AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELICI

ILLUS TRAT IONS

OF THE

AFFINITY OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE

TO THE

GAELIC OR CELTIC OF SCOTLAND~

BY

TH OS . STRATT O N ,

Doctor of i\l edlcme or the U nlver:;I:Y of Ed inburgh . LH'entHl.te of the Hoy.lr ' '')1I1!!( of 8urgt!CJns of Edinuurgh.

HER ~L\.mSTY·S SIll!' NIAGARA.

TORONTO :

PRiNTED BY HUGH SCOBIE, WELLINGTON BUILDiNGS.

1840.

TO THE

REV. DR. FORBES,

P~OFESSOR OF HTJMANITY IN KING'S COLLEGE Al\D

UNIVERSITY, ABERDEEN,

fIlL FOLLOWIl\G PAGES ARE RESPECTFULLY lNSClllllED D'"

THE AUTHOR,

,\FFJ;'>llTY Of:<' 'I'll E L\' TIN TU TIlE G,\ELIC.

THE darkness of early l,i5tory may in some cases be lessened by the JiJJt of ety· mological research. "The similitude antI derivation of languages affurd the mo~t indubitable proof of the traduction of nations, and the genealogy of mankind. They often add physical eertninty to historical evidence, and often sllpply the only evidence of ancient migrations and of the revolutions of ages, which left no written monuments behind them,"1\' and the assertioTI'3 of those writers who disbelie"ve the Dible account of the creation of man, have been in part answered by a comparison of the different languages of the earth, in the learned work of Dr. Prichard.t In the follov;ing memoire pour servir, on the affinity of the Celtic and Latin, I confine my examination of the Celtic to one of its branches, namelY-lhe Gldic, or that spoken in 1839 in the Highlands and \Vestern Isles of Scotland; the words introJucecl are in modern use with about six exceptions, and may be fotm.l ill the Gaelic Dictionary by Dr. Macleod and Principal Dewar-(2nd edit. Edinb.' 1833.)

It used formerly to be sa'd that the Latin was merely a diakct of the Greek, hut it is evident that a small part only of the language can be referred to a hellenic saure E'.

'Vhen we reflect that the Celt", the fi"t inhahitants of EUrope, parrly retired before the races which followed them and partly iDtf'l'minglrcl with those r<l('e~, \YC

maya priori suppose that some part of the Celtic langua&p was adopted by the foreign tribes which settled in the ancient po~s('s~i()n., of the Cf'lts; 28 in morc modern times the Normans in South Britain adoptC'd a great pal't of the langunge of the Saxons, who preceded them in the conqu('st of Ihnt pnrt of tll!~ i,danu; and as it seems probable that foreigners arrj"ing in a cuuntry would aJopt sume of the name's given to the hills and rivers by the original inhabit""t-, we may contrast r his probahility with the fact, that in the Suuth of Scotlanrl, the names of many of tlJ(~ lJill-;, riH~rs and natural divisions of the conntryare Ga:Jic, hu\'iug been ret~incd by the 8axons who succeeded the G,e! in those parts.

In the following pages, it will he found, that the abo\'e two theories rf>gardin.g common words and proper names are marrir,d to their cO! rE'sponding facts; it will be seen that the Latin words signifying such objpcts as sc,-)~ earth, ["il', &e" and domestic animals, &c. have the same sound as their G,plic ~'(luiva18nts; ancl that rlle names uf many of the mountains and rivol's of italy have almost unubjectionable dr'tivutions provided for them from the G,rlic, while the Latin language or the Greek may be searched in vain for this purpose.

In this cs,uy my objects o.re:-lst, To enqllire if there be o.llY ulliniry iJelwixt the Gfelic and Latin. 2nd, To examino LllQ amount uf tlw aHinity awl to' considl'f which language is the more ancient, anJ the source of the athol'. 3rd, To apply tb,_, same to history.

'" Dr. Srun. Joh(l20n ,n 'l 10l1rr In ~~lI ~"-'lJ IlruTIHwluri-Llf' ]" Gl':'wdl, '-oL -, r :;~.

t rjlys:~J.J [l;.-;1'Jlr!li ",1",1-)1,1 ('(ll{, L'Jl1'lon 1~';'i.

AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC.

The first question mentioned above is negatived by Valls Kennedy;" with reGurd tu the ::!nd, I lear. to the opinion that the Latin is three-fourths deriv~d teom thv Celtic; with respect to the 3rd head of inquiry, it may be supposed that dop early inhabitants of Rome were Celts.

:.'Irany uf the Latin words hereafter mentioned have been derived from the Greek. but again theso Greek words are deriveable from the Celtic, so that thl' ql.W:!~Cl') r,l the Cdtic origin of these words remains the sume.

r shull now enter in medias res and contrast the two vocalmlal'lc"-

ALerra, Gf,i!il'! iarraidh, wander. Abalieno, g eile, another. Abedo, g ith, eat. Abripio, g reub. tcnr. Abactu" g achd. Abdic"tio, g deuchd. _\bigo, g achd. Abrumpo, g reub, tear. Absimilis, g amhuil, like. Abstineo, g teann, teusc. Ac, g agus, and. ~\ccipio, g do, to i gabh, take. Accendo, g cana, \\ihito. Acclumo, g do, to; glaodh, call. Acclino, g daon, incline. Accommodo, g do, tOj co, to;-cther; modh, manner. Accredo, ({ do, to i creid, believe. Accreseo, !f ere, earth. Accubo. accumbo, g cub, bend. Accumulo, g do, tv; co, together; muD], a round object. Accuro, g curam, C3.re. Actio, actor, actus, g achd, do. _.\.ccuso, g cuis, a cause. Acer, aeerbus, acesco, acetum, ~ h Acidus, acrimonia, ncritudo, ) g gCUT, 8 arr· Ad. "do, to. Addico, g deachd, dictate. AJactio, g uchd . . "ddiviu<, g Did, God. Addo, g do, to. Ad-an intensive prefix, g ath, "c{)mmon intensive p:'efix, very. Adedo, g ath, intf'lls.; ith, eat. Admil'or, g do, to; mcur, finger. Admisceo, g nlcusg, mix. Admodum, g moJb, manner. Admolior, g mao1, 0. round object. Admoneo, [{ m('in, Inind. Adoleo) ad~leseo, adolesccba, f( 0], Jrink. ~\doro, adoratio, g clo, to; radb, speech, AJrepo. g crub, bend. Advena, g adunn (obsolete) a strunger. Advolo, g aile, air. Aer, aethcrcus, g athar, air.

~ On the Languages of .\sia. anu Europe, -Ho-Lontlon, 1,~-2';?

·\FFINlTY OF THE LATIN TO THE (~AELTC.

