ae-¶ck`bpssmalankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/sabha_jyothis.pdfae-¶ck`bpss-tpym-xn pw...

$: ae-¶ck`bpsSmalankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/sabha_jyothis.pdfae-¶ck`bpsS-tPym-Xn pw -tX-P- p-amb]. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿ Malankarasabhayude Jyothisum Thejasumaya$

ae-¶ck`bpsS

-tPym-Xn pw -tX-P- p-amb

]. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿

Malankarasabhayude Jyothisum ThejasumayaParisudha Pulikkottil Thirumenimar(Biographies of Pulikkottil Metropolitans)

By Fr. Dr. Joseph CheeranPazhanji, Trissur, Kerala PIN 680542Mob: 9495603174

Copy Right : Reserved with the Author

First Published : Nov. 24, 2015

Copies : 1000

Published by : Dr. Geevarghese Mar YuliosM. J. D. Publishing House, Kunnamkulam

Cover Design : Dr. Prasad Cheeran

Typesetting & Printing : Sophia Print House, Kottayam

Rs. 125/-

Malayalam

ae-¶ck`bpsS

-tPym-Xn pw -tX-P- p-amb

]. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿

^m. tUm. tPmk v Noc≥

]km-[-\w

]pen-t°m- n¬ tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

Fw. sP. Un. ]ªojnwKv lukv, Ip∂wIpfw

t^m¨: 9495603174

]_‘Øn\v ]n.F®v.Un. _ncpZw e`n®p. Xr»q¿ kn.Fw.Fkv. ssl-kvIqfnepw Bephm bqWnb≥ InkvXy≥ tImfPnepw A[ym]I≥. 2000PqWn¬ dn´b¿ sNbvXp.

sshZnIKpcp bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkthdntbmkv saXmt∏meoØm.At±lØn¬ \n∂v sshZnIÿm\ßƒ kzoIcn®p. 1972 apX¬ sIm®n`Zmk\Ønepw 1985 apX¬ Ip∂wIpfw Zmk\Ønepw hnhn[ CShIIfn¬tkh\w sNbvXp. 2004 Pqembv 1 apX¬ Xriq¿ Zmk\Øn¬ Bembv°¬Ipfºv, Im°n\n°mSv F∂o CShIIfn¬ tkh\w sNbvXp.

bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkthdntbmkv ^ut≠j≥, am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv]T\tIµw, Ip∂wIpfw InkvXy≥ ÃUn sk‚¿, FdWmIpfw N¿®v lnÃdnAtkmtkyj≥ F∂nhbpsS ÿm]I sNb¿am≥. kotbm≥ ktµiw,CShI]XnI F∂o k`m]kn≤oIcWßfpsS ÿm]I No^v FUn‰¿,AºXntesd KŸßfpw Ccp∂q‰nAºXntesd KthjWteJ\ßfpw]kn≤oIcn®p. almflmKm‘n k¿hIemimebn¬ dnk¿®v ssKUv BbpwHm¿ØtUmIvkv ÃUn ss__nfns‚ aebmfw ]cntim[I≥ Bbpw ae-¶cHm¿Ø-tUmIvkv N¿®v lnÃdn Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ ]kn-U-≠mbpw ]h¿Øn-°p∂p.

bpssW‰Uv t_m¿Uv Hm^v InkvXy≥ lb¿ FPpt°js‚ [\-klmbtØmsS tIcfØnseßpap≈ B¿ss°hvkpIfn¬ Kthj-W]cyS\w \SØn. am¿ KotKmdntbmkv A_vZp¬ Peo¬ (1665), am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv (1685) F∂nhcpsS kpkvXmØnt°m\pIƒ, am¿ _t entbmkvb¬sZm ImtXm-en°mbpsS (1685) ]≈nIa∏pkvXIßƒ, `mcXØnse]mNo\ sk‚ v tXmakv ss__nƒ, tXmakv A¿°Znbmt°m≥ (H∂mwam¿tØmΩm) hØn°m\nte°b® IØv, am¿ AlØ≈m (1653) tKmhbn¬\n∂v siΩmi∑m¿ hiw sImSpØb® IØv, Im´paßm´v Iqdntemkns‚Ip¿∫m\XIvk, lqZmb Imt\m≥ 18 A°w Imt\m≥ Bbn hyXymks∏-SpØphm≥ d^vh¿°v sNbvX Imt\m≥, B¿Øm‰v sNt∏Sv (]Sntbme)F∂nßs\ ]uckvXy ]m›mXy kpdnbm\nbnepw I¿tkm\nbnepw hs´gp-Ønepw FgpXnb H´[nIw k`mNcnXtcJIƒ Is≠SpØv ]kn≤oIcn®p.

`mcy: sI. hn. GenbmΩ (dn´. slUvankvSkv). aI≥: tUm. ]kmZvNoc≥, kv\pj: Zo]m ]kmZv. ]uXnam¿: F¬km ]kmZv, sS m ]km-Zv,enkm ]km-Zv. aIƒ: tagvkn tPm¿÷v, PmamXmhv: tUm. ]n. sF. tPm¿÷v,

ZulnX¿: lnam tPm¿÷v, dmWm ]n. tPm¿÷v.hnemkw: Noc≥ lukv, Ingt° Aßm-Sn, ]g-™n, Xriq¿ Pn√. 680542t^m¨: 9495603174.

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥

Xr»q¿ Pn√bn¬ ]g™n sk‚ v tacokv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv CShIbn¬ Noc≥ Koh¿Kokv I»oimbpsS]uX\mbn 1945 Nnßw 1˛\v P\n®p. amXm]nXm°ƒamØ∏≥ Ip™mØncn. Ahn`‡ tIcf k¿hIem-imebpsS H∂mw dmt¶mSp IqSn aebmfw `mjbn¬hnZzm≥ _ncpZw t\Sn. Imen°´v k¿∆Iemimebn¬\n∂v amÃ¿ _ncpZw. almflmKm‘n k¿hIemime-bn¬ \n∂v "B[p\nI aebmf IhnXbn¬ ss__nfns‚kzm[o\w' F∂ hnjbsØ∏‰n Xbmdm°nb KthjW-

Ah-Xm-cnI

tUm. Koh-¿Kokv bqen-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

ae-¶-c-k- -bnse A]-Jym-]nX ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cpsS Iq -Øn¬ it≤-

b-cm-Wt√m ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn Nm∏en¬ I_-dS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]. ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿. ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w apX¬

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]q¿∆m¿≤w hsc k`sb \bn® ]nXm-°-

∑m¿ "Zoh-∂m-tkym-kp'-am¿ F∂v Adn-b-s∏- p. 1653˛se Iq\≥Ipcnip

kXyw apX¬ am¿tØmΩm saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mam¿ F∂ tiWn-bn¬

Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Ønse Bdmw am¿tØmΩm-

bmWv Ncn-X-K-Xn-bn¬ Zoh-∂-mtkymkv F∂v BZyw \ma-I-cWw sNø-

s∏-´-Xv. ]pØ≥Imhv IØo-U¬ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cn-

°p∂ At±lw henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Zoh-∂-mtkymkv c≠m-a\pw Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a-\p-amWv ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿. ]p∂X Zoh-∂m-tkymkv aq∂m-a\pw tN∏mSv

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \mem-a\pw ]. h -t»-cn¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bdm-a\pw

F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv B ]c-º-c-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

CXn¬ Htc tZiØv Htc IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Htc t]cn¬ GI-tZiw

Hcp \q‰m-≠ns‚ hyXym-k-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v [oc-amb t\XrXzw

\¬In ]h¿Øn®v hmßn-t∏mbn Htc ÿeØv I_-d-S-°-s∏-´-h-

cmWv Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠ma\pw A©ma\pw F∂Xv ae-¶-c-k-`m-

Ncn-X-Ønse AXy-]q¿∆ kw`-h-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv! c≠p-t]cpw Ip∂w-

Ip-f-w ]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc CS-h-I-bnse ]pen-t°m-ń¬ IpSpw-_mw-

K-ßƒ. c≠p-t]cpw Htc \ma-hm-l-I¿; tPmk^v -Zo-h-∂m-tkymkv!

Htc I¿Ω-a-fi-e-ß-fn¬ ]h¿Øn-®-h¿; GI-tZiw Htc ]≈n-I-

fn¬ \qdp- h¿j-Øns‚ hyXym-k-Øn¬ hnIm-cn-am-cmbn ]h¿Øn®p.

HSp-hn¬ k -bpsS Aa-c-ÿm-\Øv ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ F∂

\ma-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn®v Ime-Iaw ]qIn Htc ÿeØv; ]gbskan-

\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S-°-s∏-´p.

C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Chsc Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ Ah-cpsS

][m\ kw`m-h-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ "]gbskan-\mcn ÿm]-

I≥' F∂v H∂m-a-s\bpw "Fw.Un. ˛ ]cp-ae skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥'

F∂v c≠m-a-s\bpw hnfn-®p-h-∂p. ]. k`bv°v Ch¿ \¬In-bn-´p≈

ka-K-kw-`m-h-\-Isf Ipdn®v \S∂ ]T-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Ch-cpsS a≤y-

ÿ-X-bn -ep≈ Bi-b -Øns‚bpsams° ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

8 ae-¶ck`bpsS tPym-Xn pw -tX-P- p-amb ]. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿

]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-as\ (Zo-h-∂m-

tkym-kv c≠m-a≥) At±-l-Øns‚ 175˛mw Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂m-fn¬ ].

kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Xocp-am-\-]-Imcw Xs‚ ]n≥Km-anbpw ]uckvXy

ImtXm-en-°m-bp-amb ]. _t -en-tbmkv am¿tØmΩm amXyqkv ZznXo-

b≥ _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v "k`m-tPym-Xnkv' F∂ \maw \¬In

BZ-cn-®p.

]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-as\ At±l-

Øns‚ \qdmw Hm¿Ω-s∏-cp-∂m-fn¬ CtX-hn[w Xs‚ ]n≥Km-anbpw

A∂sØ ]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°m-bp-amb ]. _t en-tbmkv am¿-

tØmΩm ZnZn-tamkv ]Y-a≥ _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v "k`m-tX-P v'

F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXv BZ-cn-®p.

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-fpsS s]mXp-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ kan-Xn-Iƒ

tN¿∂v Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØv ]cn-ip-≤-∑msc ]Jym-]n-°p∂ coXn

ASpØ Ime-ØmWv D≠m-b-Xv. ]. «ol-∑m-sctbm kl-tZ-∑m-sctbm

tbmKw tN¿∂v ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cmbn ]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-Xmbn Adn-hn√;

F∂m¬ Ah-sc-sb√mw ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cpsS KW-ß-fnepw Iq´-ß-fnepw

]Ya ÿm\-ß-fn-em-Wt√m \mw KWn-°p-∂-Xv. ]p∂X Zoh-∂m-

tkymkv Xncp-ta\n apXep≈ F√m ]n≥Km-an-Ifpw; ]tXy-In®v ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ c≠m-a≥, ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n, ]. h´-t»cn¬ Xncp-ta\n,

XpS¿∂p≈ ]. ImtXm-en-°m-am¿, ]nXm-°-∑m¿, sshZn-I¿, siΩm-i-

∑m¿, sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, hnizm-kn-Iƒ F√mw Znh-khpw [q]m¿-

∏-W-tØmsS ]m¿∞n®v am≤yÿw t\Sp∂ ]pWy-ÿ-e-ambn At±-

l-Øn-s‚bpw ]n≥Km-an-I-fp-sSbpw I_-dn-S-ßƒ am‰-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

]. am¿tØmΩm «olm apX¬ C∂-tbmfw \sΩ hgn-\-S-Ønb

]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-cp-

ap-≠v. F∂m¬ Iq\≥IpcnipkXyw apX¬ k`sb ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fp-

sSbpw ]oU-\-ß-fp-sSbpw IjvS-∏m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw a≤y-Øn¬ i‡-

ambn ssZhm-i-b-Øn¬ hgn-\-S-Ønb \ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS NcnXw

C∂v \ap°v e`y-am-Wv. Ah-sc√mw Xs∂ ssZh-Øm¬ sXc-s™-Sp-

°s∏´hcpw ]. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS ss«lnI ]n≥Xp-S¿®-°m-

cp-am-I-bm¬ Ahsc s]mXp-hmbn Xp_vtZ≥ ]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬ ]cn-

ip-≤-∑m-cpsS KW-Øn¬ Hm¿°p-hm\pw, Ah-cpsS ]m¿∞-\ \ap°v

tIm´-bm-bn-cn-°s´ F∂v At]-£n-°p-hm\pw, ]. knwlm-k-\-Øn¬

\n∂p Cd-ßp∂ Iev]-\-I-fpsS kam-]-\-hm-Iy-Øn¬ Ahsc H∂n®v

Hm¿Øv Ah-cpsS am≤yÿw At]£n°p∂Xpw DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.

9ae-¶ck`bpsS tPym-Xn pw -tX-P- p-amb ]. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿

Ct∏mƒ "k`m-tPym-Xn v' ]pen-t°m-ń¬ H∂m-a≥ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS

Nca Zzni-Xm_vZnbpw "k`m-tX-P v' ]pen-t°m-ń¬ c≠m-a≥ Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS taev]-´-ÿm\ e_v[n-bpsS itXm-Øc kph¿Æ-Pq-_n-en-

bp-sSbpw ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Cu ]cnip≤ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Poh-N-cn-

Xhpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw G‰hpw lkzhpw kq£va-hp-ambn ]Tn®v Hcp

]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂ BKlw k^-e-am-bn-cn-°p-

I-bm-Wv.

ae-¶ck`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ C∂v G‰hpw it≤-b-\mbn amdn-

bn-cn-°p∂ _lp. tUm. tPmk^v Noc-\-®-\mWv Cu KŸw cNn-

®Xv. Cu c≠p ]nXm-°-∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS Ime-L-´-sØbpw kaK

-kw- m-h-\-I-sfbpw Gsd Iao-Ir-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Cu KŸ-

Øn\v km[n-®n-´p-≠v. _. Noc-\-®s‚ cN-\m-]m-S-h-Øns‚ as‰mcp

t\¿Im-gvN-bmWv Cu KŸw. _lp. A®-t\mSpw KŸ-Øns‚

apZWw \n¿h-ln®v AWn-bn-s®m-cp-°nb io. tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-

Sn-t\m-Sp-ap≈ \µn Fw.sP.Un. ]ªn-jnwKv lukns‚ \ma-Øn¬

]tXyIw Adn-bn-°-s´.

]. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Isf emL-h-tØmsS ImWp-

hm\pw Bh-iy-Øn\pw A\m-h-iy-Øn\pw aä-d™ ]nXm-°-∑msc

t∏mepw hna¿in-°p-hm\pw ]mtZ-inI ]cn-K-W-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ Nnesc ]pIgvØphm\pw a‰p- Nn-esc CIgvØp-hm-\p-sam-

s°bp≈ kwL-SnX ia-ßƒ Nne-t∏mƒ i≤-bn¬s∏Sm-dp≠v.

F∂m¬ AXn-\-∏p-d-tØ°v Ahsc Bg-Ønepw Bflm¿∞-X-bnepw

]Tn-°p-hm-\p≈ ia-ßƒ Ipd™p hcp-∂pthm F∂pw kwibw

tXm∂m-dp≠v. hna¿i\ ]T-\-ßƒ \√-XmWv. F∂m¬ AXv Inbm-

fl-Ihpw k¿§m-fl-Ihpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hna¿i-\-

]-T-\-ßƒ°pw ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ°pw Cu KŸw apJm-¥n-c-ambn

Xocs´ F∂v Biw-kn-®p-sIm≠v kvacy-]p-cp-j-cmb Cu c≠v ].

]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ A`bw ]m]n-®p-sIm≠v Cu

KŸw A\p-hm-N-I-tem-I-Øn-te°v kvt\l-]q¿∆w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.

ssZhw A\p-K-ln-°s´!

hmMvapJw

ae-¶-c-bpsS Xe-∏-≈n-bmb ]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc]≈n ÿnXn

sNøp∂ Ip∂w-Ip-fw-˛-]-g™n taJ-e-bn¬ InkvXp-a-X-tØmfw ]g-

°-ap≈ ]ptcm-lnX Xd-hm-Sp-I-fp-≠v. ]nev°m-eØv ]I-tem-a‰w F∂

ho´p-t]-cmbn ]N-cn-∏n-°s∏´ ]mtem¿-˛-a‰w tZi-\m-a-Øn¬ IpSpw-_-

\m-a-ßƒ A¥¿`-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]mtem¿ (]m-eq¿), a‰w ]tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v bp≤-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ sX°≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebv°v IpSn-

tb-dn-∏m¿Ø Bfp-Iƒ Xßƒ ]mtem¿˛a-‰-Øp-Im-cm-sW∂v \njvI-

f-¶-ambn Ah-Im-i-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv IpSpw-_-\m-a-ambn ]n¬°m-eØv sX‰n-

≤-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mtem¿-˛-a‰w F∂ tZi-\maw \q‰m-≠p-

Iƒ ]n∂n- -t∏mƒ ]me-a-‰w, ]mtem-a-‰w, ]I-tem-a‰w F∂n-ßs\ ]cn-

W-an®v cq]-t`Zw ]m]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xß-fpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ ]meq¿,

a‰w \nhm-kn-Iƒ Bbn-cp∂p Ft∂ Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hmZ-ßƒ°v

Ncn-X-]-c-ambn A¿∞w Iev]n-t°-≠-Xp-≈p.

NcnXw Fgp-Xn-shbv-°p∂ ]mc-ºcyw tIc-fo-b¿°v s]mXpth

C√. Cu Zu¿_eyw al-Xz-h-Xv°-cn-°p-hm-\mWv F.Un. F´mw \q‰m-

≠n\ptijw Bhn¿`-hn® ]e tZhm-e-b-ß-sfbpw AX-Xns‚ ]tbm-

‡m-°ƒ "kzbw`q' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n®v Xr]vXn-b-S-bp-∂-Xpw bp‡n-

c-ln-X-amb ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw. kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-

\n-I-fpsS Imcyhpw hn`n-∂-a-√. sk‚ v tXmakv ÿm]n® ]meq¿

]≈n°v Hcp Ncn-X-KŸw BZy-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚

a≤y-Øn-em-Wv (]n. kn. Ip™mØp: B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-N-cn-Xw).

F∂m¬ ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ Ncn-X-Øn¬ Aev]w

]Imiw ImWp-∂p-≠v. 1750 apX¬ ]meq¿ ]tZ-i-amb Ip∂w-Ip-fw-˛-

]-g™n taJ-e-bn¬ tkh\w A\p-jvTn® Ipsd sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw

sshZn-Im-≤y-£-∑m-cp-sSbpw Ncn-Xmw-i-ßƒ ]n¬°me Kth-j-W-

Øns‚ ^e-ambn e`y-am-bn-´p-≠v. G‰hpw A[nIw aX-t\-Xm-°sf

kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv "]pen-t°m-´n¬' IpSpw-_-am-Wv. ae-¶c Hm¿-

Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS tPymXn pw tXP pw F∂v k`

]n¬°m-eØv HutZym-Kn-I-ambn _lp-aXn _ncp-Z-ßƒ \¬Inb c≠p

ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cm-Wv B IpSpw_w kw`m-h\ sNbvX

aXm-≤y-£-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J-∑m¿. Ah¿ c≠p-t]sc∏‰n-bm-Wv Cu

KŸw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-cn¬ butk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

H∂m-as‚ ]e tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Bth-i-I-c-amb Hm¿Ω DW¿-

Øp∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. 2006˛¬ At±lw cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXv


]Jym-]n® B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS Ccp-\qdmw hm¿jnIw,

2005˛2006˛¬ At±-l-Øns‚ inev]-ssh-ZKv≤yw kphy-‡-am-°p∂

]meq¿- -B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ Ccp-\q-dmw hm¿-

jnIw, 2009˛¬ At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In Xbm-dm°n ]Jym-]n®

I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS Ccp-\qdmw hm¿jnIw, 2011˛¬ At±lw

t\XrXzw \¬In ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ H∂m-asØ ae-bmfw ss__n-

fns‚ Ccp-\qdmw hm¿jnIw, 2014˛¬ At±lw mh-\m-]q¿∆w ÿm]n®

tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS Ccp-\qdmw hm¿jnIw, 2015˛¬ ]g™n

]≈n-bn¬sh®v At±lw ae-¶c saXm-\mbn ÿm\-ta-‰-Xns‚ Ccp-

\qdmw hm¿jnIw, 2016˛¬ At±lw ]c-tem-I-]m-]vX-\m-b-Xns‚ Ccp-

\qdmw hm¿jnIw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ kw`-h-ßƒ Cu Hcp hymg-h-´-

°m-e-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ At±-lsØ kvacn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb Ncn-X-

kw-`-h-ß-fm-Wv. kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb Cu Imcy-ßƒ H∂mw mK-Øn¬

]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p∂p.

]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b\pw hne-bn-

cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Ime-am-bn. At±lw `qPm-X-\m-bn´v 183 \o≠- h¿j-

ß-fm-bn. At±lw I»o-im-]´w G‰n´v 163 h¿j-ß-fm-bn. saXm≥

ÿm\-ta-‰n´v 151 sIm√w Ign-™p. ]cp-a-e-˛-ap-f-¥p-cpØn ktΩ-f-\-

ß-fn¬h®v k`-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Imc ]m¿e-sa‚ v Bb kpdn-bm\n

InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-j≥ cq]-h-Xv°-cn-®n´v 142˛139 h¿j-ßƒ

Bbn (tI-c-f-Ønse BZy-sØ kap-Zm-b-kw-L-S-\-bm-Wn-Xv). tdmb¬

tImS-Xn-hn-[n-bneqsS skan-\m-cn-t°-kn¬ kºq¿Æ hnPbw t\Sn-

bn´v 126 h¿j-am-bn. At±lw ZnKvhn-Pbw t\Sn kz¿§m-tcm-lWw

sNbvXn´v 106 h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™p. _lp-ap-J-amb tkh-\-]-c-º-c-

Iƒ sIm≠v k`m-N-cn-XsØ tXtPm-a-b-am-°nb At±-l-Øns‚

NcnXw NnXo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ c≠mw `mKw Cu KŸ-Øn¬ \o°n-h-®n-

cn-°p-∂p.

skan-\mcn ÿm]-Is‚ Nca ZzniXm_vZntbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-°p∂ Cu KŸw k`m-tk-h-\-Øn\v At\-I¿°v ]tNm-Z\w

\¬Is´ F∂ ]m¿∞-\-tbmsS kpa-\- p-Iƒ°v apºn¬ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-®p-sIm-≈-s´. Rß-fpsS ]km-[I kwL-Øns‚ A≤y-£≥

]pent°m´n¬ tUm. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-

tbmSpw A®Sn `wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln® tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sn-t\mSpw

a‰v kplr-Øp-°-tfmSpw Af-h‰ \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥\hw-_¿ 24, 2015


D≈-S°w

Ah-Xm-cnI tUm. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv 7

hmMvapJw 11

`mKw H∂v- -

k`m tPymXn- v- -

]p-en-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a≥

D]-Iaw 15

A. ae-bmfw ss__nƒ 17

kwL-Im-e -ss_-_nƒ 22

-_p-°m-\\pw ae-bmfw ss__n-fpw 23

1811˛se ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-I¿ 24

B. \mev alm-inev]-ßƒ 39

1. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e 40

2. ]meq¿ ]≈n-bpsS ]p\¿ \n¿ΩmWw 49

3. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme 58

4. tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn 68

C. tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-: -

k-`-bpsS lrZ-b-hpw akvXn-jvIhpw 78

D. I¿Ω-tbm-Kn-bmb ae-¶c saXm≥ 103

E. Pohn-X -km-bm”w 112

`mKw 2

alm-flm-hmb k`m-tX-Pkv

]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥

1. ]me-°p-∂Øv A_lmw aev]m≥ 121

2. ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv 127

3. bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv sXmgn-bq¿ hyh-lm-c-ßƒ 129

4. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v IØ-\m¿ 138


5. 1873˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZmkv 145

6. ]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv 149

7. apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn-\ptijw 156

7A. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ho≠pw Aa-c-°m-c≥ 167

8. tIcf \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ cmP-inev]n 176

A. tIc-f-Ønse H∂m-asØ kap-Zm-b-kw-LS\ 177

B. hnZym-`ymk ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 180

C. `mjm-`n-am\w 183

D. A®-Sn-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ 187

E. A[x-Ir-tXm-≤m-cWw 189

F. P\-Io-b-ssien 190

G. Bflo-b-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ 192

H. PmssX-yIy-kw-Lw 194

I. cmjvSob cwK-ßƒ 195

J. ]X-˛-km-ln-Xy-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 197

K. \n¿Æm-b-I-amb tImS-Xn-hn-[n 198

9. ]utcm-lnXy kph¿Æ Pq_nen 202

10. Pohn-X -km-bm”w 206

11. Poh-N-cn-X-^-eIw 212


`mKw 1

]. k`m-tPym-Xn v ]p-en-t°m-ń¬

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

H∂m-a≥ (1740-˛1816)

D]-Iaw

1814˛se tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS ÿm]\w ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-

semcp ]pXp-bp-K-∏n-d-hn°v Imc-W-am-bn. 1811˛se ae-bmfw ss__nƒ

hnh¿Ø-\hpw 1815˛¬ Bcw-`n®

sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e-\hpw 1814˛¬ \nb-

a-]-c-ambn Ah-km-\n® ]I-tem-a‰w

IpSpw-_-hm-gvNbpw Cu ]pXp-bp-K-∏n-

d-hn-bpsS e£-W-ß-fmbn ]d-bmw.

k -bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚ ]n≥_-

e-tØmsS 1815˛¬ ÿm\m-tcm-lWw

sNø-s∏´ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Cu ]pXp-bp-

K-∏n-d-hn-bpsS ]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂p

F∂v NcnXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ae-

¶-c-k-`sb At[m-K-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw

Po¿Æ-X-bn¬\n∂pw D≤-cn® v

]pXnb DuSpw ]mhpw \¬In ]p\¿-

Po-hn-∏n® At±-lsØ ae-¶-c-k-`-

bpsS s]man-Xyqkv F∂v Ncn-X-Im-

c -∑m¿ hnti-jn -∏n -®n -cn -°p -∂p.

sIm®n kwÿm-\Øv P\n-®v, Xe-

ap-d-I-fmbn ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS A≤y-

£-ÿm\w A\p- -hn-®p-t]m∂ Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ kwÿm-\sØ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-°m-cn¬\n∂v ae-¶c

saXm≥ÿm-\sØ tamNn-∏n-®v, Ccp kwÿm-\-°m-cp-sSbpw BZ-c-

hn\v ]mX-ambn, _nó-jv `c-W-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS a[y-Xn-cp-

hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ k`-bpsS ]Tn-Ø-hoSpw ae-¶-c-sa-Xms‚ Bÿm-\hpw

k`-bpsS skI-´-dn-tb‰pw kwhn-[m\w sNbvX At±-lsØ 19˛mw


\q‰m≠nte°v ae-¶ck`sb \bn® bpK-kw-I-aW]pcp-j≥ F∂v

\ymb-ambpw hnti-jn-∏n°mw. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse ][m\

kw`-h-ßƒ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

1. ]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc CS-h-I-bn¬ Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ]pen-t°m-´n¬

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ NpΩm¿-˛-F-fn®n (si-a-hq≥-˛-G-en-iv_m) Zº-Xn-I-fpsS

aI-\mbn P\n-®p. 1740 \hw-_¿ 25˛\v P\n-®-Xm-bn-´mWv hniz-kn-°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

2. Ip∂w-Ipfw sXt°-°c ss]e-∏≥ Bim≥ Kpcp.

3. Ip∂w-Ipfw ImWn-∏-øq¿ If-cn-bn¬ X®p-imkvXw A`y-kn-®p.

4. ]g-™n-bnse aev]m≥ ]mT-im-e-bn¬ sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n.

5. 1753˛56 Ime-ß-fn¬ imI≈m _mhm-bn¬ \n∂v ]´-ta-‰-Xmbn

hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

6. apf-¥p-cpØn∏≈n-bnse aev]m≥ ]≈n-°q-S-Øn¬ D]-cn-]-T-\w.

7. Nnd-fbw ]≈n ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-Xp (t\XrXzw \¬In).

8. Ip∂w-Ipfw ]g-b-]≈n ]Wn-Xp (t\XrXzw \¬In).

9. Nnd-fbw ]≈n-bn¬ ]pXnb aev]m≥ ]mT-ime ÿm]n-®p.

10. Im´p-a-ßmSv Iqdn-tem-kn-s\bpw kwL-sØbpw Ip∂w-Ip-fØpw

A™q-cp-ambn kwc-£n-°p-∂p (1772˛74).

11. 1789˛¬ Sn∏p -kp¬Øm≥ ]meq¿- -Nm- p-Ip-f-ßc tZhm-ebw A·n-

°n-c-bm-°p-∂p. aXw-am‰ ia-ßsf At±lw sNdpØp \n∂p.

12. 1800˛¬ ^m≥knkv _p°m-\s\ kµ¿in-°p-∂p.

13. 1805˛¬ Nm´p-Ip-f-ß-c-]≈n \dp-s°-Sp-∏n-eqsS i‡≥ X-ºp-

cm≥ kpdn-bm-\n°m¿°v \¬Ip-∂p (C´q∏v aev]ms‚ iaw aqew).

14. 1805. ]≈n \n¿Ωm-Ww (t\XrXzw \¬In).

15. 1806. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme (][m\ inev]n).

16. 1807˛1808. ss__nƒ ]cn-`m-j (][m\ ]¶mfn).

17. 1808. 7˛mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS D]-tZ-jvSmhv.

18. 1809. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme (][m\ inev]n).

19. 1809. 8˛mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS D]-tZ-jv-Sm-hv. dºm≥ÿm-\-ta¬-

°p∂p.

20. 1814. tIm´bw ]gbskan-\mcn ÿm]-\w (ÿm]-I≥).


21. 1815. ]g-™n-bn¬ h®v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-

`n-tj-Iw.

22. 1816. tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ A¥yw. skan-\mcn Nm∏-

en¬ I_-dn-Sw.

23. 1991. ]. ]nXm-hns\ "ae-¶ck`mtPymXnkv' Bbn k` ]Jym-

]n®p.

ae-bmfw ss__nƒ, B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e, ]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc

tZhm-eb \n¿Ωm-Ww, I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e, tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn

F∂n-ßs\ At±-l-Øns‚ A©v apJy taJ-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

At±-l-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-Isf N¿® sNømw.

A. ae-bmfw ss__nƒ

]meq-cnse blqZ tImf-\nsb InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ BZy- `m-c-Xob

tIµ-am°n am‰nb InkvXp-in-jy≥ am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lmbv°v, ]meq-

cn¬ cq]-s∏´ Bcm-[-I-k-aq-l-Øn\p th≠n Hcm-e-bhpw Bcm-[-\m-

cq-]hpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-√. ]meq¿°p∂n-ep-≠m-

bn-cp∂ kn\-tKmKv Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p BZy- tZ-hm-e-bw. kn\-tKm-Knse

blqZ Bcm-[-\-tbmSv tN¿Øp InkvXp-hns‚ bmKm¿∏-W-Iq-Zmi

Iq´n-t®¿Øt∏mƒ Xe-∏-≈n-bnse BZy Bcm-[-\bpw cq]-s∏- p. aXw

amdnb blqZ ˛ _p≤ ˛ ssP\ ˛ ZmhnU kaq-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \mep

t]sc "ssIsh∏v' \evIn \nb-an-®-t∏mƒ ]utcm-lnXy kwhn-[m-\hpw

ÿm]n-X-am-bn. InkvXp-hns‚ `mj F∂ \ne-bn¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-

«olm ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ønb kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn-ep≈ BZy-Ime Bcm-

[-\-Iƒ blqZ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v A\y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. CX-c- kw-kvImc

]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ hfsc thKw B "InkvXp `mj' ]cn-N-bn-®-tXmsS

`mc-X-Ønse InkvXp-a-X-Øn\v Hcp Xe-∏-≈nbpw BNm-cy-Xzhpw kpdn-

bm\n `mj-bn-ep≈ Bcm-[-\m-]m-c-º-cyhpw kwew-_v[-am-bn. PqX-

∑m¿ kn\-tKm-Knse D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn "tXmdm'bpw ]h-N\]pkvX-

I-ßfpw k¶o¿Ø-\-Ir-Xn-Ifpw ssIhiw h®n-cp-∂p. AtXmSpIqSn

am¿tØm-Ωm-«olm kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ cNn® InkvXpkphn-tijw Iq´n-

t®¿Ø-t∏mƒ `mc-X-Ønse _me-k-`-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn\v Hcp

ss__nfpw e`y-am-bn. temI-Ønse√m ssIkvX-h-tI-µ-ß-fnepw

tZhm-e-bhpw Bcm-[-\m-k-aq-lhpw Bcm-[-\-I-ahpw ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw

cq]-s∏-´Xv -k-am\ kml-N-cy-Ønepw kam-\-cq-]-`m-h -ssi-en-I-fn-ep-

am-bn-cp-∂p.


F∂m¬ F.Un. c≠mw- \q-‰m≠p apX¬ Bdmw \q‰m-≠p- hsc

tIc-f-Øn¬ \-S∂ aX-ssP-Xbm-X-Iƒ Xe-∏-≈n-bpsS aX-kw-hn-

[m\ Nmcp-X-Isf De-bv°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp. ssih ˛ sshjvWh

˛ C…mw ˛ _m“W kaq-l-ß-fmWv hntZi hmWnPy Xpd-ap-J-

amb s]m∂m-\n-bpsS Xpd-ap-J-am-b- ]m-eq-cn¬ ˛ Xe-∏≈n ]tZ-i-

ßfn¬ ˛ Cu Akz-ÿ-X-I-fpsS ]c-ºc hnX-®-Xv. Cu apt∂-‰-ß-

fn¬ _p≤ ssP\- a-X-ßƒ A]-Xy-£-ß-fm-bn. InkvXp-aXw sNdp-

Øp\n∂p-sh-¶n-epw KWy-ambn £oWn-®p. sXt°m´pw hS-t°m´pw

]mW-c-£m¿∞w ]em-b\w sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ InkvXp-a-X-Øn\v

]pXnb ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hym]n-°p-hm≥ ItaW Ign-™p. "tIcf-

Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-X'-Øn¬ ]n. sI. tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ hc-

®p-Im-´pw-hn[w FXn¿ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS Bcm-[-\m-e-b-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-

km-ln-Xy-cq-]-ßfpw BWv khn-tijw \in-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv. Chn-sS-bp-

≠m-bn-cp∂ ss__n-fns‚ ssIsb-gpØp]Xn-Iƒ \in-°p-hm≥ CXv

kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°n. GXm-bmepw aX-]o-U-\-Imew Ign-™-t∏mƒ Hfn-

hn-S-ß-fn¬ kwc-£n-°-s∏´ ss__nƒ kwt£-]-ßƒ ]N-cn-°pI

Xs∂ sNbvXp. 1599˛se DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkns‚ Imt\m-\mI-

fn¬ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ AIm-t\m-\nI ss__n-fns\ \ntcm-[n-

°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. ItØm-en-°m-k` A°m-e-ß-fn¬ ss__nƒ

hmb\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-Itbm t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√.

Bcm-[-\-I-a-ß-fnepw thZ-D-]-tZi ]pkvX-I-ß-fnse hymJym-\n-°-

s∏´ thZ-`m-K-ß-fp-ambn Ah-cpsS thZ-]p-kvX-I- D-]-tbmKw ]cn-an-X-

s∏-´p. Adn-b-s∏-ń-S-tØmfw hkvXp-X-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv 1751˛¬

ae-¶-c-bn-se-Ønb hntZ-i -k- m-[y-£-kwLw Imt\m-\nI ss__nƒ

ChnsS sIm≠p-h∂p F∂m-Wv. 1751˛\v tijw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚

kpdn-bm-\n-∏-I¿∏p-Iƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-´p. Xßƒ t\XrXzw \¬Inb

aev]m≥ ]≈n-°qS-ß-fn¬ ss__nƒ ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-X¬ Hcp Zn\-

Ncy-bmbn ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v aev]m\pw Imbw-Ipfw dºm\pw

t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. AtXmsS Bcm-[-\-I-a-ß-fn¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-ń-cp∂

thZ]p-kvXI e`yX h¿≤n-®p. k¶o¿Ø-\-]p-kvXIw ]q¿Æ-ambn

ae-bm-f-Ønte°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v

aev]m≥ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°p≈ ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w F∂ Bibw

k`-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. kphn-ti-j-ß-fpsS Nne `mKn-I- hn-h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ Aßnßp ]Xy-£-s∏´p XpSßn. Cu L´-Øn-emWv dh.

t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\≥ F∂ Bw•n°≥ anj-\dn "Gjy-bnse

ss__nƒ Kth-jWw' F∂ ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn 1806˛¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-

Øp-∂-Xv. "Xs‚ ssIhiw ss__nƒ Cs√∂pw tKmh-bn¬ h®v


Xm≥ ss__nƒ I≠n-´p-s≠∂pw hcm-∏pg skan-\m-cn-bnse sdIvS¿

_p°m-\s\ Adn-bn-®p (-In-kvXy≥ dnk¿®kv C≥ Gjy, ]pdw

111˛135, 1819). c≠p Imcy-ß-fmWv _p°m-\≥ e£y-am-°n-b-Xv.

1. kpdn-b-m\n-In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS Ncn-Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw ]T-\-hn-

j-b-am-°p-I. ss__n-fns‚ ssIsbgpØp]XnIƒ tiJ-cn-°p-I.

2. sXt°-C-¥y-bnse P\-ßsf ]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ D≈ bXv\-

ß-fn¬ Cu ]mNo-\ -kp-dn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Isf, Ah-cpsS ssIh-

i-ap≈ kp-dn-bm-\n- m-j-bn-ep≈ ss__nƒ ]mtZ-in-I - m-j-I-fn-te°v

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v, ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Cu e£y-

ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-amb I¿Ω-]-Y-ßƒ At±lw At\z-jn-®p.

""AXn\v tijw kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS ]≈n-Iƒ At±lw kµ¿in®p

XpS-ßn. \jvS-]-Xm-]-Øns‚ (fallen greatness) A¥-co-£-am-sWßpw

At±lw I≠Xv. Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ I≠-

\m´v ]≈n-bn¬ h®v _p°m-\≥ sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb kµ¿in-®p.

saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb I≠-t∏mƒ BZy-ho-£-W-Øn¬Øs∂, Xm≥

\memw \q‰m-≠nse kz¿Æ-\m-hp-Im-c≥ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns\

ImWp-I-bmtWm F∂v At±lw i¶n-®p-h-tX. Bdmw am¿tØmΩm

_p°m-\-t\mSv ]d-™p. "£tbm-∑p-J-amb Hcp k`sbbmWv \nßƒ

kµ¿in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv (you have come to visit a declining church). \mep-

]-Xn-‰m-≠p-Imew ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ]c-am-[n-Im-c-ap≈ GI saXm-t∏m-

eoØm Bbn-cp∂ At±-l-Øn\v k`-sb-∏‰n ]d-bm≥ I-gn-™Xv ˛

AXpw BZy-ambn Xs∂ ImWm≥ h∂ Hcp hntZ-i- an-j-\-dn-tbmSv ˛

hnjm-Z-Øn¬ s]mXn™ Cu hm°p-Iƒ amXw. kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb

Xs‚ PohnXw apgp-]-cm-P-b-amsW-∂mtWm ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm

A¿∞-am-°n-bXv?

1806 \hw-_¿ 23, 24 Xob-Xn-I-fn-embn \S∂ IqSn-°m-gvN-I-fn¬

ae-bm-f-Øn-te-°p≈ ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w F∂ Bibw tUm.

_p°m-\≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bv°v B Bibw kΩ-

X-am-bn-cp-∂p. c≠m-gvN-Iƒ Ign™v tIW¬ sa°m-sf-bp-sam-∂n®v

_p°m-\≥ ho≠pw Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωmsb kµ¿in-®p. ss__nƒ

hnh¿Ø\w XpSßn F∂v saXm-t∏m-eoØm _p°m-\s\ Adn-bn®p.

_p°m-\s‚ kµ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ Xt∂m-sSm-∏-ap-≠mhm≥ k`-bnse

][m\ sshZn-Isc F√mw saXm-t∏m-eoØm Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. A°m-

esØ ae-¶-c-k- -bn¬ G‰hpw ]i-kvX-cmb sshZn-I¿ sX°v Imbw-

Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm\pw hS-°v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v aev]m\pw

Bbn-cp-∂p. ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\w, k`m-kw-tbm-P\w XpS-ßnb


Imcy-ß-fpsS Xpd-∂- N¿®-bv°mbn Cu c≠p sshZn-Isc saXmt∏m-

eoØm \ntbm-Kn-®p (-c≠p h¿jw Ign-bp-tºm-tg°v Ch-cmWv ae-¶-

c-bnse hniz-kvXcpw ]fin-Xcpw k`m-kvt\-ln-I-fp-amb sshZn-I¿

F∂v AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Xs‚ `mhn-]-Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ BImw

F∂v Hcm-bp-jvImew apgp-h≥ `b-s∏-ń-cp∂ Cu sshZn-I-sc-Øs∂

kp]-[m-\-amb Cu ZuXyw saXm-t∏m-eoØm c-ta-ev]n-®Xv Hcp \b-

X-¥-⁄-Xbm-bn-t´m, A\p-c-RvP-\-k-∂-≤-Xbm-bnt´m Icp-Xm-hp-∂-

XmWv.)1

""......- tdm-Ωm-°m-cpsS i‡nsb hnNm-cn-®m¬ Cw•ojv k`bpw kpdn-

bm-\n-k- bpw XΩn¬ XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏mbn \S-∂m¬s°m≈m-sa-∂p≈

`mh-sØ-°p-dn®v BZyw aev]m-∑mcp-ambn KpW-tZmjw Nn¥n-®-Xn¬

h®v Aev]w X¿°-Øn\v CS-bm-Im-sX-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXm-bXv Cw•o-

jp-Im¿°v Inń-bn-cn°p∂ ]´-sØ-°p-dn®v kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cn¬ hfsc

kwi-b-sa∂pw ]t£, Cw•o-jp-Im¿ henb P\hpw bp≤-Øn\v

Io¿Øn-s∏-´-hcpw Bbn-cn°pw F∂mepw am¿§hpw ]≈nbpw

(AhnsS) D≠m-bn´v Gsd-°m-e-am-bn-ń-√-t√m. ]´w e`n-°-s∏-´Xpw

Rß-fpsS ]gb iXp-°ƒ Bb tdmΩm-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw A√tbm?

kpdn-bm\n k`-bm-Is´ BZy-Imew apX¬ Id-Iq-Sm-sXbpw «ol∑m-

cpsS Ime-Øn¬ Ah-cn¬ \n∂p e`n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂ B ]´-Xz-Øn-

\-SpØ hmgvN-Iaw Ct∂m-fhpw apS-°w-h-cmsX \ne-\n∂pw Ccn-°p-

∂Xpw thsdm-cp- k-`bv°pw Cu Iaw D≠m-b-]-Imcw hnNm-cn∏m≥

kwi-bhpw Bbn-cn-°p-I-bm¬ XΩn¬ tbmPn-®p-t]m-hm≥ ]bm-k-

ambn hcp-sa∂pw aev]m≥ ]d-™-Xn\v kmbn∏v Ah¿Iƒ tdmΩmbv°v

Inń-bn-cn°p∂ hmgvNbpw «ol∑m-cn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ BIp-∂p. ...'

