kicot forc;oaaplcte

6xuioo. Solutioo tbould be: ttplatc:d lrc:qocndy u cxhs~tion tlows rate ol6J:.atiOCII and dcc:rc:uc$ batdmia&

proratlc:s.

STEP • 11'.\SHJ!>G

Wa~h 61mt in urid sU"C:am of v.-ata for twO minutes, makina •ure nream o{ wa1h water has iiK'ttU to both ~o.idct; o( Calm. Filmt to be atorcd pcrnlaomtly JhoWd be rewubed a.fccr Jrnn.cdi~tcc we bu bee-n 6Jied.

STEP ), OR YJNC

lhc dc~rcc O( •reed Obtaln.ablt: in thiS1oU:pOf tbc prOCedure depends SICIIll)" UpOO d1c nal\ITC: and suit.abilh.y of the dryin,e; cquirrncnc. Minin111m drying Lin~ o( I co 1 wioutet c:au be ~blcvc:d chrouah the uk of Agb Rapid Film Dryer wlulion fallowed by drying with mild hc.u in a uroog euncnt o£ air. Wuh~ 6hru 1hould

be placed in A1..l• Rarid Film Drrcr .oludon ar.d th¢0. freed from .tllturrlusliquid by lqU«soeins them a£1ittst

a dc:au far<ltvpinJ rbtc. MOJt r:apid drfln& will be cffcctt'd br suspcndi..oJ the OCJ&tiYC bctw«o two ~wacc inf,..,cd, Lt..mpt .... bkh ate sr-aecd 8 in(bQ 1p1tt 1ad mounted ia 8-inch metal rclkcr:on. \\'Akti.~G-Do ooc: we

rdl«con thai throw a coocctat:u.rrd bttm b«;~nv ol rbe da.np o( toO much but Ute: mattcwtarhced rdlccton.

The 6lm shoold be: pomioa<d to cb.at its fbr surfaces rcuift the ditcct r.tn of che l.tmp& with CC'Ie' a!gc o( cbc

6Jm l.Kia~ i.ato a dr-.t!c of aar •applied br"' JOOd dearie bn -'•• J'-JJ It •!"Ifill' .,., .. ,., tM '--11"'"-­the draft ol au hom bn iJ (UCQtW. Of.bcrwik 6Jm cmukioo W"lll •lt. Tbit dtyi4J &rr£n&cman is for 61ms

S :~~: 7 oc vnder. SuaJlar anan~ts can be derlscd.. but arc Ul~t be a leta tO aYQtd ~i.-e hac which will

mc:h cbe tmul,•on. Bc:lorc puttin3 a dryin.s urut of this son in actual UK. mal 6l~m should be dried 1M tbc

spacing of lunrt and fan ..dtuned co ,live IDO$t rspid dryLos without c:nJanpia1 chc: 61m nr&;~.rivc:..

DARKROOM PLANS

A primed folder giving suggestions for the planning and construction of a photo­graphic dukroom bas been pcepared and is available on r«jUCS<. Phocographcrs inter­

aced in building a new darkroom or adding ro an old one will find the rccommend•cions and the diagrams which cover both com~ and gencr.U-<Iury darkrooms especially helpful. lnqu~r~es should be •ddressed co the Service Dcparanem, Agfa Ansco, Bingb<UD­ton, N. Y.

~0

IDENTIFICATION OF AGFA SHEET FILM S

The noteh1ng system below identifies each liJm . When ooteh os in rop edge of rhe upper righr band corner, film is emulsion side up.

This notching sysrem applies only ro 3}\( x 4' 1' and larger sizes of Agfa Films. All siza of Agf> sh<er films smaller rhan 3}:( x 4}:(' are muked worh • songlc, shallow oorch Ul rhe usual rosuoon. This small norch is used for idento6couon of emulsoon .. de only and not for indicarion of the emulsioo cypc:.

AGFA FILM NOTCHING CODE

SUPERSENSITIVE PUNACHROME -----------..,.,

PORTRAIT

COMMERCIAL ORTHOCHROMATIC --------v-v-v, SUPER PUNACHROME PRESS --------v-v-v-V"I

TRIPLE 5 ORTHO ------------.vv-vl SUPER PAN PORTRAIT --------------.__n TRIPLE 5 PAN -------------U'\.1') SUPERSENSffiVE PANCHROMATIC -------...r-""UI"\...''

ISO PAN

COMMERCIAL PANCHROMATIC -------,_n..n...n..n

SUPERPAN PRfSS -----------""t..Jr--"Ln COMMERCIAl----------------,.,

PROCESs--------------~~~

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS AND PREPARATIONS In ordcrios dtcrokab be tu« to specify AGFA "Labocacocy~Testcd" CbcrnicaJt. Prepared ct'pct:i2Ur Cor

pborog;aphic '*· A,J• Chcmk-.1• at( d.e&n. &tt runnin,s, cailly10lublc aftd of blabat purity~ Consult c:acaJo1 P)() or pri« li.n Pll for comrlcte listinJ of Agb Pbocopphk Cbcmi«h.

U fOU prdcr the COinc:rti.ca« sftd c:imt-urin.s advmup of prqwcd d.c"Velopcn, uk yoor dealer lot AGF A ~ &,.clopcn &ad &len. SappiW in several Wn, c:boe prepued cbcm.ic..llt an ~&dr·ca~cd .aad od oa.Jr co k dis.soh-cd 10 wafCt tO ma.k-c: lhm. tudr foe me. The foUO'II'JUJI arc: a lew ol tbc pr~p;n;atiocl:s anibhle;

17 (Fooc-Gnia) De•clapa lu:od HJPO 17t\ RqolcnU.htt Rtpld fixer •1 De"dopo; Ro<lin&l 47A R~mhhtt Olt«c Sepia Toocr

JO} Parer De"elo_pc:r Flc.mhb toner llS Paper and Firm Dt'dopcr BroYira Toner 1)) Pam Otvc:lof'O'" Mcraary l.nlcctilirr

31

AGFA ANSCO

Gmeral Offius

BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK

BR.ANCHES

Bono~. ~fAa. lJO Llncolo Suut

NllW Yoa.~e C.n, N. \". 245 \\'t1t SS•b Street

CutO!lWAn, Oato 2l9 E.an Sixth Strut

JAC'J.:IOM'\'U.&.a. Fu.. Ill Jlillu. Suut

c.~.lu.. 4)) Eau &1e Sttttt $A)f Fa..utatCO, C.u ... S4S ~~~moo Suut

LooA .......... c.u.. tl.tl Sou•h Horo s ..... DA.LUI, Tu.u •l$ Sooth F1tld Street

IN CANADA

Aor,. A~ I.uuno, 60 Front St. Wet.t, Toronto, Ont,

RC"rised co j une, 1941

P19-61·2S TM Res. U.S. Pu., Off. PrinttJ In U, S. A •

•

• •

VIEWS OF

OFF ICES AND P LANT OF

AGFA ANSCO BINGHAMTON , N . Y •

•