Agenda

Review

• What role did maritime history play in the political and economic life of this period?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NORTHERN EURASIA (1500-1800)

Objectives

• Describe how Japan responded to domestic social changes and the challenges posed by contact with foreign cultures.

Essential Questions

• How did Japan respond to domestic social changes and the challenges posed by contact with foreign cultures?

Target: Japanese Reunification

• Civil war and the invasion of Korea (1500-1603)– Hideyoshi emerged as warlord from civil war.• Invaded Asian mainland (1632).

• The Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800)– Est. by Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616) in 1603.• Capital at Edo promoted economic development.• More political centralization.• Good roads and maritime transport.• Peace = warrior class changed.

• High achievement in artisanship (1600s-1700s)– Steel making, pottery, porcelain.– Finance.

• Japan and the Europeans– Welcomed traders from Portugal, Spain, and the

Netherlands, but closely regulated.– Few goods exchanged.

• Portuguese and Spanish merchant ships brought Christian missionaries.– 1614 decree banned Christianity.– 1633-1639 decrees tried to keep Christianity from

resurfacing, reduced trade.

• Elite decline and social crisis– Strain from population growth in the 1700s.– Unstable rice prices, economic decline of samurai.

– Shoguns protected interests of lords and samurai.– 1603-1800 – fast growing economy• Merchants – relative freedom and influence.• Vivid culture – kabuki theater, colorful woodblock

prints, silk-screened fabrics.

• “Forty-Seven Ronin” incident (1701-1703)

Essential Questions

• How did Japan respond to domestic social changes and the challenges posed by contact with foreign cultures?

Agenda

Review

• How did Japan respond to domestic social changes and the challenges posed by contact with foreign cultures?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NORTHERN EURASIA (1500-1800)

Objectives

• Describe how China dealt with military and political challenges both inside and outside its borders.

Essential Questions

• How did China deal with military and political challenges both inside and outside its borders?

Target: The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires

• China (post-1500) – Civil and foreign wars– Change in government– New trading and cultural relations

• The Ming Empire (1500-1644)– 1500s – economic and cultural achievements– Post-1500s – political weakness, warfare, rural

problems.– European ships in the early 16th century.– Silk, cotton, and porcelain industries.– Culturally and commercially vibrant Ming cities.

– Economic and political problems.• Climate changes = famine, uprisings.• Uprisings and epidemics = population decline.• Flood of silver = inflation.• Issuing of paper currency and copper coinage,

corruption.

• Ming collapse and rise of the Qing– Internal rebellion– Rising Manchu power• Mongol threat• Many southern Chinese migrated to SE Asia.

• Japanese invasion (1592-1598) = Manchu military aid.– Later, troops could not be restrained.

• Manchus est. Qing Empire in 1644.– Most officials, soldiers, merchants, and farmers were Chinese.– Soon adopted Chinese institutions and policies.

• Trading companies and missionaries– Interest in trade with Europe developed slowly.– Missionaries accompanied Portuguese and

Spanish merchants.• More successful than in Japan.• Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)

• Emperor Kangxi– 17th and 18th centuries – economic, military, and

cultural achievement.– Repaired infrastructure, lowered transit taxes, cut

rents and interest rates.– Encouraged foreign trade.

– Welcomed Jesuit advisers.• Jesuits compromised to gain converts.

– Toleration of ancestor worship.– Later Qing emperors persecuted Christians.

• Chinese influences on Europe– Early form of smallpox vaccine.– Wealthy and middle class wanted silk, porcelain,

tea, painted fans.– Qing political philosophy.

• Tea and diplomacy– One market point for each foreign sector.– Tea = prized import.– Qing accepted silver, rarely bought British goods.• Later 1700s – decline of domestic revenue = Qing

needed silver.• 1792 – British failed in the Macartney mission

• Population and social stress– Economic and environmental decline – late 1700s.– Population tripled since 1500 – more intensive

agriculture.• Deforestation accelerated erosion – caused flooding.• Grand Canal not maintained.• Peasants sought better jobs.• Begging, prostitution, theft.• Rebellions.

Essential Questions

• How did China deal with military and political challenges both inside and outside its borders?

Agenda

Review

• How did China deal with military and political challenges both inside and outside its borders?

Unit 4: Global Interactions (1450 – 1750)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: NORTHERN EURASIA (1500-1800)

Objectives

• Describe the extent to which Russia’s expanding empire was influenced by relations with western Europe in this period.

Essential Questions

• To what extent was Russia’s expanding empire influenced by relations with western Europe in this period?

Where is Russia?

Target: The Russian Empire

• 1500-1800: expanded rapidly.• Major European power by 1750.

• The drive across northern Asia– Before 1500: steppe nomads.– 1240s–1480: Mongols 1240s-1480.• Rise of Moscow.

– Post-1547: Russian ruler used title tsar.

– Claims to greatness exaggerated.• 1600 – poor, backward, and landlocked.• Only one seaport, often frozen.• Siberia –valuable resources.

• Russian society and politics (to 1725)– Different languages, religious beliefs, and ethnic

identities.

– Early 17th century “Time of Troubles”• Boyars (Russian aristocracy) allowed Mikhail Romanov

(r. 1613-1645) to begin a dynasty.

– Peasants lost freedom.• Some sold themselves into slavery during times of war.• 1649 law turned them into serfs.

• Peter the Great (r. 1689-1725)– Reduced isolation, increased size and power.– Foreign policy goal – warm-water port on the

Black Sea.– Built small but strong navy.– 1697-1698: traveled incognito to Europe.

– Great Northern War (1700-1721)• Modernized armies broke Swedish control of the Baltic

Sea.– More direct contacts with Europe.

• Goal – modernize and westernize Russia– St. Petersburg– Noblemen shaved beards– Wives at social gatherings– Nobles educated children.– Reduced role of the boyars and army.– Russian Orthodox Church under state control.– Factories for munitions and supplies.– Higher taxes and forced labor for serfs.

• Consolidation of the empire– Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796).• Control of the north shore of the Black Sea by 1783.• Promoted industry, built canal system.• Administrative reforms, promoted Enlightenment ideas.

Essential Questions

• To what extent was Russia’s expanding empire influenced by relations with western Europe in this period?