Bw•n-°≥ k`-bp-ambn tbmPn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-sW∂v N¿®-Iƒs°m-

Sp-hn¬ Bdmw am¿tØmΩm Hcp ]Sn-tbme FgpXn H∏n´v apZ -h®v

_p°m-\s\ Gev]n-®p-sh-¶nepw B BKlw ê-]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-

bn-√.2

B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb hn`-h-

ßƒ kam-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-emWv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ aev]m≥, saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw _p°m-\-\p-ambn N¿®-s°-Øn-bXv.

Imcy-ß-fpsS kpK-a-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ F√m-hcpw kwXr]vXn tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ aev]m\v ]≈n-\n¿ΩmW-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v

Gsd Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂XpsIm≠v hnh¿Ø-\-

Øns‚ XpS-°-sam-gn®v as‰√mw \n¿∆-ln-°-s∏- Xv Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp- h®m-

sW∂v ]g-a-°m¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Imbw-Ipfw dºm≥ A°m-eØv Nndf-

b-Øp≈ aev]m≥ ]≈n-°q-S-Øn¬ A[ym-]-I-hr-Ønbpw ]pen-t°m-


ń¬ aev]m-\p-sam-∂n®v hnh¿Ø\tPmenbpw \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn

]mcºcy-ap-≠v. 1811˛¬ A®-Sn® ae-bmfw ss__nƒ ]pen-t°m-ń¬

dºms‚ ssIh-i-sa-Øp-tºm-tg°v (C-Xn-t\m-SIw At±lw dºm≥

ÿm\w G‰pIgn-™n-cp-∂p) ss__nƒ hnh-¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωmbpw Imbw-Ipfw dºm\pw Znhw-K-X-cm-bn-°-

gn-™n-cp-∂p. X∑qew ]pen-t°m- n¬ dºm≥ tZhm-e-b-ß-fn-te°v AXv

hnX-cWw sNøp∂ Npa-Xe \n¿∆-ln-®p. 1811˛se ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-

\-Øn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v aev]m\v ]¶n√ F∂v H∂pc≠v Fgp-

Øp-Im¿ CubnsS ]Xn-I-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ A°m-cy-sØ-∏‰n e`y-amb

sXfn-hp-Iƒ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p≠v.

1811˛¬ t_mws_,- sIm-dn-b¿ ] n¬ \n∂v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´

ae-bmfw ss__n-fn\v Ccp-\qdv hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. "dºm≥

ss__nƒ' F∂pw "_p°m-\≥ ss__nƒ' F∂pw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂

Cu ]Ya ae-bmfw thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \mep kphn-ti-j-ßƒ

amXta D≈q. F-¶nepw Cu A]q¿Æ ss__nƒ ae-bmf `mj-

bn¬ A®-Sn-°-s∏´ BZysØ aX-K-Ÿ-am-Wv. thZ-ßfpw ]pcm-W-

ßfpw CXn-lm-k-ßfpw Hs° ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ A®-Sn®v ]kn≤w

sNbvXn´v ]Øv ]¥≠v Zim-_vZ-ßtf Bbn-´p-≈p; C°m-cy-Øn¬

ae¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bv°v A`n-am-\n-°m≥ Gsd hI-bp-≠v.

"`m¥m-eb'sa∂v Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬t∏mepw hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´

tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI Xa- ns‚ Iń-bp≈ `nØnsb t`Zn®v

temI-Kp-cp-hmb tbip-hns‚ ktµ-i-ß-fpsS kph¿Æ civan-Iƒ Ahn-

tS°v ]th-in-∏n-°p-hm≥ ssZhw Hcp-°n-bXv ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

k`sb BWv. C°-gn™ c≠p \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ tIc-f-Øn-

ep-≠mb kaqe kmaq-lnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v [m¿Ωn-I- -kmw-kv°m-

cnI tIcfw 1811˛se ae-bmfw ss__n-fn-t\mSv IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

\mgnI-°√v

ae-bm-f- K-Zy- m-j-bpsS Ncn-X-Ønepw 1811˛se ae-bmfw ss__nƒ

Hcp \mgn-I-°-√m-Wv. ae-bm-f-KZyw Xosc Zcn-Z-am-bn-cp∂p A∂v. Xan-

gvNp-h-bp≈ Nne imk-\-ßfpw KŸ-h-cn-Ifpw A√msX Zo¿L-amb

cN-\-Iƒ A°meØv `mjm-KZy taJ-e-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-√.

ae-bm-f-KZy kmln-Xy-Øns‚ ]nXm-°-∑m-cmbn hmgvØ-s∏-Sp∂ dh.-

tPm¿÷v amØ\pw tIc-f-h¿Ω henb tImbn-Ø-ºp-cm\pw Ah-cpsS

KZy-c-N-\-Ifpw sIm≠v ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ae-bmfw ss__n-fns‚

]kn-≤o-I-cWw Ign™v aq∂v \mev ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v tij-am-Wv.

Ccp-∂qdv sIm√-ßƒ°v apºv ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hmNn-Ihpw enJn-X-


hp-amb kzcq]w Kln-°p-hm≥ ae-bmfw ss__n-fn-t\mfw klm-b-

I-amb a‰v KŸ-ßƒ Ds≠∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS tZhm-

e-b-ß-fnse D]-tbm-KsØ Dt±-in®v ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb ss__nƒ

GsX-¶n-epw `mjm-]-fin-Xs‚ i≤-bn¬ CXp-h-scbpw h∂n-´n-√.

`mjm hymI-cWw cNn® F. -B¿. -cm-P-cm-P-h¿Ωtbm (tI-c-f-]m-Wn\n)

a‰v sshbm-I-c-W-∑mtcm 1811˛se ae-bmfw ss__n-fns‚ `mj-sb-

∏‰n Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. tIhew \qdv (100) tIm∏n-Iƒ amXta A®Sn®v

Cd-ßn-bn-´p-≈p. AXn¬Xs∂ AwKp-eo-]-cn-an-X-amb tIm∏n-Iƒ

amXta C∂v Ah-ti-jn-®n-´p-≈q. ae-bmf KZy-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-k-]-

cn-Wm-a-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ Gsd \n¿Æm-b-I-am-Im-hp∂ Cu

ss__nƒ `mjm-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cpsS i≤-bn¬ Ccp-∂qdv h¿j-

Øn\v tij-sa-¶nepw hcpsa∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

tIc-f-Øns‚ ss__nƒ ]mc-ºcyw

tIc-f-Ønse c≠m-bncw h¿jsØ ]mc-º-cyhpw sk‚ v tXmakv

ss]Xr-Ihpw t]dn \nev-°p∂ ssIkvX-h-k-`-bn¬ 1811˛\v apºv

ss__nƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm? C°mcyw At\zjn-°p-hm-\mWv I¬°-

´m-bnse anj-\dn IqsS-bmb t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\≥ 1806˛¬ tIc-f-

Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv. Christian Researches in Asia F∂ Kth-j-W-K-Ÿ-

Øn¬ At±lw Xs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. A∂v

tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]_e- ssI-kvXh hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ H∂v- ˛ -a-

e-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-k-` -˛ -tZ-hm-e-b-ß-fnse hmb-\-Iƒ°pw Bcm-[-\-

Iƒ°p-ambn kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn-ep≈ ss__nƒ btYjvSw D]-tbm-

Kn-®n-cp-∂p. hn.- Ip¿∫m-\-bnepw a‰v Bcm-[-\-I-fnepw kpdn-bm\n mj-

bnse kphn-tij `mK-ßƒ sshZn-I¿ X¬k-ab hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-

eqsS hmbn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬

ss__n-fns\ B[m-c-am°n cNn® thtZm-]-tZi KŸ-ßƒ A√msX

thZ-]p-kvXIw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂Xv \sΩ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Xm≥ tKmh-bn¬ h®v ss__nƒ I≠n-´p≠v F∂v hcm-∏p-g-bnse

sdIvS¿ ]d™ kw`hw t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\≥ Xs‚ KŸ-Øn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v (In-kvXy≥ dnk¿®kv C≥ Gjy, 1819, ]pdw.

111˛135).

kwL-Ime ss__nƒ

1599˛¬ tN¿∂ DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv ae-¶-c-bn¬ D]-tbm-K-

Øn-en-cp∂ Hcp kphn-ti-jsØ∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-®n- p-≠v; AImt\m-\nI

ss__nƒ F∂v apZ-IpØn AXns\ \ntcm-[n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. AtXmsS


B AImt\m-\nI ss__nƒ A]-Xy-£-am-bXv aqew AXn-s\-

∏‰nbp≈ hni-Z-]-T-\-ßƒ Akm-[y-am-bn. CubnsS ]g-™n-bn-se

A¥-cn-®p-t]mb Hcp sshZn-Is‚ KŸ-∏p-c-bn¬\n∂v ssIsø-gp-Øp-

cq-]-Øn¬ Hcp ae-bmfw kphn-tijw CsX-gp-Xp-∂-bmƒ Is≠-SpØp

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv AIm-t\m-\n-I-sa∂v

hn[n®v \ntcm-[n® ss__nƒ BImw CXv. Bap-J-ambn ]g-b-an-b-a-

kw-K-lhpw AXn-s\-Xp-S¿∂v s]¥n-t°mkvXns∏cp-∂m-fnse ]cn-ip-

≤m-flm-hmkw D¬s∏-sS-bp≈ kw`-h-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp kphn-

ti-jhpw AS-ßn-b-XmWo ss__nƒ. Imt\m-\nI ss__n-fn¬ C√m-

ØXpw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS hnizmk ]mc-º-cy-

ßƒ°v B[m-c-hp-amb Nne hnh-c-W-ßƒ CXn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ CXns‚ ]T-\o-bX h¿≤n-°p-∂p. kpdn-bm\n aqe-Øn¬ \n∂p≈

]mNo\ hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wn-sX∂v \n w-i-b-am-Wv. tbip _¿ \q≥

(\qs‚ ]pX-\mb tbip -˛ -tbm-ip-hm) F∂ ]Zw CsNm- h¿sÆm≥

F∂mWv CXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Xan-g-£-c-ame amXw D]-

tbm-Kn®v ae-bmfw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]q¿∆-Imew Cu X¿÷na

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Xs‚ timXm-°-fmb blq-Z-∑m¿, _p≤-˛-ssP\

aXm-\p-bm-bn-Iƒ, Zp¿√`w sshZn-I -_m“-W¿ Chsc Dt±-in®v am¿-

tXm-Ωm -«olm kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ cNn® ss__n-fns‚ mjm hnh¿Ø-

\-amtWm CsX∂v \nco-£n-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. Xncp-h-≈p-h¿ Fgp-Xnb Xncp-

°p-dƒ, IÆIn-bpsS IY B[m-c-am°n cNn-°-s∏´ Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw

XpS-ßnb kwL-Ime IrXn-I-fn¬ Cu ss__n-fnse ]e mK-ßfpw

ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kwL-Im-e- tI-c-f-Po-hn-XsØ kzm[o-\n® [¿Ω-

kw-ln-X-bmbn Cu ss__nƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v ]d-

bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. D]-cn-K-th-jWw C°m-cy-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ shfn®w

hoin-tb-°pw.

_p°m-\\pw ae-bmfw ss__nfpw

tIc-f-Ønse ss__nƒ ]mc-ºcyw Kth-jWw sNbvXp Kln®

_p°m-\≥ ae-bmfw ss__nƒ F∂ Xs‚ kz]v\w 1806 HIvtSm-

_¿ 19˛\v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pm-hns\ Adn-bn-®p. 1806 \hw-_¿

23, 24 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ Bdmw am¿tXm-Ωmsb kµ¿in® _p°m-\≥

Xs‚ Cu kz]v\w saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-sbbpw Adn-bn-®p. Cu kµ¿i-

\-Øn¬ Xt∂m-Sp-Iq-sS-bp-≠m-hm≥ k`-bnse ][m\ sshZn-Isc

saXm-t∏m-eoØm £Wn-®n-cp∂p. ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\w, Bw•n-

°≥k-`-bp-ambp≈ sFIyw F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n Xpd∂ N¿®-Iƒ°mbn

c≠p ]fin-X-ssh-Zn-Isc Bdmw am¿tØmΩm \ntbm-Kn-®p (sa-tΩm-


tbgvkv Hm^v _p°m-\≥, 1819, aq∂mw ]Xn-∏v, e≠≥, ]pdw 80).

ss__n-fns‚ ae-bm-f hnh¿Ø\w cq]-s∏´ ]›m-Øew CXm-Wv.

1811-˛se ss__n-fns‚ hnh¿Ø-I¿

1811˛se ae-bmfw ss__n-fns‚ hnh¿Ø\w Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-

t∏mkv dºm≥ \S-Øn-b-Xm-sW∂pw a‰m¿°pw AXn¬ ]¶n-s√∂pw

Nne¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. ASp-Ø-Im-e-Ømbn AsXmcp hnhm-Z-am-°m≥

kwL-Sn-X-amb iaw \S-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v kwi-bn-°p-∂p. ae-¶-c-

k- m- am-kn-I-bpsS c≠p e°-ß-fn¬ Fs‚ bph-kvt\-ln-X-cmb tUm.-

kn_n Xc-I\pw tUm.- Ip-cy≥ tXmakpw Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-ß-fn¬

1811˛se ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥

amXta ]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p≈q F∂v kn≤m-¥n-°p-hm≥ ian-®n-´p-≠v.

kmlnXyNcnXw Fgp-Xnb alm-Ihn D≈qcpw bi-»coc-\mb tUm.-

km-aph¬ Nµ-\-∏-≈nbpw Cu A`n-]mbw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®hcm-Wv.

X∑qew dºm≥ ss__n-fns‚ hnh¿Ø-I-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hc-t\z-jWw

ChnsS A\n-hm-cy-am-hp-∂p. 6˛mw am¿tØmΩm Xs‚ Iogn-ep≈ c≠v

kpdn-bm\n ]fin-X-cmb sshZn-Isc t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\-t\mSv Cu

hnjbw N¿® sNøp-hm≥ \ntbm-Kn® hnhcw \mw t\ctØ I≠p-

ht√m. Zu¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ a‰p ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ F∂-t]mse hnh¿Ø-

I-cpsS t]¿ 1811-˛se ss__n-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń√. dºm≥

ss__n-fn¬ amX-a-√, ss__n-fns‚ kpdn-bm-\n, Cw•o-jv, B[p-

\nI- a-e-bmfw hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw hnh¿Ø-I-cpsS t]¿ tN¿Øp

ImWp-∂n-√. dºm≥ ss__n-fn¬ ]km-[-Is‚ t]cpw tN¿Øn-ń-√.

X∑qew hnh¿Ø-I-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ hmNnI ]mc-º-cysØ Ipsd-sbms°

Ah-ew-_n-°msX Xc-an-√. A°m-eØv ss__n-fns‚ Nne `mKnI

hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Ønb c≠p aev]m-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬

Hcmƒ k¶o¿Ø\-]p-kvXIw apgp-h≥ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX ]pen-t°m-

ń¬ C´q∏v aev]m≥ BWv. At±-l-Øns‚ k¶o¿Ø\ hnh¿Ø\w

]q¿Æ-ambn CsX-gp-Xp∂ Bƒ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. A]-Im-in-X-Ir-

Xn-bmb B hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse hnh¿Ø-\-ssi-enbpw `mjm-ssi-

enbpw dºm≥ ss__n-fn-te-Xp -Xs∂sb∂v Hcp `mjm-[ym-]-I≥

IqsS-bmb Cu teJ-I\v ]d-bm-\m-hpw. ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

`mKn-I-ambn ]mcw`w Ipdn® as‰m-cmƒ Imbw-IpfØv ]oen-t∏mkv

dºm≥ Xs∂. At±lw aØm-bn-bpsS kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ Nne `mK-

ßƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-Xmbn ]kvXm-h-ap-≠v. C]-Imcw ss__nƒ

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]mcw`w Ipdn® c≠p aev]m-∑msc ss__nƒ

hnh¿Ø-I-cmbn Bdmw am¿tØmΩm \ntbm-Kn®p F∂v hniz-kn-°p-


1811˛se ss__nƒ. ae-bmfw ssS‰n¬ t]Pv.


1811-˛se ae-bmfw ss__nƒ:

a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-j-Ønse Hcp t]Pv


∂-Xt√ kzm`m-hnIw? Ncn-X-tc-J-Iƒ Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v F¥p

]d-bp∂p F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

1. tUm. t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\s‚ IØv

]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bn¬ Bbp-jv°mew apgp-h≥ hnIm-cn-

bm-bn-cp∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-c\pw Kth-j-I-\p-amb shcn.- d-h.- ]p-en-t°m-

ń¬ tPmk^v tIm¿F∏n-kvt°m∏m (^m.- ]n. -Fw. -tPm-kv) ]pen-

t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-as‚ Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn-b-t∏mƒ

]≈n-dn-°m¿Up-I-fn¬\n∂v Is≠-SpØ tUm.- _p°m-\s‚ Hcp

IØnse ]k‡ `mKw Xmsg ImWn-°pw-hn[w D≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v:

""A¶-am-en-bn¬h®v henb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-

Ømsb Rm≥ ImWp-Ibpw kpdn-bm-\n-`m-j-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-ń-´p≈

thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ssIsb-gp-Øp-]Xn At±lw F\n°v kΩm-

\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aaq-ey-\n-[n-bmbn Rm≥ B ]pkvXIw kq£n-

®phbv°p-∂p. AXns‚ A®-Sn® Ipd®v ]XnIƒ Atßm´p sImSp-

Ø-b-bv°p-∂p-≠v. A®s‚ BK-l-]-I-mcw thZ-]p-kvXIw ae-bm-f-

Øn¬ hn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXv A®-Sn∏n®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs‚

F√m kl-I-c-Whpw Rm≥ hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂p. thZ-]p-kvXIw kpdn-

bm\n `mj-bn¬\n∂v ae-bmf `mj-bn-te°v X¿÷n-a- sNbvXv F\n-

°-b-®p-X-cp-∂-Xn\v Xmev]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]pkvXIw ChnsS apZWw

sNbvXv Ipsd ]Xn-Iƒ Atßm v Ab-®p-X-cp-∂-Xm-Wv'' (Imew sNbvX

A®≥, ]pdw 20).

2. tUm.-t¢m-Un-bkv _p°m-\s‚ km£yw

dºm≥ ss__n-fns‚ ]km-[-I≥ tUm.- _p-°m-\s‚ Ub-dn-°p-

dn-∏p-Iƒ Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ as‰mcp \n¿Æm-b-I-tc-J-bm-Wv. `mKy-h-

im¬ At±-l-Øns‚ kvac-W-Iƒ AS-ßnb Ubdn "satΩm-tbgvkv

Hm^v _p°m-\≥' F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.

1807˛¬ P\p-hcn 29˛\v sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v At±lw Fgp-Xnb Hcp

IØnse ]cm-a¿iw ImWp-I: "... -]-Xn-am-k-th-X\w ]‰p∂ aq∂p-

t]¿ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ hym]rX-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fs‚ Akm-∂n-[y-

Øn¬ tIW¬ sa-°msf hnh¿Ø-\-b-⁄-Øn\v ta¬t\m´w hln-

°p-∂p' (]pdw 97). ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w \S-Øn-bXv Hcmƒ X\n-

®√ F∂v CXn-t\-°mƒ Bi-bn-°m-hp∂ as‰mcp km£yw Bh-

iy-apt≠m?


3. _nj∏v anUn¬´s‚ Poh-N-cnXw

I¬°-´-bnse Bw•n-°≥ _nj-∏m-bn-cp∂ tXmakv anUn¬´¨

1816˛¬ ae-¶-c-k` kµ¿in-®p. 1831˛¬ c≠p hmey-ß-fmbn Nm¬kv

sh∫v ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb _nj-∏ns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-Ønse Hcp `mKw

it≤-b-amWv: ""_nj∏v anUn¬´¨ kµ¿in® ]≈n-I-fn¬ BZy-

tØXv Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-bn-te-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. .... Cu ]≈n ItØm-en-°cpw

kpdn-bm-\n-°mcpw hyXymkw IqSmsX D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. ... BZyw

]≈n-bnseØp∂-h¿ Bcm-[\ \bn-°pw. ...- an-Un¬´¨ kµ¿in-°p-

tºmƒ Ccp hn`m-K-ß-fn-sebpw ]´-°m¿ k∂n-ln-X-¿ Bbn-cp∂p.

kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ amXw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂Xpw t_mws_-bn¬ A®-Sn-

®-Xp-amb ae-bmfw kphn-ti-j-]pkvXIw kpdn-bm\n sshZn-I¿

(kµ¿i-I-s\) ImWn-®p. ... -A-h-cpsS an° ]≈n-I-fnepw ss__n-

fns‚ ae-bm-f-]-cn-`mj D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ip´n-Iƒ-°p-t]mepw Kln-

°Ø°-hn[w AXv efn-Xhpw ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-hp-sa∂v Ah¿ Icp-

Xp∂p. tPmk^v dºm-\mWv AXv Xøm-dm°nbXv. At±-l-am-Wn-t∏m-

gsØ (1816) saXm≥. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚

t]¿. AtX t]cp≈ ap≥sa-Xms‚ t]c-W-bm¬ BWv Cu hnh¿-

Ø\w Xbm-dm-°-s∏-´-Xv (]p-dw 284˛292. C‚¿s\-‰n¬ Cu ]pkvXIw

e`y-am-Wv. ]k‡ t]Pp-Iƒ Uu¨temUv sNbvXv Cu teJ-I≥

kq£n-°p-∂p. kzX-¥- hn-h¿Ø\w Xbm-dm-°n-bXv Cu teJ-I≥

BWv). ChnsS ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-Is‚ t]cmbn tPmk^v dºms‚

t]¿ (am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv) amXta tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈q. AXp-

amXw B[m-c-am°n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv

dºms‚ ]¶m-fnØw \ntj-[n-°p-hm≥ kmln-Xy-K-th-j-W-]-cn-Nbw

Cu teJ-Is\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. Hcp IrXn-bpsS I¿Øm-hns\ \ntj-

[n-°p-∂-Xnt\m ÿnco-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnt\m Hcp sXfn-hns\ amXw B[m-

c-am-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-∂Xv _men-i-at√?

4. sdbvt\mƒUv hm·¿ (hn-h¿Ø-\w: ^m. -tUm. -dPn amXyp)

1969˛¬ _¿en-\n¬ \n∂v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ P¿Ω≥ `mj-bn-

se-gp-Xnb Hcp teJ\w (Cw-•ojv N¿®v anj\pw ae-bmfw ss__n-

fpw) ^m. -tUm. -dPn amXyp hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. AXnse ]k-

‡-`m-K-ßƒ D≤-cn-°s´: "ae-bm-f-Øn-te-°p≈ thZ-]p-kvXI ]cn-

`mj Cw•o-jp-Im-cmb anj-\-dn-am-cp-tSbpw (e-≠-\n-ep≈ kn.-Fw.-Fkv.

-an-j-\-dn-am¿) C∂sØ tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n

`mKsØ kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv (A-Yhm bmt°m-_m-b) k`-

bp-sSbpw Iq´mb ]h¿Ø\^eambn D≠m-b-Xm-Wv. ....- _p-°m-\≥


tIcfw hnSp-∂-Xn\v apºv X¿÷n-a-bn¬ G¿s∏-ń-cp∂ ]´-°m¿-

s°√mw (]-´-°m¿ F∂ _lp-h-N-\-]-tbmKw it≤-bw -˛ -te-J-I≥)

_nójv Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ]Xn-\n-[nsbs°m≠v Hcp amksØ iºfw

sImSp-∏n-®p.'

Cu Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-as‚ (Bdmw am¿-

tØmΩm -˛ -te-J-I≥) aq∂v kl-]-h¿Ø-I-sc-∏‰n \mw a\- n-em-

°p-∂p. I¬°-´m-bn¬ Xma-k-am-°n-bn-cp∂ C¥y-bnse BZysØ

Cw•o-jp-Im-c-\mb _nj∏v anUn¬´s‚ Poh-N-cn-X-Im-c≥ At±-l-

Øns‚ 1816˛se c≠p kµ¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. CXn¬ ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v AYhm dºm≥ tPmk^v BWv ][m\ Npa-X-

e-Iƒ hln-®n-cp-∂Xv F∂p ]d-bp∂p. dºm≥ tPmk^v 1815˛¬

A™qcnse (sXm-gn-bq¿) am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn¬ \n∂v _nj-∏m-bn-

Øo¿∂ BfmWv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]pXnb t]¿ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

c≠ma≥ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cmb ItØm-en-°-

cn¬\n∂pw \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv dºm≥ ]oent∏mkv _p°m-\s‚

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ kµ¿i-\-Øns‚ GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p aptº kpdn-

bm\n ss__n-fns‚ GXm\pw `mK-ßƒ ]I¿ØnsbgpXn F∂pw

AXn¬ \n∂mWv ae-bmfw ]cn-`mj \S-Øn-bXv F∂p-amWv. dºm≥

tPmk- nt\mSpw dºm≥ ]oen-t∏m-kn-t\m-Spsam∏w XnΩ∏m (øm) ∏n≈

F∂-sbm-cmsf°qSn ]d™p tIƒ°p-∂p. kpdn-bm\n _nj-∏ns‚

HutZym-KnI `h-\-amb I≠-\m-Sv h®v X¿÷na ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-Ibpw

At±lw CXns‚ t\XrXzw _p≤n-ap-ń-√msX \n¿∆-ln-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-cp-∂p (]p-en-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a\pw 1811˛se

ae-bmfw ss__nfpw, Fw.-sP.-Un. ]ªn-jnwKv lukv, Ip∂w-Ip-fw,

]pdw 173˛174).

5. tUm.- ]u-eqkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ km£yw

tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS ÿm]-I\pw ]Ya ]n≥kn-∏-ep-

amb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ 175˛mw Nca

hm¿jnIthf-bn¬ ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ skan-\mcn ÿm]-Is‚

I_-dn-t\mSv tN¿∂v ÿm]n® am¿_nƒ ê-I-Øn¬ tUm.- Ko-tKm-

dn-tbmkv Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb ]k‡ hnti-jWw ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-

\-Øns‚ ]mcw-`-I≥ (initiated the translation of Malayalam Bible)F∂mWv.

6. dh.- Sn. -hn.- tXm-akv (am¿tØm-Ωm-k-`)

ss__nƒ skmssk-‰n-bpsS tIc-f-L-S-I-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-


h-ln-®n-cp∂ dh.- Sn. -hn. -tXm-akv (A-t±lw am¿tØm-Ωm-k-`-bnse

]ikvX sshZn-I≥) "ae-bmfw ss__nƒ Ncn-X-]-›m-Øew' F∂

teJ-\-Øn¬ 1811˛se ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-sØ-∏‰n C-]-Imcw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p: ""ae-bmfw ss__nƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv

kpdn-bm\n ss__n-fn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp-∂p. XnΩ-øm-∏n≈, Imbw-Ipfw

]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥, ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ F∂n-h¿ tN¿-

∂mWv kphn-tij `mK-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v X¿÷na sNbvX-Xv.

`mjm-¥c tPmen-°p≈ k¿∆ sNe-hp-Ifpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS iº-

fhpw tUm.- _p-°m-\≥ BWv hln-®-Xv. 1811˛¬ ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX \mev kphn-ti-j-]-Xn-Iƒ t_mws_-bn¬h®v

apZWw sNbvXp ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p'' (N¿®v ho°n-en, 1989 sabv 29,

hmfyw 37, e°w 21. hnip-≤ -ss_-_nƒ hnti-jm¬ ]Xn-∏v).

7. ss__nƒ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS F∂ Kth-j-W-KŸw

ssZh-imkvX kmln-Xy-k-an-Xn-bpsS (Sn.-F¬.-F-kv.) \n¿t±-im-\p-

k-cWw _mw•q¿ bpssW-‰Uv Xntbm-f-Pn-°¬ tImfPv sse_-dn-

bnse KŸ-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]n. -Sn.- Ip-cp-hnf (]ikvX Fgp-

Øp-Im-c≥, am¿tØmΩm k`mwKw) Xbm-dm-°nb KŸ-Ønse "ae-

bmfw ss__nƒ' F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬ C]-Imcw ImWp∂p:

""t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\≥ tIcfw kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bpw ae-bm-f-

Øn¬ ss__nƒ ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. XnΩ-øm-∏n-≈bpw aq∂v

]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw Xncp-h-N-\-Øns‚ ae-bm-f-Øn-te-°p≈ `mjm-¥c

tPmen-bn¬ klm-bn-®p. Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm-®-\pw ]pen-

t°m- n¬ tPmk v dºm-®\pw Ch-cn¬ ][m-\n-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. ]ptcm-

ln-X-∑m-cpsS iºfw Dƒs∏sS `mjm-¥c tPmen-°p≈ k¿∆ sNe-

hp-Ifpw _p°m-\≥ BWv \n¿∆-ln-®Xv'' (]p-dw 108. 1971, tIm-´-bw).

8. tIc-f- ssI-kvX-h- kw-kv°mcw

_ncp-Z, -_n-cp-Zm-\-¥c _ncp-Z-X-e-Øn¬ "tIc-f -kw-kv°mcw' (a-e-

bm-f-km-ln-Xyw k_vkn-Un-bdn t]∏¿) hnj-b-Øn¬ k¿∆-I-em-ime

kne-_kv]Imcw Xbm-dm-°-s∏´ d^-d≥kv KŸ-amWv dh. -amXyp

Um\n-tb¬ (am¿tØmΩm k`mwKw) ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "tIcf

ssIkvXh kwkv°mcw.' AXnse ]cm-a¿iw ImWpI:

""Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥ BWv hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ apJy-

]¶v hln-®-Xv. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v dºm-s‚bpw XnΩ-øm-∏n-≈-

bp-sSbpw kl-I-cWw At±-l-Øn\v e`n-®p'' (]p-dw 88).


9. ]tXmkv am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv

…o_mZmk -k-aql ÿm]-I\pw k`m-N-cn-X -K-th-j-I\pw skdm-

ºq¿ _ncp-Z-[m-cnbpw anj-\-dn-ho-c-\p-amb aq°-t©-cn¬ am¿ HkvXm-

Øn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm 1948 Ipw`w e°w "ae-¶-c-k-`m -am-knI'-

bn¬ At±lw skdm-ºq¿ tImf-Pnse ]pkvXI k©-b-Øn¬ I≠

1811˛se ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ tIm∏n-sb-∏‰n C]-Imcw Fgp-

Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p:

""....- ]p-kvX-I-k-©-b-Ønse ]g-b-en-Ãn¬ C]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-Im-

Wp-∂p. "ae-bmf thZ-]p-kvXIw \mev kphn-ti-j-ßƒ. XnΩ-øm-∏n-

≈bpw dºm-∑mcpw IqSn X¿÷na sNbvX-Xv. ae-bm-f-Ønse kpdn-

bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hI. ^m. -_o-jy-kns‚ Xangv X¿÷n-a-

bn¬ \n∂v. t_mws_ 1811. ... -Im-bw-Ip-fØv a\-ß-\-gnbw IpSpw-_-

Ønse Hcw-K-am-bn-cp∂p ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥. ]n∂oSv saXm-t∏m-

eoØm Bb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v IØ-\mcpw thsdmcp IØ-\mcpw

`mjm-¥-c-Øn¬ dºms\ klm-bn-®p ("a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ A®-Sn®

H∂m-asØ thZ-]p-kvXIw' F∂ teJ-\w).

10. tUm. -km-ap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n

Kth-j-I-\mb tUm.- kmap-h¬ N-µ-\-∏≈n cNn® "ae-¶-c-k`m

]nXm-°-∑m¿' F∂ _rlXv KŸ-Øn¬ C]-Imcw ImWp-∂p: ""....-

d-h. -t¢m-Un-bkv _p°m-\≥ Cu bmX-sb-°p-dn®v Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øn: Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc F∂v hnfn-®p-h-cp∂ `wKn-bp≈ Hcp ]´-W-

ap≠v. kpdnbm\n InkvXym-\n-Iƒ amXw AhnsS Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

Ahn-SsØ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ butk^v IØ-\msc Rm≥ kµ¿in-°p-

I-bp-≠m-bn. ... -I-Ø-\m¿ hrØn-bp≈ \ne-b¶n [cn-®n-cp-∂p. \√

cq]-em-h-Wy-ap≈ Hcp ]c-a-`-‡-\mWv IØ-\m¿. Cw•ojv hnZym-

`ymkw Xs‚ P\-ßƒ°v \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ IØ-\m-cpsS BKlw

Rm≥ a\- n-em-°p-∂p. thZ-]p-kvXIw tZio-b-`mj-bn¬ A®-Sn®v

]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v IØ-\m¿°v BK-l-ap-≠v.'' tPmk^v IØ-

\m-cp-sSbpw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw BKlw ANn-tcW

k^-e-am-bn. 1811˛¬ t_mws_ sImdn-b¿ ]kn¬\n∂pw \mep kphn-

ti-j-ß-fpsS X¿÷na A®-Sn®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn'' (]p.

115. -C-hnsS KŸ-Im-c\v ]‰nb Hcp ]amZw Nq≠n-°m-´p-hm≥ ian-

°s´. 1800˛¬ Ip∂w-Ipfw kµ¿in® tUm. -^m≥knkv _p°m-\s‚

hnh-c-W-amWv, t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\s‚ hnh-c-W-ambn D≤-cn®v tN¿-

Øn-´p-≈-Xv. ^m≥knkv _p°m-\s‚ tIcfw F∂ tUm. kn. sI.


Icnw X¿÷a sNbvXv tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v ]kn≤oIcn®

KŸw ImWpI. ˛ teJ-I≥).

11. C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`: -N-cn-X-hpw kwkv°m-chpw

tIm´-bv°¬ ]ªn-tjgvkv 2002˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® _rlXv k`m-

N-cn-X-Øn¬ C]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p: ""1806 \hw-_¿ 23,

24 Xob-Xn-I-fn-embn \S∂ IqSn-°m-gvN-I-fn¬ ae-bm-f-Ønte°p≈

ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w F∂ Bibw tUm. -_p-°m-\≥ Ah-X-cn-

∏n®p. saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v B Bibw kΩ-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. c≠mgvN

Ign™p tIW¬ sa°m-sf-bp-sam-∂n®v _p°m-\≥ ho≠pw Bdmw

am¿tØm-Ωmsb kµ¿in®p. ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w XpSßn F∂v

saXm-t∏m-eoØm _p°m-\s\ Adn-bn-®p. _p°m-\s‚ kµ¿i-\-

th-f-bn¬ Xt∂m-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-hm≥ k`-bnse ][m-\- ssh-Zn-Isc

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p (A-°m-eØv ae-¶-c-bnse G‰hpw

]i-kvX-cmb sshZn-I¿ sX°v Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm\pw

hS-°v ]p-en-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v aev]m\pw Bbn-cp-∂p). ss__nƒ hnh¿-

Ø-\w, k`m-kw-tbm-P\w XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fpsS Xpd∂ N¿®-

bv°mbn Cu c≠p sshZn-Isc saXm-t∏m-eoØm \ntbm-Kn®p F∂v

thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥. c≠p h¿jw Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw Ch-cmWv ae-

¶-c-bnse hniz-kvXcpw ]fin-Xcpw k`m-kvt\-ln-I-fp-amb sshZn-I¿

F∂v AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. 1809˛se I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme i≤n-

®m¬ C°mcyw hy‡-am-Ipw'' (]p-dw 400˛401).

12. C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv k` F.-Un. 52˛2007

tIm´bv-°¬ ]ªn-tjgvkv 2007˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu ka-K- k-

`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]k-‡- hn-jbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-]-Im-c-am-Wv: ""...-

ss_-_nƒ hnh¿Ø-\w, Bw•n-°≥ k`-bp-am-bp≈ kwtbm-P\w Ch-

bm-bn-cp∂p kw`m-jW hnj-bw. c≠nepw saXm-t∏m-eoØm (Bdmw

am¿tØm-Ωm) Xmev]cyw ]Z¿in-∏n-®p. k`bnse sX°pw hS°pap≈

c≠v ]K-¤ -a-ev]m-∑msc XpS¿ N¿®-Iƒ°mbn saXm-t∏m-eoØm

\ntbm-Kn-®p. Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm\pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v

aev]m\pw Bbn-cp∂p Cu ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂v tIń-´p-≠v. ... dºm≥

ss__nƒ F∂pw _p°m-\≥ ss__nƒ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-

asØ ae-bmfw ss__nƒ ]cn-`mj Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv Cu ]›m-Ø-

e-Øn-em-Wv'' (]pdw 175).

13. "acp-∏®'bnse teJ\w

io. -sP.- kn. -tZhv Fgp-Xnb "kXy-th-Z-]p-kvXIw iXm_vZn ]n∂n-


Sp-tºmƒ' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ 1811˛se ae-bmfw ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-

\-Øn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ \n¿h-ln® ]¶v kwi-b-c-ln-X-

ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p (a-cp-∏-®, Xncp-h-√, BKÃv 5, 2010.

hmeyw14, e°w 15, ]pdw 3˛5).

14. ]. amXyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m

]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-as\ "ae-¶-c-

k- m -tPym-Xnkv' Bbn ]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v ].- F-∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-

l-tZm-kns‚ Xocp-am-\-]-Imcw ].- am-Xyqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m

]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® s]mXp-I-ev]-\-bn¬ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS

tkh-\-ßsf ae-¶-c-k` AwKo-I-cn®v ]Io¿Øn-°pw-hn[w Fgp-Xn-

bn-´p-≈Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: ""ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ hn.- th-Z-]p-kvXIw

]cn`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Cu ]nXm-hns‚ t\´-ß-fn-¬ Nneh amX-am-Wv.''

15. ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xbpw ss__n-fpw

tUm. -F.- tKm-]n-\m-Y≥ \mb-cpsS ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ tIm´bw Fw.Pn.

-bq-Wn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ ka¿∏n®v Kth-j-W-_n-cpZw t\Snb ]_-‘-

am-Wo- ]p-kvX-Iw. tUm. -Fw. -Fw. -_-jo¿, tUm.- kv°-dnbm k°-

dnbm, tUm.- km-ap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n F∂n-h¿ _ncp-Z-Øn-\mbn sFI-

I-WvtTy\ ip]m¿i sNbvX Cu ]_-‘-Ønse ]cm-a¿iw ImWpI:

""1811˛emWv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ BZy-ambn \mep kphn-ti-j-ßƒ A®-

Sn®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIcf-

kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-bnse ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v dºm≥ (]n∂oSv

tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn ÿm]-I≥ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm), Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿

kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬\n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX kphn-tij `mK-ßƒ

t_mws_-bnse sImdn-b¿ ]kn¬ A®-Sn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.''

16. ]. ]ueqkv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m

""ss__n-fns‚ ae-bmf hnh¿Ø-\sØ kw_-‘n®pw, AXns‚

]n∂n¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]h¿Øn® ]pen-t°m-ń¬ H∂m-a≥ Xncp-ta-

\n-bpsS kw`m-h-\-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw, tIcf kwkvIm-c-Ønepw ae-bm-f-`m-

j-bnepw Cu hnh¿Ø\w sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw

NcnX hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ imkvXo-b-ambn A]-K-

Yn°p∂ ]kvXpX KŸw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn\pw Ncn-X-mt\z-j-

I¿°pw Xo¿®-bmbpw Hcp apX¬°q-´m-Wv.''


(]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a\pw 1811-˛se ae-bmfw

ss__nfpw F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn\v Fgp-Xnb A\p-K-lm-iw-k-bn¬

\n∂v)

17. ss__nfpw ae-bm-f-hpw

tUm.- kp-Ip-am¿ Ago-t°m-Sns‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ ItØm-en°m

k`mw-K-amb tUm. -tdmkn Xºn tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬

ka¿∏n® tUmIvS-d¬ Xoko-kn¬ C]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v:

""kpdn-bm-\n-]finX-\mb Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm\pw Ip∂w-

Ip-f-Øp-Im-c-\mb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v C´q∏v (dºm\pw) Xangv

]fin-X-\mb XnΩøm-∏n-≈bpw IqSn-bmWv Cu hnh¿Ø\w \n¿h-

ln-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\s‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬

\S∂ ia-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn-emWv ][m-\-ambpw

Cu KŸw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv'' (]p-dw 86).

18. ss__nƒ skmssk‰n Hm^v C¥y

Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS tIc-f-L-SIw HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Cd-°p∂ F√m

]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnepw ae-bm-f- ss__nƒ NcnXw ]cm-a¿in-°p-

tºmƒ 1811˛se ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-I-cn¬ Hcm-fmbn ]pen-t°m-ń¬

C´q∏v aev]ms\ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.