Aevum, aelu.s, aeternitas, g aai, aoidh, an age. Affectus, afficio, afiectio, g do, to; achd. Affero, g do, to; beir, carry. Agendus, agens, agilis, aglto, ago, g nehd, do. Aggrego, g do, to; greigh, a herd. Agnomen, g do, to; aium, a nanl€'. Agria, an ulcer, g geur, sharp. Agrarius, ager, gar, plough. Alius, g eile, another. Alendus, g 01, drink. Allando, g ath, very i lllaidh. mention, praise. Almus, a]o, g 01, drink. Aln, a tern1ination of adverbs signifying manner, ~

exempli gratia, clam ex cclo,gael. deidh 5 g modh, manner. Altariu5, altare, altus, altum, ( 'I IJiorrh. Altitudo, aIte, 5 gmt, Altivolans, g ailt, high; aile, wind. A-privative p"efix, in g the same. Amens, amentia, g a, priv.; mein, mind. Amnis, g amhuin, a river; hence many rivers in Britain receive the name of Avon. Arnniculus, g amhuin, river; caol, small. Amnigenus, g umhuin; gin, beget. Ancoo, angulus, augustia, g eang, a corner. Annumero, g do, to; aireamh, a number. Anima, animo, anill1al, animu!?, g anam, the soul. Animulus, g anam; caDI, little. An~a prefix signifyinl( with difficulty, g ana, a common prefix, with difficulty. Anhelo, g ana, with difficulty; aile, air. Annus r annalis, annona, g eang (obsolete) a year. A ppello, g do, to; buaill. strike. Apparto,. g do, to j beir, carry. Apprimus, g ath, inten,.; priomh, first, Aratia, aratar, gar, plough. Area, arceo, arcanus, g airc, a small chest. AreuIa, g aiL'C j caol, small. AIdmls, g ard, high.

9

The Latin in borrowing a word from the Celtic, sometimes drops initial t ex. grato ardeo from g tior, and initial! as ars from g feaft.

Area, ardeo, ardor, arena, g tior, dry. Argentum, g airgiod, silver. Arenula, g tior j caol, small. Arma, g airm, arms. Armifer, g airm i beir, carry. Arreetus, arrigor, g do, to j fuig, roach. Arripio, g do, to i reub, tear. Ars (originally power) the genitive ~ f t ffi nc

art~is is a more ancient form,* 5 gear, e c y. Arvalis, arvum, gar, plough. Ascribo, g do, to; sgriobh, write. As-a prefix from ad, signifying to, ex. grato aspiro, g do, to. As-a prefix from ex, signifying out of, ex. grato asp ella, g us, out of. Aspello, g as, out of; buaill, strike. Assilio, g do, to; ailt, high. Assideo, assessor, assiduitas, g do; suidh, sit. Aspicio, aspectus, g beachd, vision .

.., Ja€lkf'l'd Germanische Ursprung dN lateinisch~ sprache ulld de>:; roenllschen volkes, Brestv'-'l-1.3:)''-

B

10 AFFINIT Y OF THE LXfIN TO THE GAELIC.

Aruspex, g alhar, sky; benchel, viewing.

If nny one of the derivations gi\en, prove a stumlJling block to the render's conviction, he is I'l'fl11(·.,tcu to remember the observation of that great humanist, Lord MOl!bodrlo :-" \~e ought not to reject derivations of words from roots in other langnages, though the words do not agree in 1hoir consonants any more than in their vowels."1f-

Aspiro, :"spiratu:::. g sFread,· incite from a lost G,elic"root. A.~"imi1o, :i33imulo, g do, to; amhuil, like. Astituo, as to, g "Leidhich, establish. Attenuo, g tana, thin. Attribuo, g treubh, a tribe. Avius, g 0. 1 priv.; ttidhe, a way.

1~= ~ prefixes from ad, g do, to.

The Latin, in borrowing a word from the Celtic, araps initial s, ex. grato avc from saobh.

Ave, g 8[100h, well. Audio, g eisd, hear. Avello, :r peall, skin. Ayoco, g ~, pri\'.; focal, "wonl from a lost Gaelic root. Av~o, g H; aile,. air, wind. A~~, g athar, mr. All'IW!n, g Of, gold. Axilla, g achlais, the axilla. -as, a termination of abstract nouns, (g-as, a ("ammon termination of abstract

ex. grato Cal'lt3.S (GEeI cairdeas) 5 nouns. Aliltsmodi, g eile, another; modh, mannel. Allabens, g allabain, wandering. An, it' g an, if. Ast, from fit, g ach, but. Alhania, the kingdom of Scotland, "k' a coantry of Asia, in G([Iic;Albain from g

alp, high. Aminins, a river of Arcadia, g amhuin, a river. Albion, the island of Ent"in, ,~ alp, high. Amanus, a mountaill ill Syria, g nl0nadh, a hill. Alpes, g alp, high . . Armorica, g air, upon; nluir, the sea. Arabriga, a city of Spain) Ara-1H'iga, t g burg, a town~ -at7 ex. grato sanitut, sanitas, a termination of l. g achd, a common termination of

ab5tract nouns derived from adjectiv(':-. , abstract nouns. -ado, a termination of nouns, ex. gr'at. natatio (in g adh, a COlnmon termination

a notatus rQst part. of nota, 5 ex. grat:-oibl'c,tChadh (a noun.

ag olbreachaclh 5 pres. part. illr oibrcachadh past part.

Aventia, Avens! names of river.",; g anlbuin a liver. Antenlna, Antenna, g amhuin. A(·yis, Ath-esi'3, Aes-"-trus, Api-u·m, Ausar, names of rivers in Italy, g uisge,t water

(hence many rivers in Britain are called Esk.) Anio, a river fluwing into the Tiber, g amhuin. AlburmJ.':, a TfIu:Jl)tain LtlCaUlll, ,~' alp, high j bar, an eminence. -afiu5, a terminallon of udje('tivcs; t~X. ~ in t; OT, from Juhol', great) a comnlon

g! at, bOUt'ius, < termination of adjectives Ariminu:3, D.l'lVer uf Italy, g ani! a hL·iglit; amhuin, river.

i', Ofll?'in rulU f'ro~rcss (If J...Iang0:1G'fc 1 Vol. 1, p.4,"'8) edit. Edmb. J'ii~~. -i From Dr: Atf''{ander Mllrray, Europen.:tl Langunge6, Vol. 1, p.157. 1 From Wilham, In Trans, Roy "0[, Ed. Vol. XU!' p. 494, 1~3,

,\FFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIc

AJlti:;, a riVet' of Germany, ~. n.lp; uisge, water. Alba longa, Alba Crom being on the hill Albinu> or ve"sa vice, g alp, high. Albula, the ancient name of the Tiber from rising in the ~ . I

hills, alp; the Appeniues, beaurl, G",l. for hill, \ gap. Augustobriga, a city of Spain, Augusto.brig", g burg," a hill, a town, Astabri, a tribe in Spaiu, Ast,,·bri, g burg."

