after completing this lesson, you have learned to: describe the importance of groundnut. locate...

After completing this lesson, you have learned to:

• Describe the importance of groundnut.

• Locate groundnut cultivating regions in the world and in India.

• Explain for low groundnut yields in India.

• Examine the impact of diseases in groundnut crop.

Virtual Academy for the Semi Arid Tropics

Lesson 1: Importance of Groundnut

Course on Diseases of Groundnut

Module I: About Groundnut





• Groundnut is a cash crop and useful rotation crop.

• It is easy to grow and withstands drought to some extent. So, a choice crop for dry farming.

• It is soil erosion resistant crop.

• Being a legume crop it can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Thus maintains soil fertility.





• All parts of this plant can be commercially used.

• The plant stalks are fed to cattle in the form of green, dried and silage.

• Groundnut shell, haulms and hay are good fodder.

• Groundnut cake is a good feed for livestock and it is also used as manure.





The groundnut is particularly valued for its protein content (26%).

On equal weight basis (Kg for Kg), groundnuts contain more protein than meat and about two and a half times more than eggs.

In addition to protein, groundnuts are a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and boron.





The groundnuts also contains vitamin E and small amounts of vitamin B complex.

High in calories, 5.6 calories nut -1 (calorific value of 567).

Being an oil seed crop, it contains 40 to 49% oil.





Groundnut is cultivated onabout 26.5 million ha in the world, with an average Annual production of 35.7 million Mt in the Year 2003 (FAO, 2003).

The average yield world over is 1348 kg/ha.

Groundnut center of origin (solid line), area of intensive cultivation (dotted line) and areas of maximum Cultivation (colored).

Source: Weiss 2000 Zoom the Map





Asia and Africa accounts for 97% of the area and 92% of groundnut production.

But, the average yield in Asia (1600 kg ha-1) and Africa (856 kg ha-1) are low as the crop is mostly cultivated as rainfed crop.

World Groundnut Area in 2003

Asia57%

Africa40%

N & C America

2%

South America

1%

World Groundnut Productionin 2003

Asia67%

Africa25%

N & C America

6%

South America

2%

Zoom the Pies





In India, 70% of the groundnut area and 75% of the production are concentrated in the four states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Most of the irrigated area under groundnut is in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra.

Source: http://agricoop.nic.in/statistics2003/chap4b.htm

State Area % of Total Production % of Total Yield % Irri. Area(Million ha) Area (Million tonnes) Production (kg/ha)

Gujarat 1.92 30.00 2.71 37.59 1412 9.60Tamil Nadu 0.77 12.08 1.33 18.48 1724 35.00

Andhra Pradesh 1.69 26.42 1.25 17.32 739 17.30Karnataka 0.86 13.36 0.60 8.32 702 20.20

Maharashtra 0.43 6.70 0.49 6.82 1147 26.70

http://agricoop.nic.in/statistics2003/chap4b.htm





Groundnut growing area and mean yield in India 1996-1995 (ICRISAT). Source: http://ugamp.nerc.ac.uk/hot/ajc/ajc.htm

http://ugamp.nerc.ac.uk/hot/ajc/ajc.htm





Reasons for low groundnut yields in India

• Low plant population because of

• high cost of seed,

• small and marginal farmers cannot afford the seed costs,

• small farmers do not want to invest on seeds as the crop is exposed to vagaries of rainfall leading to uncertain yields,






• Low plant population because of

• most of the farmers use local seed which may be of poor quality,

• being a rainfed crop lack of optimum soil moisture at the time of sowing affects germination,

• non-adoption of seed treatment against seed- borne diseases may lead to decay and death of seed/seedling.






• Cultivated in marginal and poor soils of low fertility status,

• Farmers rarely apply fertilizers fearing crop loss due to failure of rains,

• Multi nutrient deficiencies also contribute towards the decline in yields in many groundnut growing areas,






• Use of complex fertilizers lead to deficiencies of Calcium and Sulfur affecting the yields,

• No irrigation facilities to protect the crop from soil moisture deficit during breaks in rainfall during monsoon season,

• Neglected weed, insect pests and disease control.





Scenario of diseases in groundnut crop

Diseases are major constraints to groundnut production through out the world.

In general diseases cause 40 to 60% yield loss.

The major yield loss come from fatal diseases like bud necrosis.

Although, many diseases infect the crop, only a few cause significant reduction in yields.






A large number of diseases in groundnut crop are caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes. With exceptions they are widely distributed.

All parts of groundnut plants are attacked by these disease causing organisms.






Diseases leading to aflatoxin contamination of pods and kernels are very injurious to the health of livestock and human beings.

Aflatoxins have become the subject of concern in agriculture, as well as in animal and human health on a global scale.

With this, the Lesson 1 on Importance of Groundnut concludes.

Next, Lesson 2 provides brief information about growth of groundnut plant.

Select Lesson 2 in Module I contents.




Groundnut center of origin (solid line), area of intensive cultivation (dotted line) and areas of maximum Cultivation (colored).

Source: Weiss 2000

World Groundnut Area in 2003

Asia57%

Africa40%

N & C America

2%

South America

1%

World Groundnut Productionin 2003

Asia67%

Africa25%

N & C America

6%

South America

2%

after completing this lesson, you have learned to: describe the importance of groundnut. locate...

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