1811˛se ae-bmfw ss__nƒ ae-bmf `mjm-K-Zy-Øns‚ hf¿®-

bnse Hcp \mgn-I-°-√m-Wv. 18˛mw \q‰m-≠nse km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚

kwkm-c-`m-j-sb AXv DZm-l-cn-°p∂p. hntZi anj-\-dn-am¿ CXns‚

`mjsb ]cn-jv°-cn-°p-hm≥ H´pw ian-®n-ń-√. hnh¿Ø-I-∑m¿°v

kwkv°r-X-Øntem Cw•o-jntem ]mfin-Xy-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ B

`mj-Ifpw Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ssII-S-Øn-bn-ń-√. A£-c-ß-fpsS

NXp-c-h-Snhv, ip≤-a-e-bmf- ˛ -Zm-hn-U-]-Z-ß-fpsS B[n-Iyw, ]Z-L-S-\-

bnse hymI-cWImcy-ßƒ, A\y-`m-jm-]-Z-ßƒ XpSßn H´p hfsc

Imcy-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn A]-K-Yn®v 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n\v apºp-≈ ae-bmf

`mj-bpsS kzcq]w Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v Cu KŸw D]-I-cn-°p-sa-∂Xv

Xo¿®-bm-Wv. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønse Zmho-Zns‚ "k¶o¿Ø\'amWv ae-

bm-f-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏´ thsdmcp thZ-`m-Kw. tIm´bw ]g-

b-sk-an -\mcn ÿm]-I≥ Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xn-s‚bpw hnh¿Ø-I≥

F¶nepw (ssI-b-£-c-Øns‚ NXp-c-h-Snhpw hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse `mjm-

ssi-enbpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Cu \nco-£-Ww) Cu cN\

\mfn-Xp-hsc A®-Sn-°-s∏- n- n-√. 1811˛¬ dºm≥ ss__n-fns‚ hnh¿Ø-

\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥ ss__n-fns‚


CX-c- m-K-ßfpw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn- p-≈-Xmbn tIW¬ a¨tdm-bpsS

GXm\pw IØp-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v (]n. -sN-dn-bms‚ k`m-N-cn-X-

Ønse A\p-_‘w ImWp-I). Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]e `mK-

ßfpw Ip∂w-Ipfw ]\-bv°¬ Xd-hm-ńse KŸ-∏p-c-bn¬\n∂v ^m.-

Ip-dn-bm-t°mkv H.-sF.-kn. -I-s≠-SpØv ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn-te°v

\¬In-bn-´p-≠v (-ss_-_nƒ B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬, ]pdw 38).

tUm.- Ip-cy≥ tXmakv Btcm-]n-°p-∂-Xv, ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v

dºms\ "al-Xz-h-Xv°-cn°p'hm≥ Nne¿ \S-Øp∂ ia-Øns‚ `mK-

am-bn-´mWv 1811˛se dºm≥ ss__n-fns‚ hnh¿Ø-I-cnsemcm-fmbn

]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºms\ Xncp-In-°-b-‰p∂Xv F∂m-Wv.

ae-¶-c-k`bnse G‰hpw al-Ømb ÿm]\w tIm´bw ]gb-

skan-\m-cnbpw, G‰hpw henb alm≥ AXns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm\pamsW-∂Xv Ign™ Xe-ap-d-bnse ae-¶-c-

k`m -am-kn-I-bpsS ]Xm-[n-]cpw k`m- sk-I-´-dn-bp-amb ]mØm-ap´w

hµy -Fw. -kn. -Ip-dn-bm-t°mkv dºm≥ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cnt°

as‰mcp km£yw F¥n-\v. al-Xz-an-√mØ Hcm-fn¬ alXzw Btcm-

]n-°p-∂-XmWv al-Xz-h-Xv°-c-Ww.

1. P∑m-b-Ø-ambn IpSpw-_m-h-Im-i-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ae-¶csaXm≥-

ÿm\w ]n¥p-S¿∂pt]m∂ H∂-c- \q-‰m-≠ns‚ ]mcºcyw Ah-km-

\n-∏n®v P\-ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ Hcp sshZn-I≥ ae-¶csaXm-\m-

IWw F∂ k`-bpsS BKlw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°nb At±-lsØ

al-Xz-h-Xv°-cn-°p-hm≥ a‰v Imc-W-ßƒ Bh-iy-apt≠m?

2. ae-¶-c-sa-Xm≥ GsX-¶nepw Hcn-S-h-I-]-≈nsb Bÿm-\-am-°p-

∂Xv A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]h-W-X-bm-I-bm¬ ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bpsS Bÿm\-Øn\v Hcp s]mXp-k-`m-tIµw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-

°nb skan-\m-cn-ÿm-]-Is\ Bsc-¶nepw al-Xz-h-Xv°-cn-t°-≠-

Xpt≠m?

3. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ BZy-ambn Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw t]mZvLm-

S\w sNbvX ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºms\ al-Xz-h-Xv°-cn-°p-hm≥

]c-k-lmbw Bh-iy-apt≠m?

4. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ BZy-ambn sshZn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\mbn k`-

bpsS a≤y-ÿm-\Øv `mh-\m-]q¿∆w sshZn-I-sk-an-\mcn A∂sØ

ae-¶-c-sa-Xm≥ 8˛mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS Aln-XsØ Ah-K-Wn-®p-

sIm≠v ÿm]n® ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºms\ al-Xz-h-Xv°-cn-°p-

hm≥ a‰v Imc-W-ßƒ Bh-iy-apt≠m?


5. alXzw C√mØ Hcm-sf-bmtWm "k`m-tPym-Xnkv' F∂ ]cn-

ip≤ _ncp-Zw -\¬In ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv

BZ-cn-®Xv?

tUm. -Ip-cy≥ tXma-kn\v A_≤w ]nW-™Xv At±lw th≠-

Xn-tesd ]m[m\yw \ncWw KŸ-h-cn°v \¬In-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

\ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bpsS as‰mcp hymJym-Xm-hmb t]mƒ aW-en¬ Fgp-

Xp∂p: ""]pcm-hrØ hnh-c-W-ß-sf√mw tI´-dn™ Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. Cu

Imcy-ß-fnse sX‰pw icnbpw kam-l¿Ømhv th¿Xn-cn-®n-ń-√. ...

sXt‰-XmWv icn-tb-XmWv Fs∂mcp am\-Zfiw KŸ-hcn tImUo-

I-cn-®-h-cpsS apºn¬ A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ Ncn-X-c-N-\bv°v

C∂v Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ Af-hp-tIm¬sIm≠v \ncWw KŸ-h-cnsb

hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ km[y-a-√'' (\n-cWw KŸ-hcn, Fw.-H.-kn. -]-kn-

≤o-I-c-Ww, ]pdw 13).

\ncWw KŸ-hcn Ncn-X-]-c-amb N¿®-bn¬ D≤-cn-°p-∂-h¿ t]mƒ

aW-en¬ \¬Ip∂ ap∂-dn-bn∏v Ah-K-Wn-®p-Iq-Sm. tUm.- Ip-cy≥

tXmakv C°mcyw `mhn-K-th-j-W-Øn¬ Hcp Nq≠p-]-e-I-bmbn KWn-

°p-∂Xv A`n-e-jWo-b-am-Wv. \ncWw KŸ-h-cnsb Cu teJ-\-Øn¬

hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Dt±-iy-an-s√-¶nepw hfsc ]I-S-amb H∂v c≠v

kw`-h-ßƒ \ncWw KŸ-hcn Ah-K-Wn-®Xv ChnsS sImSp-°p-∂p.

1. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v aev]ms‚ CS-h-I-∏≈n ]meq¿ Nm-´p-Ip-f-

ß-c-∏≈n ˛ 1789˛¬ Sn∏p -kp¬Øms‚ ]S-bm-fn-Iƒ Xoh®v \in-∏n®

Imcyhpw At\-Iw-t]¿ c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn sIm√-s∏´ hnh-chpw

\ncWw KŸ-hcn ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ah-K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

2. "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS am·m-°m¿´m' F∂v ]nev°me NcnX Kth-

j-I¿ hnti-jn-∏n® "B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme' F∂ k`m-N-cn-X-tc-J,

6˛mw am¿tØm-Ωmbv°v ka¿∏n-®n-´p-t]mepw 6˛mw am¿tØmΩm-bpsS

\n¿t±-i-]-Imcw cNn-°-s∏´p F∂v NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏´ \ncWw KŸ-

hcn AXns\ Xa-kv°-cn-®Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?

3. ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n-bpsS \n¿ΩmWw hfsc hni-Z-ambn h¿Æn-

°p∂ \ncWw KŸ-hcn ka-Im-eØv \S-∂Xpw ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n-

tb-°mƒ _rlØpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm-®≥ ]Wn-bn-®Xpw

Bb B¿Øm‰v ]≈nbpsS \n¿Ωm-W-sØ-∏-‰n Hcp hcn-bn¬t]mepw

]cm-a¿in-°msX t]mb-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?


4. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme \nc-h[n hyh-ÿ-Iƒ AS-ßnb Hcp `c-

W-L-S-\-Xs∂ Bbn-cnt° A°m-cy-sØ-∏‰n ""... -bm-t°m-_m-b-°m-

cpsS acym-Z-t]mse Hs°bpw \S-∂p-sIm-≈Ø-°-hÆw F√m Imcy-

ßƒ°pw Hcp ]Sn-tbm-ebpw Fgp-Xn-h®p'' F∂v amXw ]d™v

1809˛se ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS D≈-S-°w- Xs∂ Xa-kv°-cn-®-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

]q¿∆n-I-X-bp≈ \ncWw KŸ-hcn \¬Ip∂ Ncn-X-]-c-amb Dƒ-

°m-gvN-Isf \n m-c-h-Xv°-cn-°p-hm≥ Cu teJ-I\v Xmev]-cy-an√.

F∂m¬ Fgp-Øp-Imc≥ Bsc-∂-dn-bmØ, Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ \ne-hm-

chpw e£y-hp-sa¥v F∂v C\nbpw hy‡-am-Im-Ø, Hcp IrXnsb

Bh-iy-Øn-tesd Ncn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ°v Ah-ew-_-am-°p-∂Xv Btcm-

Ky-I-c-amb ]h-W-X-b-s√∂v Nq≠n-°m-´msX Xc-an-√ (\n-cWw KŸ-

h-cn-bpsS kam-l¿Ømhv Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv aev]m≥ BsW∂v

t]mƒ aW-en¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hymJym-\-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°p-hm≥

ian-®n-´p-≠v. ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥ XnI™ aev]m\pw alm\pw BWv.

At±lw ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬t∏mepw Fgp-Øp-Im-

cs‚ t]¿, Fgp-Xn-b- ÿ-ew, FgpXn ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Xob-Xnbpw

amkhpw h¿jhpw F∂nh tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ amXw \ne-hm-c-ap≈

Hcp alm-i-b-\m-Wv. At±lw I¬Zmb kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Ipdp-∏w-]Sn

]≈n-bn¬ h®v ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xnb B≠pXIvkm Cu teJ-Is‚

KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn-ep≠v. Bcnepw aXn-∏p-f-hm-°p∂ B kwkv°mcw

\ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bpsS ]I¿s∏-gp-Øn¬ ImWp-∂n-√. A]kn-≤\pw

hnim-e -Xm-ev]-cy-an-√mØ Hcmfpw BWv \ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bpsS Fgp-

Øp-Im-c≥ F∂v tXm∂p-∂p. "A®≥' F∂ ]tbmKw BWv t]mƒ

aW-ens\ Ipg-°n-b-Xv. bP-am-\≥ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ A°m-e-ßfn¬

saXms\ "A®≥' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. "Imew sNbvX

A®≥' F∂v skan-\mcn ÿm]-Is\ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. 1811˛se

ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ "bP-am-\≥' F∂v B[p-\nI hnh¿Ø-

\-Øn¬ ImWp∂ F√m `mK-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv "A®≥'

F∂ ]Z-am-Wv. \ΩpsS C∂sØ A®s\ (I-»o-im-sb) A°m-e-ß-

fn¬ IØ-\m¿ F∂v amXta ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p≈q.).

1811˛se ae-bmfw ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-X-Øn-

se-∂-t]mse ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-X-Øn¬ s]mXp-shbpw KZy-km-ln-

Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬ khn-ti-j-ambpw ]T-\m¿l-amb Hcp \mgn-I-°-√mWv.

tIc-f- \-thm-∞m\w, aX-˛-kmw-kv°m-cnI ]p\-cp-≤m-c-Ww, ae-bmf

`mjm-K-Zy-Øns‚ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ dºm≥

ss__nƒ sNbvX tkh\w N¿®bv°v hnj-bo`hn-∏n-°Ww. dºm≥

ss__nƒ N¿®-bn¬ Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm, t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\≥,


]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v dºm≥, Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥, XnΩ-

øm-∏n≈ F∂o al-Xvhy-‡n-Isf BZ-c-]q¿∆w \an-®p-sIm-≈-s´.

Ahn-`‡ ae-¶-c-k`m ss]Xr-I-Øns‚ "a[p-c-°\n' F∂ \ne-bn¬

B cN-\sb, k`m-N-cnX hnZym¿∞nbpw mjm-K-th-jW hnZym¿∞n-

bp-amb Cu teJ-I≥ kmjvSmwKw \a-kv°-cn-°s´.

1. ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥, C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`: Ncn-

Xhpw kwkv°m-c-hpw, ]pdw 400.

2. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]pdw 146-˛151.


B. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ aev]m\pw

a‰v \mev alm- in-ev]-ßfpw

inev]n-bpsS inev]-Nm-Xp-cysØ IrXy-ambn Kln-°m-\p≈ GXv

DZy-ahpw e-]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øp-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ inev]sØ ASn-

ÿm-\-am°n \S-Øp∂ ]T\w aqe-am-Wv. krjvSn-bpsS sshin-

jvSysØ ap≥\n¿Øn kjvSm-hns‚ krjvSn-ssh-`hpw Bfl-ssN-X-

\yhpw Af∂v Ipdn-°m-\m-hpw. Iem-Im-c-s‚bpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-s‚bpw

BflkØsb Bg-Øn¬ Adn-bm≥ \mw C∂v kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ k¿-

hmZrX-amb am¿§hpw CXv Xs∂-bm-Wv. At±-l-sØ-∏‰n Imcy-amb

ka-Im-e-]-T-\-ßƒ \ap°v e`y-a-s√-∂n-cns° bpK-]-`m-h-\mb At±-

l-Øns‚ al-XzØns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw Kln-°p-hm≥ At±lw

\n¿Ωn® inev]-ßtf Bi-bn-°p-Itb Xc-ap-≈q. kvacy-]p-cp-js‚

175˛mw Nc-a-hm¿jnIw ]am-Wn®v k`m-X-e-Øn¬ tIm -bw ]g-b-skan-

\m-cn-bn¬ \S-Ønb skan-\m-dn¬ apJy-]-_‘w Ah-X-c-n∏n® Cu

KŸ-Im-cs‚ \nco-£-W-ß-tfmSv ]q¿Æ-tbm-Pn∏v ]I-Sn-∏n®psIm≠v

tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n A`n-]m-b-s∏-´-Xn-ß-s\: "]pen-t°m-ń¬

Xncpta\n-sb-∏‰n ]Tn-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Cw•ojv

`m-j-bnepw ae-bmfw mj-bnepw At\z-jn-®p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ ]n. Fw.

tPmkv I-Ø-\m¿ Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]pkvXIta I≠-pIn-ń-bn-´p-≈q. AXv

Xosc sNdnb ]pkvX-Ihpw Cu alm-flm-hns‚ sNbvXn-Isf a\- n-

em-°p-∂-Xn\v A]-cym-]vX-hp-am-Wv. X∑qew k- bv°v bi- p-≠m-°nb

]q¿∆ tPymXn- p-Isf∏‰n kmln-Xy-c-N\ \S-Øp-hm≥ k`m-X-e-

Øn¬ tkmt±-iyhpw kpkwL-Sn-X-hp-amb bXv\-ßƒ Bcw- n-°Ww.'

tUm. kmaph¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n A∂v \S-Ønb Bth-tim-Pz-e-amb

Blzm\w A∂sØ skan-\m¿ ki≤w ho£n®v kZ- n-en-cp∂

C∂-sØ ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm-bn¬ ]Xn-I-cWw DW¿Øn. Ip∂w-

Ip-f-Øns‚ ]Ya saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bb At±-l-Øn\v Ip‰-t_m[w

tXm∂ntbm F∂-dn-™p-Iq-Sm. At±lw Fs∂ hnfn®v ]d-™p.

""A®≥ C∂n-hnsS skan-\m-dn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® ]_‘w F∂n¬

tcmam-©-ap-W¿Øn. AXv Hcp Poh-N-cn-X-K-Ÿ-am°n Fgp-Xn-Ø-øm-

dm-°n-bm¬ Rm\Xv ]km-[\w sNbvXp-sIm-≈mw.'' A`n-\-µ\cq]-

Øn-ep≈ B ]Xn-I-c-W-amWv 1992˛¬ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb "]pen-t°m-

ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv ]Y-a≥' F∂ k`m-N-cnX

][m\amb Poh-N-cn-X-Ir-Xnsb Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-°n-b-Xv. A∂v

XpS-ßnb At\z-jWw A∂v e`n-®n-ń-√mØ ]pXnb hnh-c-ßƒ


At±l-sØ-∏-‰nbpw B Im-e-L-´-sØ-∏-‰nbpw e`n-°p-hm≥ klm-

bn-®p. Cu teJI≥ \S-Ønb At\z-j-W-ß-tfmSv tN¿∂v a‰v Nne

k`m-N-cn-X-K-th-j-Icpw Cu cwKØv ]h¿Øn®v Cu hnj-bsØ

IqSp-X¬ tXP- p-≈-Xm-°n (B shfn-®-ßsf Cu ]cn-jvI-cn® ]Xn-

∏n¬ Bthmfw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v).

At±-lsØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ apJy-ambpw klm-bn® \mev inev]-

ßƒ Ch-bm-Wv.

1. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme.

2. ]meq¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc tZhm-ebw.

3. I≠\mSv ]Sn-tbme.

4. tIm´bw ]gbskan-\mcn.

Hmtcm inev]-sØbpw IqSp-X¬ ASpØv \n∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-

[n°mw.

1. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e

B¿Øm‰v F∂v C∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]meq¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-

bpsS CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fn¬ ]ap-J-cmb "Itk-c-°m¿' hnImcn-am-cn¬

][m-\n-bmb "ta°p hnIm-cn-bp'sS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]≈n\Sbn¬

ktΩ-fn®v A∂v k -bn¬ s]mXp-hnepw CS-h-I-bn¬ khn-ti-j-ambpw

kwK-X-amb Hcp X¿°-hn-j-b-Øn¬ GI-I-WvT-amb Hcp Xocp-am\w

tcJ-s∏-SpØn A∂sØ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v H∏n-´v ka¿∏n-®p.

sIm√-h¿jw 981˛mw B≠v aIc amk-Øn¬ (1806 P\p-hcn) Bdmw

am¿tØm-Ωmbv°v ka¿∏n® B tcJ-bmWv B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme

F∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. ]pXp-°n-∏-WnX ]≈n-bpsS IqZm-i-tbm-S-\p-_-

‘n®v Cu ]Sn-tbme saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v ka-¿∏n®p F∂mWv

H∂mw ]Xn-∏n¬ Cu kw`-hsØ \nco-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ IqSp-

X¬ hni-Z-amb ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ 1806˛¬ ]≈n-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw

]q¿Øn-bm-bn-ń√ F∂v a\ n-em-bn. C∂p≈ _rl-Ømb tZhm-e-

b-Øns‚ ta¬°q-c- \n¿ΩmWw amXta ]pen-t°m-ń¬ aev]ms‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-∂n-´p-ffq F∂ ]c-º-cm-K-X- [m-c-W-bmWv A]-

Imcw A`yq-ln-°p-hm≥ Imc-Ww. A]-K-¤-cmb Nne¿ sIń-®-a®

IY-Ifpw B hnizm-ksØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øn. F∂m¬ ]nev°me At\z-

j-W-Øn-emWv a\- n-em-b-Xv, ]Xn-\mdv sIm√w ta¬°q-c-bn-√msX

agbpw shbn-ep-ta‰v InS∂ ]uV-tZ-hm-e-b-Øns‚ Po¿Æ-Xsb

taev]pc -\n¿ΩmWw sIm≠v ]´p ]pX-∏n-°p-I-b√ B ]Xn-`m-imen

sNbvX-Xv, ]XypX Po¿Æn® tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv Xm≥ cq]-


Iev]\ sNbvX AXoh òam-Im-c-amb Hcp tZhm-ebw ÿm]n-°p-I-

bmWv sNbvX-sX∂v. ]pØ-≥Imhv ]≈n-bp-sS \n¿ΩmWw At±-l-

Øns‚ apºn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-s\-°mƒ ]uV-Kw-ò-c-amb Hcp

cq]-inev]w am¿tØm-Ωm-«olm ÿm]n® ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-

°p≠mh-W-sa∂v At±lw Bin-®Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw. inev]-I-em-hn-im-

c-Z-\mb At±-lsØ klm-bn-°p-hm≥ Kpcp-h-cy-\mb ImWn-∏-øq¿

\ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS injy-hm-’eyw kao-]Øp Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

tZhm-eb \n¿ΩmWL -Ønse BZy-N-Sßv inem-ÿm-]\w Xs∂-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ A∂p e`n-°m-\n-S-bp≈ G‰hpw tXP-

kzn-bmb AXnYn ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏-eoØm Bb Bdmw am¿tØmΩm

Bbn-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ aev]m-t\mSv hy‡n-]-c-ambpw IpSpw-_-]-c-

ambpw \oc-kw- ]p-e¿Øn-bn-cp∂ At±-lsØ A\p-\-bn-∏n-°p-hm\pw

GXm\pw h¿jw apºv tdmΩm-k-`-bn¬ tN¿∂v amXr-k-`-bn-te°v aS-

ßn-h∂ At±-l-tØmSv ]meq¿ CS-h-I-bpsS ]n¥pWtbm-sSm∏w [oc-

amb \ne-]mSp ]Jym-]n-°p-hm\pw ]p\¿ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂ tZhm-e-b-

Øns‚ inem-ÿm-]-\-thf D]-tbm-K-s∏-S-W-sa∂v ]Xn`m-im-en-bmb

aev]m≥ BK-ln-®n-cn-°-Ww. i‡≥X-ºp-cms‚ Xo´qcw e`n-®n´v

At∏m-tg°pw ]Øp-]-Xn-\mdv amk-ßƒ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. CXn-t\m-SIw

]≈n-bpsS ]q¿Æamb πm≥ Xøm-dm-°p-hm\pw AXns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-

°m-h-iy-amb hn -h-ßƒ kam-l-cn-°p-hm\pw aev]ms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

\S∂ iaw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. X¿°-sam-gn™v Inńb ]meq¿ ˛

Nm´p-Ip-f-ß-c-]-≈n-bn-te°v ae-¶-c-bpsS ]c-am-[y-£≥ hcp∂ Fgp-

∂-≈Øv cmtPm-Nn-Xw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tZiw BsI D’-h-]-Xo-

Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Bsfm-gn-™p-t]mb Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]tZ-iØv kao-

]-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v amX-a√ c≠p ]Xn-‰m≠p apºv BI-a-W-

òXn-bn¬ Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn∏m¿Ø AkwJyw Bfp-Ifpw

Xß-fpsS Xe-∏-≈n-bpsS ]p-\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn\v

km£n-I-fm-hm≥ Bth-i-]q¿∆w hs∂-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Xe-∏≈n \mSp-

hm-Wn-cp∂ sIm®n-cm-Pm-hns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]men-b-Ø-®≥ k∂n-

ln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n-bpsS kmam-¥-∑m-cmbn Xe-∏≈n ta¬-h-´-

Øns‚ `cWw ssIøm-fn-bn-cp∂ I°mSv Imc-W-h∏mSpw aW-°pfw

˛ Nnd-f-bw cmPm-°∑mcpw Xß-fpsS ]P-I-fpsS A`n-am-\-]-Xo-I-

amb "Xe-∏≈-n-'bpsS ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-Wm-cw-`sØ km∂n≤ywsIm≠v

A\p-K-ln-®p.

inem-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ ipiq-j-Iƒ ]cy-h-km-\n-®-t∏mƒ t\csØ

G¿∏m-Sm-°nbn-cp∂Xn≥]Imcw Ghcpw ]≈n-\-S-bn¬ ImXp


Iq¿∏n®p \n∂p. ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ°-\p-tbm-Py-amw-hn[w k÷o-I-cn-®n-

cp∂ Ccn-∏n-S-ß-fn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS apºmsI Ghcpw D]-

hn-jvS-cm-bn. B [\y-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øns‚ Bflo-b-

t\-Xmhpw "B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-∏m-´p-Im-c≥' h¿Æn°pwhn[w "I¿Ø-hy'-

\p-am-bn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v aev]m≥ t\csØ Xøm-dm-°nb

Hcp ]Jym-]\w sNtºm-e-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bXv hmbn®v Hcp ]Xn Bflo-

b-t\-Xm-hmb saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw as‰m-cp ]Xn sIm®n-bpsS

]Xn-]p-cp-j-\mb ]men-b-Ø-®\pw ka¿∏n-®p. sNt∏-Sn¬ hs -gp-Øn¬

Fgp-Xnb Cu tcJbmWv B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

sNt∏-Sns‚ A ¬ D≈-S-°w:

""sIm√w 981˛mw aXv aIcw Rmb-‰n¬ ]pØ≥Iq¿ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-

c-mb B¿Øm-‰v FS-h-I-°m¿ F√m-hcpwIqSn \ΩpsS _mhm- Zo-h∂m-

tkymkv Xncp-ap-ºn¬ Fgp-Xn-h® ]Sn-tbm-e-bm-hn-Xv.

\ΩpsS P\-ß-fn¬ Nne¿ ]c-tZ-i-°m-cpsS CS-Øq´v D]-tZiw

tIƒ°-bm¬ tdmΩm-hn-izm-k-Øn-te°v Xncn-™p-t]m-bn hg-°p-]nSn®v

]≈nbpw ]dºpw ]IpØv \dp-°n´v FSp-∏m≥ CS-h-∂p. A_≤w

sIm≠v hfsc hymIp-e-Øn\v CS-h-∂-Xn-\m¬ taem¬ Aßs\ hcm-

Xn-cn-∏m≥th≠n tdmΩm-bn¬ \nt∂m _mt_-en¬ \nt∂m At¥ym-

Jy-bn¬ \nt∂m a‰p- h√ ]ctZ-i-Øp-\nt∂m bmsXm-cpsa-Xm-∑m-cp-

sSbpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw \S-∏p-Ifpw Hcp \mfpw tI´v hgßn \S-°msX

\ΩpsS am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ]q¿hnI-hn-izm-khpw N -ßfpw A\p-

k-cn®v \S-∂psIm-≈p-amdv kΩ-Xn®v Xºp-cms\s∏‰ AΩ-bpsS

B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-\-S-bn¬ h®v Fgp-Xn-b- (Xv).

sXt°-°c Ipcn-bXv IØ-\m¿ ta°v hnImcn H∏v

1. sNdp-h-Øq¿ Ip™mØp H∏v

2. ]\-°¬ Xmcp H∏v

3. IpØq¿ NpΩm¿ H∏v

4. tImemSn C´q∏v H∏v

5. Im°-t»cn amØp H∏v

6. Np¶Øv Cømhp H∏v

7. tXmeØv ]mØp H∏v

8. Noc≥ ]mØp H∏v

9. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xmcp H∏v

10. InS-ß≥ tNdpÆn H∏v


B¿Ø

m‰v ]

Sn-t

bme


11. a≠p-ºm¬ Ip™mØp H∏v

12. sXßp-ß¬ Ipcn-bm°p H∏v

(]Sn-tbm-e-bnse tcJ-bn¬ kwhrX "D' Imcw C√. Zo¿L "F'

Imcw C√. Zoh∂m-tXym-kv, hmh, hn®mXw XpS-ßnb cq]-ß-fmWv

Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≈-Xv. ChnsS D≤-cn-®-t∏mƒ AXv B[p-\n-I-en-]nbpw mj-

bp-ambn Cu KŸ-Im-c≥ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.)

CXmWv B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS A ¬. Cu ]Sn-tbme e`n-

®Xv ]men-b-Øv A®-∑m-cpsS (sIm®n cmPm-hns‚ a¥n) -B-ÿm-

\Øv \n∂m-Wv. ]men-b-Ø-®s\ a¥n-ÿm-\Øv \nb-an-°-cp-sX∂v

i‡≥X-ºp-cms‚ A¥y-im-k-\-Øn¬ Ipdn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw AXv

]n≥Kman ]men-°msX ]men-b-Ø-®s\ a¥n-bmbn \nb-an-°p-I-bm-

Wp-≠m-b-Xv. k`m-X-e-h-\mb Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωmbv°v ]Sn-tbme

ka¿∏n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚, sNt∏-Sn-¬ Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]I¿∏v

cmPy-`-c-Wm-[n-Imcnbmb cmPm-hns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn FØnb

a¥nsb Gev]n-®-Xmhpw. A∂v B[p-\nI ae-bmfw en]n ]Nm-c-

Øn-en-cp-∂n´pw B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme hs -gp-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°n-bXv AXv

cmP-sIm-´m-c-Ønse tcJ-I-tfmSv kam-\X ]pe¿Øp-hm-\m-Imw. cmPm-

hns‚ KŸ-∏p-c-bn¬ F°m-ehpw \in-°mØ tcJ-bmbn \ne-\n-ev°m-

\mhmw ]Sn-tbme sNºp-X-In-Sn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. Bdmw am¿tØm-

Ωmsb Gev]n® ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS A ¬ Fhn-sS-bm-sW-∂-dn-™p-

Iq-Sm. ]I-tem-a‰w saXm-∑m¿°v A`n-am-\-I-c-a-√mØ Nne ]Z-]-tbm-

K-ßƒ ]Sn-tbm-e-bn-ep-≈-Xp-sIm≠v AXv shfn®w ImtW-≠-Xn-s√∂v

"IpSpw-_m-[n-]-Xy-°m¿' hnNm-cn-®p-Im-W-Ww. Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bp-

sSbpw a‰pw \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw cNn-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ "\ncWw KŸ-

hcn'bn¬ B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-sb-∏‰n Hc-£cw ]cm-a¿in-®n-´n-√.

GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°p- apºv, Bep-hm- bqWn-b≥ InkvXy≥ tImf-

Pn¬ Fs‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂ s]m^. hn. Fw. tPmW-∏m-

bpsS tiJ-c-Øn¬ \n∂v I´n-bp≈ sNºp-X-In-Sn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb

]Sn-tbme hfsc bmZr-—n-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\n-S-bm-b-t∏mƒ BWv

AXv "B¿Øm‰v' ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS A ¬ cq]-am-sW∂v t_m[y-s∏-

´-Xv.- h-s´-gp-Øn-se-gpXnb tcJ Rm≥ en]y-¥cw sNbvXv B[p-\nI

`mj-bn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. AtXmsS ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS t\csØ ]N-

cn-®n-cp∂ "]m-T'Øn¬ kw`-hn-®-p-t]mb A\h[m-\-X-Iƒ Xncp-Ø-

s∏´p. C∂v ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-X-Ønse A\pt]-£-Wob -tc-J-bmbn

Cu ]Sn-tbme AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- n- p-≠v (2004˛¬ CsX-gp-Xp∂ Bfns‚

jjvSy-_vZ-]q¿Øn InkvXy≥ ÃUn -sk‚¿ (-Ip-∂w-Ip-fw) BtLm-


jn-®-t∏mƒ Ip∂w-Ipfw ]g-b-]-≈n-tbmSp tN¿∂v Fw.sP.Un.

sslkvIq-fn¬ Iao-I-cn® hnhn-[ -]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS `mK-ambn k÷-

am-°nb ]pcm-tc-J-I-fpsS FIvkn-_n-j-\n¬ "B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme'

]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ]Z¿i-\-Øns‚ t]c-W-bn¬ ]Sn-tbme-bpsS hs -

gp-Øn-ep≈ tIm∏nbpw AXns‚ ]cn-`m-jbpw B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bpsS

hSt° `nØn-bn¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cn°p-∂p.).

\ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bm-I-s´, C´q∏v ssd´¿, C. Fw. ^nen∏v XpS-

ßnb ae-¶-c-k-`m- N-cn-X-Im-c-∑m-cm-I-s´, F¥n-\-[nIw ]d-bp-∂p,

B¿Øm‰v ]≈-n®-cnXw Fgp-Xnb ]\-bv°≥ Ip™mØp t]mepw

Cu ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS Imcyw Ah-cpsS KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´n-√.

Cu Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ 1992˛¬ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]pen-t°m-´n¬

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv ]Y-a≥ F∂ Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Cu

]Sn-tbm-e-sb-∏‰n Hcp ]T\w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn (-i-cn-bmb ]mTw ImWm-

Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ ]mTw B[m-c-am°n-bmWv A∂v

]T\w \S-Øn-b-Xv. 1994˛¬ Cu KŸ-Im-c≥ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "C¥y≥

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`: Hcp hna¿i-\m-flI ]T\w' F∂ KŸ-Ønepw

"ae-¶-c-k-`bpw tIc-f -kw-kvIm-chpw' F∂ KŸ-Ønepw Cu ]gb

]mT-amWv tN¿Øn-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS A ¬ -I-s≠-

SpØv icn-bmb ]cn-`mj Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xn\v tijw 2002˛¬ ]kn-≤-

s∏-Sp-Ønb "C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`: Ncn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw'

F∂ KŸ-Øn-epw3 2007-˛¬ ]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb "C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv k`: F.Un. 52 ˛ 2007' F∂ KŸ-Øn-epw4 2007˛¬ Xs∂

]kn-≤o-I-cn® C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m-N-cnXhn⁄m\ tImi-

Øn-epw5 icn-bmb ]cn-`mj ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

CS-h-I-bnse sshZn-Isc ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXp aq∏-®≥ (-ta°v

hnIm-cn) IØ-\mcpw CS-h-I-°msc ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v ]¥≠v Itk-

c-°m-cpw (AsshZn-I- ]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb ssIIm-cy-k-an-Xnsb B

t]cn¬ hnfn-®n-cp-∂p) H∏n v ka¿∏n® ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ Bdmw am¿tØm-

Ωm-bpsS A[y-£-]-Z-hnsb ]Xy-£-Øn¬ ]pI-gvØn-bn-´p-≠v.

AtXmsSm∏w tdmw, _m_n-tem¨, At¥ymJym XpS-ßnb tIµ-ß-

fn-te-°p≈ Nmbvhns\ ]tcm-£-ambn ]Xn-tj-[n-®n-´p-ap-≠v. ]Sn-tbm-

ebpsS ]tXyI ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ tdmΩm-_‘w amXta ]k-‡-

am-bn-cp-∂p≈p F¶nepw ]Sn-tbme ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-X-sa∂ hnim-e-

amb Iym≥hm-kns\ a\- n¬ h®p-sIm≠mWv tdman-t\m-sSm∏w

_mt_¬, At¥ymJym XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßsf∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-®n- p-≈Xv.-

a-e-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ]e Ime-ß-fn-embn X¿°-Øn\v Imc-W-amb hntZi-


_-‘-ßsf apgp-h≥ "Xe-∏-≈n-'°m¿ ]kvXp-X-tc-J-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mepw A©pw Bdpw am¿tØmΩm saXm-∑m¿ tdmap-

ambn A\p-c-RvP\w sNøm≥ ian-®Xpw HSp-hn-esØ Bƒ tdmap-

ambn A\p-c-RvP-\-s∏-´Xpw ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-w ]tcm-£-

ambn kqNn∏n-®n-´p-≠v. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ

Dt]£n®v hntZ-i-k-`-I-tfmSv k‘n-sN-øm≥ w.c.c. bpsS kan-Xn-I-

fn¬ GsX-¶nepw k`m-[y-£∑m¿ ian-®m¬ AXn-s\-t∏mepw Zo¿L-

Zr-jvSn-tbmsS sNdp-°p∂ ]hm-N-I-i_vZw B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v.

Ncn-X-Im-c≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""..... B[p-\nI ae-bmfw en]n ]N-cn-®n-

cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \ne\nev°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-s®-gp-Xnb

cmP-im-k-\-ß-fpsS amXrI A-\p-I-cn-®mWv Cu tcJ sNt∏-Sn¬ hs -

gp-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. ..... Hcn-S-h-I-bpsS amXw ]Xn⁄-bmWv sNt∏-

Sn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈sX-¶nepw AXns‚ ]mXn-\n-[y-kz- mhw Ah-

K-Wn-°m-h-X-√. B¿Øm‰v CS-h-I-bn¬ tdmΩm-_-‘-Øns‚ t]cn¬

amXta A°mew hsc `n∂-X-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≈q. F∂m¬ sNt∏-Sn¬

tdmΩn-t\m-sSm∏w _mt_¬, A-t¥mJym, a‰p ]c-tZ-i-ßƒ F∂v

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-\m¬ ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cnXw apgp-h≥ B sNt∏Sv Dƒ-

s°m≠p F∂v hy‡-am-Wv. Iq\≥Ip-cniv ]Xn-⁄-bn¬ ae-¶-c-k`

tdmans\ amXta X≈n-∏-d-bp-hm≥ i-an-®n-´p-≈q. H∂-c- \q-‰m≠p Ign-

™-t∏m-tg°pw BZn-Imew apX¬ am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥-

k-`sb Iq®p-hn-e-ßn´v ]q´p-hm≥ Hcp-ßn-h∂ F√m hntZ-i -sIm-tfm-

Wn-b¬ B[n-]-Xy-i-a-ß-sfbpw t]sc-SpØv ]d™v Ahbvs°-Xnsc

_ln-jvI-cW ]Xn⁄ ]Jym-]n-®v- B¿Øm‰v sNt∏Sv ˛ ]Sn-tbme

˛ ae-¶-c-bpsS Xe-∏≈n t_m[-]q¿∆w \S-Ønb kzmX-¥y-]Jym-]-

\-Øns‚ "am·m-Im¿´' Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BbnsS tdma≥k-`-bn¬

Xmhfw tXSn-s®∂v Bdp- am-ksØ Xncn-®-dn-hp-I-fp-ambn ]mb-›nØw

sNbvXv ae-¶-c-k- -bn-te°v Xn-cn®ph∂ Bdmw- am¿tØm-Ωmsb amX-

a-√, ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS am¿tØm-Ωm-ss]-XrIw hn‰v Imim-°m≥ Hcp-

ßp∂ GsXmcp `mhn-sa-Xm-s\bpw B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme e£y-am-

°p-∂p-≠v. hntZ-i-k-`-I-fpsS \ocm-fn-∏n-Sp-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂v tamN\w

t\Sn- am¿tØ-mΩm- hn-izmk ss]Xr-I-Øn¬ km`n-am\w tZio-b-t_m-

[-tØmsS hf-cpI ˛ CXmWv B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS k¿∆-Im-e-

]k‡n-bp≈ ktµ-iw. tImf-ss\-tk-j≥ B[n-]-Xy-tØmSv

in∏mbn- e-l-f-bn-eqsS mcXw BZy-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-®Xv ho≠pw A©v

Zim-_vZ-ßƒ Ign-™n-´mWv Ft∂m¿°p-tºmƒ B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme


]Z¿in-∏n® ]ucp-jhpw ]hm-N-I-k-l-P-amb Im¥-Z¿in-Xzhpw FX-

ta¬ BZ-c-Wo-b-a-√? "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS B[p-\nI ]hm-N-I≥' F∂v

AwKo-Imcw t\Snb bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ]nXm-hns‚

Hcp al-Xv ]-kv-Xm-h\ Hm¿Ω-bn-ep-b-cp-∂p: "".... sbcp-i-te-anepw

At¥ym-Jym-bnepw tdmΩnepw k` -ÿm-]n-°-s∏´ AtX- Im-e-L-´-

Øn¬Øs∂ Ip∂w-IpfØpw At∏m-kvtXm-enI ÿm]n-X-amb Hcp

k` D≠mbn F∂Xv Gh¿°pw A`n-am-\-I-c-am-Wv. s]mSn-]-Sew

sIm≠v aqS-s∏´pw kqcy-]-Imiw G¬°m-sXbpw InS-∂n-cp∂

A∂sØ tIc-f-Øns‚bpw hninjym Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øn-s‚bpw ..... Ncn-

X-ßƒ sXfn-™p-h-cp-tºmƒ Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øns\ B¿°pw Ah-K-Wn-

°p-hm≥ km[y-am-hp-I-bn-√.''6

K¿÷-\-kz-`m-h-ap≈ B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS AWn-b-d-inev]n

Ip∂w-Ipfw InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS B Xe-ap-d-bnse "I¿Ø-hy≥' Bbn-

cp∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v aev]m≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ H∏n-

´Xv A∂sØ aq∏-®\pw 12 Itk-c-°mcpw Bbn-cp-∂p. CS-h-I-I-fn-

ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]gb t]sdZvbqsØ ÿm\n-I-fpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fmWv

Cu aq∏®-∑m¿. C∂-sØ-t∏mse AºXpw \qdpw hoSp-I-fp≈

timjn® CS-h-I-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂n√ A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Bbnchpw

AXn-e-[n-Ihpw ho´p-Im-cp≈ CS-h-I-bn¬ ]tØm-]-¥t≠m sshZn-

I¿ ImWpw. Hmtcm sshZn-I\pw Hmtcm BgvN-bnse Npa-Xe

hln°pw. At∏mgpw CS-h-I-bpsS s]mXp-hmb Npa-Xe aq∏-®-\n¬

\n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]Sn-tbm-ebn¬ H∏n´ ta-°v- hn-Imcn Cu aq∏-

®s\ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p. B Xe-ap-d-bnse GXm\pw sshZn-I¿

]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bn¬ tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn

\ap-°-dn-bmw.

1. sXt°-°c Ipcn-bXv IØ-\m¿. Ct±lw ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ H∏n-ń-

cn-°p-∂p.

2. InS-ß≥ Kohdp-Kokv IØ-\m¿. Ct±lw 1811˛¬ sXmgn-bq-cns‚

saXm-\m-bn.

3. Noc≥ kvIdnbm IØ-\m¿. Ct±lw 1808˛¬ sXmgn-bq-cns‚

saXm-\m-bn.

4. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v aev]m≥. tIm´bw ]gbskan-\mcn ÿm]-

I-\mb Ncn-X-]p-cp-j≥.

5. IpØq¿ Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m≥. At±lw 1829˛¬ sXmgn-bq-cns‚

saXm-\m-bn.


6. tImemSn Xcp-Xv I-Ø-\m¿. IYm-]p-cp-js‚ amXr-k-tlm-Zco

]pX≥.

7. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿. Ct±-l-Øns‚ I_-dn-S-amWv

B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bpsS hS-t° -h-cm-¥-bn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.

8. sXt°-°c hdobXv IØ-\m¿. Ct±lw Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]m¿-

∞\m- ]pkvXIw Cu KŸ-Im-c≥ ]cn-tim-[n-®n-´p-≠v.

