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Newer storyOlder story

Brutalist buildings: Habitat 67, Montreal

by Moshe Safdie

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11 September 2014 | 12 commentsMore:

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PreviousNext

Next up in our series on Brutalist architecture is Habitat 67, the experimental modular housing presented by Moshe Safdie at the 1967 World Expo inMontreal as a vision for the future of cities (+ slideshow).


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Comprising a three-dimensional landscape of 354 stacked concrete "boxes", Habitat 67 pioneered the combination of two major housing typologies the urban garden residence and the modular high-rise apartment building.

Photograph by Timothy Hursley, as main image


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Safdie, an Israeli-born architect who moved to Canada in the 1950s, first developed the concept as part of his thesis at McGill Universityin 1961,entitled "A Case for City Living".

Two years later, when the architect was just 23 and starting out his career in the office of Louis Kahn, his former tutor Sandy Van Ginkel suggested hesubmit his design for the Montreal Expo. It became his first ever built project.

Related story:The Dezeen guide to Brutalist architecture

The original masterplan involved over 1,000 residences, alongside shops and a school. This was scaled down to just 158 homes, forming a 12-storeycomplex located beside the Saint Lawrence River in the centre of the city.

By utilising a variety of geometric arrangements, making use of both setbacks and voids, Safdie aimed to create a series of properties with their ownidentities. Each one featured its own roof garden and could be accessed from an external "street" one of Brutalism's key ideals.
http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/10/dezeen-guide-to-brutalist-architecture-owen-hopkins/http://www.dezeen.com/tag/Louis-Kahnhttp://www.mcgill.ca/http://www.msafdie.com/


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Photograph by Sam Tata

Safdie, who in fact believes his project to "a reaction against brutalism", described his design as an attempt at a high-rise village a way of upsizingfrom a micro to a mega scale.

"I think Habitat was important at its time and resonated with the public because it proposed in realised form an alternative to the typology of theconventional apartment house," said the architect.

"The public recognised in Habitat the possibility that high-rise living could be more like living in a village and have the quality of life of a house thanwhat they associated with the negatives of apartment housing. While there were many theoretical proposals floating in the air at the time, the fact that we

had the opportunity to realise Habitat, and for 50 million people to experience it during Expo as a real and living environment, suggested that this was apossible future reality."


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Photograph by Studio Graetz

Fifteen different housing types were developed. These varied between 60 and 160 square metres, each accommodating between one and four bedrooms.

Six monumental elevator pillars were added to offer vertical access, stopping only on every fourth level to try and prevent unnecessary journeys andthus decrease the structure's energy consumption.


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Photograph by Studio Graetz

To allow the prefabricated construction process to take place on site, a factory was built beside the site to produce the concrete modules, which were to

be connected by high-tension rods, steel cables and welding.

Safdie believed this to be the most cost-efficient solution a decision that ultimately backfired with costs spiralling to CAD$22 million, whichrepresented about CAD$140,000 per home.


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Photograph courtesy of Safdie Architects


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Despite this, the project has remained popular with residents. In 1986 the building was sold to its tenants for CAD$11.5 million or aroundCAD$26,250 per residence by a Quebec businessman, who had bought it from the government for CAD$10 million.

"Everybody knows that Habitat was a money-losing proposition," Fritz Delphine, special projects coordinator for the Canada Mortgage and HousingCorporation, the agency that ran Habitat, told the New York Times. The newspaper reported that the design of the units, each with several exposedwalls, made the building twice as costly to heat as any other building in Montreal.

According to Safdie, many of the original occupants still live in the building, and the architect has also kept a residence for himself there.

Photograph by Jerry Spearman

"A built fragment of a grander, mixed-use proposal, Habitat's concrete rawness speaks to Brutalism's beton brut raw concrete origin, but defies itsmassive image with a three-dimensional burst of individual module homes," said architect Wendy Kohn, a former colleague of Safdie.

"Unlike Kahn or Corb's elemental, powerful Brutalist monuments, Safdie's Habitat suggests a spontaneous orchestration. Economics and luck dictatedits singularity, but Safdies subsequent designs for desert, tropical, and compact urban Habitats around the world suggest its aspiration to multiply,adapt, and mutate, rather than stand rooted."

