affluence of balancing pranayama on stress metrics …

AFFLUENCE OF BALANCING PRANAYAMA ON STRESS METRICS AMONG

WORKING WOMEN DURING THE COVID 19

A. Amrutha1, M. Phil, S. Alagesan

2, Ph.D.

1Research Scholar, Centre for Yoga Studies, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India,

2Associate prof, Dept. of Physical Education, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

Yoga Shastra, the science of Yoga, first enunciated by Sage Patanjali, is one of the greatest

contributions of India to the world, in the sphere of maintaining good health and peaceful living.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of women in locked-down

companies remains obscure. This study aimed to explore affluence factors for the psychological

impact of COVID-19 on working women in Tamilnadu. Methods: Seventy-five healthy working

employee of IT companies age above 25 years and older were recruited to participate in this

study. Participants practice a Nadisuddhi Pranayama were made to home practice for 8 weeks.

Affect and stress were assessed before and after yoga session. Participants signed informed

consents, liability waivers, and health screenings. Self-reports of home practice, barriers to

practice, stress was assessed by A. Demographic Data Section B. Modified Daily hassles stress

scale, and pre-test and post test were tested by using paired ‘t’ test. The completed ‘t’ value

8.916 (p>0.001) indicates that there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test

stress score. Thus, it clearly shows that Practice of Balancing Pranayama (Nadisuddhi) was

effective in decreasing the stress level.

Key Words. yoga, pranayama, mind-body therapies, stress, covid-19

Introduction

Yoga is an ancient discipline focusing on the union of the mind and body. (Ananda, 1981,

reprinted 2001; Bryant, 2009), has recently become the focus of rigorous research. Yoga has

generated much interest within the scientific community regarding its physiological and

psychological benefits, including its power as a healing modality. According to the Annual

Periodic Labor Force Report of 2017-18 (National Statistical Office, 2019), only 22.8% of the

High Technology Letters

Volume 27, Issue 10, 2021

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Indian workers are in regular wage or salaried employment. Further, 71.1% of the regular wage

employees have no written job contract, while 49.6% of regular wage employees are not eligible

for any form of social security. With restrictions on economic activities, it is this significantly

large segment of workers who have got hit the hardest (Economic Times, April 8, 2020). Yoga is

an ancient physical and mental practice that may affect mood and stress. However, rigorous

studies examining the psychological effects of yoga are rare in peer reviewed Western journals.

Yoga, one of the oldest fitness plans designed to promote health, combines exercise principles

with mild exertion. Yoga may down-regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and the

sympathetic nervous system, resulting in physical and mental well-being (Ross & Thomas,

2010).

Stress

Stress is a universal phenomenon that has become a global public health issue due to the

documented detrimental effects of stress on mental, physical, and psychological health (Chong,

Tsunaka, Tsang, Chan, & Cheung, 2011). Uncontrolled stress, frequently accompanied by

anxiety, has a negative impact on quality of life and is associated with increased suffering and

number of doctor visits (Sharma, 2013). Stress can increase an individual's vulnerability to

chronic disease by decreasing immune function; additionally, stress is a risk factor for

cardiovascular disease and hyper tension, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic pain, and other

conditions (Chong et al., 2011; Sharma, 2013). Mind-body interventions, a category of

complementary and integrated therapies that has been investigated increasingly over the past

three decades, include yoga and meditation as a means to enhance awareness and the self-

regulation of stress (Riley & Park, 2015; Pascoe & Bauer, 2015).

Pranayama

Pranayama involves regulation of breath and conscious deep breathing that stimulates pulmonary

stretch receptors (Jerath, Edry, Barnes, & Jerath, 2006). Pranayama and asana practice also

stimulate heightened mindfulness, conscious awareness, and intensified focus of the practitioners

on their bodies, self-contemplation, and meditation (Shelov, Suchday, & Friedberg, 2009).

Pranayama, the yogic art of breathing, comes from the root words prana and ayama. Prana means



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"life force" and ayama means 'expansion, manifestation, or prolongation." The practice of

pranayama therefore is the practice of expanding our own prana so that it harmonizes with the

universal prana. This results in oneness or merging of a person's own consciousness with

universal consciousness. It is in this union that we realize we are not simply a limited physical

body, but are, in fact, an immortal spirit.