11

The Latin in borrowing wor<1a from the celtic, sometimes prefixes p as privl) from reub; pisci':> from 1LlS,:( j pro [rom roi; per from ro; plenus from lrm; change b into p as porto from ueir.

Bacca, g boc, any round object. Baccifer, g boc; ueir, carry. Baccula, g boc; caol, small. Baculum, g bacholl, a staff. Bacillum, g bacholl; caDI. Bal"ta, balistarium, g Imaill, throw. Balteus, g balt, a bolt. Rambalio, g baoth, low; beul, mouth. Baru, g baothair, a fool. Barbarus, go boruarra, wild. Bardus, bardaicus, g bard, a poet. Bat,~' baoth, low. Beatus, a bco, g bith, exi3ting j bith, exi3Wl1cC. Beatulus, g bith; caol. Bellator, bellax, bellum, g buaill, strike. Beo, g bith, everlasting. Bestia, g biast, a beast; it is doubtful whether this Latin word is dOl'!od fi'om lb"

G",]ic or vena "ie." Bestiola, g biast; caol. Blande, blalldus, g blanda, courteous. BoulIs, boar., boo, bas, g bo, ox, cow. Bracea, braccata, g briogais, ureeches. Bolus, a throw, g buaill, throw. Bolm, a mass, g ball, a round object. Buccula, g boc, a round objec t; caol, small. Bis-many of the compounds of LI':; arc in part of (T~]ic ong-m c:" gJ :J.[. lJl,-LC'n;,.

biduum, bimaris, biremhl J etc. g dend, di, o1uir, ramh~ ~tc. Bubulus, bubula, bucetllm, g bo, cow. Bucerus, g b01 corn, born. Bulla, bullo, bulJia, g ball, a roulld object. Bucolic8, bucoIicus, g bo, ox; coiileag, dialogue. Batillum, g bata, staff; caol. Beclesis, a river of Italy, Bed-esis, g uisge, " .... uLer. Britannia, g Breatunn, Britain. Bacchus, from .Iacchus, go eigh, a shout. Bi', from the Greek --, g da, two. Bicornis, g da j corn, horn. Biclini llm, g da; claoD, incline. Bicorpor, g da; corp, a body. Bicubhalis, [! cia; cub, bend. Biennis, g da; eang (obsolete) a year. Bifer, g da; beir, carry. Bifr~s, frons aJerendo, g da; beir, Bimater, g da; math air, mother. Bimestris, g da; mios, a momh, Bivius, g da; liidhe, a'vay,

* .From l\IlIIray) op. CIt.

12 AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC.

The Latin, in borrowing a word from the Celtic, sometimes changes b to c as percello, per-cello, from g buaill.

In the corrupt modern method Latin c is pronounced soft before the small vowel., in the Grelic as with the ancient Romans, it is alwdYs hard.

Caballus, g capull, a horse. Calx, calcarius, calculator, calculus, g cailc. Calendre, from calo (obsolete) call, g cail!, (obsolete) call. Calendre, from the Greek, g glaodh, shout. Calieo, callidus, g caill,. wisdom. Camelus, g camh-al, a crooked horse. * Camp ester, campus, g caimp, a camp.

To facilitate reference to any particular word, I follow in general, the alphabeti­cal order which accounts for the etymological order being at times violated, as in campester and campus.

Camurus1 g cam 1 crooked. Candela, cando, candor, ~ h' Candidatus, caneo, 5 g cana, w He. Candefacio, g cana; achd, do. Cannabis, g cainb, canvass. Canis, g cu; conn; caol, little. Canor, cantator, canto, cantus, g cainnt, speech Canus, g cana, white. Caper, caperatus. capero, g gabhar, a goat. Capesso, capio, g gabh, take. Capra, caprea, g gabhar, a goat. Capreolus, g gabhar; caol.. Capricornus, g gabhar corn, horn. Captatio, captio, capti:Wi§, capto, ~ g gabh, take; Captura, captus,. 5 gabhta, taken. Career, g earcair, a' prison. Caritas, g car, a friend; cairdeas, friendship. Carpentum, g carbad, a chariot. Carpo, carpor, carplUs, carpus, g crubadh, bending (as of the fingers.) Carptim, g crubadh; modh, manner. Carrum, carrUB, g'Caf, a chariot. Carus, g car, dear. Caseus, caseale, g caise, cheese. Cateia, g gath, a javelin. Catellus, g cu; caol, little. Caterra, g ceathearne, a multitude, band, &e.; this is the word cateran or freebooter'

hence the name of Loch Katrine, (Sir W. Scott.) , Causa, eansor, g cuis, a cause. Causula, g euis; eaol. Causidicus, g cuis; deachd, dictate. Cathedra, through the G;:eek, g cathair, a seat. Gelans, celator, celo, g cleidh, conceal. Centum, centuria, g ceud, a hundred. Centumviri, g ceud; fir, man. Celeber, g clin, praise; beir, bear. Cera, ceratus, cereusJ g ceir, wax. Cerastes l ceratitis, g corn, a horn. Cerasus, a 6erasunte urbe, g corn, a horn. Cerda, g ceard, a small trader; in Scottish cmrd Charitas, charns, g car, a friend. ,~ Chirographium, g coir (obsolete), the hand; grabh, write,

• From the Diction. Scoto-Celtic, 410, E<linb. 1"".8.

AFFINlTY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC. '[3

Certu8, certa, certamen, cerno, <. . h Cernw), cernuus, 5 g CE'art, rIg t. Chorda, g corn, a cord. Chorus, g cor, music. Cingulum, cingo, cinctura, g ceuugal, a girdle. Circum-muny of the words with which circum is compounded aro derived from the

G",lic. Cithara, cnbarizo, g ceathar, a harp. Cista, cisterna, g cist, a chest. Cistula, single dIminutive, g cist; caDI. Cistellula, double diminutIVe, g cist j caul j caol. Cistlfer, cistophol'llS, g Ci5t j beir, carry. Clades, g claoidh, misfortune. CI:tm, a celo, S( cleidh, conceal; lTIodh, manner. Clamatol', clan~ito, clamor, g gluoc1h, call. Clathrus, clathro, g cleath. Claudo, claudor, c1audico, clavi,;, claudia nus, ~ I 'db I Clausus, clausum, clausula, ~ g C (21 ,concea. Clepo, g cluip, steal. eliens, clienta, g cliamhuin, a client, pronounced duin. Clinamen, clinicus, clino, g elaon, incline. Cluclo, eludor, p: cleic1h, conceal. Clueo, g c1iu, fame. Co-. col-, com-, eon-, cor-, in g co-, and coml1-, are in common use as

prefixe.:5, signifying together. Cognomen, g co; ainm, name. Collando, g co j luajdh, nlention', praise. Coeo, g co; uidhe, a way. Cogo, cogito, cogitans, g co; aehd. Collal'e, collum, g caol, narrow. Colluceo, g co; leuo, light. Collatio, collatus, g co; 100mh, hand. Colluca, cut down a grove, a lucus quo a ~ I r It