CsX-gp-Xp∂ Bfns‚ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ B¿Øm‰v CS-h-I-bn¬

1. tImemSn ZmhoZv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏m. 2. sNdp-h-Øq¿ bmt°m_v

tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏m. 3. IpØq¿ ]md-ta¬ Ipdn-bm-t°mkv IØ-\m¿,

4. sNdp-h-Øq¿ amØp IØ-\m¿, 5. Im°-t»cn tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-

kvt°m-∏m, 6. Np¶Øv tPmk^v IØ-\m¿, 7. sNΩ-Æq¿ ]tXmkv

IØ-\m¿, 8. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ (-I-cp-amw-Ip-gn)- tPm-k^v IØ-\m¿, 9.

ta°m-´p-Ipfw ZmhoZv IØ-\m¿, 10. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v tImsd-

∏n-kvt°m-∏m, 11. sXt°-°c ZmhoZv IØ-\m¿. 12. s]md-Øq¿ tP-

°_v IØ-\m¿, 13. IpØq¿ sska¨ I-Ø-\m¿ F∂n-h¿ tkh\w

A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂p. aq∏v apd-b-\p-k-cn®v Hmtcm sshZn-I≥ Hmtcm BgvN-

bnse km[m-cW I¿Ø-hy-Np-a-Xe \n¿h-ln-°pw. F√m-hcpw IqSnhcp-

tºmƒ H∂mw-ÿm\n aq∏-®≥ Bbn-cn-°pw. Cu ]mY-ay-amWv ta°v

hnIm-cn-bn¬ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. A°m-eØv Ip∂w-Ipfw sshZn-I-cpsS

t\Xmhpw ]Xn-\n-[nbpw h‡mhpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿

Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v B Xe-ap-d-bn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-∏m´pw

i‡≥X-ºp-cms‚ Poh-N-cn-Xhpw ]meq¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bpsS

]p\¿\n¿Ωm-Whpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

]I-tem-a‰w saXm-∑m¿ GI-]-£o-b-ambn Xocp-am-\-ßƒ ssI-

s°m≈m≥ ]mSns√∂pw P\-lnXw Bcm-bmsX A]-Imcw tkz—m-

]-c-ambn Bsc-¶nepw ]h¿Øn-®m¬ AXn-s\-Xnsc ]Xn-I-cn-°-W-

sa-∂p-ap≈ A°m-esØ apgp-h≥ ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-sSbpw ]Xn-tj-[-

kzc-amWv BØ-m‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ [z\n-°p-∂-Xv. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-

e-bneqsS k`-bpsS hS-°≥]-tZ-isØ G‰hpw i‡-amb CS-hI

\S-Ønb ]Xn-I-cWw Bdmw am¿tØmΩm Kuc-h-]q¿∆w Dƒ-

s°m≠p. As°m√w Xs∂ kµ¿in® tUm. _p°m-\-\p-am-bp≈

N¿®bpw ss__nƒ ]cn-`m-jbv°pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v aev]ms‚

]¶m-fnØw ae-¶-c-sa-Xm≥ tXSn-bXv CXns‚ sXfn-hmbn \a-p°v

IW-°m-°mw. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSp_mw-K-ambn Ggmw am¿tØmΩm

AXn\v aptºXs∂ hmgn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw sX°pw hS°p-ap≈


c≠v ]K¤ aev]m-∑msc k`m-cw-KsØ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn \ntbm-

Kn-®-Xn\v tij-amWv Bdmw am¿tØmΩm A¥-cn-®-Xv.

]pen-t°m-´n¬ aev]m≥ Xøm-dm-°nb ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS ktµiw

sX°≥ CS-h-I-IfpsS ]Xn-\n-[nbpw ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse

kl-]h¿Ø-I-\p-amb Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv aev]m\pw kzoIm-

cy-am-bn. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp kp]-`m-X-Øns‚ iwJ-[z\n apg-°p-

∂-Xn¬ Ah¿ kl-I-cn-®p. B iwJ-\mZamWv B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-

bpsS k`m-N-cn-X-aq-eyw. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS ktµiw ae-¶-c-

bn¬ apgp-h≥ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ sFIy-tØmsS k∂-≤-cmb ]pen-

t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v aev]m-s\bpw Imbw-Ipfw dºm-s\bpw Xs‚ D]-tZ-

jvSm-°-∑m-cmbn \nb-an-®p-sIm≠v Ggmw am¿tØmΩm Cu kqtcym-Z-

bsØ AwKo-I-cn-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp.

2. B¿Øm-‰v (-]m-eq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ß-c) ]≈n-bpsS

]p\¿ \n¿ΩmWw

`mc-X-Ønse InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Xe-∏≈n, am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-

bpsS ss]XrIw A¿ln-°p∂ ]uVn-tbmSpIqSn \n¿Ωn-°-Wsa∂

IYm-]p-cp-js‚ BK-l-Øn\v \mSns‚bpw cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚bpw

]n¥pW th≠p-thmfw e`n-®p. Xß-fpsS ]P-I-fpsS ss]XrI tZhm-

ebw InS-b-‰-Xm-°p-hm≥ Xe-∏≈n cmPm-°-∑mcpw cmPysØ hntZ-

im-I-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS iey-s∏-Sp-Ø-en¬ \n∂pw

kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS tkhn®p

t]mcp∂ ]P-I-fpsS Zo¿-L-Ime ]m¿∞-\sb km£m-XvI-cn-°p-hm≥

sIm®n-bnse alm-cm-Pmhpw \n¿t√m`w klm-bn-®p. tZhm-e-b- \n¿-

ΩmWw XpS-ßn-bm¬ apS-ßmsX ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-hm≥ hnLv\-ßƒ

kw`-hn-°-cpXv F∂ Zo¿L-ho-£Ww sIm≠mImw hn`-h-k-am-l-c-

W-Øn\v ]Øv ]-Xn-\mdv amk-°mew sNe-h-gn-®-Xv.- ]m-eq¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-

ßc Ic-°m¿ hnhn-[- Im-e-ß-fn-embn IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø sX-°≥ ]tZ-

i-ß-fn-se√mw k©-cn®v tZhm-e-b- ]p-\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v Ah-cpsS

]¶m-fn-Øw bYm-i‡n At±lw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn. hn`-h-k-am-l-c-W-am-

bn-cp∂p ][m\ e£y-sa-¶nepw H∂p-c≠p N¿®m-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ X\n-

°-\p-Iq-e-amb s]mXp-P-\m-`n-]mbw cq]oI-cn-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ aev]m≥

Cu bmX-Isf ]tbm-P\-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]I-tem-a‰w saXm-®≥ A\p-

cRvP-\-sa∂ t]cn¬ tdmΩ≥k-`bv°v Iogvs]-Sp-hm≥ \nc-¥cw

\SØns°m-≠n-cp∂ bXv\-ß-tfmSv FXn¿°p∂ s]mXp-P-\m- n-]mbw

kam-l-cn-°pI. AXm-bn-cp∂p At±lw D∂wh® Hcp e£yw.


P∑m-h-Im-i-ambn saXm≥ÿm\w ssIhiw h®p-t]m-cp∂ ]I-tem-

a‰w IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW∂pw

P\-ßƒ sXc-™-Sp-°p∂ P\-t\-Xm-hmbncn°Ww ae-¶-c-k-`m-[y-

£≥ F∂ hnπh-I-c-amb Bibw k`-bn¬ kzoIm-cy-am-I-W-sa∂pw

D≈ Blzm-\-am-bn-cp-∂p c≠m-asØ D∂w. k`-bn¬ Hcp kqtcym-Z-

b-Øns‚ iwJ-\mZw apg-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw KWy-ambn hnP-bn®p

F∂v ]nev°me k`m-N-cnXw sXfn-bn-®p. sshZn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\v

\ne-hn-ep≈ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vX-X, s]mXp DS-a-bn-ep≈

Hcp Bÿm-\-Øns‚ A`m-hw, `c-W-]-c-ambn k`-bpsS i‡nsb

tNm¿Øn-°-f-bp∂ ssiYn-ey-ßƒ,- A-[n-Im-ctIµØns‚ hntI-µo-

I-cWw, ]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bn¬ ss__nfpw Bcm-[-\-I-a-ßfpw hnh¿-

Ø\w sNtø-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX F∂n-ßs\ H´p-h-fsc ]iv\-

ßfpw Ahbv°v Xs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn-ep≈ ]cn-lm-c-ßfpw aev]m≥ Cu

hn`-h-k-am-l-cWw ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ k©m-c-Øn¬ hnhn[ CS-h-I-

Iƒ°p apºn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. apf-¥p-cp-Øn, I≠-\m-Sv, A¶-am-en,

Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn, tImX-aw-K-ew, hS-°≥]d-hq¿ XpSßn A°m-eØv ae-

¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Xe-sb-Sp-∏p-≠m-bn-cp∂ CS-h-I-Iƒ aev]ms‚ ]ptcm-K-

]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn-ep≈ tZhm-e-bw


a-\m-i-b-ß-tfmSv B`n-apJyw ]Z¿in-∏n-®p. ^e-Øn¬ 1806˛se B¿-

Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS ktµiw ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°v apgp-h≥ kzoIm-cy-

am-Ip-hm≥ At±lw \S-Ønb ssPX-bm-X-bm-bn´p thWw Cu hn`-

h-k-am-l-c-W -k-©m-csØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥. Htck-abw H∂n-tesd

Imcy-ß-fn¬ e£yw hbv°p-hm\pw e£y-km-£m-Xv°m-csØ t\Sp-

hm\pw alm-]-Xn-`-I-fmb alm-c-Y-∑m¿t° Ign-bq. iXm-h-[m-\n-bmb

k`m-t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

1807 I∂n- amkw 8˛\v ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw sNbvXv ]≈n-bn¬ Bcm-

[-\-Iƒ ]p\-cm-cw-`n-°-Ø°hn[w ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ ]Wn-Iƒ ]ptcm-K-

an-®p. X®p-im-kvX- hn-Z-KvZ-\mb IYm-]p-cp-j≥ Xs‚ inev]-ssh-`hw

]I-S-am°pwhn[w tZhm-e-b -\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In. B

Xe-ap-d-bn¬ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Xe-∏-≈nsb sh√p∂ ]uVnbpw

Kmw`o-cyhpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse as‰mcp ]≈n-bv°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.

ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse as‰mcp ]≈n-bnepw ImWm-Ø-hn[w aZv_lm c≠p

Xe-ß-fmbn At±lw hn`m-h\w sNbvXp. c≠p `mKhpw c≠v Xnc-»o-

e-Iƒs°m≠v ad-bv°p-hm≥ Iao-I-cWw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F_mb

teJ-\-Øn¬ hn. ]ueqkv «olm ]g-b-\n-b-a- IqSmcsØ h¿Æn-

°p∂ `mK-am-hWw At±-l-Øns‚ a\- n¬ ]Xn-™n-cp-∂-Xv.

F_mb -te-J\w ]g-b-\n-b-a -tZ-hm-e-b-Øns‚ NnXw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-

]-Im-c-am-Wv.

""F∂m¬ BZy -D-S-º-Sn-bnepw Bcm-[-\-bv°p≈ N´-ßfpw euIn-

I-amb hnip-≤ -a-µn-chpw D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp IqSmcw \n¿Ωn-®p.

AXns‚ BZy-`m-KØv \ne-hn-f°pw taibpw ImgvN-b-∏hpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. AXn\v hnip-≤-ÿew F∂v t]cm-bn-cp-∂p.

c≠mw Xnc-»o-ebv°v ]n∂ntem AXn-hn-ip-≤-ÿew F∂v hnfn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ IqSmcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn¬ s]m∂p-sIm-≠p≈ [q]-

Ie-ihpw apgp-h\pw s]m∂p-sIm≠p s]mXn™ \nb-a-s]-´-Ihpw

AXn-\-IØv a∂ -C-´p-h® s]m≥]m-Xhpw Al-tdms‚ Xfn¿Ø-

hSnbpw \nbaØns‚ Iev]-e-I-Ifpw; AXn\v aosX Ir]m-k-\sØ

aqSp∂ tXP- ns‚ sIcq_pIfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ....- Ch Cß-s\-

sb√mw Hcp-°nbtijw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ \nXyw ap≥Iq-Sm-c-Øn¬

sN∂v ipiqj A\p-jvTn-°p-∂p. c≠m-a-tØ-Xntem B≠n¬ Hcn-

°¬ alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥ amXw Xs‚bpw P\-Øns‚bpw sX‰p-Iƒ°v

th≠n A¿∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ c‡-hp-ambn ]th-in-°p-∂p. ...'' (F_mb

9:2˛7).


ssZhn-I-B-cm-[-\bv°v c≠v Xnc-»o-e-I-fm¬ ad-bv°-s∏´ c≠p

IqSmcw. BZysØ Xnc»o-e-bv°Iw hnip-≤- ÿew. AhnsS ]ptcm-

ln-X≥ \nXyhpw ]th-in®v \nXym-cm-[\ \S-Øp-∂p. AXn\v ]pd-

Inse Xnc-»o-ebv-°p-≈n¬ AXn-hn-ip-≤ -ÿ-e-sa∂ IqSm-cw. ChnsS

B≠n-sem-cn°¬ alm-]p-tcm-ln-X≥ amXw ]th-in®v c‡-kln-X-

_en A¿∏n-°p-∂p. Cu BZn-a- Iq-Sm-c-k-¶¬∏-amWv IYm-]p-cp-j≥

]≈n-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ km£m-XvI-cn-®-Xv. AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb aZv_-

lmbv°v c≠v Xnc-»o-e-Ifm¬ ad-bv°-s∏´ c≠p `mKw. H∂mw Xnc-

»o-e-bv°-IØv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ \nXyhpw ]m¿∞-\bpw thZ-hm-b-\-

Ifpw ]t_m-[-\-ß-fpw \S-Øp-∂p. AXn-hn-ip-≤-ÿeØv InkvXp-

hns‚ _en-bmb hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AhnsS BZna-

Iq-Smc kwhn-[m-\hpw bpKm-¥y-Ønse kz¿§o-bm-cm-[-\-bpsS (sh-fn-

]mSv ]pkvXIw hy‡-am-°p∂hn[w) kwhn-[m-\hpw ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p;

kn\-tKmKv Bcm-[-\bpw Im¬hcn bmKhpw ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p. Cu tZhm-

e-b-k-¶¬∏w CtX cq-]-Øn¬ km£m-XvI-cn® Hscm‰ tZhm-e-bta

ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-ep-≈p. AXv ]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bmWv: ae-¶-

c-bpsS Xe-∏-≈n-bpsS A\-\y-Xbpw AXp-eyXbpw CXp- X-s∂.

ap≥Iq-Sm-c-Ønse tai-Ifpw ]m¿∞-\m-ip-iq-j-Ifpw \n¿hnLv\w

\S-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ahn-SsØ Xnc-»oe Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dn√;

ÿnc-ambn Xpd-∂n´ Ah-ÿ-bn-em-Wv. Cu tZhm-e-b- kw-hn-[m\ Nmcp-

Xbpw AXns‚ thZ-]p-kvXI ]›m-Ø-ehpw th≠X Kln-°msX

Cu Akm-[m-cW kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v hnI-e-amb Nne hymJym-\-ßƒ

]nev°m-eØv D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.

BZysØ aZv_-lm-bn¬ h®v Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X≥ h[n-°-s∏-´p-

sh∂pw c‡w hoW ÿew aZv_-lm-bn¬ \n∂v th¿Xn-cn-°p-hm-

\mbn aZv_lm c≠mbn hn`-Pn®p F∂pw BWv B IY ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

Sn∏p-hns‚ ]S-\m-b-I¿ ]≈n-bn¬ ]th-in®v AhnsS kq£n-®n-cp∂

hn. Ip¿∫m\ aen-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂v `b∂v Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X≥ aZv_-

lm-bn¬ HmSn-°-bdn hn. Ip¿∫m\ `£n®p F∂pw At±-lsØ `S-

∑m¿ aZv_-lm-bn¬ h®v sh´n-s°m∂p F∂p-amWv Cu IY-bpsS

`mjyw.

Cu IY hniz-kn-°p-hm≥ c≠p- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ km[y-a-√.

1. IY-bn¬ ]dbpw]Imcw BWv kw`-hn-®-sX-¶n¬ sIm√-s∏´

]ptcm-ln-X≥ c‡-km-£n-bm-Wv. c‡-km-£n-bpsS c‡w aZv_-

lmsb Aip-≤-am-°p-∂n-√. BZy-Im-eØv ]≈n-bpsS ine- ÿm-]n-

°p∂ thfbn¬ c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS Aÿn-Iƒ \nt£-]n-®n-cp∂p.


kl-tZ-∑m-cpsS Aÿn In´m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]Xn-

jvT-bpsS ]Jym-]-\-Ønepw apZ-W-Ønepw amX-ambn HXp-ßn. cIvX-

km-£n-I-fpsS c‡hpw Aÿnbpw Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-I-fmbn \nt£-]n-

°-s∏´ •qkvt°mam F∂ t]SIw tXmtWm-kn¬ BZ-c-]q¿∆w

ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]≈n ]Z-£n-Wßfn¬ Ipcn-in-t\m-sSm∏w

Ahbpw hln-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS c‡w aZv_-

lmsb Aip-≤-am-°p-∂n-√. AXns‚ t]cn¬ aZv_lm tOZn-t°≠

Bh-iy-hp-an-√.

2. Sn∏p-hns‚ ]S-\m-b-I¿ 1789˛¬ ]≈n°v Xoh-bv°p-tºmƒ ]≈n-

bn¬ ]qP-I-sfm∂pw \S∂n-cp-∂n-√. ]pØ≥Iq¿˛]g-b-Iq¿ X¿°-sØ-

Øp-S¿∂v ]≈n Zo¿L-Imew Bcm-[-\-Iƒ IqSmsX InS-°p-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. B tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ \nXyhpw hn. Ip¿∫m\ \S-°p∂p F∂v

k¶ev]n®psIm≠mWv Cu IY sa\-s™-Sp-Øn- p-≈-Xv. X¿°w aqew

Zo¿L-Imew Bcm-[\ apS-ßnb ]≈n-bmWv Xo°n-c-bm-bXv F∂v

B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-∏m´v A\p-kv-a-cn-°p-∂p≠v. X∑qew Cu `mh-\m-kr-

jvSn-bmb IYbv°v Ncn-X-]-c-amb km[p-Xzhpw kmwK-Xy-hp-an√.

3. B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ hr£-in-J-c-ßƒ Sn∏p-

hns‚ ]S-\m-b-I¿ hnizm-kn-Isf Xq°n-s°m-∂-Xmbn ÿe-hm-kn-

Iƒ 1808˛¬ tUm. _p°m-\t\mSv km£n-®-Xmbn At±lw Xs‚

kvac-W-Ifn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ sh®v A]-Imcw

Hcp h[w \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ A°mcyw Ah¿ _p°m-\-t\mSv ]d-

bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

4. sshZn-I≥ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v h[n-°-s∏´ IY Bdv ]Xn-‰m-≠n-∂n-

∏p-dw ]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ Hcp shdpw IY-bm-Wv.

5. C∂v ImWp∂ AXn-`o-am-Im-c-amb tZhm-eb inev]w Sn∏p-hns‚

BI-a-W-Øn\p aptº D≈-Xm-sW∂ sX‰mb [mcW Cu IY-bpsS

]n∂n-ep-≠v. \n›-b-ambpw C∂v ImWp∂ inev]w 1800˛¬ ^m≥knkv

_p°m-\≥ I≠, ]Xn-s\m∂v h¿jw ta¬°q-c-bn-√msX ag \\-

™p-In-S∂ tZhm-ebw A√.

ItØm-en-°-cpsS ssIh-i-an-cn-°p∂ A¶-amen Ingt° ]≈n-bpsS

aZv_-lmbpw CtX-hn[w c≠mbn th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏- -Xm-sW∂ hkvXpX

CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ]T-\m¿l-am-Wv.

1800˛¬ ^m≥knkv _p°m-\≥ km£n°pwhn[w A∂sØ ]≈n-

bpsS ivaim\w ]≈n-bpsS hS°p ]Sn-™mtd hgn-bpsS Acn-In¬


B-bn-cp-∂p. C∂v ImWp∂ ivaim-\-Øns‚ `mK-Øm-bn-cp∂p Xo-h®v

\in-∏n-°-s∏´ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc Itºmfw ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv.

Itºmfw ÿnXnsNbvX ]tZiw At±lw ]≈n-°p-th≠n kºm-Zn-

°p-Ibpw AhnsS ]pXnb ivaim\w Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]≈n

A°m-eØv ae-¶-c-bn¬ G‰hpw hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ tZhm-e-am-bn-cp-∂Xp

t]mse At±lw ÿm]n® ivaim-\hpw AXp-ey-am-bn-cp-∂p. 4 1/2

G°¿ hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈ as‰mcp ivaim\w C∂pw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬

Ds≠∂v tXm∂p-∂n-√. aä-d™ Nm´pIp-f-ßc Itºm-f-Øns‚

]Xm]w ]pXnb ivaim\ kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v `qan-I-bm-bn.

IYm-]p-cp-js‚ BK-l-]-Imcw 1807˛¬ tZhm-eb \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿-

Øn-bm-bn. ]≈n-bpsS s]cp-∂mƒ Zn\-Øn¬Øs∂ (I∂n 8˛mw

XobXn) ip≤o-I-c-Whpw BZy -Ip¿∫m\m¿∏-Whpw \S∂p F∂p

thWw hnNm-cn-°m≥. A°m-e-ß-fn¬ taev]-´-°m-c≥ ]≈n IqZmi

sNøp∂ ]Xnhv D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v Xo¿Øv ]d-™p-Iq-Sm. 1685˛¬

h∂ _tk-en-tbmkv b¬tZm ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS ]≈n-Ia ]pkvX-

I-ß-fn¬ ]≈n-°q-Zm-i-bpsS Iaw ImWp-∂p-≠v. F∂mepw A°m-e-

ßfn¬ ]-≈n-Iƒ B Ia]-Imcw IqZmi sNø-s∏-ń-cp∂pthm F∂v

Cu teJ-I≥ kwi-bn-°p-∂p. Hcp saXm≥ amX-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ae-

¶-c-k-`-bn¬ AXv ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂pw kwi-b-ap-≠v.

Ip¿∫m\ XIvkm-bn¬ ImWp-∂ ip≤o-I-cW ]m¿∞-\-Ifpw apZ-

Wßfpw \SØn IqZmi \n¿h-ln-®n-cn-°m-\mWv km[y-X (h-fsc

ian-s®-¶nepw ]≈nIqZmi tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b X_n-sse-Øm-Iƒ -\m-

fn-Xp-hsc Is≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-ń-√). 1807˛¬ ]≈n-∏Wn ]q¿Øn-

bm-hp-tºm-tg°pw Bdmw am¿tØmΩm tcmK-_m-[n-X-\mbn InS-∏n-em-

bn-cp-∂p.

(1808 ao\-amkw 16 apX¬°v Zo\-ambn 21˛\v icocw Hs° \ocp-

sIm≠v hmbv®p- In-S° sIm≠p Ncn-hm≥ hln-bm. ao\-amkw 1˛\v

A®≥ 7˛mw am¿tØmΩm Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. 27˛mw XobXn sh≈n-

bmgvN ]oen-t∏mkv dºm-®≥ ssXem-`n-tjIw \S-Øn. G]n¬ 8˛\v

At±lw Imew sNbvXp.)8

adn®v sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂Xv hscbpw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-

Øn¬ hn. am¿tØm-Ωm-«olm ÿm]n-® BZna tZhm-e-b-Øns‚

]p\¿ \n¿ΩnX inev]Øns‚ IqZmi B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ H∏p-

sh® aq∏-®≥ (ta°v hnIm-cn) sXt°-°c Ipcn-bXv IØ-\m-cpsS

apJy Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ \S-∂-Xmbn thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥.


C∂pw XpS¿∂ph-cp∂ Hcp s]cp-∂mƒ NS-ßns\∏‰n ChnsS kqNn-

∏n-°p-hm-\p-≠v. PqX-kn-\-tKm-Kn-s\m∏w Nm´p-Ip-f-ß-c PqX-°p-∂n¬

AXn-]m-No-\-amb Hcp Imhv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p. PqX-°p-∂nse

blq-Z-∑m-cpw a‰pw InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®-t∏mƒ Ahn-sS-bp≈ Zmhn-

U-a-X-°m-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®p. Xosc

sNdnb Hcp \yq\-]-£ta "Imhn'se Bcm-[-\-°m-cmbn Ah-ti-jn-

®n-cp-∂p-≈q. ]≈n°p Ing-°p-`m-KØv B £oWn® Imhv Ct∏mgpw

ImWmw. ]q¿hnI kulr-Z-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ]≈n-bpsS I∂n 8˛mw

Xob-Xn-bnse s]cp-∂m-fns‚ Znhkw Xs∂ Imhnse D’-hhpw \S-

Øn-t∏m-∂p. c≠p aX-ß-fp-sSbpw BtLm-j-ßsf _‘n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v

Hcp ]pXnb NSßv `mh-\m-im-en-bmb C´q∏v aev]m≥ \n¿t±-in-®p.

]meq¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bpsS ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v F√m aX-

hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n® AI-a-gn™ klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßƒ-

°p≈ Hcp IrX-⁄-Xm-]-I-S\w IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p B NS-ßv. D®-

Xncn™v ]≈n-bnse s]cp-∂mƒ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kam-]n-°p-tºmƒ

Imhnse ]qPm-cn-am¿ D’-h-th-j-hn-[m-\-ß-f-Wn™v hmZy-ta-f-ß-fpsS

AI-º-Sn-tbmsS ]≈n-\-S-bn-se-Øpw. AhnsS Ah¿ hmZy-ta-f-ß-fpsS

Xmf-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn Aev]-t\cw NphSv h®v \rØw sNøpw.

]≈nbnse aq∏-®≥ Imhnse ]qPm-cn-am¿°v t]m’m-l-\-ambn Hcp

"]W'hpw Hcp sIm´ tNmdpw Bh-iy-amb a‰p hn`-h-ßfpw ]≈n-\-S-

bn¬ sh®v \¬Ipw. CtXmsS ]q-Pm-cn-Iƒ ]≈n-\-S-bn¬ sXmgpXv

Imhn-te°v Xncn®p t]mIp-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu BtLmjw Ct∏mgpw

\n¿hnLv\w \S∂pt]mcp-∂p-≠v. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` KntKm-dn-b≥

Ie-≠¿ kzoI-cn® 1950˛Ifn¬ s]cp-∂mƒ sk]vXw-_¿ 8 F∂v ]p\x-

I-ao-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ Imhnse D’-h-Xo-b-Xnbpw sk]vXw-_¿ 8˛te°v

AXns‚ Npa-X-e-°m¿ ]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w sNbvXp F∂Xv ChnsS

khn-ti-j-ambn Hm¿°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

(Ip-∂w-Ipfw sXt° Aßm-Sn-bn¬ i‡≥ X-ºp-cm≥ Ahn-sS-

bp≈ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v Bcm-[-\-Iƒ°mbn ]q¿Æm-h-Im-i-ambn

hn´p-sImSpØ A¥n-am-f≥Imhnse Hcp khn-ti-j-Xbpw kµ¿t`m-

Nn-X-ambn ChnsS Ipdn-®p-sIm-≈-s´. A¥n-am-f≥Imhn¬ inh-cmXn

D’hw sIm≠m-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. t£X-Øn¬ \ndsb Zo]-ßƒ sXfn-bn-

°p-I-bmWv Cu BtLm-j-Øns‚ ][m-\- `m-Kw. Imhv InkvXym-\n-

Iƒ°v ssIam-dn-°n-´nbt∏mƒ Cu BtLm-jsØ InkvXo-b-amb

]cn-thjw \¬In XpS-cp-hm≥ C´q∏v aev]ms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kpdn-

bm-\n-°m¿ \n›-bn-®p. InkvXp-a-X-Øn¬ ]Im-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-

j-Xbpw kmwK-Xy-hp-ap≈ Hcp Zn\-amWv Z\-lm-s]-cp-∂mƒ. hn.


XnXz-Øns‚ ]Xy-£-X -]-Im-i-Øns‚ ]Jym-]\w IqsS BI-

bm¬ B Zn\sØ "DZbw' F∂¿∞-ap≈ "Z\lm' F∂ kpdn-bm\n

]Zw \¬In-bmWv kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ hnti-jn-∏n®p t]mcp-∂-Xv. Cu

]Im-tim-Z-b-Øns‚ s]cp-∂mƒ ]-≈n-bmbn am‰-s∏´ A¥n-am-f≥-

Imhns\ tIµ-am°n BtLm-jn°p-hm≥ Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im-¿ Xocp-

am-\n-®p. ]≈n-bn¬ amX-a√, Aßm-Sn-bnse F√m hoSp-Iƒ°p

apºnepw Ae-¶-cn® hmg-∏n-≠n-Iƒ \mń AXn¬ \nc-sbm-∏n® Ic-

≠n-Iƒ I-ao-I-cn®v FÆ-sbm-gn®v Xncn-bn´v ]Im-in-∏n-°pI F∂Xv

sXt° Aßm-Sn-°m-cpsS khn-ti-j-amb s]cp-∂mƒ NS-ßmbn amdn.

ItaW B NSßv kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Zl\m s]cp-∂m-

fns‚ NSßv F∂ \ne-bn¬ F√m Aßm-Sn-I-fn-te°pw hym]n-®p.

Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂v kao-]-]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v kwL-ambn IpSntbdn-

∏m¿Ø tZi-ß-fn-te°pw Cu NSßv ]S¿∂p ]nSn-®p. Cu tImf-\n-

I-fn¬ NneXv n∂-k- -I-fn-embn F¶nepw "]n≠n sXfn-bn-°pI' F∂

s]mXp ss]XrIw Ah-cn¬ ]ecpw C∂pw XpS¿∂v t]mcp∂p; D¤-

h-N-cnXw Adn-bm-sX).

]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bpsS \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bmb

DS≥Xs∂, Ip∂w-Ip-fØv \n∂v ]em-b\w sNbvX kpdn-bm-\n-°m-

cpsS Hcp tImf\n sNdmbn tZiØv Hcp ]≈n h®-Xmbpw AhnsS

]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v aev]m≥ ]Y-a- Zn-hy-_en A¿∏n-®-Xmbpw

sNdmbn henb]≈n-bpsS NcnXw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.9

am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ]meq¿ ]≈n ]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-

bm-bn Bcm-[-\-Iƒ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-tXmsS AXns‚ JymXn ]q¿-

hm-[nIw Adn-b-s∏-´p. 1808˛¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ ho≠pw kµ¿i\w

\S-Ønb tUm. t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\≥ ]pXp-°n-∏-WnX Cu tZhm-

ebw kµ¿in-®p. Ahnkvac-Wo-b-amb Cu kµ¿i-\-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-

Iƒ At±lw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. P\p-hcn 14˛\v Xe-t»-cn-bn¬

\ns∂-gp-Xnb IØn¬ ImWp-∂-Xn-]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""tIW¬ sa°msf

CXp-h-scbpw Fs∂ A\p-K-an-®n-cp-∂p. sIm®n-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏´v

Rßƒ BZyw kµ¿in-®Xv Xriq-cnse ]kn-≤-amb kwkvIrX

tImfPv BWv. ]n∂oSv Rßƒ t]mbXv Rm≥ apºv kµ¿in-°m-Xn-

cp-∂Xpw kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Pn√ F∂v ]-cm-a¿in-°m-

hp∂Xpw Bb Hcp ÿe-tØ-°m-Wv. sslZ-cmen Cu ÿesØ

"\kmWn Kq¿' (\-km-Wn-I-fpsS ]´-Ww) F∂v h¿Æn-®n-´p-≠v. P\-

\n-_n-Uhpw ê-`q-bn-jvThpw kpµ-c-hp-amb Hcp ÿe-am-WnXv. NXp-

cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]´-W-Øn\v \mev ]th-i-\ -I-hm-S-ßƒ D≠m-bn-

cp∂p. Ch Hcp Ip∂ns‚ Xmgvhmc-Øn¬ ]Wnb-s∏-ń -cp -∂p.


sXcp-hp-I-fn¬ \n∂v sXcp-hp-I-fn-te°v ]md-bn¬ ]S-hp-Iƒ sImØn-

bn-cp∂p. \mep- `m-KØpw kar-≤-ambn Ce-I-fp≈ ]\-Ifpw a‰p- a-c-

ßfpw ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp-∂p. Ip-∂ns‚ Xmgvhc-bpsS Np‰nepw ]p¬ssa-

Xm-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]´Ww apgp-h≥ Ip∂p-Ifpw Xmgvhc-Ifpw

Bbn-cp-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°pw P\-ßƒ°pw Fs∂

\∂mbn Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ F\n°v Dujva-f-amb kzoI-c-W-

amWv \¬In-b-Xv. ][m\ tZhm-ebw hsc Fs∂ A\p-K-an-®p. ae-¶-

c-bn-ep≈ F√m tZhm-e-b-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cn¬ Hcp henb kz¿Æ-sa-

U¬ B ]≈n°p kΩm-\n-°p-hm-\p≈ Fs‚ Dt±-iysØ Kln-°p-

I-bm¬ h-en-sbmcp P\-°q´w AhnsS k-tΩfn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu ]´-W-

Øn¬ \km-Wn-Iƒ A√mØ Hcp a\p-jy\p-an-√. Rm≥ I¬°´

hnSp-∂Xn\v apºv an nkv sP. F\n°p \¬Inb ]X-°-amWv Rm≥

B tZhm-e-b-Øn\v kΩm\n®-Xv. Hcp km[m-cW tImf-Pp -sa-U-ens‚

aq∂n-c´n hen-∏-ap≈ B saU-ens‚ Hcp mKØv tbm¿±m≥ \Zn-bnse

tbip-hns‚ kv\m\w ]uV-ambn Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. adp-

`m-KØv kv\m\-Øn-\mbn D]-\-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂ Hcp inip-hns‚ cq]hpw.

P\-ß-fpsS apºn¬ h®v `‡ym-Z-c-thm-sS Rm≥ AXv aZv-_-lm-bn¬

ka¿∏n®p. Cu ]´Ww sIm®n-cm-Pm-hns‚ `c-Wm-Xn¿Øn-bn¬

Dƒs∏´-Xm-Wv. c≠mgvN apºv At±-lsØ Rm≥ kµ¿in-®n-cp-∂p.

kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS Cu Xmh-fsØ 1789˛¬ Sn∏p BI-an-®p. InkvXym-

\n-Isf Xq°n-s°m∂ hr£-in-J-c-ßƒ Ah¿ F\n°v Nq≠n-°m-

Wn®p X∂p.''10

"apºv kµ¿in-°m-Xn-cp∂' F∂ ]tbm-K-Øn\v khn-ti-j-amb

A¿∞-ap≠v. ]meq¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n At∂ ]kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂p

F¶nepw 1806˛¬ AXv ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ L´-am-I-bm¬ kµ¿i-

\-tbm-Ky-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ip∂w-Ipfw CS-h-I-bnse hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v

At±lw kp]-cn-Nn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂ ]kvXm-h-\bpw i≤n-°-s∏-

tS-≠-Xm-Wv. k`m-N¿®-Iƒ°pw ss__nƒ hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw \ntbm-

Kn-°-s∏´ kpdn-bm\n ]fin-X≥ C´q∏v aev]m≥ aptJ-\-bmWv B

]cn-Nbw kw`-hn-®-Xv. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂

I≠-\mSv ]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-Ønt\m X\n°v kΩm-\n-°-s∏´ kpdn-

bm\n ss__n-fp-Iƒ kq£n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ A¶-am-en-bnse ]≈n-

Iƒt°m \¬ImØ Hcp saU¬ ]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n°v

kΩm-\n-°m-\mbn At±lw kq£n-®p-h-®p. ae-¶-c-bn-ep≈ F√m ]≈n-

Iƒ°pw th≠n B saU¬ At±lw Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚

]pXp-°n-∏-WnX tZhm-e-b-Øns‚ aZv-_-lm-bn¬ ka¿∏n-®p. ae-¶-

cbnse k¿∆-tZ-hm-e-b-ßfp-sSbpw Xe-∏≈n F∂ \ne-bnepw


am¿tØmΩm- «olm ÿm]n® tZhm-ebw F∂ \ne-bnepw ae-¶-c-k-

`-bnse G‰hpw _rl-Ømb ]≈n F∂ \ne-bnepw ]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-

Ip-f-ßc tZhm-e-bw- _p-°m-\-\n¬ AXp-ey-amb aXn-∏p-f-hm-°n F∂-

XmWv hkvXp-X. hnizm-k-Øns‚ NmcnXyw kwc-£n-°p-hm≥ Ht´-

sd-t∏¿ AhnsS c‡-km-£n-I-fmbn F∂ kam-¥-c-X-Iƒ C√mØ

Ncn-Xhpw B tZhm-e-bsØ kΩm-\n-°p-hm≥ At±-lsØ t]cn-

∏n® LS-I-ambn h¿Øn-®n-cn-°mw (-C-¥y≥ k`-bpsS am¿tØmΩm

ss]XrIw Bw•n-°≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. X∑q-e-

amImw Bw•n-°≥ k`mw-K-amb _p°m-\≥ ]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc

]≈n-bpsS sk‚ v tXmakv ss]XrIw kqNn-∏n-°mXn-cp-∂-Xv. Sn∏p-

hns‚ Ime-Øpt]mepw ]kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂ sk‚ v tXmakv ss]Xr-

I-sØ-∏‰n AtX- h¿j-ß-fn¬ InkvXp-a-X -K-th-j-W-hp-ambn h∂

_p°m-\≥ Adn-™n-cp-∂n√ F∂Xv Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-am-Wv. sXm -SpØv

Nmh-°mSv (-C-∂sØ ]me-bq¿) ]tZ-iØv ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp∂ am¿

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv tZhm-e-b-Øn\v ss«lnI-_‘w D≈-Xmbn A∂v

]kvXm-h-ap≠mbncp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ -\n-›-b-ambpw At±lw B tZ-hm-

ebw kµ¿in-°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv \n¿hn-hm-Z-am-Wv.).

1808˛se tUm. _p°m-\s‚ kµ¿i-\-tØmsS B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-

ebpw B¿Øm‰v ]≈nbpw (A-°m-eØv Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n F∂mWv

Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv) AXns‚ inev]n-bmb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v

aev]m\pw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-seßpw ]i-kvXn-bm¿÷n-®p. Hcp ]≈nsb

amX-a√ ae-¶-c-k-`sb apgp-h\pw ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-hm-\p≈ Du¿÷w

At±-l-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k` BZ-c-]q¿∆w Is≠Øn.

3. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e

Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS ImeØv 1794 taSw 7˛\v dºm-∑m-cm-°-

s∏´ amØ≥ I-Ø-\mcpw (Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bp-sS A\-¥-c-h≥)

Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv IØ-\mcpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ injy-

∑m¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ sX°≥]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]kn-≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-

tem-a‰w IpSpw-_m-[n-]Xyw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xns‚ `mK-ambn amØ≥

dºms\ Bdmw- am¿tØmΩm sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v 1796 taSw

24˛\v Ggmw am¿tØmΩm F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-\m-°n. \ncWw KŸ-

hcn "sNdnb A®≥' F∂v ]e-t∏mgpw ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≈Xv Pq\n-b¿

saXm-\mb Ct±-l-sØ-bm-Wv. ]I-tem-a‰w saXm-∑m-cn¬ At±lw

]e- Im-cyßfn¬ hyXykvX A`n-]m-b-ßƒ D≈ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p.

X∑qew Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS ImeØv Ct±lw Xo¿Øpw


AWn-b-dbn-em-bn-cp-∂p. it≤-b-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ hyXykvX

ho£-W-ßƒ. Ahsb C]-Imcw kwt£-]n-°mw.

1. 1653˛se Iq\≥-Ip-cniv ]Xn-⁄-tbmSv ae-¶-c-k` hniz-kvXX

]pe¿Ø-Ww.

2. ]pcm-X-\hpw ]i-kvX-hp-amb kpdn-bm\n tZhm-e-b-ßfpw IqSp-

X¬ P\ßfpw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ hS-°≥]-tZ-i-ßsf Ah-K-Wn®v

k`m-tI-µhpw saXms‚ Bÿm\hpw ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Iao-I-cn-

°p-∂Xv DNn-X-a-√. ]meq¿, hS-°≥]d-hq¿, A¶-am-en, Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn,

tImX-aw-K-ew, apf-¥p-cp-Øn, ]nd-hw, I≠-\m-Sv, hS-I-c XpS-ßnb

]mNo-\ -tZ-hm-e-b-ßƒ°v A¿l-amb ]cn-K-W\ e`n°pwhn[-am-bn-

cn-°Ww saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Bÿm\w Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv.

3. hS°pw sX°pw XΩn¬ _e]co-£-W-a√ _e-k-a-\z-b-amWv

e£y-am-t°-≠-Xv.

4. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw_w F∂ ta¬hn-emkw amXw sh®v

saXms\ \nb-an-°p-∂Xv A\-`n-e-j-Wo-bhpw \njv^-ehpw Bbn-

cn°pw. AXv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp ]h-W-X-b-√.

Cu hyXykvX ho£-W-ß-fp-am-bn-´mWv Ggmw am¿tØmΩm 1808

G]n¬ 7˛\v \nc-WØv sN∂v k`m-`-cWw Itø-‰-Xv. At±lw Nne

`c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn.

1. k`-bpsS Bÿm\w \nc-WØv \n∂v I≠-\m-t´°v Iao-I-

cn®p.

2. Xs‚ D]-tZ-jvSm-°-fmbn sX°p \n∂v ]oen-t∏mkv dºm-s\bpw

hS°p \n∂v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v aev]m-s\bpw \nb-an-®p.11

P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw F∏n-kvt°m-∏-knbpw ka-\z-bn-® Hcp c-W-ssien

Ggmw am¿tØmΩm Ah-ew-_n-®Xv aqew D]-tZ-jvSm-°-∑m¿°v At±-

l-sØ Xncp-Øp-hm\pw Nne-t∏mƒ imkn-°p-hm\pw Nne-t∏mƒ At±-

l-tØmSv ]c-ky-ambn hntbm-Pn-°p-hm\pw kzmX-¥yw e`n-®n-cp-

∂Xmbn \ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ kqN-\-Iƒ D≠v.