Nudisuddhi pranayama: This technique, which is also called "alternate nostril breathing" or

anuloma-viloma or balancing pranayam is performed by sitting in the appropriate posture and

inhaling through the left nostril (ida), followed by retention, and exhalation through the right

nostril (pingala). The process is repeated beginning with inhalation through the right nostril,

followed by retention and exhalation through the left nostril. This pranayama is often considered

to be the most basic type and the most effective for purifying the nadis. Though texts like the

Hatha-Pradipika mention that one should purify the Nadi is before performing Pranayama, they

do not describe any breathing practice different from Pranayama and which can be called

Nadisuddhi. It is only Vasistha who give a correct procedure for the purification of Nadis which

is controlled inspiration and expiration without Kumbhaka. Alternate nostril breathing increases

prana. Its effect on tejas is mild in the short term; however, excessive practice will still stoke the

fine of tejas. It is considered the best pranayama practice for individuals of vata constitution as it

is gentle and creates calm. In healthy individuals it pacifies vata and is neutral to pitta and kapha.

A study to assess the effect of rhythmic breathing as a IT intervention. This article was created to

assess the IT employee to better understand the non-pharmacologic benefits of Pranayama or

rhythmic breathing as a IT intervention. It is integral to art of IT practice and can facilitate

comfort healing in the hospitalized patients. The method of practice is described. Rhythmic

breathing may serve as a beneficial adjuvant IT intervention. This provides a overview of

occupational stress as it affects working employee on approaches for reducing the negative

effects of job stress during the period of Covid 19.

Methods

The present study was aimed to assess the level of stress of working women Non Probability

purposive sampling at the IT companies, Tamilnadu. One group pre-test and post-test quasi



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experimental design, demographic variables age, religion, education, place of living, marital

status, number of and monthly income. To evaluate the efficacy of Balancing Pranayama

[Nadisuddhi] on Stress metrics.

Data Collection Instruments

Method of data collection includes development of tool, testing of validity and reliability and

data collection procedure. Tools are the instruments used by the researcher to collect the data. A

modified stress scale was used by the investigator for the data collection.

Target Population All the working women selected IT companies in Tamil Nādu as per inclusive and exclusive criteria

Socio demographic characters of working

women

Level of stress among working women at Selected

IT companies before practice pranayama

Effectiveness of pranayama on reduction of stress

among working women at selected IT companies

Sampling & Sampling Size Non probability

purposive sampling & n=75

Chi square test Mean, SD, mean% and paired “t” test

Result & Discussion

Non-Random sampling

Level of Stress



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Description and Development of the Tool

Modified Daily hassle tool of Kohn P M and Macdonald J E 1992 was used for the study. The

tool was developed based on the followings; Based on Personal experience in the clinical setting,

Review of related literature, and consulted with subject experts. Part I: Demographic data, and

Part II: Modified Daily hassles stress scale of stress.

It consists of 36 items. In this part there are 27 psycho-social and 9 work related events and

situations were selected from the Daily hassles stress scale. Questions were formulated as a scale

likely in the standardized tool.

Preparation of the Blueprint

A blueprint was prepared prior to the construction of Psycho-social and occupational symptoms

related to stress scale based on which, the items were developed. Psycho-social Domain {75

percent} and Occupational Domain {25 percent}.

Content Validity

Validity refers to a complex concept which broadly concerns the soundness of the study’s

evidence, that is, whether the findings are cogent and convincing and well ground. Modified

Daily hassle rating scale of stress was submitted to experts along criteria for validating the tool.

There was 100 percent agreement on all items, but suggestions were given to modify certain

question and the modifications were then made in the tool.

Criteria Checklist

Criteria checklist was prepared to evaluate the Tool.

Steps Involved in Pranayama Intervention

- Training in Pranayama.

- Demonstration of Pranayama



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- Re-demonstration of Pranayama

Content in Pranayama Intervention Teaching Aids (Nadi-Suddhi)

The purpose of Pranayama is to purify the nerves and thereby to strengthen and balance the

nervous system. It is as easy to do as it is useful. Increase the duration gradually after attaining

the concentration of mind. Sit in any comfortable posture: Padmasana, Siddhasana or Sukhasana.

Make your breathing normal. Close your right nostril with your thumb and fill in the breath

through the left nostril. When the breath has been filled inside, close the left nostril with your

third finger and stay in this state of Antrik Kumbhaka for a few seconds. Then lift the thumb

from the right nostril and exhale slowly, keeping the left nostril closed and stay in this state of

Bahir Kumbhaka.

Results

The data is presented under the following sections

Section I: In this section the description of socio demographic characteristics of the subject is

drawn, and its percentage analysis has been done.

Section II: The descriptive statistics such as mean and SD were calculated to average out the pre

and post-test Stress scores.

Section III: This section deals with the association between the pre-test Stress scores and

selected variables, and Domains of the stress scale with Pre-test and Post-test level of stress and

its association.