(non) lucendo ex luceo. S g eus, Igl 0

Columba, g columan, a dove. Colum, g caol! narrow. Colulllen, columis, columnarii, columella, g caol, narrow. Comedo, comesus, g co j ith, eat. Comes, comitatus, comitia, comitor, go co; uidhe, a way. Comis, comitas, g caonlh, mild. Comminuo, g CO; TIle an, small. Cornmeo, i. e. con~meo, i. e. eo, g uidh8. Commercium, g CO; margadb, dealing. Commiles, g co; mileadb, a soldier. Commlsceo, g co j measg. mix. ConlIDodus, commodo, g co; modb, manner. Commorior, deponent, g co; mort, active, kill. Communis communitas, communico, communicatio, g co 7 mavin, wealth. Compello, g co; buaill, drive. Compesco, ex con et pasco, g co j ho, a cow. Compilo, compilatio, g co; peal!. Concelebro, g co; cli,ll., praise; beir, carry. Concaco, g co; cao. Concalleo, g ciall, wisdom. Concenturio, g co; ceud, a hundred. 'Concentus, concentio, g co; cainnt, speech . • Conceptio, conceptlls (pronouncen (;oneaptu;), .15 co; g~bhta, tal,en.

(.

IS AFFINITY OF THE LATE\ 1'0 THE GAELIC.

Equus, g each, a horse. 'it­Eo, p" uiclhe, a way. EugcIlia, through the Greek, g agh, joy; gin, beget. Erythraeus, g ruaidh, red. -ellula, a terrnin.ation of double diminutives, (g c1st,. chest; caol,

ex. grato Clstellula, 5 small, caDI. Equiria, g each, a horse. Epidauru~l, a seaport of Pvlopennesus, (g duir, water.

Ep,-daurum, 5 Edonus, a hill of Thrace; hence Edon:s, Edoni, Eelonus, g dun, a hill,

The Latin, in adopting a word from tbe Celtic, sometimes prefixes f as facio from g aclld; changes b to J as frater from g Grath air, fera from beir.

Faba, g fClob, a bean. Fero, fero~;:, fertilis, g oeir, carry. Facio, fucinl1~, faeilis, factio, g aehd, do. -fer, a termination at adjectives, signifyin§," to Ci-lrry, ex. grato armifer, g beir, carry. Ferns, ferox, g fearg-, anger. Fi, be thou, g bith, be. Finga, a facio, fletio, figura, g aehel. Flaccus, Haccidus, g pIoe, hanging do\vn~ Foclio, ~ forl, turf. For, fat~ll" g radh, speech. Fortis, fortitudo, g f("art, virtue. Frater, g brathail", a brother. Frigo, frigid us, g reodh, freeze. Frobs, a ferondo. g beir, carry. Fundus, fundo, g fod, turf. G-, in Gaelic is always pronounced hard Lefore the smftll vowels,t wbiell perhaps

TI1ay be considered a proof that it was so pronounced by the Romans. Gens, gentilis, g cinneadh, a fan1ily, clan. Galbanus, galbanum, g geal and ban, white. Gannio, g eu, genitive conn, a dog. Gena. gener(}~ generalis, generosus, g-igno, genitura, {()' . b Germen, germinu, genuinus, S tJ gm, eget. Glacies, g geal, white. Gladius, g cbidheamh, a sword; the French glaive and Scotch "clay"-more. Gloria, g gloir, glory. Grabatus, g crubadh, bending. Granda, granum, g gran, grain. Graphium, grammatica, through tho Greek, g grabb, write; grabhaI, engrave. Gratus., gratia, g gradh, affection. Grex, grcgarius, g gre-igh, a herd. Gula, g caDI, naif ow . Gyrus, through the Greek, g cnairt, a circuit. Gallicus, Gallia, Galatia, g Grelig, Gael, perhaps from coille, a wood. The Celtic

languages of Scotland are tbree in number:-l. The Gaelic hOW spoken in the I-hghbnds. ::!. The Galwegian or the extinct language of Stl'1lthclyde and Galloway, which more resembles the ",,rebh than the Gaelic. 3. The Manx. Every Highlander regrets that theft..! is not a Professorship of Gcelit; in anyone of the five Universities of Scotland. Equal disgrace attaches to Trinity College, Dublia, for not having a Professor of hish.

Galccsus, name of a river; Gal-cesus, g uisge. water.- lVilliams. Garumna, a river of Gaul, g garbh, rough; amhuin, a river.-Jlacphe?·Mn,

.if< From the Dictionanum Scoto-CelticuITI 1 4to. Edinb. 1828. t See the excellent Gttlic Pronouncing Dictionary by l\'iacaJpinfJ1 ]835.

AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC. 17

r g garbh, rough; beann, a hill; monadh, a mountain.

'Grampii montes, mountains of Scotland, hodie the Grampians.

I

l Gratire, g gradh, love, affection.

1 2;J 4 5 6 Grampii montes,

1 Gra, from garbh, 2 m, euphonire gratia before p,

" pii, from beann, a hill, 4

mon, from monadh, 5 t6 euphoni.:e gratia after n,

ee, " plural termination not derived from tbe Grelie.

Gpbenna, a mountain of Gaul, g beann, a hill. Gry~us, a name of Apollo, hence the (g grian, the SUD,

name of ~e town of Grynaeum. 5 (High!. Soc's Dict'y.) Glaucus, g glas, gt'PY. Gratianopolis, g gradh; baile. Hora, g uair, time', an hour: no Gcpllc word begin.., with h. H umilis, g umhail, humble. Heri, g lar, after i di, day. HODnI', hont:stus, g anair, honor. Hydrophoria, g doir (obsolete) water; beir, carry. Hydrus, hydra, hydria, g doir. Hesperus,t\tesperia, Hesperides, g feasgar, evening. Halesus, a river of Asia lVlinor, Hal-esus, g uisge, water. Heraei, mountains in bicily, g ard, high. Halys, d river of Asia Minor, g sal, saIto Haemonia, the mountainous country afterwards called Thessaly, g monadh, a hill. I (ab eu), g uidhe, a way. In-prefix, ex. gr. incipio, g ann, in. 19,-i~-, im-, in-, ir, negative prefix, g and, a cOmmon negative prefix. -im, a termination of adverbs signifying manner ex. gr. carptim, g modh, a manner. Inter, g earlar, between. Immerg;o and the following compounds will be found under their simple forms derived