Hcp Imcyw Xo¿®: ae-¶-c-k` At±-l-Øn¬ hfsc ]Xo-£-Iƒ

A¿∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ae-¶ck`bv°v ÿnc-amb Hcp hm¿jn-I- h-cp-am\w

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ aqhm-bncw ]qh-cm-l≥ ÿnc-\n-t£-]-ambn

_n´ojv CuÃv C¥ym Iº-\n-bn¬ Gev]n® (1808 Unkw-_-dn¬)

Ggmw am¿tØmΩm k`m-N-cn-XØn¬ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-\m-bn-´p-≠v


(]-en-i-°n´ Cu \nt£]w (h-ń-∏-Ww) BWv ]nev°m-e-ß-fn¬ ]e

hyh-lm-c-ßƒ°pw Imc-W-am-b-Xv). k`bvs°mcp s]mXp-h-cp-am\w

F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚ t]mZvLm-S-I≥ At±-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]I-tem-a‰w

IpSpw-_m-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \n¿_‘_p≤n-bp≈ GXm\pwt]¿ ]I-tem-

a‰w ta¬hn-emkw ]nSn-®-S-°nb Hcp sshZn-Is\ saXm≥ÿm-\-

tØ°v Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Ggmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS BZ¿i-]-c-amb \ne-

]m-Sp-Iƒ Ahsc \ncm-i-cm-°n. hnπ-hm-fl-I-amb \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw Xocp-

am-\-ßfpw At±lsØ lkzm-bp-jvam-\m-°ntbm F∂v kwi-bn-

°Ww. GXm-bmepw Npa-X-e-Iƒ G‰pIgn™v ]Xn-\mdv amkw Ign-

bp-tºm-tg°pw At±lw tcmK-i-ø-bn-em-bn. ""... am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv

_nj-∏ns‚ A\-¥-c-h≥ am¿tØm-Ω≥ _nj-∏n\v (Ggmw am¿-

tØmΩm) tcmKw ]nSn®v ]c-h-i-am-b-t∏mƒ Xs‚ ASp-°¬ D≠m-bn-

cp∂ Nne¿, "C\n IS-a-‰Øv sXmΩ≥ IØ-\msc hcpØn Cu

ÿm\w sImSp-°W-'sa∂v Nn¥n-®Xv Zo\-Øn¬ InS-°p∂ _nj∏v

tI´-t∏mƒ Acn-i-s∏-Sp-Ibpw "Abmƒ Cu ÿm\-Øn\v sXc-s™-

Sp-∏m≥ tbmKy-\-'s√∂v Iev]n-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp. \me-©p- Zn-hkw

Ign™v saXm\v Zo\w IqSp-X-embn t_m[-t°-Smbn InS-°ptºmƒ

N°-c-b-I-Ø-q´v C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ (A-¶-am-en) apX¬t]¿ cl-ky-ambn

tase-gp-Xnb sXmΩ≥ IØ-\msc hcpØn: "C\n \aps°mcp thZ-

Øe-h≥ thW-a-t√m. Cbmsf Ct∏mƒ am¿tØmΩm saXm≥ F∂v

t]¿ hnfn-°m-™m¬ ]e-Iq´w sshjayw D≠v' F∂v ]d™-Xns\

B tiJ-c-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn-te-°p- th-≠p∂

h´wIq´p-∂Xns\ I≠v tIm\m´v aev]m\pw a‰v IØ-ßfpw IqsS

"Cu Imcyw Hcp ]Im-chpw sNbvXpIqSm' F∂v ]kvXm-hn-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ, kn≤m-¥n-I-fpsS Iui-e-Øm¬ Bfp-Iƒ h∂v,

"Atøm _nj∏v acn-∏m-dm-bn, thK-Øn¬ F√m-hcpw hcp-hn≥' F∂v

hyk-\-[r-Xn-tbmsS ]d-bp∂ kzcw tI´v apdn-Ø-t´¬ -\n∂v F√m-

hcpw Na-b-∏p-c-bn¬ sN√p-tºmƒ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ apX¬t]¿

sXmΩ≥ I-Ø-\msc saXms‚ Na-b-ßƒ CSp-hn®v saXms‚ hnc-

en¬ InS∂ hmgvN tamXncw Ducn-sb-Sp-Øv Abm-fpsS hnc-en-t∑¬

CSp-hn-°p-Ibpw ]´w sImSp-°bpw "sskØv dqivam sNøm≥ hcs´'

-F∂v ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXpsIm≠v Iń-ens‚ AcnsI ap´p-Ip-Øn®v

_nj-∏ns‚ ssI N°-c-b-I-Øq´v C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ FSpØv At±-l-

Øns‚ Xe-ta¬ hbv°p-Ibpw Nne¿ hSnbpw apSnbpw …o_mbpw

sImSpØv GXm\pw samgn-Iƒ sNm√n am¿tØmΩm F∏n-kvt°m∏m

F∂v ÿm\-t∏¿ hnfn-°p-Ibpw he-XpssI apØp-hm≥ kwK-Xn-bm-

ImsX CS-Xp-ssI- apØn apń-t∑¬ \n∂v Fgp-t∂¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.


"F¥p-sIm≠v C]-Imcw sNøn-°p∂p' F∂v ]oen-t∏mkv dºm≥

apX¬t]tcmSv IqSnb P\-ß-fn¬ Nne¿ tNmZn-®m-sd, "Xs‚bpw a‰pw

Btem-N\ tIƒ°msX X∂n-jvS-ambn ]h¿Øn-°p∂p' F∂v AtX

adp-]Sn ]d-™-Xv. _nj-∏p-am¿ ip≤-am\ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√p-tºmƒ,

IqsS saXm\v ÿm\w sImSp-°p-Ibpw hmgn-°p∂ samgn-Iƒ sNm√n

Cu ÿm\w XnI-t°-≠-Xp-am-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXn\v kwKXn hcmsX

Ccn-°p∂ apd-bn¬ Cu Bfns‚ ÿm\w ]pkvXIhn[n-bm¬ icn-b-

√m-ØXpw AXn-\m¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂Xpa√ F∂ ]kv-Xmhw

\otf ]c-°p-∂p.'12

1809 Pqembv 4˛\v I≠-\mSv ]≈n-bn¬ Znhw-K-X-\mb Ggmw am¿-

tØmΩm, tIme-t©cn ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°-s∏- p. am‰-ßƒ°p th≠n

Zmln® P\w Hcn-°-¬ IqSn h©n-X-cmbn; \ncm-i-cm-bn. F´mw am¿-

tØm-Ωm-bp-sS saXm≥ ÿm\-km-[pX ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw_ Xmev]-

cy-°m¿ ssha-\-ky-tØmsS AwKo-I-cn-®p-sh-¶nepw _lp-`q-cn-]-£-

Øn\pw AXv kzoIm-cy-am-bn-√. Ggmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS D]-tZ-i-I-

cmbn k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]th-in-®n-cp∂ Imbw-Ipfw dºm≥, ]pen-

t°m- n¬ aev]m≥ F∂n-h¿ Imcy-ßsf ka-Nn-Ø-X-tbmsS ho£n®p.

F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS saXm≥ ÿm\-]m]vXn Akm-[p-hm-sW-

¶nepw t\csØ sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-

ÿm\w ae-¶-c-bn-sebpw a‰p ss«lnItIµ-ß-fn-sebpw BZna

]utcm-lnXy k¶ev]]Imcw km[p-hm-sW∂v Ah¿ Imcy-ßsf

hne-bn-cp-Øn. kq∏¿hnj≥ Npa-Xe amXw ]pXp-Xmbn e`n-°p∂

saXm≥ÿm-\-Øn\v A]q¿Æ-X-bp-s≠-¶nepw k`-bpsS \nb-¥-W-

ßƒ°v hnt[-b-s∏-Sp-hm≥ At±lw Xøm-dm-sW-¶n¬ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-

amb saXm≥ÿm\ ]m]vXn-bnse A]q¿Æ-X-tbmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-

Sm-sa∂v Ah¿ Imcy-ßsf \nco-£n-®p. Ah¿ F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-

bp-ambn Xß-fpsS ho£Ww ]¶n-´p. A\p-cRvP\ t^m¿ape kzoIm-

cy-sa∂v At±lw kΩ-Xn-®p. XpS¿∂v k`-bpsS AXn-]m-No\ tIµ-

ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ hS-°≥ k`m-tI-µ-ß-fp-ambn ]pXnb A\p-c-

RvP\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ N¿® sNbvXp. Imbw-Ipfw dºm≥ sX°≥

CS-h-I-I-fn¬ k©-cn®v Ahn-S-ß-fnepw A\p-Iq-em-¥-co£w

krjvSn®p. Aßs\ Hcp ]t£m-`- Im-em-h-ÿsb XtemSn im¥-

am-°p-∂Xn¬ Ccp-hcpw hnPbw hcn®p! ]pXnb saXms‚ ssII-

fn¬ k`-bpsS A[ym-fln-Ihpw `uXn-I-hp-amb `mhn Ccp-f-S-™-Xm-

bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Xo¿®-bmb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ggmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS

D]-tZ-i-I¿ Bbn h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Ip∂w-Ipfw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v


IØ-\mcpw Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm\pw t£m- -P-\-I-amb A¥-

co-£sØ hy‡n]iv\ambn If-¶-s∏-Sp-ØmsX k`-bpsS `mhn

tim`-\-am-°p-hm\p≈ Hc-h-k-c-ambn AXns\ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-

hm≥ ]cn-]-Iz-amb t\XrXzw \¬In. Ah-cpsS Zo¿L-ho-£-Whpw

k`m-Z¿i-\hpw GIX ktΩ-fn-®-t∏mƒ Hcp A\p-cRvP\ t^m¿ape

cq]-s∏-´p. AXmWv "I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme.' I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-esb

]nev°m-e-sØ-gp-X-s∏´ \ncWw KŸ-hcn Hcp Ahy‡ hmIy-Øn¬

HXp-°n-°-f-™p. ]n∂oSv ]kn-≤oI-cn-°-s∏´ BZysØ ae-¶-c-

k`mN-cn-X-Øn¬ C´q∏v ssd´¿ At±-l-Øns‚ \ho-I-cW Nn¥-

Iƒ aniWw sNbvXv I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme ]q¿Æ-cq-]-Øn¬ ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu KŸ-Im-c≥ Is≠-SpØ AXn-]m-No-\-amb Hcp

ssIsb-gpØp KŸ-Øn¬ \n∂v I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS icn-bmb

]q¿Æ-cq]w 1992˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]Y-a≥ F∂ Poh-N-cnX KŸ-Øn¬ C´q∏v ssd´-

dpsS ]mTw ]e `mK-ß-fnepw IrXn-a-am-sW∂v Cu KŸ-Im-c≥

]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v.13 2002˛¬ C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`m-N-cn-Xhpw

kwkvIm-chpw F∂ _rlXvK-Ÿ-Øn¬ c≠v ]mT-ßfpw H∂n®v

tN¿Øv Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ASpØImeØv Cu KŸ-

Im-c≥ Is≠-SpØv hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xnb "I≠-\mSv KŸ-h-cn'-bn¬

sia-hq≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv I≠-\mSv ]≈n-bnse tcJ-I-fp-sS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xnb "]Sn-tbme' ImWp-∂p-≠v.14

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS CXx]-cy-¥-ap≈ -N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂

BZy- -c-W-L-S\ F∂ ÿm\w I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-bv°p-≈-Xn-\m¬

AXns‚ apJy-in-ev]n-bmb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v aev]ms‚ Poh-N-cn-

X-Øn¬ \n∂v AXv ]q¿Æ-ambpw D≤-cn-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

""At±-l-Øns‚ (Ggmw am¿tØm-Ωm) \mev]Xmw Znhkw ]≈n-

°m¿ F√m-hcpw I≠-\m´v ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn. ta¬\-S-t°≠pw ]≈n-a-

cym-Zbpw I-a-ßfpw bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS acymZ t]mse

\S-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Sn-tbm-ebpw Fgp-Xn-h-®p. AXns‚ ]I¿∏v.

(B-Znbpw Adp-Xnbpw C√mØ ImX¬Xzw Xnß-s∏´ ssZhwXºp-

cms‚ Xncp-\m-a-Ømse ]´mßs∏´ hnizm-k-Øns‚ h¿≤n-∏n\v Xºp-

cms‚ at\m-Kp-W-Ømse \ΩpsS ]cn-j°v s\dn-hn-\psS \nebpw

HcpºmSpw D≠m-Ip-hm≥ \mw At¥ym-Jy-bpsS am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssIhm-gvN-bn¬ D≈ ae-¶c FS-h-I-bpsS am¿

tXmΩm saXm-®s‚ Iogvhg-ß-s∏´ kpdnbm-\n-°m¿ A¶-amen apX¬


ae-¶c ]≈n-°m¿ F√m-hcpw I≠-\mSv ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn ta¬ \S-

t°≠pw Ia-ßƒ°pw acym-Z-Iƒ°pw \ap-°p≈ _mhm-am¿ \sΩ

]Tn-∏n®p F∂ t]mse \S-°p-∂-Xn-\v) aninlm ]nd-∂n v 1809˛mw Imew

sIm√w 985˛-am≠v Nnßamkw 1˛\v Fgp-Xn-h® ]Sn-tbme BhnXv.16

H∂m-a-Xv, DÆn-Iƒ ]nd-∂m¬ 90- Znh-kn°Iw amΩq-Zokm ap°p-

Ibpw

c≠m-a-Xv, ss]X-ßƒ BIm-i-ßƒ Ccn-°p∂Xpw \∑-\n-d™

adn-bhpw hniz-kn-°p-∂Xpw Rm≥ ]ng-bm-fnbpw ]am-Wßfpw Nmhp-

tZm-j-ßfpw IqZm-i-Ifpw Iev]-\-Ifpw at\m-Kp-W-]-hr-Øn-Ifpw ]Tn-

°bpw

aq∂m-a-Xv, Ipcn-ip-a-Wn-t\-cØv 11 \∑-\n-d™ adn-bhpw Hcp BIm-

i-ß-fn-en-cn-°p-∂Xpw sNm√p-Ibpw IuΩm-∏Sn \a-kv°mcw -]-Tn®v

ho≠pw P\-ßƒ F√m-hcpw IqSn A¥n-bnepw aø-enepw -\a-kvI-cn-

°bpw

\mem-aXv, Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fnepw F√m-hcpw ]≈n-

bn¬ h∂v Ip¿∫m\ ImWp-Ibpw Zqc-s∏-´-h¿ hoSp°v Hcp-Ø≥

F¶nepw h∂v Ip¿∫m\ ImWp-Ibpw

A©m-a-Xv, Iev]n-°-s∏´ t\mºp-Iƒ A©pw t\m¬°p-Ibpw Ccp-

]ØnA©v t\mºnepw AºXv t\mºnepw Ipº-km-cn®v Ip¿∫m-\-

sIm-≈p-Ibpw tcmK-s∏-´-h¿ t\mºv t\m¬°p-∂-Xn\v hi-an√ F∂v

hnIm-cnbv°pw tZiØv]´-°m¿°pw t_m[yw h∂m¬ A\p-hmZw

t]mse hmßn-s°mƒIbpw

Bdm-a-Xv, s]Æp-ßsf ]Xn-\mev hb- n-\Iw sIń-°bpw s]Æp-

sI-´p-∂-Xns‚ Xte Rmb-dmgvN ]≈n-bn¬ h∂v \a-kvIm-c-ßƒ

tIƒ∏n®v Ipº-km-cn-∏n-°bpw Xte Rmb-dmgvN Xs∂ hnfn-®psNm-

√p-Ibpw s]Æp-sI-´p-∂-Xn\v sXt°- Zn-°n¬ sNdp-°\v Hcp Ipcnipw

aq∂v samSpIpw (?) s]Æn\v ImXn-ebpw Xfbpw aq∂v Iq´w Imipw

H‰-gbpw c≠v IgpØvsIm¥bpw hS-t°-Zn-°n¬ sNdp-°\v Hcp

Ipcnipw Ggv samSp-Ipw (?) Ac-™m-Whpw s\‰n-∏-´hpw s]Æn\v

ImXn-ebpw Xfbpw ssI°-dbpw (?) tXmƒhfbpw s\‰n-∏-´hpw Igp-

Øn¬ Ggpcp s]m∂pw CSp-Ibpw s]Æp-sI-ń\v Itc-dn-bm¬ Rmb-

dmgvN Hcp t\csØ hncp∂v sImSp-°bpw IpSn-h-®m¬ Hcp t\csØ

hncp∂v sImSp-°bpw Ip¿∫m-\bv°v apºv ]≈nbn¬ s]Æp-sI-´p-

Im¿ hcn-Ibpw Ipº-km-cn®v sIń-∏m≥ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ apºpw ]ndIpw


X¿°n-°p∂ Imcyw acymZ A√mbvI sIm≠v IqZm-i-Iƒ°pw Xºp-

cms‚ at\m-Kp-W-ßƒ°pw t`Zw C√m-Ø-Xm-I-s°m≠v hb v aq∏v

t]mse \n¿Øn sIń®p sImƒIbpw ]nt‰ Rmb-dm-gvN-bv°Iw IpSn-

h-bv°bpw hncp-∂p-Iq-SmsX Xnc-≠p-Ip-fnbpw ]pfn-Ip-Sn-°bpw Ign-®p-

sImƒIbpw hmhq-kmbpw hmgvN°v HmW-∏p-S-hbpw sImSp-°bpw

thWw.

Ggm-aXv, ]´-°m¿ c≠p-t\-chpw IqSn \a-kvI-cn®v ]≈n-bn¬ ]m¿-

°p-Ibpw aZy-]m\w sNøm-sXbpw \mep t]¿ IqSp∂ KpW-tZmjß-

ƒ°v am∏n-f-am¿ aZy-]m\w sNøm-sXbpw c≠p ]´-°m¿ (D≈) ]≈n-

I-fn¬ Rmb-dm-gvN-Iƒ°pw s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°pw ImeØpw D®-

t\cØpw Ip¿∫m\ sNm√p-Ibpw ]≈n-I-fn¬ ]´-°m¿°v ]kmcw

sImSp-°p-Ibpw

F´m-aXv, sX°pw hS°pw c≠p ]Tn-Ø-ho-ń¬ Hmtcm aev]m-∑m¿

Ccp∂v ss]X-ß-sfbpw siΩm-i-∑m-scbpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]≈n-I-

fn¬ \n∂v hcn-bn-s´-SpØv Ah¿°v th≠p-∂Xv B≠p-tXmdpw sImSp-

°pIbpw ]´-°m¿ ]≈n-°-SpØ Ia-ßƒ Hs°bpw Xg°n Ipdhv

Xo¿Øv aev]m-∑m-cpsS FgpØv bP-am-\-ÿm-\Øv sIm≠p-h∂v

sImSpØv IqZm-i-]-hr-Øn-Iƒ°v A\p-hmZw hmßn-®p-sImƒIbpw

Hº-Xm-aXv, ]≈n-a-cym-Z-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠-Xn\v B≠pXIvkm Ia-

s∏-Sp-Ønb ]pkvXIw ]≈n-°m-cy-Øn¬ \n∂v hmßn®psImƒIbpw

]Øm-aXv, F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw Xnc (-»o-e) Xp (-d) -°p-Ibpw

]Xn\mdv t]sc sXc-s™-SpØv Ah-cpsS t]¿°v Ip (-ap) dn FgpXn

\S-bn¬ h®v AXn¬ \n∂v \mep- Ipdn FSpØv hcp∂ Bƒ Hcp

h’cw ssIÿm\w \S∂v ]Xn-hn≥]Sn sNe-hn´v tij-ap-≈-Xn\v

tbmKsØ t_m[n-∏n®v Nne-h¿Øv B≠v XnI-bp-tºmƒ hnIm-cn-

sbbpw tbmK-sØbpw t_m[n-∏n®v apX¬ sNe-hns‚ IW°v Fgp-

Xn-Øo¿Øv Ccn-∏p≈ ]Whpw sIń h∏n®v ssIÿm\hpw am‰n

ho≠pw Ipdn-bn-´v F-SpØv hcp∂ Bfns‚ ]‰n¬ ]Whpw ap≠p-ap-

dnbpw s]ń ]am-Whpw tij-ap≈ apX¬Imcy-ßfpw Gev]n®v taºq-

ń¬ sh®v bP-am-\ (ÿm-\) sØ Bfm-bn´v FS-h-I-]-´-°m-cn¬ Hcp-

Øs\ \n›-bn-®-Xn¬ c≠p t]cpw Xnc´pw ]Sn-tbm-ebpw IW°pw

AXn-t\m-Sp-IqsS sh®v aq∂v ]q´pw ]qń kq£n®psImƒIbpw B

hI ]qń¬ \n∂pw FSpØv sNe-hm-t°≠pw \mfn¬ bP-am-\-ÿm-

\-sØbpw hnIm-cn-sbbpw tbmK-sØbpw t_m[n-∏n®v sNe-hn-´p-

sImƒI.


]Xn-s\m-∂m-aXv, ]Xn-\mdvt]¿ ]m]vXn-bp-≈-h-cmbn C√mØ ]≈n-

I-fn¬ \mep -t]-cm-bn-s´-¶nepw Fgp-Xn-h®v \S-Øn-s°mƒIbpw

ssIÿm\-®o-´n¬ Dƒs∏´ Bfp-Isf hnIm-cnbpw FS-h-I-]´°m-cpw

IqsS \ncq-]n®v tbmK-°pdn Fgp-Xp-Ibpw tbmK-°mcyw hnNm-cn®v

sIm≈p-Ibpw

]¥-≠m-aXv: \a-kvIm-c-hpw Ip¿∫m-\bpw amΩq-Zo-kmbpw s]¨-

sI´pw b¬Zbpw Z\-lmbpw -Hm-im-\bpw ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bm-gvNbpw s]¥n-

t°m-kvXnbpw bmt°m-_-mb°m-cmb kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS Ia-Øn¬

\S∂psImƒIbpw

Cu Fgp-Xn-sh® Iaßƒ H∂n-\pw- t`-Zw -h-cp-ØmsX \S∂p

sIm≈p-amdpw Bb-Xn\v t`Zw hcp-Øn- \-S-°-p∂p F¶n¬ ]≈n°v

]pdØv \n∂v Iev]n®v sNøp∂ in£bpw A\p-k-cn®v Iev]n°pw

hÆw ]mb-›n-Øhpw sNbvXp ho≠pw Cu Fgp-Xn-h-®-Xn≥hÆw

\S∂psIm≈p-amdpw kΩ-Xn®v Cu ]Sn-tbme Fgp-Xn-h®v A¶-amen

]≈n- ap-X¬t]¿ tijw Aº-Øn-\mev ]≈n-°mcpw IqSn Fgp-Xn-

h® ]Sn-tbm-e.

CXn∑Æw ]Sn-tbm-ebpw Fgp-Xn-sh®v saXms\ tamXn-chpw CSp-

hn®v sFtam-ky-ambn Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc ]pen-t°m- n¬ butk-∏v (-C´q∏v)-

I-»o-imbv°v dº-kpJw -sIm-SpØv ]oen-t∏m-kv d-ºm\pw (Im-bw-Ipfw)

Ch-¿ c≠p t]cpw saXms‚ ASp-°¬ ]m¿°-Ø-°-Æhpw ]d™v

h®v sFtam-ky-ambn ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNbv-Xp.17

I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-sb- ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `c-W-L-S\ F∂v hnti-

jn-∏n-®m¬ t]mcm, C¥y≥ k`-bpsS Imt\m≥ F∂mWv hnti-jn-

∏n-t°-≠-Xv. amΩq-Zo-km-bpsS ]mbw, hnhm-l- k-º-Zm-b-Ønse kmaq-

ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb BNm-c-ßƒ, B`-c-

W-ßƒ, XXvkw_-‘-ambn tZhm-e-b-Øn-te°v \¬tI-≠p∂ t`mK-

ßƒ, tZhm-e-b-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, sshZn-I-cpsS ]tXyI Npa-X-e-Iƒ,

k`-bnse t\mºp-Iƒ, t\mºns‚ BN-c-W-ssi-en-Iƒ, ho´nepw

tZhm-e-b-Ønepw \S-t°-≠p∂ \a-kv°m-c-ßfp-sSbpw a‰v Bcm-[-\-

I-fp-sSbpw apd-Iƒ, Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fnepw D≈

]tXyI Bcm-[-\-Iƒ, Assh-Zn-I-cp-sSbpw sshZnI-cp-sSbpw atX-

X-chpw aX-]-c-hp-amb hnZym-`ym-khpw sshZnI ]cn-io-e-\hpw, CS-h-

I-bpsS cWw, AXn¬ sshZn-I-s‚bpw saXm-s‚bpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw

]¶m-fnØw, aev]m-∑m-cp-sSbpw saXm-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]tXyI ÿm\-

ßƒ, k -bnse s]cp-∂m-fp-Ifpw Bcm-[-\-I-a-ßfpw, ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS


Aew-L-\o-bX XpSßn H´phfsc hnj-b-ßƒ I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme

Zo¿L-ho-£-W-tØmsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. 1809˛\v apºv GsX-¶nepw

temI-k-`-I-fn¬ CXbpw k¿∆-X-e-kv]¿in-bmb Hcp \nb-a-kw-hn-

[m\w cq]-s∏-´-Xmbn Adn-hn-√.

k`-bn¬ DS-se-SpØ Hcp Iem-]m-¥-co-£sØ Inbm-fl-I-amb

]≤-Xn-I-fn-eqsS k`m-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS hyh-ÿ-I-fm°n ]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ AXn\v t\XrXzw \¬Inb ]pen-t°m- n¬ aev]m\pw

Imbw-Ipfw dºm\pw hnP-bn-®p F∂v ]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√. `c-

W-]-c-amb tae-t\z-j-W-Øn\v amXw cq]wsIm≠ saXm≥ÿm-\-

Øn¬ kw`-hn® \yq\-X-Iƒ F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bp-sS ]utcm-ln-Xy-

\¬h-csØ If-¶-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n√ F∂ Xncn-®-dnhv c≠p t]¿°pw

th≠X D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

As°m-√w, 1809 Nnßw 15˛\v ]meq-¿ ˛ Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bn¬

h®v C´q∏v aev]m≥ I≠-\m´v kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-

s\bpw Xocp-am-\-sØbpw XpS¿∂v dºm≥ ÿm\w kzoI-cn-®p.

dºms‚ A\-¥-c-h≥ A∂v BZy-]-´-ta-‰-Xmbn \ncWw KŸ-hcn

km£n-°p-∂p (-C-t±-l-amWv ]≈n-bpsS hS-t°- h-cm-¥-bn¬ I_-d-S-

ßnb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿).

Xm≥ ÿm-\-ta‰ AIm-t\m-\nI -co-Xn-sb-∏‰n Db¿∂ X¿°-ßƒ

I≠-\mSv hyh-ÿ-Isf XpS¿∂v AkvX-an-®-Xmbn I≠ F´mw am¿-

tØmΩm ]Sn-tbm-e-bnse A£-chpw Bflmhpw Hcp t]mse Ah-K-

Wn-®Xv Gh-scbpw Bi-¶-bn-em-°n. saXms‚ GI-\m-b-I-i-‡n-bpsS

Agn-™m´w k` \n -lm-b-X-tbmsS t\m°n-°-≠p. 1811 hsc Imcy-

ßƒ henb Ipg∏w IqSmsX \oßn. hń-∏-W-Øns‚ ]eni I≠\mSv

]Sn-tbm-e-bnse Xocp-am-\-]-Imcw ]Tn-Ø-hoSv ]Wn-bp-hm≥ D]-tbm-

Kn-°-W-sa∂ dºm-∑m-cpsS D]-tZiw saXm≥ ewLn-®-tXmsS ]Sn-

tbm-e-bpsS hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Xm≥ am\n-°p-∂n-s√∂v F´mw am¿tØmΩm

hy‡-am-°n. CtXmsS dºm-∑m¿ c≠p-t]cpw tN¿∂v F´mw am¿tØm-

Ωm-bvs°-Xn-cmbn BZyw sa°m-fn-bpsS ASp-°epw ]n∂oSv a¨tdm-

bpsS ASp-°epw ]cmXn ka¿∏n-®p. 1809 [\p 1˛\v F´mw am¿tØmΩm

H∏n´v tIW¬ sa°m-fn-bpsS ]°¬ \n∂pw hmßn® hń-∏-W-Øns‚

]eni 240 hcm-l≥ dºm-∑m-cpsS D]-tZ-i-]-Im-chpw I≠-\mSv ]Sn-

tbm-e-bnse hyhÿ-]-Im-chpw ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v

hn\ntbmKn-°msX sa-Xm≥ X∂n-jvS-]-Imcw sNbvX-Xn-t\mSv s]mcp-

Øs∏-Sp-hm≥ ae-¶-c-k` Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂n-√.


""Cu X¿°-ßfpw hnkvXm-c-ßfpw \S-°p-tºmƒ ]cm-a¿in-t°-

≠p∂ c≠v Imcy-ßƒ kw`hn-®p.

1. tUm. _p°m-\≥ t_mws_-bn-te°v A®-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥ sIm≠p-

t]m-bn-cp∂ \mep kphn-ti-j-ß-fpsS ae-bm-f -hn-h¿Ø\w sImdn-

b¿ ] n¬ A®-Sn∏n®v _p°m-\≥ C´q∏v dºm\v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

At±lw AXv F√m ]≈n-I-fn-epw hnX-cWw sNbvXp.

2. 1811 Xpemw 28˛\v Imbw-Ipfw dºm≥ \ncym-X-\m-bn. ASq¿ IÆ-

t¶m´v ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°-s∏-´p.

ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w, _p°m-\-\p-am-bp≈ N¿®-Iƒ, Ggpw

F´pw am¿tØm-Ωm-am-cpsS D]-tZ-iIkwLw, aev]m≥ ]mT-im-e-I-

fnse A[ym-]-\w, I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tb-me-bpsS cq]-I-ev]\ F∂n-ßs\

\nc-h[n Imcy-ßfn¬ Xs‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\mbn h¿Øn-®- dºms‚

\ncymWw ]pen-t°m- n¬ dºms\ hnIm-cm-[o-\-\m-°n. B hnIm-c-]mc-

hiyw Iqt°mb cmK-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hnem-]- I-hn-X-bmbn At±lw

Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. Hcp-]t£ tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠mb BZysØ hnem-]-

Imhyw CXm-bn-cn-°mw (-kp-dn-bm-\n-bn¬ cNn-°-s∏´ Cu hnem-]-Imhy-

Øns‚ hnh¿Ø\w A\p-_-‘-Øn¬ ImWp-I).

F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ X¿°-ßfpw ]cm-Xn-Ifpw XpS¿∂p-

sIm-≠n-cnt° 55 ]≈n-I-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Isf kmbn∏v hnfn®p hcpØn

saXms‚ A\p-Iq-en-I-sfbpw dºms‚ A\p-Iq-en-I-sfbpw Ipcn-ipw

Gh≥tK-en-tbmepw -]n-Sn®v kXyw sNøn®v hnkvXmcw \S-∂p. ""Cu

hnkvXm-c-Ønepw a‰pw saXm\v A[nIw A\p-Iq-e-ambn H∂pw

sXfnhn-√msX saXm≥ IS-a-‰Øv ZØv h® Xd-hm- n¬ \n∂p≈ Bƒ

F∂pw Ign-™n-cn-°p∂ saXm-∑m-cpsS apX-en\pw ÿm-\-Øn\pw

AhImin As√∂pw \S-Øn-h-cp∂ acym-Z-I-fnepw t`Z-ß-fmbn

ImWp∂p F∂pw AXn-\m¬ saXms‚ ÿm\-°-S-emkv sh∏n®v C\n

At¥ym-Jym-bn¬ \n∂pw Hcp taev]-´-°m-c≥ hcp-∂-Xp-hsc Cu

saXm≥ taev]-´XzØn\psS -In-b-Iƒ H∂pw \S-Øn°q-sS∂pw .........

\n›-bn®tijw I≠-\m-Sv, IS-a-‰w, A¶-am-en, amΩ-e-t»-cn, sNß-

∂q¿, tIme-t©cn Cu Bdv ]≈n-Iƒ HgnsI tijw F√m-hcpw

t]mIp-∂-Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. DSs\ saXm-t\mSv ÿm\-

°-S-emkpw saXm-∑m-cpsS apXev hnh-c-W-Øns‚ IW°pw FSp-

∏n®v sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xn\v DØ-chpw sImSpØv lPq¿ in]mbn-Isf -

A-b®p. Ah¿ \nc-WØv h∂v DØ-chv ImWn-®msd ÿm\-°-S-emkv

apX-em-bXv sImSp-°m-bvI-bm¬ Ah¿ saXms‚ apdn ]q´n apZ h®v

t]mbn.''18


CXv kXy-Øn¬ ]I-tem-a‰w saXm≥`-c-W-Øns‚ AkvX-abw

Bbn-cp-∂p.

4. tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn

Imbw-Ipfw dºm≥ \ncym-X-\m-b-tXmsS ]pen-t°m- n¬ dºm≥ \ne-

]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂v ItaW ]n∑m-dp-sa∂v ]Xo-£n® F´mw am¿tØm-

Ωm-bpsS IW-°p-Iq-´¬ sX‰n. h¿≤nXhocy-\mbn Bt±lw I¿Ω-

]-≤-Xn-I-fp-ambn apt∂-dn. k`-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmb saXm-s\-Xn-

sc-bp≈ Cu [m¿ΩnI t]mcm-´-Øn¬ ssZhm-ibw amXta C´q∏v

dºm\v ssIap-X-embn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. ""....- kp-dn-bm\n siΩm-i-

∑m-cpsS sshZn-I-hn-Zym- ym-km¿∞w Hcp ÿm]\w \n¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xns‚

Bh-iy-I-X-sb-∏‰n ]kw-Kn-®p-sIm≠v hS-°p≈ At\Iw CS-h-I-

I-fn¬ Np‰n k©-cn-®p. X®p-im-kvX-Øn¬ Akm-am-\y- ss\-]pWyw

kºm-Zn-®n-cp∂ dºm≥ X¬ÿm-]-\-Øn\v Hcp πm\pw IW-°p-Ifpw

ap≥ Iqń-Øs∂ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬ am¿tØmΩm

F´ma≥ CXn\v A\p-Iqen Bbn-cp∂p F¶nepw _nójv Kh¨sa‚ v

JP-\m-hn¬ \n∂v htc-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂ hń-∏-W-Øns‚ ]eni ]kvXpX

ÿm]-\-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ A`n-]mbw

At±-lsØ Adn-bn-®Xv apX¬ Cu al-Ømb DZy-asØ At±lw

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn


klm-bn-°m-sX-bn-cp-∂p. dºm\pw am¿tØm-Ωmbpw Bbn D≠mb

A`n-]mb `n∂X-bpsS ][m\ tlXp-°-fn¬ H∂v CXv Xs∂ Bbn-

cp-∂p.'19

C. Fw. ^nen∏v ho≠pw Fgp-Xp-∂p. ""... -K-h¨sa‚n¬ ]Ww

\nt£-]n® Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Dt±-in-®ncp∂-Xn≥]Imcw sshZn-I-hn-Zym-

`ym-km¿∞w Hcp skan-\mcn ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ F´mw am¿tØmΩm

]Z¿in-∏n® APm-K-X, At±-lhpw dºm\pw XΩn-ep≈ `n∂Xsb

Ipsd-°qSn h¿≤n-∏n-®p.''20 hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-se-Ønb X\n°v Gsd

kabw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂n-s√∂v Kln® -d-ºm≥ kabw H´pw ]mgm-

°p∂ Iq´-Øn-e√m-bn-cp-∂p. C´q∏v ssd´¿ Fgp-Xp-∂p: ""kmbn∏v Hcp-

an®v C´q∏v dºm\pw a‰v c≠p \mep-t]cpw IqsS t]mbn-cp-∂p. kabw

I≠v kmbn∏v Ah¿I-tfmSv saXms‚ hnh-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]≈n-acym-

Z-Iƒ \S-tØ≠-Xn\v IØ-ß-fn¬ \√ ioe-ap-≈-h¿ Npcp-°hpw Hcp

XIvkm-]p-kvXIw F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw C√m-bvI-bm¬ ioe-ap-≈-h-

sc-s°m≠v Fgp-Xn®v sImSp-t°-≠Xv Bh-iyhpw BIp∂p F∂pw

Cu hIbv°v GXm\pw apXepw A\p-hm-Zhpw D≠m-bm¬ Xm≥ D’m-

ln®v ]Wn -th-K-Øn¬ Xo¿Øv AhnsS ]m¿Øv ]TnØw \S-Øn-®p-

sIm-≈m-sa∂pw a‰pw hgn-t]mse t_m[n-∏n®pw ]Tn-Ø-hoSv F∂p

]d-bp∂ knΩ-\m-cn-bpsS Hcp ]Sw hc®v ImWn®pw''21 dºm≥ C°m-

cy-Øn-ep≈ XmXv]cyw ]I-S-am-°n.

saXm\pw dºm\pw XΩn-ep≈ ioX-k-acw ItaW h¿≤n-®p. ]pen-

t°m-´n¬ dºm-s\-Xn-cmbn F´mw am¿tØm-Ωmbpw dkn-U-≠ns‚

]°¬ ]cmXn \¬In. ""C´q∏v dºm≥ Ip∂-w-Ip-f-ß-c -]≈nbnse

\S-h-chv FSpØp sNe-hn-Sp-Ibpw saXms\ IW°v tIƒ∏n-°m-

sXbpw ....... hnfn-®m¬ hcm-sXbpw .....'' Aßs\ t]mIp∂p Btcm-

]-W-ßƒ.

F√m ]≈n-I-fp-sSbpw ]Xn-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ sIm√Øv h∂v Xs∂

ImW-W-sa∂v dkn-U≠v t\m´okv Ab-bv°p-Ibpw saXms‚ A[n-

Im-c-]-X-ßfpw kzØp-°fpw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Hcp DtZym-K-

ÿs\ \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. .... sdknU-≠v saXms‚ ÿm\w

hy¿∞-am-sW∂v hn[n-°p-Ibpw .... saXm≥ ÿmt\m-NnX `cWw

\S-Øm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw dkn-U≥kn JP-\m-hn¬ \n∂v

htc-≠n-bn-cp∂ ]eni sImSp-°p-I-bn-s√∂v Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.'' C´q∏v ssd´¿ XpS¿s∂-gp-Xp∂p:

""... -]-Tn-Ø-hoSv Xo¿Øv ]TnØw \S-°m-bvI-bm¬ kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿-


°p≈ sRcp-°hpw _p≤n-ap´pw saXm≥ CS-s]´ hg°ns‚ kz`m-

hhpw kmbn∏v Ah¿Iƒ°v \√-t]mse a\- n-em-I-bm¬, kpdn-bm-

\n-°m¿°v s]mXp-hn¬ D]-Im-c-Øn-\p-th≠n Hcp ]Tn-Ø-hoSv

]Wnbn°p-∂Xn\v C´q∏v dºms\ c-ta¬∏n-®p. ]WnhIbv°v 1809˛mw

B≠p- ap-X¬ 1813˛mw B≠p-hsc \mem-≠sØ h´n-∏Ww IqSn-bn-

cp∂ hcm-l≥ 960˛\v Xe- cq]m 3360 Dw I≠-\m-Sv, apf-¥p-cp-Øn, \S-

ta¬, Icn-ßm-i, Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc Cu ]≈n-°m-tcmSpw ]mem sIm®n-

´≥ C´n-amØp Xc-I≥ Ch-tcmSpw ]‰p-io´v FgpXn hmßn-®p-sIm≠v

cq]m 3360 C´q∏v dºms\ Gev]n®p.''22

sX°pw hS°pw c≠v ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sp-Iƒ F∂ I≠-\mSv \n›bw

c≠p Imc-W-ß-fm¬ A]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-bn.

1. F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS ISpØ ]Xn-tj-[w.

2. ImbwIpfw dºms‚ ac-Ww.

\nc-WØpw I≠-\m-Sp-ambn c≠p ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sp-Iƒ F∂ Bibw

Dt]-£n-°p-hm≥ dºm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-bn. C°m-cy-Øn¬ sNdp-

hnc¬ t]mepw A\-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-Im-sX-bn-cp∂ saXms‚ \n -

l-I-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p ][m-\- Im-c-Ww. saXms‚ kl-I-cWw IqSmsX

c≠p ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sp-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb hn`-h-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°pI F∂Xv

ANn-¥y-am-bn-cp-∂p. sX°p-`m-KsØ ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sns‚ Npa-Xe Gev]n-

°m≥ \n›-bn-® dºm≥ 1811˛¬ Xpemw 28˛\v \ncym-X-\m-b-tXmsS

as‰m-cmsf Is≠-Øm-\m-hmsX h∂Xv as‰mcp Imc-W-am-bn. hniz-

kvX\pw ]m]vX\pw Bbn as‰m-cmsf B ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Is≠-Øm-

\m-bn-√. X∑qew ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS a[y-`m-KØv ˛ tIm´-bØv ˛ Hcp

]Tn-Ø-hoSv aXn F∂v dºm≥ \n›-bn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Tn-Ø-hoSv

Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ]Wn-bp-hm≥ kz¥w \m´p-Im-cpsS kΩ¿±w D≠m-bn.

Xe-∏≈n cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS klm-b-hm-KvZm-\-ßfpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ e`y-

am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ dºm≥ k`m-Xm-ev]-cy-Øn\v Db¿∂ ]cn-K-W\

\¬In-bXp aqew B Bibw Dt]-£n-°p-I Xs∂ sNbvXp. KW-

\o-b-amb ]≈n-Iƒ H∂pw Xs∂ A°m-eØv tIm´bw ]tZ-iØv

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂mepw sIm√w apX¬ Ip∂wIpfw hsc sX°p-

hS-°mbn hym]n-®p-In-S°p∂ ae-¶-c-bpsS `qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb lrZ-

b-`mKw F∂ \ne-bn¬ At±lw tIm´-b-Øn\v ]Y-a- ]-cn-K-W\

\¬Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sn\v tIm´-bØv Bh-iy-amb ÿew

e`n-t®-°p-sa∂v tIW¬ a¨tdm Adn-bn-®-tXmsS Xs‚ CwKn-X-Øn\v

ssZh-\-S-Øn∏v D≈Xmbn dºm\v t_m[y-am-bn.


ANn-tcW ae-¶-c-k-`sb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v

dºm≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ dmWn-bv°p ÿew A\p-h-Zn-°p-hm≥ At]£

ka¿∏n-®p. sIm®n cmPm-hns‚ ]P-bmb At]-£-I\v `qan \¬I-cp-

sX∂v ]I-tem-a‰w ]`r-Xn-Iƒ kz¥w \mSmb Xncp-hnXmwIq¿

dmWnsb kvt\l-]q¿∆w hne-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Xn∂p-I-bp-an-√, Xo‰n-°p-

I-bp-an√ F∂ F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS \njvIn-b-Xz-sØ-∏‰n dkn-

U-≠n¬ \n∂pw th≠X Kln-®n-cp∂ dmWn C°m-cy-Øn¬ tIW¬

a¨tdm-bpsS ip]m¿isb IqSp-X¬ hne-a-Xn-®p. Xs‚ \mSns‚ `mhn-

tib- ns‚ ASn-Ød ]mIp∂ AXn-a-l-Ømb kwc-w`-ØnemWv

Xm≥ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v As∂mcp ]t£ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ dmWn

t]mepw Hm¿Øn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.