Section –I:

Demographic characteristics of the subjects

Classification of Respondents by Age, Marital status, Type of family, Education, Experience,

Income, Working hours, Source of information and Health status.

Table – 1: Distribution of respondents by age N=75



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Age No %

a) < 25 years 2 2.67

b) 26 -35 years 53 70.67

c) 36 – 45 years 19 25.33

d) 46 & above 1 1.33

Figure 1: Age in years in percentage distribution

Table – 1 and Figure- 1 reveals that majority of the participants 53 (70.67 Percent) were in the

age group of 26-35 years, followed by 19 (25.33 Percent) in the age group of 36-45 years, 2

(2.67 Percent) in the age group of <25 years and 1 (1.33 Percent) in the age group of 46 & above

in study group.

Table – 2: Distribution of respondents by Marital Status N=75

Marital Status No %

a) Married 40 53.33

b) Unmarried 20 26.67

c) Separated 14 18.67

d) Divorced/widow 1 1.33

2.67%

70.67%

25.33%

1.33%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Married Unmarried Separated Divorced / Widow

Percentage



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Figure 2: Marital Status in percentage distribution

Table –2 and Figure-2 reveals that majority of participants 40 (53.33 Percent) were married, 20

(26.67 Percent) were unmarried, 14 (18.67 Percent) of them separated and 1 (1.33 Percent) was

divorced.

Table –3: Distribution of respondents by Type of family N=75

Type of family No %

a) Nuclear family 52 69.33

b) Joint family 23 30.67

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Married Unmarried Separated Divorced /

Widow

Percentage

53.33%

Percentage

18.67%

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage

1.33%

Percentage

Percentage

Percentage 26.67%

Percentage



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Figure 3: Type of family in percentage distribution

Table –3 and Figure -3 reveals that majority of participants 52 (69.33 Percent) are living

in nuclear family and 23 (30.67 Percent) are living in joint family.

Table – 4: Distribution of respondents by Education N=75

Education No %

a) Under graduate 48 64.00

b) Post graduate 27 36.00

69.33%

30.67%

0 0

Type of family

Nuclear family

Joint family



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Figure 4: Education in percentage distribution

Table –4 and Figure -4 reveals that majority of participants 48 (64.00) are under

graduates and 27 (36.00) are post graduates.

Table – 5: Distribution of respondents by Experience N=75

Experience No %

a) < 1 year 2 2.67

b) 1 – 5 years 42 56.00

c) 6 – 10 years 27 36.00

d) 11 – 15 years 4 5.33

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Married Unmarried Separated Divorced / Widow

64%

36%

Percentag

e



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Figure 5: Experience in percentage distribution

Table –5 and Figure-5 reveals that majority of the participants 42 (56.00 Percent) are

between 1-5 years of experience, 27 (36.00 Percent) are between 6-10 years, 4 (5.33 Percent) are

between 11-15 years of experience and 2 (2.67 Percent) of them has less than 1 year of

experience.

Table – 6: Distribution of respondents by Income N=75

Income No %

a) < 10000 11 14.67

b) 10001-15,000 22 29.33

c) 15001-20,000 18 24.00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

<1 year 1- 5 years 6 -10 years 11- 15 years

Percentage

56

%

36

%

5.33

%2.67

%



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d) 20,001 & above 24 32.00

Figure 6: Income in percentage distribution

Table –6 and Figure -6 reveals that majority of the participants 24 (32.00 Percent) receive

the income of Indian rupees 20,001 & above, 22 (29.33 Percent) receives between Rs 10,001-

15,000, participants of 18 (24.00 Percent) receives between Rs 15,001-20,000 and 11 (14.67

Percent) of them receive <10,000 Rs.

Table – 7 Distribution of respondents by Working hours N=75

Working Hours No %

a) 6 – 8 hours 20 26.67

b) 9 – 10 hours 30 40.00

14.67%

29.33%

24%

32%

<10000

10001- 15000

15001 - 20000

20001 and above



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c) 11 – 12 hours 25 33.33

Figure 7: Working hours in percentage distribution

Table –7 and Figure-12 reveals that majority of the participants 30 (40.00 Percent) works

for 9-10 hours, 25 (33.33 Percent) works for 11-12 hours and 20 (26.67 Percent) of them works

for 6-8 hours per day.

Table – 8: Distribution of respondents by Source of Information N=75

Source of Information No %

a) Television 1 1.33

b) Internet 47 62.67

c) News paper 27 35

d) Any other media 0 0

26.67%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

6- 8 hours 9- 10 hours 11 - 12 hours

40

% 33.33%



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Figure 8: Source of Information in percentage distribution

Table –8 and Figure-8 reveals that majority of the participants 47 (62.67 Percent) use

internet as the source of information, News paper is the next choice by 27 (35 Percent) of them,

only 1 (1.33 Percent) reported that she spent time for watching television and none reported any

other media apart from the mentioned.