from GEEJic words :-imminuo, immisceo, irnmortalis, immoderatus, immodes­tus, impactus, impasco, impello, irnporto, impulsor, inagitatus, inarmis, inardeo, inaro, inartificialis, inauro, incandesco, incanesco, incanto, incelebris, incendiarius, incentivus, incero, incingo, incino, incipio, inclamo, inclino, :includo, incolumi::., incommodo, incontinens, inconstans, incorporeus, inc0rrup­tus, increbo, incredibilis, jncubo, incumbo, incuria, incurvo. jndico, indllro, ineo, inequito, inermis, ineno., infero, infodio, ingenero, ingigno, inglorius, ingratus, inhonestus. initium, inn avo, innumerus, insatiabilis, inscribo, insedatus, insenesco, insideo, insimulo, insinua, insjsto, inspicio, inspiro, instigo, jnstillo, instituo, insulsus, insuIto, insuper, insyncerus, intercipio, intercino, intercludo, interdico, interfodia, interfor, interlateo, interluco, intermedius, inter1uninm, intermisceo, intermarior, internidifico, internus, interpello, interrex, imiJellis, intel'fUmpO, interscribo, intestatus, invado~ invius, invDco, inurgeo, inuTo, irrepo, irrumpo.

Ingenium;g eanchain, brain. Inclytus, g ann, in; c1iu, fame. Ignominia, g ana, not; ainm, name. I11unie, g ana, nQt; luan, mOOD.

IIIuceo, g ana; leus, light. In.ula, an island, perhaps anciently a small i,land, g innis, island; caol, small. 1mb,

ScotUAb. D

18 AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC.

Interim, g eadar, between; am, time. Intectus, covere.d, g ann j tigb, roof. lntectus, bare, g ana, not; tigb, roof. Iter (ab eo), ilio. itlls,.z uidbe, a way. Inedia, g ann, in j di, dith, want. Is, name of a river, g uisgc, water. Italia, so called from abounding in cattle, (see Aul. ~

Gell. lib. xi. cap. 1,) quoted by Jaskel, 01" g eudai], callIe. ciU Italicu"

Interarrlna, g eadar, bet\veen; ambuin, u river. IlJa-a termination of diminutiv~s ex. gr. mammilla, g cao1. -iculus, a termination of double diminutives, in. grato fasciculus from fascis, g bheag

and chaol, from ag and ul. hcchns, a surname of Bacchus from the Greek to shout, g eigh, a shout. J.bfrn, g ana, not; bar, top. Lacus, lacUlJa, lacuna, g loch, a lake. Lamina, g lann, a sword. 4!' Late, latiwdo, latus, g breadth. LateD, latesco, g lui db, lie. Laus, laudo, ff luairlh, mention, praise. Lima, limo, g liomh, a file. Litera, g liter, a lettPT. Lucifer, g leus, light; beil', carry. Leo, gen. leon-is, ,"""hieh is the more ancient form, g !eomhau, II lion. Lingua, anciently o.ingua, liguria, Hngo, g teanga, a tongue. Luceo, lueidus, lucubratio, lucus, lux, g leus, light. Lucus, a grove, a non lucp.nda, Iucea, g leus. -lpntus, a termination of ud,iectives, ex.. gr. luculentus, opolentus, g lan, full. Latium, fl'om lateo, g luidh, lie, Lalinlls, Latini, Latini, Latialis, from Latium", g luidh. Libanus, a mountain of Syria, Li-banus, g beann, a hill. Lepinus, a hill of Italy, g beann. Mamma, g hlam, a round hill. Mammillu. g mam j caDI, small. Maledictum, g mallachd, a curse, perhap" this word has bee~ borrowed by the Gtelic

from the Latin. rvTare, margo, mariti mus, mad nilS, g muir the sea, from mu, around, and tir, land. lVIat€'r, maternus, matrona, g malbair, a mother. Me (me), g'mi, (I). Medius, medulla, g meadhon, middle. Mel, g mil, honey. Mellifer, g mil, honey; beir, bear. Mellifieo, g mil; aehd. lYlen., g mein, the mind. Mem;ls, menstrulls, g mias, a mouth. Meo. (ab eo), g uidhe, a way. lVIE'rces, mereor, mercenarius, g margadh, tra.ding. Mergo, a mare, ( . 1 Mergus, mersor, 5 g mUll', t 1e sea. Meridie., g meadhon, middle; di, day. Meus, mi, mihi, g mi, 1. Miles, g mileadh, a soldier. Mille, {f mile, a thousand. ~Iinus, minor, minutus, minuo, minimus ~ mean, small, Misceo., miscellanea, g measg, mix. ' Mirus, mirabilis, g meUf, finger. Mitis, mitigatio, mitesco, g maotlJ, soft.

AFFINITY OF TIlE LATIN TO THE GAELIC. 19

Modus, modulu ... , lllodestus, nloderor, g modh, manner. Mala, g meil, grind. IVlole~, molcstin, maliar, g milol, a round object. Moneo, (mens), monitor, g mein, mind. :\'1')115, nlontanU':l, g monaeh, a hill. ~lo-", morali:;, g modh, manner. MOl'de;, g mil', a bit; deud, a tooth. Mor;, { kll Monal;s, 5 g mort, 1 ,

Mullu;, g mullach, a mullet. Tvhll i\ I, g maolh, soft. ~Te(literraneum, p; meadhon, middle j tir, Iano. Mmllalm, a hill of Arca"]a, g rnonadh, a hill. l\lorini, a people of Galll, on the sea shore, g muir, the sea. l\ly1"I, a town of Lycia, near the sea, g muir, the sea. I\:Jeclobriga, ~I;robriga, cities of Spain, g burg, a town*; muir, the sea.

The Latin, in adopting a G",lic word, sometimes dreps initial., as nil{ from sneachd.

Nae, really, g ana, very. Ne, not, g neD, not. Ne, ,,,hither, g an, if. Nell, g neD, not. I\i, ~ an, if. Natrix, g nathair, a serpent. Nebula, nebulo, g neul, a cloud. Nidus, g nead, <1 nest. Nitidus, g nighte, washed. Nix, g £neachd, snow. Nolo, i. e. non vola, g neo, notj ail1, will. Nomen, g ninm, a name. Nomenclatura, g ainm; caill (obsolete) call; glaodh, call. Nax, nocturnus, g nachd, night. Non, g neo, not. Nonu3, novem, g naai, nine. Numerus, go aireamh, a number. Nuncupo, g ainm; gabh, take. Nux, .!? enD, a nut. Natiso: name of a river, Nal-iso, g uisge, water. Neapolis, through the G!'eek, g nuadh, new j baile, a town. Noviorlunum, a town of tho lEdui in Gaul, ;; nua, new; dun, a. hill, and applied to

towns as Dunedin, the G<:elic D<Jme of Edinburgh. Noviouurgum, g nua; burg, a to\,yo. Octo, g oehd, eight. Ora, g olr, a margin. Oleum, g uilleadh, oil. 010r, g eala. Opus, gen. operis-is, g obair, work. Ob-, many of its compounds are from the G",lie, Ol'Utio, oro, orator, oraculum, {dh 1 Os, gen. oris, 5 g ra ,speec 1.