F´mw am¿tØmΩm At∏mgpw X\n°m-hp∂ ]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ

krjvSn-®p-sIm≠v dºms‚ ]cm-Xn-Isf ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Pohn-

®n-cn-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Inbm-flI ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \njvInb-

\mbpw k`m-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ hnap-J-\mbpw Ign™p h∂ At±lw k`m-

cw-KØv AkvX-an-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. B AkvX-a-b-am-Is´ ]I-tem-

a‰w IpSpw-_-hm-gvNbpsS Xs∂ AkvX-a-b-ambn amdn F∂v k`m-

NcnXw sXfn-bn-®p. BØp-¶¬ Koh-dp-Kokv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏m Ipdp-

∏w-]Sn ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ C]-Imcw \nco-£n-®n-´p≠v:

""....- ]-I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ Ipd-hn-e-ßm-´p≈ A¿°-Zn-

bm-t°ms‚ IpSpw_w A©mw am¿tØmΩm apX¬ apgp-h-\mbn ]gb

Iqdn¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp∂Xv sIm≠pw B hgn-bp≈ am¿tØmΩm saXm-

∑m-cpsS _‘p-°ƒ ]d-¶n- io-iva-bn¬s]ń-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw ]Item-

a‰w Xd-hm-ń¬s]-´-hsc saXm-∑m-cmbn hmgn-®m¬ ]d-¶n- io-iva-

bntebv°v Ah¿ P\-ßsf hgn-\-S-Øp-sa∂v hnNm-cn®pw Xmh-gn-bmbn

Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Xs∂ saXm≥ Bbn-cn-°p-∂Xv icn-b-√m-Ø-Xn-

\mepw F´pw HºXpw am¿tØm-Ωm-am¿ ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-ń¬s]-

SmsX s]¨h-gn°v Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\mepw ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-Sns\ apgp-

h-\mbn ae-¶-c-k` Dt]-£n-®p.23

]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºms‚ At]£ sshZnIskan\m-cn°v

amX-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂v CØ-cpW-Øn¬ i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-ktIµw IqsS-bm-hm≥ B ÿm-]\w Dt±-in-°-

s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ s]m≥]` G‰v `mc-X-amsI

\thm-t∑-j-Øn-te°v IpXn-°p∂ Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p AXv. sa°m-sf-

bpsS hnZym- ymk ]cn-jvI-mc-ß-fpsS e-ambn Cw•ojv hnZym- ymkw


kn≤n-®-h¿°v k¿°m¿ tPmen-I-fn¬ km[yX h¿≤n-®n-cp-∂p.

imkvXhpw CX-c- hn-⁄m-\-ta-J-e-Ifpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xn\v Cw•o-

jns\t∏mse ]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb as‰mcp `mj A∂v Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-

∂n-√. Cw•ojv `mjm ]T\w Bcw-`n-® _wKmƒ ]pXnb `mjm

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ssIØm-ß-temsS Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂¬°p-∂-Xmbn

Gh¿°pw A\p-`-h-s∏-´p. C¥y≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]Y-a- ]-hm-

N-I-\mb cmPmdmw taml≥ tdmbv t]mepw Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-ksØ

t]m’m-ln-∏n®v h∂n-cp-∂p.

B kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Cw•ojv mjm-]-T-\-Øn\v

kuI-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ dmWn BK-ln-®Xv

XnI®pw kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. t]mcm-Ø-Xn\v A°m-esØ dmWn-

bpsS D]-tZ-jvSm-hns‚ ÿm\w IqsS Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp∂ dkn-U≠v

a¨tdm C°m-cy-Øn¬ dmWnsb t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-an-cp-∂p. F∂m¬

Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw aqew Xß-fpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb hnizm-k-

ßƒ°pw ÿm\-ßƒ°pw k¶¬∏-ßƒ°pw Cf°w X´ptam F∂v

]ecpw `b-s∏-´p. A‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fpsS \mSm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m tIc-fw.

PmXnbpw D]-Pm-Xnbpw Abn-Øhpw \c-_-enbpw sImSn-Ip-Øn- hmWn-

cp∂ Cu \mń¬ taem-f-∑m¿ A\p-`-hn®pt]m∂n-cp∂ ]Z-hn-Iƒ a‰p-

≈-h-cp-ambn ]¶p-h-bv°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-hp∂ Hc-hÿ Cw•ojv

hnZym-`ymkw aqew kwPm-X-am-hptam F∂v Ah¿ `b-s∏-´p. iqZ¿

Cw•ojv ]Tn®v k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ß-fn¬ Ib-dn-∏‰n, Xßƒ `cWo-

b¿ Bbn amdp∂ Zp¿Zn-\-ßsf Ah¿ `b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. kvXo hnZym-

`ym-kw, GI-]Xv\o hXw, hkvX-[m-cW kº-Zm-bw, GI-ssZh

hnizmkw Ch-bn-te°v P\-ßƒ BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw tIc-f-Ønse

A\m-Nm-c-ßsf Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb bph-X-e-apd tNmZyw

sNøp-I-bpw sNøp∂ Hc-hÿ taem-f-∑m¿°v ANn¥y-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kmº-Øn-I-cw-K-sØbpw kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-sØbpw ^yqU¬ hyh-

ÿbpw Km¿lnI A¥-co-£-Øn¬ taem-fsc Ft∏mgpw \ymbo-I-

cn-°p∂ hnhm-l-k-º-Zm-b-ßfpw Iogvta¬ adn-bp-sa∂v Ah¿ `b-

s∏- p. t£X ]th-i-\w, hkvX-[m-c-Ww, ASn-a-∏Wn XpS-ßnb taJ-

e-I-fn¬ Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ shfn®w hoWm¬ D≠mIm-hp∂

\thm-∞m\ kwcw-`-ßsf Ah¿°v kzmKXw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-

cp-∂n-√. Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-ksØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°phm≥ BK-l-ap-

≠m-bn´pw AØ-c-samcp I¿Ω-]-cn-]mSn Gs‰-SpØv ]mh¿Øn-I-am-

°p-hm≥ Hcp GP≥kn-bpsS ]Xy-£-Xbv°mbn ImØn-cn-°p-tºm-

gmWv dmWn-bpsS apºn¬ dºms‚ A`y¿∞\ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.


"tcmKn C—n-®Xpw sshZy≥ Iev]n-®Xpw ]m¬' F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬

A\p-hmZ Iev]\ DSs\ ]pd-s∏-´p. A\p-hmZ Iev]\ C]-Im-c-am-bn-

cp∂p:

Ahp-tk∏v dºm-\v,

\nßƒ ChnsS lmP-cmbn ]pØ≥Iq¿ \km-Wn-Iƒ°v thZw

]Tn-°p-∂Xn\v skan-\mcn Cs√∂pw H∂v ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v ÿew

thW-sa∂pw At]-£n-°-bm¬, AXn-te°v tIm´bw ]hr-Øn-bn¬

tKmhn-µ-]pcw Ic-bn¬ \n›-bn® ÿe-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ: Xncp-\-

°c tXhsc Bdm-ń\v Bdm-´p-I-S-hn-te°v Fgp-∂-≈n-°p-∂Xpw hS-

°p-sX-°mbn InS-°p-∂-Xp-amb \m´p-h-gn°v ]Sn-™mdpw CS-\S ]Sn-

™mdv Ih-\m-dn\v Ing°v Cu \mev Fep-I-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ hS°v sX°v

120 Zfipw Ing°v ]Sn-™mdv 60 Zfipw 990 Im¿ØnI 6˛mw XoøXn

apX¬ ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v A\p-t`m-K-s°m-gp-hmbn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

CXn\v k¿°m-cn-te-°p≈ Icw ]Ww Btd-Imepw Hcp hnf°p

hbv°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ sNe-hn-te°v A\p-h-Zn®v sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-

\m¬ skan-\mcn sIń®pw hnf-°p-h-bv]n\v A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈ kwJy

AXn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw dºm\pw ]n∂mse hcp∂ dºm-

∑mcpw ssIhiw h®v A\p-t`m-K-ambn A\p-`-hn-®p-sImt-≈≠Xm-

Ip∂p. ....''24

dmWn-bpsS Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb A\p-hm-Z-I-ev]\ hcp∂Xn\v apºv

Xs∂ ]Wn-bpsS Hcp-°-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ a¨tdm- km-bn-∏ns‚

A\p-hmZw dºm-®\v e`n-®n-cp-∂p. k`m-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n ssIsabv

ad∂v A[zm-\n-°p∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ dºm-®s‚ Dt±-iy-ip-≤nbpw

Bflm¿∞-Xbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw tIW¬ a¨tdmsb AXy-[nIw

kv]¿in-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c≥ Fgp-Xp∂Xp ImWpI:

kmbn∏v ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sn\v tIm -bØv dºm\v t_m[n® ÿeØv Bdv

Zfiv ÿew Af∂v sImSp-°-Ø-°-hÆw Xl-ko¬Zm¿°v DØ-

chpw sImSpØv C´q∏v dº-m-s\bpw B tiJ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]≈n-°m-

scbpw 989 aIcw BZnbn¬ (1814 P\p-h-cn) bmX ]d-™-b-®p. ......

dºm≥ ]TnØhoSv ]Wn-bp∂Xn\v kmbn-∏ns‚ Iev]\]Imcw

apXepw hmßn tIm´-bØv h∂v ÿehpw ]Xn-∏n®psIm≠v AhnsS

Xma-kn®v ]Wn°v th≠nb I√pw acßfpw ASp-∏n-°p-Ibpw At±-

l-Øns‚ D’m-lhpw kmbn-∏-h¿I-fpsS klm-bhpw sIm≠v sIm√w

989˛mw B≠v Ipw`-amkw 3˛mw XobXn (kp-dn-bm\n IW-°n\v 1814

s^_p-hcn 15˛mw Xob-Xn) sNm∆mgvN tIm -bØv knΩ-\m-cn°v I√n v

]Wn Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C´q∏v dºms‚ ]m¿iz-Øn-ep-≈-h¿°v


knΩ-\mcn I≠-\m-t´-°-SpØ Hcp Zn°n¬ Bbm¬ sIm≈m-sa∂v

]£-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw dºm≥, kmbn-∏ns‚ lnXw t]mse

tIm´-bØv Xs∂ thW-sa∂v Dd®pwsIm≠v a‰v ÿe-ßsf BK-

ln-°msX aq∂v hihpw Bdv Np‰n Hgp-Ip-∂Xmbpw A∂v Xcn-imbpw

H´¬ImSv ]nSn®pw InS∂ ÿehpw amX-amWv Xm≥ _p≤n-tbmsS

sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv.''25

\mep-sI- n-s‚ amXr-I-bn¬ sIńSw]Wn \S-Øp-hm≥ ]cn-N-b-ap≈

GXm\pw Iev]-Wn-°m-scbpw Bim-cn-am-scbpw dºm≥ Ip∂w-Ipfw

˛ ]g™n ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v tIm´-b-tØ°v hcp-Øn. A°m-eØv

Ip∂wIpfw ]tZ-iØv \mep-sI-´mbn \ºq-Xncn C√-ßƒ ]Wn-bp-

hm≥ ]cn-N-bhpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw e`n® ]Wn-°m¿ ]meq¿ ]tZ-iØv

kpe- -am-bn-cp-∂p. sXmgn-bq¿ saXm-k-\m-ÿm-\w, Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n

XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ]iw-k-\o-b-ambn ]h¿Øn®

]Wn-°m-cpsS tkh\w dºm≥ skan-\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn. tIm´bw ]tZ-i-Øp≈ Nne t\Xr-ti-jn-bp-≈-hsc

Is≠Øn Ahsc skan-\m-cn-∏-cn-k-c-ß-fn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-hm-\pw

Aßs\ Xt±-iob kl-I-cWw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\pw dºm≥ ian-®n-

cp∂p. A°c Ipcn-b≥ ssd´-dpsS ]q¿hnIsc A]-Imcw C´q∏v

dºm≥ ]pXnb ÿe-tØ°v £Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂p F∂pw skan-

\m-cn°v I√n´ Znhkw Xs∂ A°-c-°m-cpsS hoSn\pw I√n´p F∂pw

Ipcy≥ ssd´-dpsS Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p≠v.26

"kmbn∏v Ah¿Iƒ apJm-¥ncw k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂p-≠mb klm-

bhpw dºms‚ D’m-lhpw sIm≠v Hcp saXm\pw \mev dºm-∑mcpw

Ccn-°m≥ X°-h-Æhpw siΩm-i-∑m¿°pw ]nt≈¿°pw sht∆sd apdn-

Ifpw sX°pw hS°pw Hmtcm \nebpw Ing°pw ]Sn-™mdpw c≠p

\nebpw \mep-sI-´p-am-bn´v dºms‚ N´-]-Imcw 990 ao\-am-k-Øn¬

(F.Un 1815) ]Wn-Iƒ an°-hmdpw Ipdhv Xo¿Ø tijw...'27

sIńSw ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v ÿe-Øn\v ]pdsa c≠m-bncw cq]mbpw

XSnbpw dºm\v dmWn Zm\-ambn \¬In. Hcp Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥

Xm≥ Xmte-men®v lrZ-b-Øn¬ sIm≠p-\-S∂ncp∂ alm-kz]v\w

km£m-XvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Xm≥ ssZhn-I-i-‡n-bpsS ssII-fn¬

Gev]n-°-s∏- shdpw D]-I-c-W-am-sW∂v dºm-®\v ANn-tcW t_m[y-

am-bn. sIń-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ t¢in® L´-ßƒ \nc-h[n

D≠mbn F¶nepw Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambpw A¤p-X-I-c-ambpw hnLv\-ßfpw

]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw emL-h-tØmsS ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv I≠v ]e-

t∏mgpw At±lw Aº-c∂v t]mbn-´p-≠v. Ipdp-∏w-]Sn ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-

X-Im-c≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:


"A°m-eØv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ dºm-®\v Cu ]≈n-bn¬\n∂v sNe-

hn∂v sImSp-Ø-b-®p. knΩ-\m-cn-∏-Wn-bpsS Bh-iy-Øn\v Cu ]≈n-

bn¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy-amb kl-I-cWw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.'28 A°m-

eØv ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ G‰hpw kº∂amb CS-h-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ipdp-

∏w]-Sn. ]nev°m-eØv ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂ bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv

"Zlt_m Dktdm Ipdp-∏-ºSn' F∂v (kz¿Æ-\n-t£]w D≈ Ipdp-

∏w-]-Sn) hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv Hm¿°p-I. F´mw am¿tØm-Ωmbv°v kzm[o-\-

ap≈ sX°≥ CS-h-I-Iƒ skan-\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ DZm-ko-\-Xbpw

\nkw-K-Xbpw ]I-S-am-°n-b-t∏mƒ Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn, \S-ta¬, apf-¥p-cpØn,

Icn-ßm-i, ]ndhw, tIm-X-aw-K-ew, ]meq¿ XpS-ßnb ]≈n-Iƒ skan-

\m-cn-\n¿Ωm-WsØ ssIXpd∂v klm-bn-®p).

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Zo¿L-Im-esØ kz]v\-amWv dºm-®≥ km£m-

XvI-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v ae-¶-c-bnse ]apJ CS-h-I-Iƒs°√mw t_m[y-

s∏-Sp-I-bm¬ Ah-cpsS ]¶m-fnØw skan\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ \n¿-

tem`w e`n-®p. skan\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v e`n® as‰mcp klmbw

ImWpI:

"Xncp-h-√m-bnse kpdn-bm-\n°m¿ -ÿ-e-hm-kn-Ifpw [\n-I-cp-amb

Nne-cpsS ]Xn-tj[w hI-h-bv°msX 1815˛¬ AhnsS Hcp ]pXnb

Ipcn-ip-]≈n ÿm]n-®p. Hcp Znhkw cmXn ]mtZ-inI kmap-Zm-bnI

t\Xm-°ƒ IqSn B Xmev°m-enI ]≈n-sI-ń-S-Øn\v Xoh-bv°p-Ibpw

AXn-\p-≈n¬ kpJ-i-b\w sNbvXn-cp∂ ]ptcm-ln-Xs\ shń-ap-dn-

th¬∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIkv dkn-U-≠ns‚ ASp-°-se-Øn.

hnkvX-cn-®-t∏mƒ Ip‰w ITn-\-ambn sXfn-™p. t]m‰n-am¿, ]´-∑m¿

Ch-sc-s°m≠v Adp-]-Xn-\m-bncw Ien-b≥ ]mb-›nØw sIń-sh-

∏n®p. Xncp-h-√m-bnse kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-dm-Wn-

bpsS ASp-°¬ At]£ t_m[n-∏n-®-Xns‚ ê-ambn ]ng-bmbn

k¿°m-cn-te°v e`n® XpI-bpsS ]IpXn 30,000 Ien-b≥ tIm´bw

knΩ-\m-cn-∏-Wn°pw 30,000 Ien-b≥ Xncp-h-√m-bnse ]≈n- ]p\¿-

\n¿Ωm-W-w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw klm-b-[-\-ambn e`n-®p.''29

kvacy-]p-cp-js‚ Poh-N-cnXw BZy-ambn "Imew sNbvX A®≥'

F∂ t]cn¬ Fgp-Xnb ^m. tPmkv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Ip∂w-Ip-fØv

]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp ]mc-ºcyw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv C]-Im-c-amWv:

"".... [rX-K-Xn-bn¬ ]Wn ]ptcm-K-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ]eni kwJy

Xo¿∂p. Hcp Nn√n-°miv t]mepw ssIh-i-an-√. Iqen-°m¿°v Iqen

sImSp-°p-∂Xn\v ka-b-am-hp-tºmƒ dºm-®≥ ]m¿∞-\m-ap-dn-bn-en-cp∂v


]m¿∞n-°p-I-bm-hpw. ]m¿∞\ Ign™v Fgp-t∂‰p hcp-tºmƒ GsX-

¶nepw Hcp klr-Z-b≥ B Znh-k-tØ-°m-h-iy-amb ]W-hp-ambn

AhnsS FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv Iqen-°m¿°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I. Nne

Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Iqen-°msc \ncm-i-cmbn aS°n Ab-t°-≠-Xmbpw

h∂n´p-≠v. Hcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ Iqen-°m¿°v c≠v Znhkw Iqen sImSp-

°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-√. aq∂mw Znhkw ]Wn \n¿Ønbtijw Iqen-

°m¿ dºm-®s‚ ]m¿∞-\m-apdn hf-™p. Iqen In´p∂Xn-\mbn Ah¿

apd-hnfn Iqń. dºm-®s‚ IÆp-I-fn¬ \n∂v IÆp-\o¿ ]h-ln-°p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ Hcp Cw•o-jp-Im-c≥ dºm-®s\ At\z-

jn®v AhnsS h∂p. kmbn-∏ns\ I≠-t∏mƒ Iqen-°m¿ `b-s∏´v

]n∑mdn. dºm-®s‚ ASp-tØ°v a¨tdm kmbn∏v Ab-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p

B Cw•o-jp-Im-c-s\. a¨tdm sImSp-Ø-b® c≠v Ih-dp-Iƒ dºm-

®s\ Gev]n-®n´v Abmƒ aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. Iqen-°m¿°v sImSpØp

Xo¿°p-hm-\p≈ kwJybpw H∂p-c≠p Znh-k-tØ-°p- IqSn Bh-iy-

amb kwJybpw Hcp Ih-dn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. knΩ-\m-cn-bpsS Bh-iy-

Øn-te°v Ipsd acw k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v A\p-h-Zn® DØ-c-hm-bn-cp∂p

c≠m-asØ Ih-dn¬.'30

1811˛se ]Ya aebmfw ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w, B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-

tbm-e, I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e, tIm´bw skan\m-cn-bpsS \n¿ΩmWw

F∂o ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ dºm-®s\ B Xe-ap-d-bnse

AXp-ey- t\-Xm-hm-°n. F´mw am¿tØmΩmb√, ]pen-t°m-ń¬ dºm-

®-\mWv ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `mhn-ti-b- ns‚ ]Xo-I-sa∂v sX°pw hS-

°p-ap≈ k` H∂-S¶w Xncn-®-dn-™p. B AwKo-Imcw XpS¿∂p≈

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v Du¿÷w ]I¿∂p.

1. 1991˛se k`m-N-cn-X- sk-an-\m-dnse ]`m-j-Ww.

2. ]pdw 135.

3. ]pdw 408.

4. ]pdw 177.

5. ]pdw 77.

6. ^m. ]n. Fw. tPmkv, Imew sNbvX A®≥, Ah-Xm-cn-I, ]p. 2.

7. C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` F. Un. 52˛2007, ]pdw 177. ˛180

8. \ncWw KŸ-h-cn, FUn: t]mƒ aW-en¬, ]p. 203.

9. sIm®n `Zm-k\ Ub-d-IvSdn, 1972.

10. satΩm-tbgvkv Hm^v _p°m-\≥, ]p. 154, 155.


11. ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥, C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` F.Un.

52˛2007, ]p. 182.

12. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]pdw 168.

13. 154, 155 ]pd-ßƒ t\m°p-I.

14. 428˛432 hsc ]pd-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

15. ^m. tPmk^v Noc≥ (-F-Un-‰¿), I≠-\mSv KŸ-hcn, ]p. 43.

16. ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS Cu Ah-X-cW hmIyw I≠-\mSv KŸ-h-cn-bn¬

amXta ImWp-∂p-≈q. a‰v ]mNo\ tcJ-I-fn¬ "ainlm ]nd-∂n´v'

F∂p apX-emWv ]Sn-tbme Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS hyh-

ÿ-I-fn¬ Hcn-SØpw At¥ym-Jym-bpsS ]cm-a¿itam saXm≥

F∂ ]cm-a¿iw t]meptam C√. ]Sn-tbm-esb At¥ym-Jym-bp-

ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ "KŸ-h-cn-bp'sS Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ kz¥-

ambn Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø-XmImw CXnse BapJ hmIy-`m-Kw.

17. I≠-\mSv KŸ-hcn, ]p. 43˛45.

18. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]p. 186˛187.

19. C. Fw. ^nen-∏v, ]p. 193.

20. AtX ]pkvXIw, ]p. 190, 191.

21. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]p. 175.

22. ]pdw 187.

23. Ipdp-∏-ºSn ]≈n-N-cnXw, ]p. 118.

24. sshZn-I-sk-an-\mcn 175˛mw hm¿jnI kph-\o¿, 1990, ]p. 211.

25. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]p. 188.

26. Ipcy≥ ssd´¿, ]p. 32.

27. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]p. 188.

28. BØp-¶-e®≥, ]p. 111.

29. C. Fw. ^nen-∏v, ]p. 190.

30. ]pdw 261.


C. tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn:

k -bpsS lrZ-bhpw akvXn-jv°-hpw

Hcp taev] -°m-cs‚ ]n≥_-e-an-√msX GsX-¶nepw Hcp k`m-]h¿-

Ø\w hnP-b-Øn¬ Iem-in-°p-∂Xv ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ A∂pw C∂pw

Zpjv°-c-am-Wv. dºm-®s‚ ssZhm-i-bhpw ]m¿∞-\bpw k`m-Z¿i-

\hpw kz¿§-Øn\v kzoIm-cy-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AtXmsS saXm≥

P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]pd-Øm-Ip-Ibpw dºm≥ P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬

BZ-c-]q¿h-amb ]XnjvT t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂n´pw Aew-L-\o-

b-amb ssZh-ln-X-tØmSv saXm≥ hn^-e-ambn bp≤w XpS¿∂p.

sXmgn-bq-cn¬ \n∂v InS-ß≥ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\mkv

saXm-®s\ tIm´bw skan\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-∏n®v sshZnI hnZym-

`ymkw Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn Bcw-`n-°m-sa-∂mWv C´q∏v dºm≥ BK-

ln-®-Xv. F∂m≥ skan\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ "A\-ßm-∏md' \bw

kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂ F´mw am¿tØmΩm dºm-®s‚ ]≤-Xnsb \J-in-

Jm¥w FXn¿Øp. Hcp ]Xn-k‘n Hgn-hm-°p-hm-\mbn dºm-®≥ B

]≤Xn Dt]-£n-®p.

skan-\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-sØ-∏‰n \ncWw KŸ-hcn \¬Inb ]cm-

a¿i-ßƒ A_≤ ]©mw-K-am-Ip-∂Xv ImWpI: ""....- C-Xns‚ tijw

C´q∏v dºm\pw InS-ß≥ IØ-\mcpw XΩn¬ \ockw Bbn-cn-°-

sIm-≠v, InS-ß≥ Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc sN∂-Xns‚ tijw A™q¿ ]m¿-

Øn-cp∂ Im´p-a-ßm´v Cf-b- tZ-lhpw IWn-bm-sh-≈n-°m-c\pw IqsS

sXt°m´v t]mcp-hm≥ hcp-tºmƒ hgn-a-t≤y- h-®v, IWn-bm-sh-≈n-°m-

c≥ Ign-™p-t]m-I-sIm≠v, At±-lsØ sIm≠p-sN∂v A™q¿

AS°n. Noc≥ IØ-\m¿°v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm

Bbn´v hmgn®v Im´p-a-ßm´v Cf-b- tZlw sh´n-°¬ h∂p ]m¿Øp.

AhnsS Imew sNbvXp AS-ßn. 989˛mw B≠v Noc\v Zo\-am-b-t∏mƒ

InS-ß≥ IØ-\m¿°v ]oe-Ivkot\mkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn´v

hmgn®v Noc≥ Imew sNbvXp. A™q¿ Xs∂ AS-°n.

]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm bmh-\bpw Npcp°n A™q¿

]m¿Øphcp-tºmƒ C´q∏v dºm≥ AhnsS sN∂v ]e Iq´hpw ]d™v

t_m[n-∏n®v 990˛m-am≠v ao\-amkw 9˛\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Bbn´v ÿm\hpw G‰v h≈w Itcdn sIm√Øp sN∂v

at≠m≥ kmbn-∏ns‚ ASp-°¬ ]m¿Øv knΩ-\mcn ]Wn hIbv°v

\mev ImesØ ]en-i-∏-Whpw hmßn®v tIm´-bØv h∂v tKmhn-µ-

]pcw F∂ ]tZ-iØv knΩ-\m-cn°v ]Wnbpw XpS-ßn.''2


(\ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ BZn-tbm-S¥w ImWp∂ A\-h-[m-\-X-

Iƒ Cu `mKØpw Xmsg ImWn°pwhn[w ]Xy-£-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.

1. C´q∏v dºm\pw InS-ß≥ IØ-\mcpw XΩn¬ \oc-k-am-hm-\p≈

ImcWw F¥v?

2. InS-ß≥ IØ-\m-cpsS t]¿ KŸ-h-cn-bpsS Fgp-Øp-Im-c\v

A⁄m-Xw.

3. IWn-bm-sh-≈n-°m-cs‚ t]¿ KŸ-Im-c\v Adn-™p-Iq-Sm.

4. Noc≥ IØ-\m-cpsS t]¿ KŸ-Im-c\v Adn-™p-Iq-Sm.

5. Noc≥ IØ-\msc Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ hmgn®p F∂v

Fgp-Xn-bXv icn-b-√. 1811˛¬ At±lw saXm≥ ÿm\w G‰n-cp-∂p.

(989˛\v icn-bmb Cw•ojv h¿jw 989 + 825 = 1814 BWv).

7. ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv bmh-\bpw (`-£-Ww) Npcp-ßn-∏m¿Ø IY

FhnsS \n∂v Inń? AXns‚ kmwK-Xy-sa¥m-Wv.

8. C´q∏v dºm≥ saXm≥ ÿm\-ta-‰Xv A™q¿ h-®-√, ]g-™n-

bn¬ h®m-Wv.

9. C´q∏v dºm≥ saXm-\mb tij-a-√- sk-an-\m-cn-∏Wn \S-Øn-

bXv.

10. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ dmWn C´q∏v (tPm-k-^v) dºm-\v \¬Inb

A\phm-Z-I-ev]-\-bpsS hnhcw \ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bpsS Fgp-Øp-Im-

c≥ Adn-™n-ń-√.

11. C´q∏v dºm≥ saXm≥ ÿm\-ta-‰Xpw skan-\mcn ]Wn-bn-®Xpw

k`-bpsS ]n¥p-W-tbmsS BWv F∂Xv \ncWw KŸ-hcn Xa-kv°-

cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

12. k`mNcn-X-Øn¬ hS-°≥ kw`-h-ß-sfbpw tXPkznbmb

C´q∏v dºm-s\bpw Xa-kv°-cn-°p-hm≥ \ncWw KŸ-hcn \S-Ønb

iaw Cu \nco£-W-Øn¬ ImWmw).

1815 ao\- am-k-Øn¬ (-am¿®v G]n¬) Ccp-]Ønb©v hnZym¿∞n-

Isf ]th-in-∏n-®p-sIm≠v dºm-®≥ skan\m-cn-bpsS ]h¿Ø\w

Bcw-`n-®p. Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ aev]m-\mbn tkh\w sNbvX B

Fgp-]Ønb©p-Im-c≥ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p apJy A[ym-]-I\pw ]n≥kn-

∏-epw. XpS°w apXte sXmgn-bq-cnse saXm-®s‚ t]m’m-l-\-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CS-bvs°ms° At±lw skan-\mcn kµ¿in-®n-cp-∂Xv

]h¿Ø-I¿°v t]m’m-l-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.3 BZysØ _m®n¬ Xm≥

Hcp hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp-∂p F∂v tIm´bw CS-h-gn-°¬ hen-b-®≥


(^m. ]oen-t∏m-kv. ]oen-t∏mkv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏m-bpsS ]nXm-hv)

]nev°m-eØv kvacn-®n-´p-≠v.

sshZn-I-skan\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂v ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂-h-

sc-∏‰n skan\m-cn- ÿm]-I\v henb ]Xo-£-Iƒ BWp-≠m-bn-cp-

∂-Xv. ]≈n-I-a-ßƒ amXw ioen®v sshZnI in£Ww Ah-km-\n-

∏n-°p∂ aev]m≥ ]≈n-°q-S-ß-fnse ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ kz¥w A\p-`-h-

Øn¬ \n∂v At±lw th≠p-thmfw Kln-®n-cp-∂p. B ]cn-anXn-Iƒ

C√m-Xm°n hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ A[p-\m-X-\-[m-c-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≠,

Z¿i\tijn-bp≈ sshZn-I-cpsS Hcp Xe-apd skan-\m-cnbn¬ ]nd∂v

hf-cp-sa∂v At±lw Bin-®p. Cw•ojv `mj A`y-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v

Cw•ojv anj-\-dn-bmb dh. tXmakv t\m¿´s\ At±lw ]n∂oSv \nb-

an-®p. At±-lsØ kIp-Spw_w skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥

a¨tdm kmbn∏v \S-Ønb ip]m¿i At±lw [oc-ambn \ncm-I-cn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Xs‚ sshZn-I¿ ]fin-X-∑m¿ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-tXm-

sSm∏w kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS hnizm-k-tØmSpw Bcm-[-\-I-tfmSpw hn´p-

ho-gvN-bn-√mØ Iqdv ]pe¿Ø-W-sa∂v skan-\mcn ÿm]-I\v \n¿_-

‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. skan-\mcn ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw ]cn-c-£n-°p-hm\pw a‰pw

Gsd klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßƒ \¬Inb anj-\-dn-am¿ kpdn-bm\n k`-

bpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßsf hna¿in-°p-Itbm t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm

sNøm≥ At±lw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]nev°m-eØv hntZ-i-k-`-I-fp-

ambn _‘hpw Nßm-Øhpw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw temI-k-`m-Iu-¨kn-

ep-I-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ a‰p k`-I-fpsS

hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`m-]m-c-º-cy-ßsf

A]-K-Yn-°p-hm\pw Nne-t∏m-sgms° Xncp-Øp-hm\pw Nne¿ Nne-t∏m-

sgms° ian-®n-´p-≈-Xv, skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥ kzoI-cn® \ne-]m-Sp-

Iƒ \mw FX-amXw AK-Wy-am-°p∂p F∂v kv]jvS-am-°p-∂p. "\ap-

s°mcp skan-\mcn D≈Xp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS hne-s∏´ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ

]eXpw \jvS-s∏-Sp-hm-\n-S-bm-Ip∂p' F∂v ]nev°m-esØ Hcp aev]m≥

thZ-\-tbmsS kvacn-®n-´p-≈Xv ChnsS ]tXyIw kvac-Wo-bw (sIm®n

`Zm-k-\-Øns‚ `mKy-kva-cWm¿l-\mb bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-

tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm BWv injy-\mb Cu KŸ-Im-c-t\mSv Cu

thZ\ ]¶p-h-®-Xv).

tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bnse B[p-\nI Ah-ÿ-sb-∏‰n Hcp

^m°¬´n AwKw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® A`n-]mbw ChnsS it≤-b-am-Wv.

""\ΩpsS k -bpsS ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ°pw hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw Xmev]-

cy-ßƒ°pw Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw A\p-k-cn®v skan-\m-cn-bnse ]cn-io-


e\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ kzmX¥yw C∂v skan\m-cn°v \jvS-am-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. s]m -Ã‚ v ho£-W-KXn ]pe¿Øp∂ skdm-ºq¿ bqWn-

th-gvkn-‰n-tbmSv \ΩpsS skan-\mcn 1965˛¬ A^n-en-tb‰v sNbvXXv

ip`-]-Xo-£-I-tfmsS Bbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv

hnizm-ksØ \ncm-I-cn-°pI amX-a√, ]p—n-°pI IqSn sNøp∂

kml-Ncyw skan-\mcn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw A[ym-]-I¿°pw t\cn-

Sp∂p. skdm-ºq¿ _‘w XpS¿∂m¬, \ΩpsS k`-bnse sshZn-I¿

Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-k-sØbpw coXn-I-sfbpw Adn-bm-Ø-hcpw

Ahsb \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂hcpw Bbn-Øo-cpw.''4

(s]m´-Ã‚ v skan-\m-cn-I-fn¬ ]Tn®v ]m›m-Xy- kw-kv°m-c-Øn¬

]cn-io-e\w t\Snb Nne¿ \ΩpsS skan-\m-cn-I-fn¬ A[ym-]-I-cmbn

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Bcm-[-\-I-fpsS Bg-ta-dnb

]›m-Øew Kln-°m≥ ian-°msX \ΩpsS ]e hnin-jvS- ]m-c-º-

cy-ß-sfbpw Xncp-Øp-∂Xpw Aßs\ kpdn-bm\nk`-bpsS kmwkvIm-

cnI ]mc-º-cy-ß-tfmSv ]pdw-Xn-cn-™n-cn-°p∂ sshZn-I-cpsS Hcp Xe-

apd CS-h-I-Isf \bn-°p-∂Xpw Nn¥m-io-e-cmb At\Iwt]sc C∂v

ZpxJn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]mc-º-cym-cm-[-\-I-fn¬ Cu ASp-Ø-Im-e-Øp-≠m-

bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]e ]co-£-W-ßfpw A®-Sn® Bcm-[-\-I-a-ß-

fn-eqsS Ac-tß-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ APm-K-X-Ifpw A\-h-[m-\-X-I-

fp-sam-s°, skan-\mcn ÿm]-Is‚ kz]v\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw B

ÿm]\w FX-amXw A\y-am-bn-t∏mbn F∂v Nn¥m-io-esc t_m[y-

s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Wv.)

ap≥ saXm-∑m-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-bm-hm≥ F´mw am¿tØmΩm A¿l-

\-s√∂pw saXm≥ ]Z-hn-°-SpØ I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ sNøm≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw

1814˛¬ tIW¬ a¨tdm-bpsS Hcp hn[n-Øo¿∏v D≠mb hnhcw ap≥

A[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw I≠p-ht√m. Ccp-]-£-sØbpw hmZ-ßƒ tI´pw

sXfn-hp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®pw km£nsamgn-Iƒ A]-K-Yn®pw a¨tdm

]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® B hn[n-bn¬ F´mw am¿tØmΩm kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw

AXr-]vX-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw X¬kw-_-‘-ambn Hcp ]cmXn tae-

[n-Im-c-Øn-te°v ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏m-gmWv h´n-∏-W-

Øns‚ \mev sIm√sØ ]eni C´q∏v dºm\p \¬In-sb∂v F´mw

am¿tØmΩm Adn-bp-∂-Xv. CSn-sh-t´-‰-hs‚ Imen¬ ]mºp ISn®p

F∂ ]g-sam-gnsb km[q-I-cn-°pw-hn[w Cu "Iq\n-t∑¬ Ipcp' ]I-

tem-a‰w saXms\ sNmSn-∏n-®p. C´q∏v dºm-\m-I-s´, dnte Hm´-Øn¬

ss^\¬ du≠v Hm´-°m-c-s\-t∏mse A\p-Iqe ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ

HØp h∂-t∏mƒ k¿h-i-‡n-bp-sa-SpØv ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ skan\m-cn-


∏Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. A°m-cy-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k` apgp-h≥ dºm-®\v

[m¿ΩnI ]n¥pW \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS \oc-

ksØ k` H∂-S¶w Ah-K-Wn-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp. F∂m¬ F´mw

am¿tØmΩm \¬Inb ]cm-Xn-bnse Hcp kmt¶-Xn-IXzw k¿°m¿

i≤n®p. saXm-\-√mØ Hcmƒ°v hń-∏-W-Øns‚ ]eni \¬In-bXv

Ia-t°-Sm-sW∂v kmt¶-Xn-IXzw Nq≠n-°mń aZmkv k¿°m¿ DØ-

chv ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. kmt¶-XnI Ia-t°Sv ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ c≠v am¿§-

ßtf D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p.

1. hmßnb ]en-i- Xn-cn-®-S-°p-I.

2. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ saXm≥ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°p-I.

D¿h-io-im]w D]-Im-c-am-sb∂v ae-¶-c-k` Imcy-ßsf \nco-£n®p.

dºms\ saXm-\mbn hmgn-°m-\p≈ Xocp-am\w k` ssIs°m-≠p.

a¨tdmbv°pw Cu Xocp-am\w kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXmgn-bq-cnse

InS-ß≥ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\m-kp-ambn \√ _‘w ]meq¿-

˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc CS-hI At∏mgpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ C°m-cy-

Øn¬ ]Xn-_-‘-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]meq¿- -Nm- p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-

bn¬ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂ InS-ß≥ Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\msc

CS-hI s]mXp-tbmKw sXmgn-bq¿ saXms‚ A`y¿∞\ A\p-k-

cn®v sXmgn-bq-cnse ]n≥Km-an-bm-hm≥ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw (sXm-gn-

bq¿ CS-hItbmK-amWv Cu sXc-s™-Sp∏v \S-Øn-b-sX∂v sXmgn-

bq-cnse Nne kao] tcJ-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv hmkvX-h- hn-cp-≤-am-Wv.

A∂v sXmgn-bq-cn\v CS-h-Itbm CS-h-I-tbm-Ktam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Nm´p-

Ip-f-ßc CS-h-I-tbm-K-amWv Be-Øq¿ henb saXm-®s‚ Imew

hscbpw sXmgn-bq-cnse Imcy-ßƒ \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. IqØq¿ Koh¿-

Kokv am¿ Iqdn-temkv 1856˛¬ Imew sNbvX-t∏mƒ sXmgn-bq-cnse

]≈n-bp-sSbpw saXm-k-\m-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw IX-Ip-Iƒ ]qń apZ-

h®v Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ B¿Øm‰v hnIm-cnsb sXmgn-bq¿ Ac-a-\-bnse

At¥-hm-kn-Iƒ Gev]n-®-Imcyw ]tXy-Im¬ ChnsS it≤bw. Nm´p-

Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bpsS hnImcnbm-bn-cp∂ Be-Øq¿ ]\-bv°¬

butk∏v I»oim Cu Xmt°m-ep-Iƒ ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ AØm-

\m-tkym-kns\ Gev]n® Imcy-ßƒ k`mNcn-X-ß-fn¬ ]kvXm-hn®p

ImWp-∂p≠v). Noc≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\mkv At±-lsØ 1811˛¬ saXm-

\mbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. InS-ß≥ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ ]oe-

Ivko-t\mkv ap≥Km-an-bmb Noc≥ kvIdnbm am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\m-kns\-

t∏mse Xs∂ ]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ß-c-bnse amXr CS-h-I-bp-ambn \√

_‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ C´q∏v dºms\


saXm-\mbn hmgn-°p-hm≥ InS-ß≥ saXm-®\v ssha-\-ky-sam-∂p-ap-

≠m-bn-√. ]t£, saXm≥ ÿm\m-`n-tjIw sXmgn-bq¿ ]≈n-bn¬

h®v \S-Ø-W-sa∂v At±lw Bh-iy-s∏-´p. ]meq¿˛Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc

]≈n-bn¬h®v ÿm\-ta¬°p-hm≥ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ÿm\m¿∞n

A`n-e-jn-®p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ saXm≥ ]Z-

hn-°-SpØ I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ sNøm≥ ]mSn-s√∂v Im´p-a-ßm´v Iqdn-tem-

kns‚ t]cn¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-cp∂ \ntcm-[\w ]n≥Km-an-bpsS Imcy-

Øn-epw _m[-I-am-sW∂v Nq≠n-°m´n F´mw am¿tØmΩm ]cm-Xn-

s∏-Sp-hm≥ CS-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ ]meq-cn¬h®v ÿm\m-`n-tjIw \S-Øp-

∂Xv Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´p. ÿm\m-`n-tjIw sXm´-Sp-Øp≈ ]g-™n-bn-em-

Is´ F∂v ÿm\m¿∞n \n¿t±-in-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ BflamXm-

hmb B CS-hI saXm≥ÿm\-Øns‚ thZn-bm-hm≥ A\p-tbmPyw

Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-e-ß-fn¬ sIm®n-»o-a-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ]g™n

]tZiw ap≥ \ntcm-[\ DØ-c-hns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂n√ F∂v

Ghcpw \nco-£n-®p. A°m-eØv ]g™n ]≈n hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂

Noc≥ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS CwKnXw inc-km-h-ln-

®p; Bh-iy-amb Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°n. A]-Imcw 1815 am¿®v

amkw 21˛\v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ ÿm\-\m-a-Øn¬ C´q∏v dºm≥

saXm≥ÿm\w ]m]n-®p.

C´q∏v dºm≥ saXm≥ÿm-\-tØ°v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´n-cp-

∂pthm? C°m-cy-Øn¬ shfn®w hoip∂ Hcp ka-Im-e-tcJ Cu

KŸ-Im-c≥ \nco-£n-®n- p-≠v. 1812 apX¬ 1816 hsc Xncp- -sIm-®n-bnse

dkn-U≠v Bbn-cp∂ a¨tdm kmbn∏v N¿®v anj≥ skmssk-‰n°v

Ab® Hcp IØmWo ka-Im-e-tc-J. AXns‚ kzX¥ hnh¿Ø\w

Xmsg tN¿°p∂p:

""...- _n-j∏v ÿm\-tØ°v C´q∏v (tPm-k-^v) dºm≥ sXc-s™-Sp-

°-s∏-´-Xns\ XpS¿∂v kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS CS-bn-ep≈ I£n-X¿°-

ßƒ h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v tJZ-]q¿hw ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.''5

]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-hmgvN Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw C´q∏v

dºms\ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm B°-W-sa-∂p≈ tIW¬ a¨tdm-

bpsS Bhiyw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn ae-¶c ]≈n-tbmKw hnfn-

®p-Iq-´m-\p≈ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkns‚ I¬]-\-bn¬ “sXmgn-bq¿

CSh-I-bpsS am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\mkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm” F∂p amX-

am-bn-cp∂p Xe-hm-N-Iw (1889-˛¬ tdmb¬ tIm¿´v hn[n-bn¬ Ah-km-

\n® \ho-I-c-W-°m-cp-am-bp≈ skan-\m-cn-t°-kn¬ 39 A°-]-am-Ww).