Table – 9: Distribution of respondents by Health Problems N=75

Health Problems No %

a) Recent surgery 1 2

b) Fracture 2 3

c) Back pain 32 42.67

1.33%

62.67%

35%

0%

Source of Information

Television

Internet

News Paper

Any other media



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d) Healthy 40 53.33

Figure 9: Health problems in percentage distribution

Table –9 and Figure-9 reveals that majority of the participants 40(53.33 Percent) are

healthy, 32 (42.67 Percent) suffer from back pain, 2 (3 Percent) participants had the history of

fracture and 1 (1.33 Percent) undergone recent surgery for appendicitis.

Section-II Table – 10: Assessment of Pre-test level of stress among working employee. N=75

Domain

Level of Stress

Mild Stress (<50%) Moderate stress (50- 75%) Severe Stress (>75%)

No % No % No %

Stress 2 2.67 45 60.00 28 37.33

2% 3%

42.67%53.33%

Health Problems

Recent Surgery

Fracture

Back Pain

Healthy



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Figure 10: Pre-test Level of stress percentage distribution

2.67%

60%

37.33%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Mild S tres s Moderate S tres s S evere S tres s

Table – 10 and Figure 10 reveals the pre-test level of stress among working employee in

percentage.

Table – 11- Efficacy of Pranayama on Stress Management N=75

Domain

Level of Stress

Mild Stress Moderate stress Severe Stress

No % No % No %

Stress 52 69.33 23 30.67 2 1.8



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Figure – 11: Efficacy of Pranayama on Stress Management

Table – 11 and Figure 11 reveals the Efficacy of Pranayama on Stress Management among

working employee in percentage.

Table – 12: Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of stress.

N=75

Domain Mean SD Mean% Range t' test

Pre- test 74 13.43 68.52 51-99

8.91S***

Post- test 49.31 11.82 45.66 34-77

S= Significant S*= P>0.05 level S**P>0.01 level S*** p>0.001 level

69.33%

30.67%

1.8%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Mild Stress Moderae Stress Severe Stress



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Table – 12 reveals the pre-test stress score mean (Percent) 68.52 and post-test mean

(Percent) 45.66 this shows that the difference of 22.86 Percent i.e. reduction in stress level after

practice of pranayama with paired ‘t’ test 8.916 and it is significant at 0.001levels.

Section - III

Table -13: Association of post- test level of stress with selected demographic

variables

S.no

Demographic

Variables

No %

Level of Stress

Chi-square

Mild Stress

Moderate

Stress

Severe

Stress

No % No % No %

1 Age

a) < 25 years 2 2.67 2 2.67 0 0.00 0 0 10.91

b) 26 -35 years 53 70.67 32 42.67 21 28.00 0 0 df 3

c) 36 – 45

years

19 25.33 18 24.00 1 1.33 0 0 S*

d) 46 & above 1 1.33 0 0.00 1 1.33 0 0

2 Marital Status

a) Married 40 53.33 24 32.00 16 21.33 0 0 3.71

b) Unmarried 20 26.67 16 21.33 4 5.33 0 0 df 3

c) Separated 14 18.67 11 14.67 3 4.00 0 0 N.S



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d)