"Habitat constitutes an urban vision of building economically but humanely, expressing individuality, but committed to solving enduring communalneeds," she said.
http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/06/garden/habitat-67-is-sold-to-its-residents.html


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Sketch by Moshe Safdie click for larger image

After the expo, the architect was commissioned to replicate the design in various locations around the world, from New York to Puerto Rico and Israel,although none of these were ever realised.
http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2014/09/Habitat-67-Brutalism-feature_dezeen_3_1000.gif


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Section click for larger image


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Module assembly diagram click for larger image


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Unit typologies click for larger image

Related story: Brutalist buildings: Park Hill, Sheffield by Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith
http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/10/brutalist-buildings-park-hill-jack-lynn-ivor-smith/http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2014/09/Habitat-67-Brutalism-feature_dezeen_2.gif


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To kick off a series of building studies looking back at classic Brutalist buildings from around the world, we revisit Park Hill the housing estate that brought

"streets in the sky" to Sheffield, England, after the Second World War. More
http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/10/brutalist-buildings-park-hill-jack-lynn-ivor-smith/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/10/brutalist-buildings-park-hill-jack-lynn-ivor-smith/


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More housing:

Vo Trong Nghia unveils second prototype for low-cost Vietnamese housing

Brutalist buildings: Unit d'Habitation, Marseille by Le Corbusier

Brutalist buildings: Barbican Estate by Chamberlin, Powell and Bon
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Brutalist buildings: Park Hill, Sheffield by Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith

Christophe Rousselle adds reflective balconies to Zac de la Marine residences

Be-Fun Design builds a row of four super-skinny houses in Japan

Makoto Yamaguchi adds ventilated "open rooms" to Oggi apartment block in Tokyo
http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/22/oggi-apartment-block-tokyo-makoto-yamaguchi/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/22/oggi-apartment-block-tokyo-makoto-yamaguchi/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/08/spiral-house-be-fun-design-skinny-house-japan/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/08/spiral-house-be-fun-design-skinny-house-japan/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/09/christophe-rousselle-zac-de-la-marine-housing-paris-reflective-balconies/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/09/christophe-rousselle-zac-de-la-marine-housing-paris-reflective-balconies/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/10/brutalist-buildings-park-hill-jack-lynn-ivor-smith/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/10/brutalist-buildings-park-hill-jack-lynn-ivor-smith/


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"London's new typology: the tasteful modernist non-dom investment"

Perforated shutters fold back to reveal apartments at Sucre 4444 by Esteban-Tannenbaum

Newer storyOlder story

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11 September 2014 | 12 commentsMore:

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BrutalismCanadaHousingMontrealSafdie Architects

Posted on Thursday, September 11th, 2014 at 6:30 pm by Amy Frearson. See our copyright policy. Before commenting, please read our commentspolicy.

1 2 C o m m e n t s D e z e e n L o g i n

S o r t b y O l d e s t S h a r e

J o i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n

h a n e y 8 6 0 4 6 d a y s a g o

F a v o r i t e

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R e p l y

h a n e y 8 6 0 4 5 d a y s a g o L u k e

Also, that's a fair point about the definition of Brutalism, which in my mind expresses and clearly defines the structure (in

the engineering sense) in a very raw way. I think it throws me to see the density of form here, where the structure is

seemingly not apparent even though in reality what you're seeing is the structure.

R e p l y

r o b

5 d a y s a g o h a n e y 8 6 0 4

'Brutalist' is not derived from brutal, but from 'beton brut', which can be translated by unpolished concrete or raw concrete. We're

referring to the way it's finished here: unpainted, uncovered with the marks of the shuttering often left clearly visible. You could

have found this definition easily in Wikipedia and other sources.

3

R e p l y

c h r i s

6 d a y s a g o

The great-grandfather of the Lego house, VM houses, and the mountains by BIG.

1

K a l u m

5 d a y s a g o

Fun fact: Habitat 67 was featured in the matte painting of the Star Trek Episode "Wink of An Eye".

See it in the bottom left :)

http://scifanatic.wpengine.net...

S h a r e

S h a r e

S h a r e
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R e p l y

1 6

R e p l y

D e z e e n M a g a z i n e

5 d a y s a g o

M o d

K a l u m

That's brilliant!

3

S u b s c r i b e A d d D i s q u s t o y o u r s i t e

S h a r e

S h a r e
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More architecture:

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Housing in La Courrouze by Philippe Gazeau

Blgen by MAPT
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Leviathan by Anish Kapoor

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Zira Island masterplan by BIG

Smiljan Radi's Serpentine Gallery Pavilion looks like a crude model "made by a giant"
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Flint House by Nick Willson Architects

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David Chipperfield's Valentino flagship store opens in New York

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Suppose Design Office pairs industrial fittings with plants at Biotop lifestyle store

Grzegorz Layer creates a menswear store inside a former sewing factory
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News: Amazon picks Foster'sbuilding as new UK home

Opinion: Scottish independence and architecture

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Competition: win DominicWilcox's Variations on Normal

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