Cu sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-s\-Øp-S¿∂v C´q∏v dºm≥ saXm≥ÿm\ta‰-


Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ P∑-tZ-iØv ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Hcp ]mc-

º-cy- hnh-cWw ^m. tPmkv ]pen-t°m-´n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Poh-N-cn-

X-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≈Xv Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p:

"".... -d-kn-U≠v a¨tdm kmbn-∏v d-ºm-®s\ ImWp-Ibpw dºm-

®≥ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ÿm\w kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£, kmbn-∏ns‚ A`y¿∞\ At±lw \nc-

kn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. "Hcp saXm-t∏m-eoØm BIm-\p-≈ tbmKy-

X-I-sfm∂pw F\n-°n-√, Hcp k\ym-kn-bmbn Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥

Ign®pIq´-W-sa-∂mWv Fs‚ BKlw.' dºm-®s‚ adp-]Sn tI´v

kmbn∏v A¤p-X-s∏-´p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]c-tam-∂X ]Zhn e`n-°p-

hm≥ F√m kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn´pw B D∂-X-]-Zhn X\n-°m-h-

iy-an√ F∂v adp-]Sn \¬Inb dºm-®s‚ apºn¬ B Cw•o-jvIm-

cs‚ Xe Ip\n-™p-t]m-bn. ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ÿm\w

]pen-t°m- n¬ dºm-®≥ Xs∂ kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v tbmKw GI-IWvT-

ambn \n›-bn-®p. A∂p-Xs∂ Ah-sc-√m-hcpw H∂n®v tN¿∂v knΩ-

\m-cn-bn-seØn dºm-®s\ I≠p. "Aß-sb-t∏mse a‰m-scbpw Cu

ÿm\-tØ°v Ah-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ Rßƒ°m-Ip-∂n-√. Rß-fpsS

At]£ \nc-kn-°-cptX' ˛ A-h¿ dºm-®-t\mSv hn\-b-]q¿hw A`y¿-

∞n-®p. a¨tdm kmbn∏pw XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ k∂nln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-

¥-c-amb Ah-cpsS A`y¿∞\ tI´v dºm-®≥ Ah-tcmSv ]d™p:

\msf Cu ka-bØv Rm≥ \nßsf ImWmw, k¿h-i-‡-\mb ssZh-

Øns‚ Iev]\ F¥m-sW∂v At∏mƒ Rm≥ \nßsf Adn-bn-°pw.

Ah-sc-√m-hcpw Xncn®p t]mbn. k‘ym-\-a-kv°m-c-Øn-\v tijw

apdn-bn¬ IS∂v hmXn-e-S® dºm-®≥ ]nt‰-Zn-hkw D®-I-gn-™mWv

hmXn¬ Xpd-∂-Xv. NnΩm¿ (d-ºm-®s‚ ]cn-Nm-c-I≥) Infn-hm-Xn-en-eqsS

FØn-t\m-°p-tºm-sg√mw dºm-®≥ ap´n-t∑¬\n∂v Gß-e-Sn®v Ic™v

]m¿∞n-°p-∂-Xm-bmWv ImWm≥ Ign-™-Xv. dºm-®≥ IXIv Xpd∂v

]pdØp h∂-t∏mƒ dkn-U≠pw a‰p-≈-hcpw AhnsS lmP-cp-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p. dºm-®≥ aµ-kvan-X-tØmsS ]d™p: ""\nß-fpsS BK-l-

]Imcw \S-°-s´.''6

Cu hnh-c-WsØ km[q-I-cn-°pw-hn[w k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb C.Fw.

^nen∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: ""At±lw F∏n-kvt°m∏m

ÿm\sØ Imw£n-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂v amX-a-√, CØcw Hcm-hiyw t\cn-

Sm-Xn-cp∂p F¶n¬ \n›-b-ambpw At±lw Pohn-Xm-¥yw-h-scbpw

kt¥m-j-tØm-Sp-IqSn Hcp dºm-\mbnØs∂ Ign-®p-Iq-´p-am-bn-cp-∂p.''

A`n-\h saXms‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ Zo]vXnsb A\m-h-cWw sNbvXp-


sIm≠v Ncn-X-Im-c≥ XpS¿s∂-gp-Xp∂p: ""At±-l-Øn\v k`-bp-sSbpw

kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw A`n-hr-≤n-bn¬ lm¿±-amb Hu’p-Iy-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂p F∂pw X±p-t±-iy-km-[y-Øn\v th≠n At±lw A£oW

bXv\w sNbvXn-cp∂p F∂pw D≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ At±-l-Øn-\-\p-Iq-

e-ambn kvac-Wo-b-am-Ip-∂p. \njvI-f¶ a\-t mSpw \n¿Ωe a\x-

km£n-tbmSpw IqSnb B ssZh-`-‡≥ ]£-]m-X-c-ln-X\pw \n¿`-

b\pw Bbn-cp-∂Xv IqSmsX At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-coXnbpw \n¿Ω-

e-am-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv ]tXy-Im¬ ]kvXm-hm¿l-amWv. At±lw

hnZym`ymk-Øn\v Hcp klm-bnbpw kpdn-bm\n`mjm -]-fin-X\pw

]kn-≤ -hm-‹nbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°n-∏-d-bp-∂-Xm-bm¬ At±lw

kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ F∂-√, GX-t±-iob cmPy-ß-fmb Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-tebpw sIm®n-bn-tebpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]mcw`

]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv Ahn-X¿°n-X-am-Ip-∂p. Fß-s\sb-

∂m¬ hfsc \mfp-Iƒ°v apºv Xs∂ \n¿Ø-em-bn-t∏mb t]m¿®p-

Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hI sImSp-ß-√q¿, ssh∏n-t°m´ F∂o ÿe-ß-fnse

knΩ-\m-cn-Iƒ Hgn-®m¬ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ Cu knΩ-\mcn hnZym-

]-Nm-c-tWm-t±-iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn \ΩpsS \mń¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ ÿm]-

\-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \n¿∆n-i¶w ]kvXm-hn°mw.''7

ka-Im-e- ]-kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Cuhn[w Bbn-cnt° Chsb tNmZyw

sNøp∂ Nne ]nev°me ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p≈ Imcyw ChnsS

ad-®p-h-t°-≠-Xn-√. tdmb¬ tImSXn hn[n-bnse Hcp ]cm-a¿iw

ChnsS D≤-cn-®p-sIm-≈-s´:

""]pen-t°m-ń¬ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv, X\n°v Ia-]-Im-c-ap≈ ÿm\m-

`n-tjIw e`n-®-Xmbn `mhn-®p-sIm-≠v...''8

CXmWv ]k-‡-amb hmIyw. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-

kns‚ ÿm\w Akm-[p-hm-sW∂ hnhcw _lp. PUvPn-am¿°v

FhnsS \n∂mWv Inń-b-sX-∂-dn-™p- Iq-Sm. PUvPn-am¿ apJy-ambpw

Ah-ew-_-am-°p-∂Xv C´q∏v ssd´-dpsS k`m-N-cn-X-am-sW∂v Ah¿

Ah-Im-i-s∏- n- p-≈-Xn-\m¬9 C´q∏v ssd -dpsS ]cm-a¿i-am-Imw Ahsc

hgn-sX-‰n-®-Xv. C´q∏v ssd´¿ A°mcyw ]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xn-]-Im-c-amWv:

""... -C-´q∏v dºm≥ knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ ]TnØw Iptds» \S-Øn-h-cp-

∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ 991 ao\-amkw 9˛mw- XobXn, A™q¿ sN∂v ]oe-Ivkn-

t\mkv saXm-t\mSv ]g™n ]≈n-bn¬ h®v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

F∂v t]cpw saXms‚ ÿm\hpw G‰psIm≠v XncnsI tIm´-bØv

sN∂v knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬Øs∂ Xma-kn-®p.''10


hfsc DZm-ko-\-am-bmWv C´q∏v ssd´¿ Cu `mKw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-

bXv F∂v sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ ]bm-k-an-√. saXm≥ ÿm\-ta‰ sIm√w

C´q∏v ssd´¿ \¬In-bXv 991 ao\w- B-Wv. CXv F.Un. bnte°v IW-

°m-°p-tºmƒ 1816 BWv. CXv Xo¿Øpw sX‰m-Wv. Ct±lw 1815˛¬

ÿm\-ta-‰-Xn\v At\Iw sXfn-hp-Iƒ D≤-cn-°m-\m-hpw.

sXmgn-bq-cnse k`m-[y-£-∑m-cpsS saXm≥ÿm\w km[p-h√

F∂ Nn¥-bmhmw C´q∏v ssd´sd CXbpw DZm-ko-\-ambn Imcy-ßƒ

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ t]cn-∏n-®-Xv.

C´q∏v ssd´sd A‘-ambn hniz-kn-®p-sIm≠v ÿm\m-`n-tj-I-

Øns‚ h¿jw 1816 BsW∂v ]g™n∏≈nbn¬ 1980˛\v tijw

ÿm]n® Hcp am¿_nƒ …m_n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬

tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dn-S-Øn\v kao]w

ÿm]n® e-I-Øn¬ ÿm\m-`n-tj-I -h¿jw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv 990

ao\w 9 (1815) F∂m-Wv.

1816 P\p-hcn 10˛\v \ncym-X-\mb F´mw am¿tØmΩm \ncym-X-\m-

Ip-∂-Xn\v apºv sNbvX c≠v Imcy-ßƒ Ncn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

1. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXms‚ ÿm\m`ntj-I-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn k¿°m-

cn-te°v ]cm-Xn-b-b-®-Xv.

2. IS-a-‰-Øp-Im-c≥ Abn∏v Iio-imsb HºXmw am¿tØmΩm

Bbn hmgn-®-Xv.

Cu c≠p Imcy-ßfpw C´q∏v ssd´¿ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xn-]-Im-c-amWv:

""A™q¿ sN∂v ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv saXm-t\mSv ]g™n ]≈n-bn¬

h®v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂v t]cpw saXms‚ ÿm\hpw G‰p-

sIm≠v Xncnsb tIm´-bØp h∂v knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p.

Cu hnhcw am¿tØmΩm saXm≥ tI´msd hfsc hnjm-Z-Øn\pw

tJZ-Øn\pw CS-bm-bn. F∂v Xs∂-b-√, Cu hnNmcw \nanØw tZl-

kpJw C√msX Xo¿∂v ... "-\-ΩpsS Imc-W-h-∑m-c-√msX Cu PmXn°v

thZ-X-e-h-∑m¿ D≠m-bn-ń-s√∂pw A]-Imcw Ct∏mgpw \S-Øn-Ø-cp-

am-dm-I-W-sa∂pw' a‰pw Hmtcm k¶-S-ßƒ kmbn-∏-h¿Isf t_m[n-

∏n-®msd AXn\v H∂n\pw Hcp adp-]Sn D≠m-bn-ń-√. ... ]n∂oSv C´q∏v

dºm≥ saXms‚ ÿm\w G‰ kwK-Xnbpw t_m[n-∏n-®msd Hcp

Xo¿® IqSm-sXbpw ImÏ-bm¬ am¿tØmΩm saXm≥ hfsc hnjm-

Z-Øn\pw tcmK-h¿≤-\bv°pw CS Bbmsd IS-a-‰Øv Xs‚ Nn‰-∏≥


Abn∏v Iio-imsb hcpØn saXm≥ F∂v t]cpw sImSpØv hmgn-

°bpw 1816˛\v ... \nc-W-Øv h®v Ign™v ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n-bn¬

AS-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''

_nj∏v _u¨ Xs‚ C¥y≥ InkvXy≥kv Hm v sk‚ v tXmakv

F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv C]-Im-c-am-Wv.12

""1815˛¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ am¿

]oe-Ivkot\m-kn¬ \n∂v A`n-tjIw kzoI-cn-®p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw

am¿tØmΩm C°m-cy-Øn¬ dkn-U-≠ns‚ ]°¬ ]cmXn \¬In

F¶nepw \S-]Sn H∂pw D≠m-bn-√. At±lw 1816 P\p-hcn 10˛\v A¥-

cn-®p'' (kz-X¥ hnh¿Ø-\w -˛ -K-Ÿ-I¿Øm-hv).

c≠p- Imcyw ChnsS ]tXy-Im¬ it≤-bw.

1. ]pen-t°m- n¬ saXms‚ hmgvN-sb-∏‰n F´mw am¿tØmΩm dkn-

U-≠n-t\mSv ]cm-Xn-s∏-´p.

2. \S-]Sn H∂pw D≠m-hm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ HºXmw am¿tØm-Ωmsb

hmgn-®p.

3. 1816 P\p-hcn 10˛\v At±lw \ncy-mX-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ÿm\m-`n-tjIw \S∂p F∂v C´q∏v ssd´¿

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb h¿jw icn-b-√. ]´w-sImS \S-∂Xv 1815˛¬ F∂v

_nj∏v _uWpw tIm´bw skan-\mcn ^e-I-Ønepw \ncWw KŸ-

h-cn-bnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv BWv icn.

InS-ß≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\m-kn¬\n∂v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv saXm≥]´w kzoI-cn-®-Xp-aqew sXmgn-bq-cns‚ saXm≥-

ÿm\w A\yq\-am-sW∂v Nne¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xp I≠n-´p-≠v.

sXmgn-bq-cns‚ ÿm]-I≥ km[p-hmbn ta¬∏´w G‰pthm F∂Xv

C∂pw kwK-X-amb tNmZy-am-Wv. At±lw saXm≥ÿm-\-ta-‰-Xn\v

bmsXmcp tcJbpw km£n-bp-an-√. ]´w-sIm-S-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ hm¿Ø am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv \ntj-[n-®-Xmbn \ncWw KŸ-hcn Nq≠n°m´p∂p.

ssIsh∏v ipiqj F∂m¬ ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS Xe-bn¬ ssIsh-

bv°pI amX-am-sW∂v Nne ip≤m-flm-°ƒ [cn®phim-bn- p≠v. F´mw

am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS Imcy-Ønepw AXp kw`-hn-®n-´p-≠v. ssIsh∏v

F∂m¬ hn.- Ip¿∫m\bpsS a≤y-Øn¬ Im¿Ωn-I¿ Zo¿L-ambn \S-

Øp∂ Hcp ipiq-j-bpsS at≤y sImbvsØmZvdqtlm ImZo-tim-bpsS

hnfn (]-cn-ip-≤mflmlzm\-Øns‚ hnfn) kpZo¿L-amb ]m¿∞-\-


bmbn \SØn hn. c-l-ky-ß-fn-t∑epw ÿm\m¿∞n-bp-sS-taepw

apΩq∂v ]mhiyw ssI BtLm-jn®v A`n-tjIw \S-Øp∂ Hcp

Inb-bm-Wv. ]´w-sImSIa-Ønse ]m¿∞\ sNm√p-hmt\m Inb-Iƒ

\S-Øp-hmt\m Ign-hn-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bn-em-bn-cp∂p A∂v am¿ KotKm-

dn-tbm-kv. As√-¶n¬ At±lw A∂v hn. -Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-

∂t√m (Im-‰mSn dºm-\mWv A∂v Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®-sX∂v F√m-

hcpw X¿°-sat\y kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v. A∂p \S-∂Xv dºm≥Zm\

ipiqj Bbn-cn-°mt\ Xc-ap≈p F∂mWv kml-N-cy-ßƒ \sΩ

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv).

(a-s‰mcp Imcyw ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p-≈-Xv, F∏n-kvt°m-∏m-

ÿm\w tae-[y-£-X-bpsS ÿm\-amWv. Il-\q-km-bpsS \¬hcw

Imioim ]´-ta-‰-t∏mƒ e`n® Hcm-fn\v Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn AwihSn

\¬In tae-[y-£-Xsb ]Jym-]n-°p∂ ipiq-j-bmWv taev]´

ÿm\-Zm-\-Øn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Iio-im-ÿm-\-ta‰ Hcm-fn-t∑¬

Bh¿Øn-°m≥ Bh-iy-an-√mØ ]e Inb-Ifpw C∂v F∏n-kv-

t°m∏m ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xv kXy-Øn¬ A\n-

hm-cy-a-√. AwihSn Zm\hpw HIvkn-tbmkv hnfnbpw aXn. Iio-im-

ÿ-m\w G‰n-´n-√mØ Hcp ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ \mw C∂v

sNøp∂ ipiqj kwK-Xhpw A\n-hm-cy-hp-am-Wv. ip≤o-I-cn-°p-hm\pw

(avZ-°n-tbm-t\m) ]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm\pw (a-v\-l-tdm-t\m) D≈ \¬h-c-

ßƒ ˛ ]utcm-lnXy \¬h-c-ßƒ ˛ c≠p Im¬ap-´p-Iƒ IpØn \n¬-

°p∂ I»o-im-ÿm-\m¿∞n ]m]n-°p-∂-Xmbn ]´w-sIm-S-bpsS aqe-

`m-j-bn-ep≈ Ipdn-∏p-I-fnepw ]´w-sIm-S-bpsS hymJym-\-Ønepw tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ F∏n-kvt°m-∏-mbpsS ÿm\w Hu]-Nm-

cn-I-ambn e`n-®n-´n-s√-¶nepw F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bp-sSbpw Im´p-a-ßm´v

Iqdn-tem-kn-s‚bpw ]utcm-ln-Xy-]-Zhn A\yq\-am-Wv. ]utcm-ln-Xy-

ap-≈-h\v ]utcm-ln-Xy-\¬hcw ]Icmw F∂ ss«lnI ]mc-ºcyw

A\p-k-cn®v H∂mw am¿tØmΩm G‰-ÿm\w t]mse F´mw am¿tØm-

Ωm-bn¬ \n∂pw Im´p-a-ßm´v Iqdn-tem-kn¬ \n∂pw ÿm\-ta-‰-h¿°p

]utcm-ln-Xy-]-c-ambn \yq\-X-sbm∂pw ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. B A¿∞-

Øn¬ ]pen-t°m- n¬ saXm-®\pw ]p∂X saXm-®\pw tN∏m v saXm-

®\pw G‰ ÿm\-ßƒ XnI®pw km[p-hmWv (C-∂sØ A¿∞-Øn-

e√; ss«lnIImesØ ssien-bn¬). At∏mgpw Im´p-a-ßm´v Iqdn-

temkv taev]- -ÿm\w G‰n-cp-∂n√ F∂ \ncWw KŸ-h-cn-bn-sebpw

I≠-\mSv KŸ-h-cn-bn-sebpw \nco-£-W-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-°p-hm-\m-

Ip-I-bn-√. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ k -bn¬ 12 Iio-i-am¿ tN¿∂v AhcpsS


A[y-£-\mb _nj-∏ns\ hmgn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ Ncn-X-

km£yw CtXm-sSm-∂n®v hmbn-®m¬ Bi-b-Ip-g∏w amdn-°n-´pw).

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]pØ≥ ]Xo-£-I-fpsS ]Xo-I-ambn saXm≥-

ÿm-\-ta-‰ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]Y-a≥

ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb ]g-™n-∏-≈n-bn¬ \n∂v AXn-Kw-ò-c-

amb tLmj-bm-X-bpsS AI-º-Sn-tbmsS ]meq¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-

bn-te°v FXn-tc-‰p. Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂v Dt±iw 5 Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqc-

ap≈ ]g-™n-bn-te°v Ip∂w-Ip-fsØ F√m InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Im¬-

\-S-bmbpw a‰pw FØn-t®¿∂p. ... tLmj-bmX Ip∂w-Ip-fØv aW-

°pfw cmP-sIm-´m-c-Øn\v apºn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ cmPmhv ]cn-hm-c-k-

taXw IØn® FÆhnf-°p-I-fp-ambn ImØp\nev]p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-

ta\n ]√-°n¬ \n-∂n-d-ßn. cmPmhv At±-lsØ ]qame Nm¿Øn

kzoI-cn-®p. ... aW-°pfw ssk\y-Øns‚ A[n-]-\m-bn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-

ń¬ Xd-hm-ńse ]gb Imc-W-h¿ NnΩm-cns\ kvacn-®p-sIm≠v aW-

°pfw cmPmhv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hnc-en¬ ]® cXv\w ]Xn® Hcp X¶-

tam-Xncw AWn-bn-®p.13

k`mNcnX Imcy-ßƒ hfsc emL-h-tØmsS \nco-£n-°p∂

Nne¿ Cu ÿm\-hm-gvN-sb-∏‰n DZm-ko-\-ambn Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]kvXm-

h\ C]-Im-c-amWv:

"F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS Ime-tijw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v icn-bmb

t\Xr-Xz-Øn\v Bcpw C√m-Xn-cp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS

Imcyw Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw k`bv°v C∂pw A`n-am-\n-°p-hm≥ DX-Ip-

amdv ]i-kvXn-bm¿÷n-®n-cn-°p∂ sshZn-I-kn-Ω-\m-cn°v AYhm ]g-

b-kn-Ω-\m-cn°v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]cn-ip-≤-\mb

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bbn-cp∂p ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xd-hm-ń¬

\n∂p≈ BZysØ saXm-t∏m-eoØm'.14

F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS Ime-ti-j-a-√, At±-l-Øns‚ ImeØv

Xs∂-bmWv Ncn-X-]p-cp-j≥ ÿm\-ta-‰Xv F∂v apI-fn¬ \n∂v hy‡-

am-W-t√m.

C\nbpw ÿm\m-`n -tjIw \S∂ ]g-™n-]≈n sXmgn-bq¿

saXms‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn≥Iogn -em-bn -cp∂p F∂ ]kvXm-h\

i≤n°mw. ^m. sI. kn. h¿§okv Fgp-Xp∂p:

""Cu am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\mkv Ip∂w-Ipfw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v

dºms\ ... -Zo-h-∂m-tkymkv F∂ ÿm\-\m-a-Øn¬ B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-


C-S-h-I-bn¬s]´ ]g-™n-]-≈n-bn¬ h-®mWv hmgn-®-Xv. sXmgn-bq-cnse

saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v bmsXmcp A[n-Im-chpw C√mØ Hcp ]≈n-

bn¬h®v Hcp ÿm\m- n-tjI ipiqj \S-ØpI km[m-c-W-a-√-t√m.''15

]g™n ]≈n-bp-sS-ta¬ sXmgn-bq-cnse am¿ ]oe-Ivko-t\m-kn\v

tae-[n-Im-c-ap-s≠∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw Ah-ew-_-am-°p∂

sXfnhv, ]g-™n-bn¬ h®v sXmgn-bq-cnse saXm≥ ÿm\m-`n-tjIw

\SØn F∂Xv amX-am-Wv. At±lw Ah-ew-_-am-°p∂ Cu sXfnhv

am\-Z-fi-am-°n-bm¬ At±lw ]p∂X saXm-s\bpw tN∏m´v saXm-

s\bpw hmgn® tIm´bw sNdn-b-]≈n sXmgn-bq-cnse saXms‚ Iogn-

em-sW∂v ]d-b-W-a-t√m. amX-hp-a√ sXmgn-bq-cns‚ IqØq¿ am¿

Iqdn-tem-kns\ tN∏m´p saXm-®\pw sXmgn-bq-cns‚ ]e A[y-£-

∑msc am¿tØmΩm k`-bnse tae-[y-£-∑mcpw hmgn-®-XpsIm≠v

tN∏m´v saXm-®\pw AXXv ImesØ am¿tØm-Ωm-k-`-bpsS A[y-

£-∑m¿°pw sXmgn-bq¿ ]≈n-bpsSta¬ A[n-Im-c-w D-s≠∂v hcp-

at√m. Xosc _men-i-amb Cu hmZ-K-Xn°v C]-Imcw Nne hym]vXn-

Iƒ km[y-am-sW∂v ae-_m¿ kzX¥ kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS Ncn-X-

Im-c≥ hnNm-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bn-√.

]g-™n-bn¬ h®v ÿm\m-`n-tjIw \S-∂Xv Ncn-X-]-c-amb Nne

kml-N-cy-ßƒ \nan-Ø-am-Wv. Im´pa-ßm´v Iqdn-temkv Xncp-hn-Xmw-

Iq-dn-epw sIm®n-bnepw saXm≥ÿm-\-Øn-\-SpØ I¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Øp-

hm≥ ]mSn√ F∂v cmP-Io-b-hn[n \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew At±-

l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb InS-ß≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn\pw Cu hn[n

kmt¶-XnIambn _m[-I-am-I-bm¬ A°mcyw D∂-bn®v F´mw am¿-

tØmΩm ]cmXn D∂-bn-°p-hm-\n-S-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ B km[y-X-bpsS

]gpXv ASbv-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-e-ß-fn¬ t]m¿°fw,

]g-™n, Im´-Im-ºm¬, IS-h-√q¿ F∂o ÿe-ßƒ _n´ojv sIm®n

(io-a) bn¬s]´ ]tZ-i-ßƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. X∑qew Im´p-a-ßm´v Iqdn-

tem-kn\pw At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°pw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n

kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ \ntcm-[\w sIm®n ioa-bn¬s]´

]g-™n-]-tZ-iØv _m[-I-amIp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu kmt¶-Xn-I-amb

kpc-£n-X-Xz-amWv ÿm\m-`n-tjIw ]g-™n-bn¬ h®v \S-∂-Xns‚

kml-N-cyw. ]meq¿ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]ucm-Wn-I-Xbpw ÿm\m¿∞n-

bpsS Bfl-am-Xmhv F∂ ]m[m-\yhpw Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bpsS

][m\ D]tZhm-ebw F∂ ta¬hn-em-khpw k¿thm-]cn A∂v

]g™n]≈n-bpsS Npa-Xe hln-®n-cp∂ Noc≥ bmt°m_v Iio-im-

bpsS NSpe t\Xr-Xzhpw sXmgn-bq-cn-t\m-Sp≈ kulr-Zhpw B


kmlN-cysØ k¿h-k-Ω-X-am-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. bmXm-ku-

I-cy-am-bn-cp∂p as‰m-cp -L-S-Iw. ]g-™n-bnse Nn‰°pfw As∂ms°

Hcp sNdp- Xp-d-apJw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]Sn-™m-d≥

Xoc-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp∂ \Zn-Ifpw Imb-ep-Ifpw Ad-

_n-°-S-ens‚ Ing-°≥ `mK-ßfpw _‘n-∏n-®p-sIm≠v A∂v Pe-K-

Xm-KXw kpK-a-am-bn-cp-∂p (]-g-™n-bnse Nn‰-°p-f-Øn¬ \n∂v sIm®n-

bn-te°v "_nøw' hgn \nXyhpw Nc-°p-K-Xm-K-Xhpw bmXm-ku-I-cyhpw

Cu ASpØ Imew-hsc D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sdbn¬th hnI-k-\w, tdmUv

hnI-k-\w F∂n-h-bpsS e-ambn C∂v Pe-K-Xm-KXw \ne-®n-cn-°p∂p.

]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-Øn¬ ]g™n kµ¿in®

hm¿Upw tImWdpw ]g-™n-bnse Cu hym]m-c-k-t¶-X-sØ-°p-dn®pw

Chn-SsØ kpdn-bm\n tZhm-e-b-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Ah-cpsS Ncn-X-hn-h-c-

W-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v).

1653 apX¬ 1815 hsc ]I-tem-a‰w saXm∑m¿ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-

cp∂ Ime-ß-fn¬ H∂mw am¿tØmΩm, \memw am¿tØm-Ωm, A©mw

am¿tØm-Ωm, Bdmw am¿tØm-Ωm, F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm- F-∂n-h-cpsS

ÿm\-km-[pX kw_-‘n®v k`-bn¬ Db¿∂-p-h∂ Ie-l-ßƒ

k`sb amX-a-√, \mSns‚ kam-[m-\ -Im-em-h-ÿ-sb-t∏mepw ]e-

t∏mgpw A]-I-S-Øn-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew P\m-[n-]Xy kºZm-b-

Øn-ep≈ sXc-s™-Sp∏v aptJ\ k¿h-k-Ω-X-ambn hmgn-°-s∏-Sp∂

saXm-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v cmP-

Iob AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip-∂-hn[w Hcp hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-hm≥

dkn-U-≠ns‚ ip]m¿i-]-Imcw cmPm-°-∑m¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv ÿm\-ta-ev°p-tºmƒ ÿm\-km-[pX \jvS-s∏´ F´mw

am¿tØmΩm Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±lw Imew-sN-øp-∂-Xp-h-scbpw

hnfw-_cw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp -Øn-bn-√. 1816 P\p-hcn 10˛\v F´mw

am¿tØmΩm \ncym-X-\m-b-Xn-\p-tijw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿- -sIm®n k¿°m-

cp-Iƒ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ ae-¶c saXm-\mbn

F√m CS-h-I-Ifpw AwKo-I-cn®v A\p-k-cn-®p-sIm-≈Ww F∂v cmP-

Iob hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏-´p (cm-P-Iob hnfw-_cw aptJ\ ae-¶-c-

saXm≥ knhn¬ A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS AwKo-Imcw t\Sp∂ tIc-f-Ønse

BZy- kw-`-h-am-Wn-Xv. A©mdv ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Imew Cu ]Xnhv Xncp-hn-

Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \ne\n∂p. A°m-e-ß-fn¬ ]e

sshtZ-inI CS-s]-S-ep-I-sfbpw ê-]-Z-ambn sNdp-°p-hm≥ Cu

kwhn-[m\w ]tbm-P-\-s∏-´-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw. ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv

am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ \ho-I-cW]ÿm\sØ XpS¿∂mWv Cu

kwhn-[m\w ae-¶ck`-bn¬ AkvX-an-®-Xv).


cmP-Iob hnfw-_-csØ∏‰n Ipdp-∏-ºSn ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬

C]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""... F´mw am¿tØmΩm Ai-

‡≥ Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ knΩ-\m-cn-bnse ]Tn-Ø-Øn-\mbn hń-∏Ww

hmßn-°m≥ sXmgn-bq¿ CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn-t\mSv ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v dºm-®≥, F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS A¥y-Øn¬

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ saXm≥]´w G‰p. Ct±-

lsØ A\p-k-cn-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n Kh-s◊-

‚p-Iƒ Hcp hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. C]-Imcw Xncp-sh-gpØv hnfw-

_cw \S-∏n-em-bn. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv ... s‚ ÿm\mtcm-lWw ae-

¶-c-bp≈ F√m ]≈n-°m¿°pw kt¥m-j-]-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p. Iogv\-S-∏-

\p-k-cn®v Xncp-ta-\nsb tamXncw CSp-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Cu ]≈n-bn¬

\n∂v 991˛¬ (1815) tbmK-°m¿ t]mbn-cp-∂p.''16

]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv ]Y-a≥ ae-¶c saXm≥

ÿm\Øv ]th-in-®-Xn¬ ae-¶-c-bpsS CS-h-I-I-sf√mw BÀmZw

sIm≠p. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-hm-gvN-bpsS ]fl-hyqlw hnP-b-I-c-ambn

t`Zn® A`n-\h "A`n-a\yp' Bb hr≤- a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-Xs\ Ghcpw

lrZ-b-]q¿hw A`n-\-µn-®p. hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ ˛ Fgp-]-Øn-A©mw hb-

n¬ ˛ saXm≥]Zw ]m]n® At±-l-Øn\v Nne Ibvt]dnb ZuXy-

ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

F´mw am¿tØmΩm kvacy-]p-cp-j-s\-Xn-cmbn \¬In-s°m-≠n-cp∂

]cm-Xn-Iƒ th≠X ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂-Xns‚ Acniw Xo¿°m-

\mbn Xs‚ ]n≥Kman F∂ \ne-bn¬ IS-a-‰sØ Abn∏v IØ-\msc

HºXmw am¿tØmΩm F∂ t]cn¬ At±lw hmgn-®p. \ncWw KŸ-

hcn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv ImWpI:

""Zo\w ]c-th-iw B-b-t∏mƒ ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ h®v At±-l-Øns‚

Nn‰-∏≥ Abn∏v IØ-\m¿°v, hb m-I-sIm≠v, ss]\pw-aq-ń¬ IØ-

\m-sc-s°m≠v Ip¿∫m-\bpw sNm√n®v am¿tØmΩm saXms‚ ÿm\w

Abn∏v IØ-\m¿°v sImSp-Øp.''17

F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bptSsX∂-t]mse Cu ÿm\-Zm-\hpw Akm-

[p-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Xe-bn¬ ap≥Kman ssIh-®m¬ ÿm\-]m-]vXnbv°p

km[pXzw e`n-°p-sa∂ sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bmWv Cu \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS ]›m-

Ø-ew.

kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬ GsXmcp IqZm-i-bp-sSbpw km[pXzw AwKo-

I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v IrXy-amb Nne hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D≈Xv bqlm-t\m≥

tkth-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm (\-cn-a-‰-Øn¬ tbml-∂m≥

aev]m≥) Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv Xmsg ]dbpw]Im-c-am-Wv.


""Hcp ]m¿∞-\-tb-°mfpw ipiq-j-tb-°mfpw IqZm-i-bv°p≈

tijvT-X, IqZm-i-bn¬°qsS Hcp ssZhn-I-Ir] (Grace) \ap°v e`n-

°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v AXns‚ A\p-jvTm-\-Øn¬

kp\n-›n-X-ßƒ Bbn Nne ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xz-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

a. Im¿Ωn-Is‚ ÿm\-km-[p-Xzw. I¿Øm-hn¬ \n∂v «ol-∑m¿

hgn-bmbn ]n≥Km-an-I-fn¬ IqSn \ne-\n∂p hcp∂ ssIsh-t∏m-Sp -

IqSnb Hcp ]´-°m-c≥ Bbn-cn-°Ww Im¿Ωn-I≥.

b. IqZm-i-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS \nPm-h-ÿ.

I¿Ømhv \n›-bn®v Iev]n-®n-´p≈ ]Zm¿∞-ß-f-√msX a‰p ]Zm¿∞-

ßƒ IqZm-im-km-[-\-ßƒ B°p-hm≥ B¿°pw A[n-Im-c-an-√.

c. IqZm-i-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂-hn-[w. Hcp IqZm-i -Xs∂ ]e k`-I-fn¬

\S-Øp-tºmƒ Nn√-d-bmb hyXym-k-ßƒ D≠m-Im-sa-∂n-cp-∂mepw

AXns‚ kmcmw-i-amb kwK-Xn-Iƒ°v hyXymkw hcp-hm≥ ]mSp-≈-

X-√.

d. D]-tZ-iw. IqZm-i-sIm≠v km[n-t°-≠nb ê-]m-]vXn-sb-°p-

dn-®p≈ hnizm-khpw D]-tZ-ihpw Im¿Ωn-I-\nepw kzoIm-c-I-\nepw

D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.18

Cu \n¿h-N-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ F´mw

am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsSbpw HºXmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsSbpw ÿm\-]m]vXn

Hcp-t]mse Akm[p F∂v ]d-tb≠n hcpw.

Akm-[p-hmb ssIsh-∏ns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn¬ saXm≥ÿm\w Ah-

Im-i-s∏´v ]Xy-£-s∏´ HºXmw am¿tØm-Ωm-bvs°-Xnsc am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c saXm≥ dkn-U-≠ns‚ ]°¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-´p.

C´q∏v ssd´¿ \S-Ønb \nco-£Ww i≤n-°pI:

""tase-gp-Xnb Abn∏v saXm\v A[n-I-amb Hcp ]Tn-Øhpw kma¿-

∞yhpw C√msX hbkv sN∂-Xn¬ Hcp km[p-io-e≥ Bbn-cp-∂p.

X\n°v saXms‚ ÿm\w Inń-b-Xn-s‚-tijw shń-°¬ Hcp Ipcniv

dqivam sNbvX-X-√msX saXm-\-SpØ ]hrØn-Iƒ A[n-I-ambn

H∂pw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw B¿°pw ]´w sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\pw kwKXn

hcp-∂-Xn\v apºn¬ ... -ÿm\w sImSp-ØXv icn-b-s√∂pw Xm≥ ZØv

FSp-°-s∏-´-Xn¬ \n∂p≈ Bfm-I-bm¬ Cu ÿm\-Øn\v Ah-Imin

As√∂pw Cu ]m¿iz-Øn-ep≈ ] -°m¿ tdmΩm hg-°-tØmSv tN¿∂-

h-cmbn ]e kwK-Xn-I-fmepw ImW-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvI-sIm≠v BbXv

Agn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw tase-gp-Xnb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv


saXm≥ hmZn-®p. a¨tdm kmbn∏v Ah¿I-sfbpw t_m[n-∏n-®p. B

apJm-¥-c-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ Bfp-I-sfbpw Iq´n IS-a-‰Øv sN∂v tase-

gp-Xnb am¿tØmΩm saXms‚ hSnbpw apSnbpw …o_mbpw Nph∂

Ip∏m-bhpw hbv]n-®p. BbXpw saXm-∑m-cpsS hI-bmbn AhnsS

D≠m-bn-cp∂ Aev]-hrØn apX¬Imcy-ßfpw FSp-∏n-®pwsIm≠v Cu

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm≥ Xncn-sb-h∂v ae-¶c CS-h-Isb hnNm-

cn-°p-Ibpw knΩ-\m-cn-bnse ]TnØw At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp

h∂p.''19

\ncWw KŸ-h-cnbpw Cu Imcy-ßƒ Xmsg ]d-bpw-hn[w hnh-cn-

®n- p≠v:

""... -]m¿°p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øn\v ÿm\-an-s√∂pw apX¬Imcy-

ßƒ Hs°bpw I≠psI´n FSpØv tIm´-bØv knΩ-\mcn hIbv°v

Gev]n-°-W-sa∂pw kmbn-∏ns‚ DØ-chv h∂p. apX¬Imcy-ßƒ

FSp-∏n®v At±-l-sØbpw tIm´-bØv sIm≠p-t]mbn Ip∏m-bhpw

Ducn-sh®v IS-a-‰-tØ°v t]mcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''20

Hcp saXms‚ ÿm\-km-[p-Xbv°v c≠v hyh-ÿ-Iƒ lqZm-b-

Im-t\m≥ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-≠v.

1. P\-ß-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏v.

2. km[p-hmb ssIsh-∏v.

F´mw am¿tØmΩmbv°pw HºXmw am¿tØm-Ωmbv°pw Cu Imt\m-

\nI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ]Imcw km[p-hmb saXm≥ÿm\w Cs√-∂n-cns°

Ahsc saXm≥ÿm-\-Øv XpS-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂Xv Bfl-l-Xym-

]-c-am-Wv. \oXn-\ym-b-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw \nb-a-]m-e\ kwhn-[m-\-

sØbpw am\n-°p-hm≥ F√m -ÿm\nIƒ°pw IS-a-bp≠m-bn-cnt°

HºXmw am¿tØm-Ωmsb ÿm\w Gev]n-®-Xmbn F´mw am¿-tØmΩm

sNbvX \S-]Sn ka-\ne sX‰nb Hcp hr≤-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ `m¥≥

\S-]Snbmbn amXta k`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \nco-£n-°m-s\m-°q. Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ]P-tbmSv, k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn¬ sIm®n

cmPysØ ]P-bmb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm ImWn®

\nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ c≠p Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ]P-I-fmb PUvPn-am¿ AS-

ßnb tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n-bn¬ ]cn-lm-k-]q¿hw Bt£-]n-°p-∂Xv

A∂sØ cmjvSob Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ ]bm-k-an√.

k`-bpsS Imt\m-\p-Ifpw ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw qan-im-kvX-]-c-amb Xmev]-

cy-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e√t√m hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. 1809˛se


I≠\m-´v ]-Sn-tbm-esb ewLn-°p-I -hgn F´mw am¿tØmΩm kzbw

k`-bn¬ A]-k‡-\mbn°gn-™n-cp-∂p. 1814˛se k¿°m¿ hn[n

A\p-k-cn®v At±lw saXm≥ÿm\-Øn\v A\y-\m-bn. AXp-aq-e-

amWv At±-l-Øns‚ ]nev°me ]cm-Xn-Iƒ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏- -Xv. AX-

ta¬ XymPy-\mb Hcmƒ ]n≥Km-ansb hmgn-°p-hm≥ Hcp-ßp-∂Xpw

Hcp A\-¥-c-h≥ B XymPy-\n¬\n∂v ]´wGev°p-hm≥ Xbm-dm-hp-

∂Xpw FX-ta¬ ]cn-lm-ky-a√? ]fin-X-cmb \ymbm-[n-]-∑m¿ Imcy-

ßƒ th≠-hn[w ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS ap≥hn-[n-Iƒ

IqSmsX \ymbhpw \oXnbpw ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ saXm-®s\∏‰n A]-k-‡-amb \nco-£-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-

am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ Nne DZm-Ø-amb e£yßsf ap≥\n¿Øn

]h¿Ø\ kc-Wn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn® alm-]-Xn-`-bm-bn-cp∂p ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]Y-a≥. At±-l-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-I-

fn¬ G‰hpw it≤-b-am-bXv tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS ÿm]-

\-am-bn-cp-∂p. skan-\m-cn-bpsS Ccp-\qdmw hm¿jn-I-Øn\v sXm´p- apºv

sI. hn. amΩ≥ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "]g-b-sk-an-\mcn: ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS

]hn-X-lr-Zbw' F∂ KŸ-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ "C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv k`-bpsS B[p-\nI Ncn-X-Øns‚ BZy A≤ymbw Ipdn-

°p∂ ]pcm-X\ ]kn-≤-amb ÿm]-\-amWv' AsX∂v hnh-cn-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS \thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚bpw \thm-t∑-j-Øn-

s‚bpw ]Xo-Itam ]Xn-—-µtam Bbn ]tim- n-°p∂ A[ym-fl-hnZym-

ebw' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ skan-\m-cn-sb-∏‰n AXns‚ C∂sØ

]n≥kn-∏¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn-]-Im-c-amWv: ""1821˛¬ ae-¶-c-k- -bnse ]≈n-

Iƒ kµ¿in® taP¿ aIz¿Øv F∂ _nójv Hmô-k¿ Xs‚ Ub-

dn-bn¬ ]gbskan-\m-cn-sb-°p-dn®v Cßs\ FgpXn: 1821 am¿®v 2.

kpdn-bm\n kaqlw apgp-h≥ tImf-Pns\ Ah-cpsS IÆmbn

ImWp∂p'' (Zn anj-\dn dPn-Ã¿ 1816˛1864).21 sI. hn. amΩ≥ ]kn-

≤o-I-cn® "B\-∏m∏n'bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ Cu KŸ-Im-c≥ Fgp-

Xnb Nne ]k‡ hmIy-ßƒ ImWpI:

""tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS inem-ÿm-]\w \S∂ 1814 s^_p-

hcn 15˛\v ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Ncn-X-Ønse B[p-

\nI-L´w Bcw-`n-°p∂p. H∂-c-\q-‰m-t≠mfw ]_-e-am-bn-cp∂ ]I-

tem-a‰w saXm-∑m-cpsS IpSpw-_-hmgvN At∏m-tg°pw AkvX-an-°m-

dm-bn-cp-∂p. F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS A¥y-\m-fp-Ifpw HºXmw

am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS \n»-_vZ- km-∂n-[yhpw Hc-kvX-a-\-]-Xo-Xn-bmWv


ae-¶c-k`m Ncn-X-Øn¬ DW¿Øp-∂-Xv. ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bpsS Bhn¿-

`m-hhpw AXns‚ cmP-in-ev]n-bmb C´q∏v dºm\pw (]n-ev°m-eØv

]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a≥ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-

eoØm) Hcp kqtcym-Z-bsØ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p. saXm-∑m-cpsS

IpSpw-_- ]m-c-º-cym-[n-]Xyw \ndp-Ø-em-°n-bXpw hntZ-i-t°m-bva-tbm-

Sp≈ Bflo-b-hn-t[-b-Xz-Øn\v (eu-In-I-hn-t[-bXzw Hcn-°¬t]mepw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√-t√m) AdpXn hcp-Øn-bXpw B¿Øm-‰v-˛-I-≠-\mSv ]Sn-

tbm-e-I-fn-eqsS Hcp ]pXnb `c-W-ssi-enbpw k`m-kw-kv°m-chpw

k`-bn¬ kwI-an-∏n-®Xpw sshZnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\pw Cw•o-jv mjm-

`y-k-\-Øn\pw BZy-th-Zn-Iƒ k÷o-I-cn-®Xpw ae-¶c-k-`-bnse

BZysØ s]mXp-ÿm-]-\-ambpw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS

HutZym-KnI Bÿm-\-ambpw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cnsb hn`m-h\w sNbvXv

]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n-bXpw inYn-eambn InS-∂n-cp∂ CS-h-I-Isf kpi-

‡hpw Bkq-Xn-Xhpw Bb Hcp tIµo-IrX `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-

te°v LSn-∏n-®Xpw ]pcp-j-tN-X-\-bp≈ Hcp kwIaW\mb-I-s‚bpw

hnπht_m[-ap≈ Hcp kap-Zm-bm-Nm-cy-s‚bpw ]hm-N-Imflmhp≈

Hcp Im¥-Z¿in-bp-sSbpw NnX-amWv \ap°v kΩm-\n-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-

f-Øns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI \thm-∞m-\sØ k^-e-ambn kzm[o-\n®

ae-bmfw ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ (1811) ]oen-t∏mkv dºm\pw

skan-\mcn ÿm]-I\pw hln-® -]¶v B kqtcym-Z-bsØ ]cn-]p-jvS-

am-°n.''22

Iep-j-am-bn-cp∂ k`m-¥-co£w im¥-am-bn. HºXmw am¿tØm-

Ωm-bvs°-Xn-cmb \S-]-Sn-bn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n-°m-\mcpw D≠m-bn-√. k¿°m-

cns‚ hnfw-_-chpw ]n¥p-Wbpw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v A\p-Iq-e-

amb A¥-co£w krjvSn-®p. hr≤-\mb saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS thK-

Øn-ep≈ \S-]SnIfpw P\-ß-fpsS ]Xo-£-Iƒ°v kwXr]vXn \¬In.

sshZn-I-hn-Zym-`ymk tIµhpw Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymk thZnbpw Bbn

]h¿Øn® skan-\m-cnsb At±lw ae-¶c saXms‚ Bÿm\w

IqsS B°n-Øo¿Øp. AXp-h-scbpw saXm-∑m¿ Hmtcm CS-hI-

∏≈nsb Bÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv `cWw \n¿h-ln-®-Xv. I≠-\mSpw \nc-

Whpw Hs° A]-Imcw Bÿm-\-ambn ]h¿Øn® CS-hI∏≈n-

Iƒ Bbn-cp∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw CS-h-I-bpsS Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°v saXm≥

hnt[-b-\m-hp∂ Hcp _‘-\m-hÿ CXp-aqew kwPm-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Xs∂ kwc-£n-°p∂ CS-h-Ibpw ]am-Wn-amcpw F∂pw saXms‚

Np‰pw ]cn-an-Xn-bpsS Np‰p-a-Xn¬ krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬

s]mXp-k-`-bpsS Bÿm\w F∂ Bi-b-hp-am-bn-´mWv Bdmw


am¿tØmΩm ]≈n-∏Wn \S-Øn-b-Xv. F¶nepw AXv s]mXp-k-`-bpsS

DS-a-bn-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw th≠X hnP-bn-®-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂n√.