Divorced/widow

1 1.33 1 1.33 0 0.00 0 0

3 Type of family

a) Nuclear family 52 69.33 40 53.33 12 16.00 0 0 5.03

b) Joint family 23 30.67 12 16.00 11 14.67 0 0 df 1 S*

4 Education

a) Under

graduate

48 64.00 33 44.00 15 20.00 0 0 4.59

b) Post

graduate

27 36.00 19 25.33 8 10.67 0 0 df1S*

5 Experience

a) < 1 year 2 2.67 1 1.33 1 1.33 0 0 3.43

b) 1 – 5 years 42 56.00 27 36.00 15 20.00 0 0 df 3

c) 6 – 10 years 27 36.00 22 29.33 5 6.67 0 0 N.S

d) 11 – 15 years 4 5.33 2 2.67 2 2.67 0 0

6 Income

a) < 10000 11 14.67 8 10.67 3 4.00 0 0 0.22

b) 10001-

15,000

22 29.33 15 20.00 7 9.33 0 0 df 3

c) 15001-

20,000

18 24.00 13 17.33 5 6.67 0 0 N.S

d) 20,001 & 24 32.00 16 21.33 8 10.67 0 0



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above

7 Working Hours

a) 6 – 8 hours 20 26.67 13 17.33 7 9.33 0 0 0.26

b) 9 – 10 hours 30 40.00 21 28.00 9 12.00 0 0 df 2

c) 11 – 12

hours

25 33.33 18 24.00 7 9.33 0 0 N.S

8 Source

ofInformation

a) Television 1 1.33 1 1.33 0 0.00 0 0

b) Internet 47 62.67 31 41.33 16 21.33 0 0 0.97

c) News paper 27 35 20 26.67 7 9.33 0 0 df 2

d) Any other

media

0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 N.S

9 Health Problems

a) Recent

surgery

1 2 1 1.33 0 0.00 0 0 2.1

b) Fracture 2 3 1 1.33 1 1.33 0 0 df 3

c) Back pain 32 42.67 20 26.67 12 16.00 0 0 N.S

d) Healthy 40 53.33 30 40.00 10 13.33 0 0

N.S= Not Significant, S= Significant S*= Significant at P>0.05 level S**= P>0.01 level S***

significant at P>0.001 level



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Table-13 findings reveals that the chi-square values of, Marital Status (χ 2= 3.71),

Experience (χ 2= 3.43), Income/m (χ 2= 0.22), Working hours (χ 2= 0.26), Source of information

(χ 2=0.97) and Health problems (χ 2=2.1) were not significant. It shows that that few selected

variables like Age (χ 2= 10.91*), Type of family (χ 2= 5.03*), and Education (χ 2=4.59*) are

significant.

Table -14: Association of Domains with Pre-test level of stress N=75

Domain

Level of Stress

Mild Moderate Severe

No % No % No %

Psycho-social events and

situations 5 6.67 33 44 37 49.3

Work related events and

situations 2 2.67 63 84 10 13.3

Overall 2 2.67 45 60 28 37.3

Figure-12: The percentage distribution of domains with Pre-test level of stress



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Table- 14 and Figure - 12 reveals the percentage distribution of area domains of the stress

scale with the pre-test level of stress among working employee.

Table - 15: The association of Domains with Post-test level of stress N=75

Domain

Level of Stress

Mild Moderate Severe

No % No % No %


situations (psychosocial) 52 69.3 18 24 5 6.67


situations(Occupational) 63 84 12 16 0 0

Overall 52 69.3 23 30.67 0 0

Figure-13: The percentage distribution of domains with Post-test level of stress

Table- 15 and Figure - 13 reveals the percentage distribution of area domains of the stress

scale with the post-test level of stress among working employee.



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TABLE – 16: Comparison of pre-test and post-test level of stress with domains.

Domain

Pre test Post test

"t' test Mean SD Mean% Mean SD Mean%


situations 56.2 11.8 69.38 37.61 10.1 46.4 1.89*


situations 17.8 2.47 65.93 11.69 2.49 43.3 5.59***

Overall 74 13.4 68.52 49.31 11.8 45.7 8.91***

*P<0.05 level , **P<0.01 Level, ***P<0.001 level

Table – 16 reveals the pre-test and post-test level of stress along with Domains of the stress scale

and its significance.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study the below said conclusion were drawn. It also brings out the

limitations of the study in picture. The implication are given on the various aspect like IT

Education, IT Practice, IT Research and IT administration and it also insight in the future studies.

• The stress level of the Working employee had increased when assessed during pre-test,

where as the stress score had decreased during post-test.

• Practice of Pranayama (Nadi-Suddhi) was effective in decreasing the level of stress of

working employee. The significant difference between Pre-test and Post-test stress score was

demonstrated by using ‘t’ test. The analysis of mean, Standard deviation of the stress score in



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Pre-test and Post- test revealed that the percentage of mean Pre-test stress score was 68.52,

whereas Post-test percentage of mean stress score was 45.66. This shows high mean difference

(22.86) in the effective practice of Pranayama (Nadi-Shodana). Overall assessment wise finding

revealed that the efficacy of the practice of Pranayama (Nadi-Shodana) decrease the stress level

in post-test test stress score when compared with pre-test stress score.

• This study proved that there was no significant association between the pre-test stress

score and selected variables, such as marital status, Experience, Income, working hours, Source

of information and Health problems. Whereas there is significant association between pre-test

stress score and selected variables like Age, Type of family and education. The chanting of the

prayer is being evaluated along with ‘pranayama’ breathing exercises from yoga as a pilot study

to assess inflammatory markers in hospitalised Covid-19 patients at the All-India Institute of

Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Rishikesh, under the ICMR.

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