OratlUneula, g mdh, mean, little; caDI, little. Oriens, g ear, the east. Ovum, g ubh, an egg. Od-~ pl'efix as in ostendo, EJ os ceann, aba vc, 0'V'3r h,e~d. ('eann~ h.3ad .

.. From Prof. Alex. Mu[rtly, op. cit.

20 AFFINITY OF THE LA TIN TO THE GAELIC.

The Latin, in adopting a G",lic word, sometimes drops initial b, as avo flom buadb; initial j, as orgia from fearg.

Ovo, Qvulio, g buadh, victory. Orgia, g fearg, excitement. 'Ostendo, ex tenea, g os j teann, tense. -Of, a termination of nouns, ex. grato ~ g -ar, a common termination of nouns

orator, 5 from fear, a man.* Octavia, g ochd, eight. ()' OcearJUs, g algeann, the deep. 0511, name of u. river, g ui5ge. water. Oaru-:, a river of Sarmatla, perhaps from g doir, water. Olbi us, a river of Arcadia, g all', high

Tbe Latin sometimes prefixes p to words ta~,en from the Grelic, as pater from alhair, plenu::i from Jan, privo from reub, pro from roi, per fi'om ro, piscis from iasg; changes b to p, as porto from Leir.

Palla, g peall, a skin. Pabulum, a pasco, pavi, g bo, a cow. Pars, g pairt, a part. Particula, g pairt; caol, little. Pal'cus., parerlto, pari a, parturio, partus, g heir, carry. Ppr-, pfll-, a prefix, tht'ough, thoroughly, g troi, through. Per-, a prefix, thoroughly. g ro, very. Peracer, and the follOWIng compounds will be found under their simple forms, derived

from the Grelie :-perago, peragro, perarduus, peraro, percarus, percelebro, percipio, percolo, perJuro, pel doles, pererro, perfic1o, perflojgeo, reduceo, ppr­misceo, pernox, pCl'nurnero, peroratio, p0rpellu, participio, persalsus, perrumpo, perrepo, perserlt>o, rer~criuo, pE"rsido, persisto, perspicuus, persta, persulto, pertego. pertcnno, pertenllis, pertinacia. pervius, pervolgo, pervolo, perm"o, pervulgo. and many other words beginning with per.

Pasco, from bas; pastor. g bo, a cow. Pella, g buaill, strike, dnve. Pellis, pellio, g realI, skin Pilum, pilanus, pila, pilatus, g buail1, strike. Pila, a ball, g ball, a round object. Pila, piiF'us, pilosus, g peal], skin. Pingo, a finga, ex facio, g acbd. Piscis, g ia~g, a fish. PJaga, g plaigh, a plague. Ple"us, plenitudo, g lan, full. Poena, poenalis, poenitentia, g pian, pain. Politicus, through the Greek, g baile, a town. Porto, g beir, carry, Portus, g port, a harbour. Prre, g roi, before. Pne-, prefix, g roi, a common prefix. Prre-, intensive prefix, ex; gr. prrecarus, g ro, very. Peregre, quasi per agros, g troi, through; ar, plough. Pndie, g roi, before; di, day. Primus, g priomb, first. Primigenius, g priomh, first; gin, beget. Pro, before, g lOi, before; l'ravus, g 1'0, very; baoth, bad.

-- From Stewart's Gmlie Gra.mmar, 2d edit. Edinb. 1812.

AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC. 21

Prrecino, a~a the following are from,.the ?aelic :-praecipio, praecludo, pr",conceptus, prredlvlllo. pnedlco, pneeo, prcefatlo, prcpferor, pnegignor, pneluceo, prremoneo, pner~rlO, prEescribo, prcesiJeo, pnp.;;iiio, prresto, prresulto, prcetendo, pnetenuis) pn:erlc1eo, proela~~, proclmo, procreo, procubo, procuro, prodeo, prodiga, pro­do, pr~fero, proticlO, progent'\'o. plogenero, promi.scuus, pfomu!go, propello, propudlBm, propemodum, propul"o, proripio, proscriba, pros ilia, prospectus, prosto, protego, pro\terbium, provideo, pi ,vivo, provulgo, &c.

Proh! g ro, Yrry. PYer, g bar (obsolete) a son. Prope (ex pro vel pm', Seal.) g roi, before. Procul, g ro, very j cuI, behind. Pudeo, g baath, vile. Puella, g bar, son; caol, little. Pulso, pulta, g buaill, strike. Punio, g pian, pumshment. Prora, proreus, through the Greek, g rai, before; ruith, run. Padusa, name of a river, Pad-usa, g uisge, water.- T'Villiams. Period us, periodicu-::, g 1'01. before; uiclhc, way. Privo, privatus. priVl15, priYatio, g rpub, tear, deprive. Pes, from the Greek, in many instances the Greek in adopting a Celtic word, changes

c to p, g cas, foot. Pangreus, a mountal1l of Tbrace, Pan-g::eus, g beann, a hin. Pantelicus, a hill of Attic;), Pan-telicus, g beann. Perranthis, a hill of Epirus. Per-ranthis, g bar, an eminence. Pieris, a mountai.n of IVlacedonia, Pie-ris .. g bar. Pierus, a mountain of Thess-ely, Pierus, g bar. Pindasus, a mountain of Troas, Pin-dasus, g beann. Pindus, a hill of Thessaly and Epirus, !i beanD. Pyrgi, a town of Etrul'ia, g burg, a town. Pyrgis:'1'ortified place of EllS, Pyry-is, g burg, a hill, town. Perga, a town of Pamphylia, g burg, a town. Pergamus, a city of Mysia, g burg. Pyrencei montes, g bar, an eminence; monadh, a hill. Pergaf.ma, the citadel of Troy and thence applied to Troy itself, g burg. Qua, g c'e, who. Quadra, quator, g ceathar, four. Qucesti0, g ceist, a question. Qui, quiane, g c'e, who. Quid, quidni, g ciod, what. Quies, gen. quiet-is, quiesco. g euid, rest. Quinq ue, g cuig, five. Quomodo, g c'e, who; modh, manner. Ramus, g ramh, an oar. Papio, rapidus, rabidus, TuptO, rapax, go rBub, tear. Rectum, g reachd, right. Rex, rego, rectlo, regnum. g righ, a king. Re-, prefix, again, garis, again. Rebellio, and the following will be found under their simple forms, referred to Gaelic

roots :-reboo, rebello, Tecandeo, recano, recanto, recello, receptaculum, recep­to, receptio, recingo, recipio, reclamo, reelino, recluclo, recogito, reereatio, recordor, recreo, recrementum, recresco, recubQ, recumbo, recupero, recuro, recurvao, redardesco, reddo, redea, redigo, redoro, red undo, reduresco, refec­tio, refero, feficio, refodis, refrigeo, refrlgero, reha.l0, ff~jicio, felatio, relncea, remisceo, remolior, ren,arro, rer.:ovo, repella, reporto, reprce.;ento, l'E'puerasco, repulso, repllrgo, requiesco, rescl'ibo, reseeD, resideo, resido, resilio, resisto, respecto, respiro, restillo, restlto, re~tituo, resto, re:::ulto, rete~o, reten~o, retenlo, retineo, retorresco, retroactus, retroeo, retroT:um, revaleseo, revemo'j revideo, reviso, revisito, revoeo, revolo, revolvo, revulslO, revolutus.

AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC.

Repo, g crllhadh, creeping. Rigeo, rigidus, g reogh, freeze. Rota, rotundas, g roth, a IV heel. Reperio (ex re et pario, Fest.) garis, again; Leir, bear. Rupes, g reub, tear. Retro, a fe, garis, again, RiYllS, g ruith, run, flow. Rivulus, g ruith; caol, in compos. chaol and prononnced ul. Rumpo, g reub, tenr. Rutilus, rutilius, TutiE, g ruaidh, red. Rhetor, through the Greek, g radh, speech. Rha, a river of Russia, g ruith, flow. Rhipbrei, mountains of Scythia, g reub, tear. Rhenus. a river of Germany. Bran is the name of many rivers in the Highlands of

Scotland; of one near Dunkeld; also Bran (obsolete,) a mountain torrent. The Latin, in adopting a Grelic word, somtimes prefixes 8, I1S similis from amhuil, strenuus from treun j inserts t after inilial s, as stillo froID silo

Saccus, g sac, a sack. Sagitta, g saighead, an arrow. Srevus, g saobh, fierce. Sal, g sail, salt. Solicitum, g seileaeh, a willow. Salio, salax, salebra, salto, saltus, g ailt, high. Sat, satis, satio, satietas, g gath, satiety. Satisfacio, g sath; aehd. Satisdo, g sath; do, to. ScarifieD, g sgor, a rock, acbd. Scribo, g sgriobh, wriJe, from sgtiob, a Jine. Sed, ex sedeo*, g suidh, sit. Se, himself, themselves, g esan, himself. Se-, prefix, apart, g esan. himself. Secludo, g esan; cleidh, conceal. Se,<lrego, g esan; greigh, a berd. Senatus, senex, g sean, old. Sedatus, sedeo, sedes, sedo, sessar, sida, g suidh, sit. Septem, g seachd; seven. Septemviri, g seacbd; fir, men. Serra, g searr, a saw. Sex, g se, six, Siccus, g seac, dry. Similis, g amhuil, like (from Stewart, 01" cit.) Sine, g is c neo, it is not. Sincerus, ~sine et cera, g ceir, wax. Sisto, situs, statio, statim, s:atus, sto, g steidhich, establish j stad, stop. Solus, solo, g leus, light. Solstitium, g leus; stae. Spolio, g peal, skin. Stillo, g sil, a drop. Strenuus, g treun, bold. Spiro, and the g spreod, incite, are from a lost Grelic root. Speciali" species, specio, spectaculum, ~ b hd .. Spectator, spec to, spectrum, specular. 5 g eac ,VlSlOn.

Succus, g sugh, juice. Sub-, many of the compounds of sub are of Grelic origin. Sum, g is mi, I am. Super, supra, superhia, g os barr, aboye.

* From Barclay's Sequel to the Diversions af Purley-pagc 81, London, J82-6.

\FFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC.

Superaccomodo, and the following compounds, are entirely of G",lic ongm :-BU­

peraddo,. supervolo, sUl'perincendo, superinduo, superscriptus, supersedeo, supersllLlO.

Secale, g "eagal, rye. Securus, g socall', case. Sol:l.tium, g solais, comfort. SUt-, ex. grato surrectus, i. e. suprarecLUs, g as barr, abo\'e. Scateo, g sgaith, vomit. Stagnum, f{ sta'bg, a pool. Salin"" ( Salinia, I Saleni, \g sal, salt. Salentini, Salica, Segobriga, a city of Spain, Sego-briga, g burg, a town. Savo, ScuItenna, names of river:;, Scull-enna, g amhuin, a river.-J1'illiams. Silva, through the Greek, g coille, a word. Selemnu::;, a river of Acbai~ Sel-emnus, g amhuin, a river. Sequana, a river of Gaul, Seq-ana, g amhuin.-1I1acpherson. Taurus, g tarbh, a bull. Tenuis, tenuo, g tana, thin. Tectun1, tega, tuga, g teach j tigh, a horse. Tenax, tendo, tenea, tenor, tentatio, tentorium, ( Tenus, 5 g teann, tense.

Ter, g tri, three. . Terra, g tir, earth; allied to the g tlor, dry. TeTo, g teirig, waste. Testor, g teist, n witness. Timeo, timid us, g tioma, afraid. Tonitrus, g torrunn, thunder. Torreo, torridus, g tior, dry. Trabs, g tar, across. 'Ires, g treas, third; tri, three. Tresviri, triumviri, g tri, three; fir, men. Triangulus, g tei j eabg, a corner. Triclinium, g tri j claoll, incline. Tridells, g tfi; deud, tooth. Trimestris, g tri; nnas, mouth. Transcribo, and the following compounds, aro from the G",lic :-lransdo, transeo,

transfero, transfodio, transigo, trunsiiio, transmarinus, transmeo, truDspectus; trans porto.

Trimodia, g t1'i; modh. Tribus, tribunas, tributio, g treubh, 11 tribe. Triremis, g tri, three; ramh, an oar. Tritus, tritura, teror, g teirig, consume. Tristis, g tuirseach, melancholy. Tumor, tumidu., tuber, tumultus, g tom, swell. Tu, tuus, g du, thou. Tum, g an I'm, the time. Turrus, g tur. a tower. Trivium, trivialis, g tri, three; ui.dhe, WB,\".

Tacitus, taceo, g tach, silence. Tyrannus, through the Greek, g tighhearll, a lord. Taurus, Q lTIountain of Asia, g torr, a hill. Taurica, g torr. Taurinum, g lOtT) a hill j beann, a hill; wean, slnall. Tauromcnon, g lorr; monadh, a hill.

24, AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC.

Tauroseythre, g torr; Seuit, a wandering nation, hence perhaps the name of the Scots. Theoeritus, tbrougb tbe Greek, g Dia, God; ceart, right. Tbeodonus, Tbeodotus, g Dia, do. Trimontium, g tri, tbree; monadb, hill. Trivia, g tri; uidhe. Talabrica, a city of Sp"in, hodie Talavera, Tala-briea, g burg, a town. Taburnus, a hill of Campania, g bar, an eminence. Tomarus, a mountain of Epirus, g tom, a hill; mOf, great. Tridentinre Alpe~, g tri; deud; alp. Tarn"" a fountain of Lydia, g iloir (obsolete,) water. Tarnre, a river of Aquitania, g doir. Tarpe~s mons, g torr, a bill; be ann, a hill; monadb, a hill. Tarsus, a city of Cilicia, on tbe River Cydnus, g doir. Tarsius, a river of Traas, g doir. Taru., a river of Gaul, g doir. Tauri, Taurantes, g torr, a hill. Tearus, a river of Thrace, g doir. Terias, a river of Sicily, g doir. Tauous, a mountain in GermallY, g dun, a biH. Thorslis, a river of Sardinia, g doir. Thornax, a mountain of Argolis, g torr, a hill. Tomreum, a mOllnt~in in Pelopennesus, g tom, a hill. Trerus, a river in Latium, g dair. Triton, tbe name of a river in Bretia, of another in Africa, and a name for the N.~e,

g doir. Tritonis, a river of Africa, g dair. Turias, a river of Spain, {i doir. Tun'us, a river of Italy, g dair. Turulltus, a river of Sarmatiu, g doir. Tripoli., a city of Syria, g tri; baile, --. Triton, the son of Neptune, g doir (obsolete), water.

The Latin in adopting a Gaelic word sometimes drops initial v as volvo from ail). Vadum, vado, Wuidbe, a way. Van us, g faoin, .,.ain. Valens, valetudo, vale 0, g fallain, strong. Vates, vaticinor, g faidh, a prophet. Velamen, velatus, vellus, vela, velum, villus, villosus, g feileadb, a covering. Vellifico, g feileadh; achd • Vellivolans, g feileadb; aile. Verbum, g briathar, a word. Vesper, g feasgar, evening. Ve-, a prefix, signifying little, ex. grat, vesanus,' g beag, small. Via, viaticum, g uidhe, a way. Viginti, g fiche ad, twenty. Villa, g baile, a town; a farm-house and outhouses are in Scotland called a lawn. Vinum, g fian, wine. Vir, g fear, a man.-Stewart, op.'"cit. Vita, g beatha, life. -Virtus, g feart, virtue. Vitium, g baath, vile. Volans, vaHto, vola, g aile, air. Va tum, vovea, g baid, a vow. Vocalmlum, vocalis, voco, vox, g focal a word; from a lost Grelic root. Vocifera, g focal; beir, carry. ' Viridis, g feur, grass.

* From \Villiams in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xiii, part 1, page 64; 1836.

AFFINITY OF THE LATI;\' T() TIn: GAELIC.

Vide" g beachd, vision; faic, see. Vulgus, g bolg, the hulk. Volvo. g nill, a turn. Vere~is, nfLIDe of a river, Ver-esis, g uisge, water.

The Latin in adopting a Gl'elic word sometimes drops initial f, as urgeD from fearg, uro from tior

rlna, g uilean, the elbow. Ululo, g iolach, a shout. -ula, a termination of diminutives, g eaol, in composit. pronounced ttl. UmbilicJts, g iomIag, the navel. -'llncula, a termi.nation of double dimir.J.Utives, g mean, mhean, an, small j eaol, chaoI,

01, little. Vn':nimus, g aon, one; anam, soul. U nellIS, g ung-adb, anointing. Unda, unclulatus, g onadh; a wave, Unglli~, uncus, f! lOUg, a nail. Ungula, g iong; eaol. Undeceni, g aon; de; deich. -urn, a termination of uovcrb5, ~ignifying nlanner, ('x. grato clancuIum, g modh,

manner. Ulmus. ~- dllm, the elm. UrgeD, if fearg, anger. Ura, g tior, dry. 11 te r, g eadar, betwixt. Unus, unitas, !:! aon, one. Uti, g suel, th';t. • Unig.enn, g aon; gin, beget. r:ni~orni3, g aon; corn, a horn.

From the evidence now given it appears probable that the OrIgIn of the Latin lan~ua~c and of the Roman reople was chiefly Celtic, the proof of their Germ"n Ofl;i!l in the work of Jaekel being less in amount than what is given in the preceding r:lgT''''; almost the only otlwf ~ource to which they can be attributed, namely, the Gr,~ck, fails in providinZ parcnt:.l~e fur (Jr:;\, balf uf t~lC Latin tongue, and the Greek ro()t~ from which some havc tlc:rived the uther half, may, for tbe most part, be shewn to be from the Celtic.

The proofs of their Celtic erigin would likely be Inude more numerous by intro~ dueing examples from the Irish, yv' ebh, and otber branches of Celtic, the instancns given being taken from one of the dialects only of that ancient language.

I lla\'e made simi lUI' researches regarding the Greek, and have found in it like­wise considerable resemblance to the Celtic.

In retiring from the small stage of tIlis short Esc:ay. it hecome.;; nle to acknow­ledrre the external aid of which I have made usc; in the'. Dictionarium Scoto-Celticum co';;piled by Mr. Mackintosh, D;. Mackay, 0[ Dunuon, and other." I found a mine of comparative philology, though ot some of the cognates I thought thp relationship not proven; Stewart's Grelic Grammar gives eight ur nillo ctymolo1;icul references, and Archdeacon 'Yilliame has published in the Trans. Ruy. Soc. Ed .• tWI) Jearned and original papers, which I have often quoted.

Besides the application of philological inquiries to speak for the origin. descent nnd alliances of nations .. when there is no other evidence in existence, and to prove to infidel::;, who will not receive tbe lVIosaic testimony, that the whole Imman race i~ J,~~cenr1ecl from Adam, gTummaticc C'~t aro:;. nCI_'r.s;-;aria pueri~, ,iucunda senibu~, duklSf.

F

26 AFFINITY OF THE LATIN TO THE GAELIC.

seCl'etorum comes, et qure vel sola omni studiorum genere plus habet operi" quam ostentationis. Ne quis tanquam parva fastidiat grammatices element'a quia interiora velut sacn buju, adeuntibus .pparebit multa rerum subtilitas, qure non modo "cuere ingenia pllerilia, sed exercere altissimam quoque eruditlonem ac scientianl possir.­Q1lintilian.

Kingston, Upper Canada, July, 1840.