Cu ]cn-an-Xn-bmWv tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cnsb Bÿm-\-am-°n-b-

t∏mƒ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ saXm-®≥ adn-I-S-∂-Xv. ae-¶-c-sa-Xm≥ ]mtZ-

inI ]cn-K-W-\-I-fpsS XS-h-d-I-fn¬\n∂v tamNn-X-\mbn s]mXp-k-`-

bpsS t£a-m-t\z-j-I-\mbn AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-bXv k`-bpsS BZ-c-

hn\v Imc-W-am-bn. A\p-bm-bn-I-fn-ep-≠mb Cu Bthiw Nne Nn´-

Iƒ°p cq]wsImSp-°p-hm-\p≈ A\p-Iqe Imem-h-ÿ-bmbn saXm-

®≥ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øp.

Ipdp-∏w-]Sn ]≈n-bpsS Ncn-X-Im-c≥ Fgp-Xp-∂Xv ImWpI:

""Ct±-l-Øns‚ ImeØv (]p-en-t°m-´n¬ H∂mw- sa-Xm-®-s‚) Cu

]≈n-bpsS sXc v tIm´bw knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ Xncp-ap-ºmsI ]≈n-tbmKw

lmP-cm-°n. C°mew apX-ev°mWv ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m¿°v

tIm´-bØv Bÿm-\-ap-≠m-b-Xv.''23

k`-bn¬ Hcp tIµo-IrX `c-W-ap-≠m-hp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw Hcp

saXms‚ ]k‡n CS-hIXe-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw

cPX tcJ-bmWo ]kvXm-h-\. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bn¬ \n∂v Bcw-

`n®v I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-bn-eqsS hf¿∂ At±-l-Øns‚ k`m-Z¿i\w

IqSp-X¬ hnIm-tkm-∑pJam-Ip∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hmbn CXns\ ImWmw.

1934˛¬ cq]w-sIm≠ ae-¶ck`m `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS \nbm-aI LS-I-

ß-fn¬ H∂mb F∏n-kvt°m-∏¬ kq∏¿hnj≥ k`-bn¬ BZy-ambn

]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n-bXv ]pen-t°m- n¬ saXm-®s‚ Im¥-Z¿in-Xz-amWv

F∂v Ipdp-∏w-]Sn NcnXw \sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hnZym-hn-X-c-

W-tIµw F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]g-b-skan-\mcn ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS akvXn-

jv°-ambn h¿Øn-®p-sh-¶n¬, Htc-Io-IrX `c-W-kn-cm-tI-µ-amb

skI-´-dn-tb‰v Bbn ]cn-W-an-®-Xn-eqsS skan-\mcn ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS

Xkn-°p-∂ lrZ-bw -IqsS Bbn Xocp∂ ImgvN-bmWv \mw ImWp-

∂-Xv. knc-I-fn-eqsS Poh-c‡w ]h-ln-∏n®v k`m-Km-X-Øn-em-I-am\w

ssNX-\y-Øns‚ Acp-W-[mc ]h-ln-∏n-°p∂ lrZ-bw!! B[p-\nI

ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS akvXn-jvIhpw lrZ-bhpw sa\-s™-SpØ cmP-inev]n

F∂ \ne-bn-emWv kvacy-]p-cp-j≥ k`m-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Xnf-ßp∂ Hc-

[ym-b-ambnØo¿∂-Xv.

skan-\m-cn-bp-sS ]h¿Ø\w At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-¥y- Im-e-

L-´-Øn¬ \nc-h[n A¥x-kw-L¿j-ßƒ°v tlXp-hmbn Xo¿∂n-

´p≠v. A[ym-]-I-cmbn \nb-an-°-s∏´ anj-\-dn-amcpw skan-\mcn ÿm]-


\-Øn\pw a‰pw Xs‚ apJy-k-lmbn Bbn h¿Øn® tIW¬ a¨-

tdmbpw ItaW ]¶m-fn-Ø-`m-h-Øn-s‚ AXn¿Øn ewLn®v A[oi-

`mhw ]I-S-am-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v ]e-t∏mgpw amdn-bn-cp-∂Xv hr≤-

\mb -sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb thZ-\n-∏n-®p. A]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp kw`hw

C. Fw. ^nen∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

""Hcp Znhkw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sIm√-tØ°p sN√p-∂-Xn-\mbn

tIW¬ a¨tdm-bpsS £W-°Øv At±-l-Øn\v In´n. At±-l-

Øns‚ bmX-bn¬ hnI-mcn P\-d¬ (-]n-∂oSv ]p∂X am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkym-kv) Dƒs∏sS c≠p ]´-°mcpw c≠p siΩm-i-∑mcpw A\p-N-c-

∑m-cmbn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. siΩm-i-∑m-cn-sem-cmƒ Cu ]pkvXI I¿Øm-

hns‚ (C. Fw. nen-∏n-s‚) hen-b-∏≥ Bbn-cp-∂p (C-S-h-gn-°¬ hen-

b-®≥ ˛ ^m. -]o-en-t∏m-kv). BZy-Zn-hkw kt¥mj k√m-]-ß-fn¬

hn\n-tbm-Kn-®-Xn-s‚-tijw ASpØ Znh-khpw dkn-U≥kn-bn¬ sN√-

W-sa-∂p≈ £W-tØm-Sp-IqSn saXms\ Ab-®p. ASpØ Znhkw

tIW¬ a¨tdm saXm-t\m-Sv, Xm≥ saXm-s\bpw kap-Zm-b-sØbpw

bYm-i‡n IqSp-X-embn klm-bn-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xmbpw Ah¿

XΩn-ep≈ CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ°p a[y-ÿ\mbn Hcp bqtdm-]ys\ knΩ-\m-

cn-bn¬ saXm-t\m-Sp-IqsS Xma-kn-∏n°p-∂-Xn\v BK-ln-°p-∂-Xmbpw

]kvXm-hn-®p. Cu ]kvXm-h-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn dh. t\m¿´s\ mcy-tbmSpw

Ip´n-tbmSpw IqSn saXm\v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. ho≠pw D≠mb kw`m-

j-W-Øn¬\n∂v ]pXnb [zc, Bw•n-°≥ k`-bnse Hcp sshZn-I≥

BsW∂pw kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ kmaq-lyhpw aX-]-chpw Bb

A`n-hr-≤nsb em°m°n the sNøp-∂-Xn-te°v knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-

kn-°p-∂-Xn\v h∂n-cn-°p∂ Bfm-sW∂pw saXm\v a\- n-em-bn. ip≤-

am-\-k-\mb saXm≥ dkn-U-≠ns‚ kZp-t±-iy-ßƒ°v DS≥ hµ\w

]d-s™-¶nepw k`-bn¬ tPmen-sN-øp-∂Xn\v Cu anj-\-dnsb A\p-

h-Zn-°p-hm≥ \nhrØn Cs√-∂m-bn-cp∂p tIW¬ a¨tdm-tbm-Sp≈

saXms‚ hm°p-Iƒ. B \n›bZm¿Vy-tØm-sS-bp≈ hmIyw C]-

Imcw Bbn-cp-∂p: "At±-lw Hcp `n∂-a-Xm-h-ew_n BIp-∂p.

RßfpsSbpw At±-l-Øn-s‚bpw hnizm-kßƒ hyXy-kvX-ßƒ BI-

bm¬ At±lw knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv aX-kw-_-‘-amb

X¿°-ßƒ°pw X∑qew A\njvSkw-`-h-ßƒ°pw CS-bm-°n-tb-

°pw.''24

tIW¬ adp-]Sn tI´v `·m-i-\m-bn. kt¥m-j-]q¿∆w anj-\-dnsb

saXm≥ kzmKXw sNøp-sa∂v a¨tdm ]Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂p. Xm≥ skan-

\m-cn-bpsS DS-a-ÿ≥ BsW∂pw saXm≥ Xs‚ Iogp-tZym-K-ÿ-\p-


am-sW∂v `mhn® a¨tdm, Hcp k`m-X-e-hs‚ CS-b-t_m[w XpSn®p

\n∂ adp-]Sn sR´-temsS tIƒ°p-Ibpw Xs‚ [mc-W-Isf Xev°m-

e-tØ-s°-¶nepw Xncp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Bÿm-\w- Iq-sS-bmb ]g-b-skan-

\mcn Hcp Zbdm amXr-I-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ ]pen-t°m-ń¬

saXm-®s‚ `mh-\, ]m›mXy kwkv°m-c-Øn¬ ioen® tIW¬

a¨tdmbv°v a\-kn-emIm™-Xn¬ Akz-m`m-hn-I-ambn H∂p-an-√. At±-

l-Øn\v ]gbskan-\mcn Hcp tImfPv amXw Bbn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. HSp-

hn¬ dh. tXmakv t\m¿´≥ Be-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn®v tIm´bw skan-

\m-cn-bn¬ A≤ym-]\w \nh¿Øn-°s´ F∂v skan\mcn ÿm]-I≥

N¿® D]-kw-l-cn-®p. Hcp sR´¬, Hcp Pmfy-w HSp-hn¬ a¨tdmbv°p

B \n¿t±iw AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠n- h-∂p.

tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bpsS ÿm]-\-sØ-∏-‰n io. sI. hn.

amΩ≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:

""ae-¶-c-k- sb Zo¿L-Imew XpS¿®-bmbn cn® ]I-tem-a‰w saXm-

∑m-cpsS AkvX-a-\-Imew ASp-Ø-t∏mƒ I≠-\mSv ]≈n-bn¬ 1809˛¬

(1808 F∂p A®-Sn-®n- p-≈Xv t\m -∏n-i-Im-Wv) tN¿∂ ]≈n ]Xn]pcp-

j-tbmKw AwKo-I-cn® Hcp Xocp-am\w ˛ As√-¶n¬ ]Sn-tbme ˛ k`-

bpsS ssZh-im-kvXm-`ymk NI-hm-f-Ønse ]Ø-c- am-‰p≈ Hcp I\-

I-tc-J-bm-sW-∂tX k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ggmw

am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS \mev]Xmw ASn-b-¥n-c-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \S∂ Cu

tbmK-Øn¬ bYm-hn[n sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-SmsX D∂-X-ÿm-\Øv Ah-

tcm-[n-°-s∏´ F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bmWv A[y£X hln-®-Xv. ÿm\-

km-[p-Xz-]iv\w Db¿Øn Ipg-∏ßƒ krjvSn-°msX sshZnI hnZym-

`ym-k-Øn-\mbn ae-¶-c-bpsS sX°pw hS°pw Hmtcm ]Tn-Ø-hoSv

ÿm]n-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ...

F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS D]-tZ-i-I-cmbn tbmKw sXc-s™-SpØ

Ip∂w-Ipfw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm≥, Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv

dºm≥ F∂n-h-cpsS Btem-N-\-]-Imcw k`m-`-cWw \nh¿Øn-°-W-

sa∂pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu c≠p Xocp-am-\-ßfpw \S-∏m-°m-sa∂v tbmK-

Øn¬h®v Dd∏v \¬Inb F´mw am¿tØmΩm AXv Kuc-h-Øn-se-Sp-

°p-I-tbm, th≠Xv sNøp-Itbm D≠m-bn-√. XpS¿∂v tIc-f-Ønse

ItØm-en-t°-Xc sshZn-I-sk-an-\mcnIfn¬ BZy-tØ-Xmb Cu ]Tn-

Ø-hoSv 1809˛se I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-bnse Xm¬]-cy-]-Imcw 1814˛¬

ÿm]n-®p. _nójv dkn-U≠v tIW¬ a¨tdmbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿


dmWnbpw Cu bXv\-Øn\v klmbw \¬In. 1815 am¿®n-¬ ]Wn

]q¿Øn-bm°n; BZy-_m-®n¬ hnZym¿∞n-Isf tN¿Øp. dºm≥

][m\ A[ym-]-I≥. dh. tXmakv t\m¿´\pw Be-∏pg Xma-kn®v

skan-\m-cn-bn¬ A[ym-]\w \S-Øn. 1815 am¿®v 21˛\v C´q∏v dºm≥

]g-™n-]-≈n-bn¬ h®v sXmgn-bq-cns‚ InS-ß≥ am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\m-

kn¬\n∂v taev]-´-ÿm\w G‰-tXmsS tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn ae-

¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS BZysØ HutZym-KnI Bÿm-\-ambn;

k`-bpsS tIµ- sk-I-´-dn-tb-‰p-ambn'' (]-g-b-sk-an-\m-cn: a-e-¶-c-bpsS

]hn-X-lr-Z-bw).

skan-\mcn ÿm]-\-Øn¬ anj-\-dn-am¿ kulm¿Z-]q¿∆w ImWn-

®n-cp∂ kvt\lhpw aa-Xbpw IrXn-a-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-kcw In´p-tºm-

sg√mw skan-\mcn c-W-Øn¬ ssII-S-Øp-hm≥ Ah¿ aSn-®n-cp-∂n√.

a¨tdmbp-ambn sIm√w dkn-U≥kn-bn¬ h®v \S∂ IqSn-°m-gvN-sb-

∏‰n tXmakv t\m¿´≥ 1816 HIvtSm-_¿ 14˛\v Fgp-Xnb IØv C]-Im-

c-am-Wv:

""Rm≥ sIm√-Øm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS saXms\

dkn-U≠v Bf-b®v hcp-Øn. ... Rßƒ Ah-cpsS ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬

ssII-S-Øp-Ibpw Ahsc Bwt•b k`-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn[nbn¬

AI-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvtX-°p-sa∂v At±-l-Øn-s‚bpw At±-l-

Øns‚ sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw a\- n¬ Nne kwi-b-ßƒ

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ `b-s∏-´n-cp∂ GXm\pwt]¿

kpdn-bm-\n-k`sb hn´v tdmΩ≥ k -bn¬ tNcp-I-bp-ap≠m-bn. saXm≥

sshImsX k`sb h©n®v Cw•ojv k`-bn¬ tNcp-sa∂v Ah¿

Btcm-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kpdn-bm\nk`-bpsS A`yp-Zb-sØ-°p-

dn®√msX Rßƒ°v a‰p Xmev]-cy-sam-∂p-an-s√∂v sshZn-I¿ ]e-cp-

sSbpw km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Rßƒ _nj-∏ns\ Adn-bn-®p. tdmΩm-k-`-

bp-am-bp≈ kwk¿§-Øn¬\n∂v kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬ IS∂pIqSn-bn-

´p≈hsb C√mbva sNbvXv k`sb ip≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ssZh-Ir-]-

bn¬ Ahsc i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI amX-amWv e£y-sa∂v Rm≥ _nj-

∏ns\ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. At±-l-Øn\v B kml-Ncyw t_m[y-s∏-´n-

cp-∂p. ]q¿hnI k`-bpsS Ie¿∏n-√mØ Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v Ahsc

]p\-cm-\-bn-°p-hm\pw ssZh-Øn-\p th≠n Ahsc kphn-ti-jm-\p-

krXw hnip-≤n-bn-te°pw HmP-kn-te°pw hgn\S-Øp-hm\pw Cu

_‘w klm-bn-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ _nj-∏ns\ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn.''

ae-¶-c-k` tdmΩ≥ kw-k¿§w sIm≠v aeoakam-bn-Øo¿∂p-

sh∂pw Ahsf Ipfn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm\p≈ `Ko-cYbXv\-amWv Xßƒ


\S-Øp-∂-sX-∂p-amWv A[oi at\m-`m-h-tØmsS Ah¿ A¿∞-am-

°n-b-Xv. tIm´-bØv BZy- k-µ¿i\w Ign-™-t∏mƒ t\m¿´≥ Gs‰-

SpØ ZuXy-sØ-∏‰n anj-\dnam¿ Fgp-Xn-bXv C]-Im-c-am-Wv:

""Pq¨ 19˛\v At±lw tIm´bw kµ¿in-®p. kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS

coXn-Iƒ I≠p. saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbp-ambn kam-Kaw \S-Øn. skan-

\m-cn-bn¬ C≥kvs]-£≥ \S-Øn'' (Zn Bw•n-°≥ N¿®v C≥ Smh-

≥Iq¿ & sIm®n≥. Vol. I, p.105, 55).

skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥ Pohn-Xm-¥y-Im-eØv \S-Ønb Hcp \nco-

£Ww C-ØcpWØn¬ ]k-‡-am-Wv. ""knΩ-\mcn ÿm]n-°p-∂-

Xn¬ kmbn-∏ns‚ klmbw A`y¿∞n-®-Xn-s\-∏‰n Rm≥ ]›m-Ø-

]n-°p-∂p. _p°m-\s‚ ImewapX¬ Hcp ]cp-¥v, tImgn°p-™p-ß-

fp-sS-ta¬ ZrjvSn ]Xn-∏n-°p-∂Xpt]mse bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ \ΩpsS ]mh-

s∏´ k`-bn-t∑¬ IsÆ-dn-™p-sIm-≠mWn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CsX√mw

Fßs\ Ah-km-\n-°p-sa∂v k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZhw amXw Adn-

bp-∂p. ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ Rm≥ Pohn-®n-cn°p-∂n-S-tØm-fw-Imew Cu

]mh-s∏´ k`sb Rm≥ kwc-£n-°pw. k¿h-i-‡-\mb ssZhw

AXns\ Ft∂°pw \ne-\n¿Ø-s´.'' CXp ]d-bp-tºmƒ B alm-]p-

tcm-ln-Xs‚ hr≤-\-b-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v NpSp-NpsS _mjv]-I-W-ßƒ

s]mgn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Cu kw`-h-Øn\v ZrIvkm-£n-bmb

Hcp hy‡n Xs‚ Ub-dn-bn¬ ]tXyIw FSp-sØ-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.33

1. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]pdw 188.

2. t]mƒ aW-en¬, ]p. 211, 212.

3. C´q∏v ssd´¿, 193.

4. k`m-tPym-Xn-kv, Pq_nen skan-\m¿ ]_-‘-ßƒ, ]p. 41 (1991).

5. anj-\dn dPn-Ã¿ 1816. ]p. 452˛454; ]n. sNdn-bm≥, ]p. 340˛341.

Christianity in India, Fr. M. K. Kuriakose, p. 92, 93.6. Imew sNbvX A®≥, ]pdw 28.

7. C. Fw. ^nen∏v, ]p. 195.

8. tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n. Published in 1977. ]p. 40. C´q∏v ssd´-dpsS

k`m-N-cnXw B[m-c-am°n Xbm-dm-°nb tdmb¬t°mSXnbpsS

Nne `mK-ß-fnse Ncn-X-]-cm-a¿i-ßƒ°v IrXy-X-bn-s√∂v \nco-

£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.

9. tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n, ]p. 14.

10. tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n, ]pdw 189.

11. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]pdw 190, 191.


12. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]pdw 129.

13. Imew sNbvX A®≥, ]pdw 30, 31. C∂pw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bpsS ÿm\-Nn-”-ß-fn¬ H∂v B X¶-tam-Xnc-am-sW∂v ]d-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

14. tPmk^v am¿ ]t°m-an-tbm-kv, Ah-Xm-cn-I- ˛ -]p-en-t°m-´n¬

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥. KŸ-I¿Øm: ^m. ]n.

Fw. tPmkv (1985).

15. sI. kn. h¿§okv, ]p. 52.

16. BØp-¶¬ A®≥, ]pdw 118.

17. t]mƒ aW-en¬, ]p. 212.

18. ipiqjm kwhn-[m\w, ]p. 117.

19. C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]pdw 190, 191.

20. \ncWw KŸ-h-cn, FUn.: t]mƒ aW-en¬, 212, 213.

21. sI. hn. amΩ≥, ]gbskan-\m-cn: ae-¶ck`-bpsS ]hn-X-lr-Zbw,

]p. 78.

22. Sn ]pkvXIw, ]pdw 112, 113.

23. ]pdw 118.

24. am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS C¥y≥k-`, ]p. 199.

25. CS-h-gn-°¬ hen-b-®s‚ Ub-dn. C. Fw. nen-∏ns‚ k`m-N-cnXw,

]pdw 200.


D. I¿Ω-tbm-Kn-bmb ae-¶-c-sa-Xm≥

Hcp taev]-´-°m-c\p k`-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-hm-\p≈ Npa-X-e-Iƒ

Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? CS-h-I-I-fnse s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°v apJy-Im¿Ωn-

IXzw hln-°p-I, kº∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse amΩq-Zo-km, `h-\-Iq-Zmi,

hnhm-lw, ih-kw-kv°mcw BZn-bmb ipiq-j-I-fn¬ ][m\ Im¿Ωn-

I-\mbn ]s¶-Sp-°p-I, kº-∂-cmb k`mw-K-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p∂ hyh-

kmb kwcw-`-ß-fpsS IqZm-ibpw DZvLm-S-\hpw \n¿h-ln-°p-I, ]pXp-

°n-∏-WnX tZhm-e-b-ß-fpsS IqZm-i-Iƒ \n¿∆-ln-°p-I, sshZn-I-cpsS

ÿewam‰ DØ-c-hp-I-fn¬ H∏p Nm¿Øp-I, CS-h-I-tbm-K-ß-fpsS

AwKo-Imc Iev]-\-I-fn¬ H∏v hbv°pI XpSßn C∂p ImWp∂

taev]´ ZuXy-ßƒ h®v Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm¬ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ saXm-

®s\ hyXy-kvX-\mbn ImtW-≠n- h-cpw. km[mcW IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-

\-ßƒ°v k` Hmtcm CS-h-I-bnepw Iio-i-∑msc \nb-an-°p∂ ]Xn-

hmWv F°m-ehpw k`-bn-ep-≈-Xv. B IqZm-i-Iƒ taev]-´-°m-c≥

\n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xv At±-l-Øn\v amX-ambn k` Fev]n® ZuXy-ßsf

At±lw hnkva-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv. I»-oim-bp-sSbpw taev]-´-°m-c-

s‚bpw ]utcm-ln-Xy-]-c-amb \¬h-c-ßƒ Xpey-am-sW-¶nepw A[n-

Imc]cn[n Xpey-a-√. Awi-hSn ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ tae-[n-Im-cw

(kq-∏¿hnj≥) taev]-´-°m-cs‚ ]tXyI Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. CS-h-I-I-

fpsS ]Xn-Zn\ `c-Ww- Im-t\m-\n-Ihpw k`m-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°-\p-kr-

X-hp-am-sW∂v Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I, Xs‚ A[n-Imc]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂

CS-h-I-I-fnse i‡n-Isf kam-l-cn®v h≥ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Gs‰-SpØv

\S-∏n¬ hcp-ØpI, ]pXnb CS-h-I-Ifpw tZhm-e-b-ßfpw ÿm]n®v

k -bpsS sImºns‚ Db-chpw hnkvXo¿Æhpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I, Imtem-

Nn-X-ambn CS-h-I-I-fpsS hf¿®sb e£ym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn Xzcn-X-s∏-

Sp-Øp-I, D∂-X-amb k`m-Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS ]Nm-c-I-\m-hpI, Imew

krjvSn-°p∂ apdn-hp-Isf Bh-iy-amb ssXe-ßƒ te]\w sNbvXp

kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ sshZy-ip-iqj \S-Øp-I, ]pXnb ta®n¬∏pdw

At\zjn®v Is≠Øn Ahn-S-ß-fn-te°v Xs‚ Bflob CS-h-I-I-

sfbpw BSp-I-sfbpw \bn-°p-I, Btcm-Ky-k-µm-b-I-amb hnin-jvS-

t`m-Py-ßƒ Is≠Øn CS-h-I-Isf ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, hgn-sX-‰n-t∏m-

Ip∂ BSp-Isf am¿§-Z¿i-I-amb amXr-I-sIm≠pw D]-tZiw sIm≠pw

imk-\-sIm≠pw Bh-iy-ambn h∂m¬ in£-sIm≠pw t\¿h-gn-bn-

te°p ]p\-cm-\-bn-°p-I, Xs‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn-ep≈ I»o-i-am¿°v

amXrIbpw am¿§-Z¿inbpw Bi-b-tkm-X- p-ambn A\p-c-RvP\-

Øns‚ Bflm-hn¬ Ahsc ]cn-]q¿Æ-X-bn-te°v ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°pI


XpS-ßnb tijvT- CS-bs‚ I¿Ø-hy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]pXnb ae-¶c

saXm-t∏m-eoØm t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A\p-I-cn-°m\m-h-iy-amb ap≥

amXr-I-Iƒ H∂pw At±-l-Øn\p apºn¬ C√m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw

P∑\m ]Xn-`m-im-en-bmb At±-l-Øn\v A¤p-X-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-

hm≥ Ign-™p.

]e aev]m-∑m-cpsS Iogn¬ ]e ÿe-ß-fn-embn sshZnI ]cn-io-

e\w t\Sn-bn-cp∂ ]Xn-hn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse

F√m sshZn-I- hn-Zym¿∞nIfpw Hcp ÿeØv ae-¶-c-sa-Xms‚ ta¬-

t\m-´-Øn¬ ]cn-io-en-°p-tºmƒ At±lw Nne e£y-ßƒ a\- n¬

I≠ncp-∂p.

1. hnhn[ ]mtZ-in-I -]m-c-º-cy-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

hcp∂ sshZn-I- hn-Zym¿∞n-Isf DS®v hm¿Øv IrXy-amb k`m-]m-c-

º-cy-ß-fpsS Znim-t_m-[-Øn-te°v Ahsc ]dn®v \´v k`-bn¬ GI-

ap-J-amb sshZn-I-ssien hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I.

2. k`bv°v \n¿h-ln-°p-hm-\p≈ mcn® DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øßsf sshZn-

I-cn-te°v kwI-an-∏n-°p-hm\pw CS-h-I-I-fpsS tijn A\p-k-cn®v

Ahsb ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-hm-\p≈ sh√p-hnfn sshZn-I-cn-eqsS CS-

h-I-I-fn-te°v ]S¿Øp-I.

3. anI® hmb-\-io-ehpw ]t_m-[-\-ssi-enbpw Bcm-[-\m-]m-S-h-

ßfpw sshZn-I-cn¬ k∂n-th-in-∏n®v Ahsc Xs‚ At∏m-kvtXm-enI

ipiq-j-bn¬ `mK-`m-°p-Iƒ B°p-I.

4. CS-h-I-I-fnse `c-W-]-c-amb sshhn[y-ß-sfbpw ]mc-º-cy-ß-

sfbpw A`n-Im-ay-amb ]mX-I-fn-te°v KXn-Xn-cn®v k`bv°v A`n-e-

jWo-b-amb Hcp s]mXp]h¿Ø\ kz`mhw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I.

5. CS-h-I-I-fnse hn`-h-ßƒ A]-k-‡-amb sIm®p sIm®v Imcy-

ßƒ°mbn hybw sNøp-∂Xv Ah-km-\n-∏n®v CS-h-I-bpsS km[y-X-

Isf Xs‚ t\cn-´p≈ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ h≥Im-cy-ßƒ°v D]-bp-‡-

am-°p-I.

6. kvt\lw, XymKw, ]m¿∞-\m-io-ew, anX-hy-bw, anX-`m-j-Ww,

D]-tZi NmXp-cn, ]T-\-io-e-ßƒ, CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, AXnYn k¬°mcw

XpS-ßnb ]Xn-Zn\ I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v DØa amXrI ]I¿Øp-

hm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ip-amdv Kpcp-hns‚ PohnXw injy-cpsS apºn¬

Hcp Xpd∂ ]pkvX-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.


7. Pohn-X-\n-jvT-I-tfmSpw D]-hm-km-\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfmSpw injy¿°v

]nbw h¿≤n-∏n®v Ah-cpsS tXtPm-a-b-amb tkh-\-Øn-eqsS CS-h-

I-Isf Db¿∂ aqey-ß-fn-te°v ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-I.

Cßs\ \nc-h[n hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ B Xe-ap-d-bnse sshZn-I-

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Kpcp-hn¬ \n∂v ImWp-hm\pw Ipsd-sbms° ]I¿-

Øp-hm\pw Ign-™p.

skan\m-cn-bnse A[ym-]-\hpw k`-bpsS s]mXp-ta¬t\m-´hpw

tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn tIµo-I-cn®v \S-Øp-tºmƒ Xs∂ At±lw

kam-¥-c-ambn thsd Nne I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p.

AXn¬ ]ap-J-amb H∂m-bn-cp∂p kmaq-ly-]-h¿Ø-\w. a¨tdm-bn-

ep≈ kzm[o-\hpw kulr-Zhpw kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS kmº-

Øn-Ihpw kmwkv°m-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb A¥ v Db¿Øp-∂-

Xn\v At±lw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn. sslµ-h-t£-X-ßƒ°pw Ah-

bpsS D’-h-ßƒ°pw \n¿_-‘-]q¿∆w kuP\ythe -sN-øp-hm≥

A°m-e-ß-fn¬ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ \nbaw aqew _m[y-ÿ-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

"Dugnbthe' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ Cu Iqen-bn-√m- the

a¨tdm k¿°m¿ DØ-chv aptJ\ \ntcm-[n-®-Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ ]h¿-

Øn® ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®s‚ Im¥-Z¿in-XzsØ IrX-⁄-X-

tbmsS A`n-\-µn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Rmb-dmgvN Znhkw Ah-[n-Zn-\-ambn

]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´Xpw hnip-≤-Zn-\-Øn¬ tPmen- sN-ø-W-sa∂ \n¿_-

‘-Øn¬ \n∂v ssIkvX-h¿ \nbaw aqew Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´Xpw C°m-

e-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. k¿°m¿ Hmôkp-I-fn¬ BZy-ambn \m´p-In-kvXym-

\n-Iƒ°v \nb-a\w e`n-®Xpw A°m-e-Øm-sW-∂Xv ]tXyIw ]cm-

a¿iw A¿ln-°p-∂p. 1816˛¬ F√m knhn¬ tImS-Xn-I-fnepw Hmtcm

InkvXy≥ \ymbm-[n-]s\ \nb-an-°-W-sa∂ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-chpw \S-

∏n-em-bXv Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ thWw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥. CXn-s\-

°p-dn-®p≈ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ ˛ ]Z-hn-Ifpw

PmXym-Nm-c-ßfpw F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ImWmw.1 1813˛¬ InkvXym-\n-

I-fpsS ÿnXn-sb-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°p-hm≥ Hcp IΩo-j≥ \ntbm-Kn-

°-s∏-´p. hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-ßƒ Iao-I-cn-°m-\p≈ ip]m¿i-Iƒ

Cu IΩo-j≥ ka¿∏n-®-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv A∂v \ne-hn-

ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS Aº-Øn-c-≠p- ]-≈n-I-tfmSv tN¿∂v

AºØnc≠v kvIqfp-Iƒ -B-cw-`n-°p-hm≥ DØ-c-hp-≠m-b-Xv. C]-

Imcw tIW¬ a¨tdm-bpsS Ime-Øp-≠mb GXv `c-W-]-cnjvImc-

ß-fpsSbpw ]n∂n¬ skan\mcn ÿm]-Is‚ t]c-Wbpw t]m’m-

l-\hpw am¿§-Z¿i-\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p (d-jy-bn¬ tKm¿_-t®mhv


\SØnb ]p\¿ hnNn-¥-\-ß-fp-sSbpw `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ˛

s]cn-kvtSm-bn°m ˛ ]n∂n¬ t]c-Wbpw kzm[o-\-hp-ambn h¿Øn-

®Xv tUm. ]ueqkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Nn¥-

Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v \nXy-ssN-X-\y-bXn ]nev°m-eØv hne-bn-cp-

Øn-bXv Hcp kam-¥c kw -h-ambn ChnsS Hm¿°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. B≤ym-

flnI t\Xm-hns‚ am¿§-Z¿i\w kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t]c-

W-bm-hp-∂-Xns‚ DZm-l-cWw c≠v Ime-L-´-Ønepw Zriy-am-Wv.).

Pohn-Xm-¥y-Øn¬ At±lw hnP-b-]q¿∆w \n¿h-ln® as‰mcp taJ-

e-bm-bn-cp∂p ss__n-fns‚ kºq¿Æ hnh¿Ø-\w. 1811˛¬ t_mws_

sImdn-b¿ ]kn¬\n∂v ]kn-≤o-I-cn® BZysØ ae-bmfw ss__n-

fn¬ \mep kphn-ti-j-ßƒ amXta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. ae¶-c-k-`-

bpsS ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-iaw AtXmsS Ah-km-\n-®-Xm-bmWv

]ecpw a\- n-em-°n-bn- p-≈-Xv. kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \n∂v kphn-ti-j-ßƒ

hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ Xs‚ apJy-k-lm-bn-bmbn h¿Øn® Imbw-Ipfw

dºm≥ \ncym-X-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ B ZuXyw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ saXm-®≥

kzb-ambn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-cy-Ønepw tIW¬ a -

tdm-bpsS t]c-Wbpw t]m’m-l-\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. sshZn-Im-`y-

k-\w, skan\mcn \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-Ww, k`m-`-cWw

F∂o `mcn® DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ ss__n-fns‚ injvS-

`m-K-ßƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNøm\p≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bpw B hr≤- alm-

]ptcm-ln-X≥ ˛ A∂v Fgp-]-Øn-b©v hb- mWv At±-l-Øn\v ˛

D’m-l-]q¿∆w Gs‰-Sp-Øp. tXtPm-a-b-amb Cu X] ns‚ IY

]nev°m-eØv tIW¬ a¨tdm Fgp-Xnb Nne IØp-I-fn-eqsS Npcpƒ

\nh-cp-∂p-≠v (-]p-en-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]Y-a\pw tIW¬

a¨tdmbpw F∂ A\p-_-‘ -te-J\w ImWp-I).

skan-\m-cn-bnse sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e-\w, CS-h-I-I-fpsS tae-t\z-jWw

XpSßnb Npa-X-e-I-fn¬ \n¿Æm-bI t\XrXzw hln-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬

B hr≤- a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-X\v a¨tdm BK-ln® thKØn¬

ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw

Hcp h¿jw sIm≠v ss__n-fns‚ kºq¿Æ hnh¿Ø\w At±lw

\n¿h-ln-®p. sshZnI skan-\m-cn-bnse injy-cmb sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-

I-fpsS tkh\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ At±lw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p.

F∂m¬ 1816˛¬ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ A[ym-]\w \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥

FØnb s_©-an≥ s_bnen saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-

tØmSv kv]jvS-amb hntbm-Pn∏v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-

bpsS hnh¿Ø-\-Ønse `mj-sb-∏-‰n-bm-bn-cp∂p ][m\ Bt£-]w.


kpdn-bm\n `mj-bnse aqe-KŸw ]cn-`m-jbv°v ASn-ÿm\ KŸ-

ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xnepw s_bn-en°v hntbm-Pn∏v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ko°p-`m-j-bn-ep≈ ss__n-fns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°nb

Cw•ojv ss__nƒ BWv ae-bmf hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-t°-

≠Xv F∂ \ne-]m-Sn¬ s_bven Dd-®p-\n-∂p. AtXmsS a¨tdmbpw

Aev]w ]X-dn. skan-\m-cn-bpsS ]Xn-Zn\ `c-W-\n¿∆-lW Imcy-

Øn¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]Z¿in-∏n® DS-a-ÿ-Xm-t_m[w aqew saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSv Aev]w \oc-k-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ tIW¬ a¨tdm

s_bn-en-bpsS kΩ¿±w IqSn-bmbt∏mƒ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v hyXymkw

hcp-Øn. CtXmsS ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ hfsc t¢iw kln®v

Xøm-dm-°nb ss__n-fns‚ kºq¿Æ hnh¿Ø\w Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´p.

s_bn-en-bpsS hnh-¿Ø\w ]n∂oSv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

(]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Xøm-dm-

°nb hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]n∂oSv Ip∂w-Ipfw ]\bv-°¬ Xmcp- ap-X-em-

fn°v hn‰-Xmbn A`yq-ln-°m≥ kml-N-cy-ap-≠v. ]nev°m-eØv Ccp-

]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ £oWn-®p-t]mb ]\-°¬

IpSpw-_Ønse ]pcm-X\ CuSp-h-bv]p-Iƒ Ip∂w-Ipfw _Y\n

Biaw kp∏o-cn-b¿ Bbn-cp∂ m. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv H.sF.kn. kml-

kn-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®p. AhnsS \n∂v ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚

]gb ssIsb-gpØv ]I¿∏v At±lw Is≠-Sp-Øp. \n[n Inńb

BÀm-Z-Øn-an¿t∏msS At±lw B ssIsb-gpØp]Xnbpw ]\-

bv°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n® a‰v hne-s∏´ ssIsb-gpØp tcJ-

Ifpw hfsc ]Xo-£-I-tfmsS tUm. ]ueqkv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬

BtLm-j-]q¿∆w DZvLm-S\w sNø-s∏´ B¿ss°-hvkn-te°v kw`m-

h\ sNbvXp. B¿ss°hvkv Iao-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]tXyIw ]cn-io-e\w

Ign™v FØnb sset_-dn-b≥ Fs‚ Nnc-Ime kplrØv Bbn-

cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Kth-j-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]gbskan-\m-cnbn¬ ]e-

t∏mgpw kµ¿in-®n-cp∂ F\n°v Cu ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚

ssIsb-gp-Øp-]Xn ImWn®p Xcn-I-bp-≠m-bn. BbnsS ]pen-t°m-

ń¬ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a≥ ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Poh-

N-cn-X-Øn¬ tN¿°m-\mbn AXn¬ Hcp mKw t^mt´m-tIm∏n FSpØv

F\n°v Xcn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. -AXv 1992˛¬ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb

H∂mw ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂v sshZn-I-skan-

\m-cn-bpsS B¿ss°-hvkn¬ kq£n-°m≥ Gev]n® ssIsbgpØp

]Xn-Iƒ ho≠pw ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ GXm\pw h¿jßƒ Ign™v


skan-\m-cn-bn-se-Ønb Ft∂mSv sset_dn-b≥ hnNn-X-ambn ]Xn-

I-cn-®-hn[w DØcw In´mØ ]tl-fn-I-bmbn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

At±lw GXm≠v Cu hm°p-I-fmWv ]d-™Xv: "]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-

ta\n hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX thZ-`m-K-ß-fpsS ssIsb-gpØp]Xn-I-

sfm∂pw Chn-sS-bn-√. Aßs\ Hcp ssIsbgpØp]Xn _Y-\n-bnse

Ipdn-bm-t°mkv A®≥ ChnsS Gev]n-®-Xmbn Rß-fpsS Hm¿Ω-bn-

en-√.'' t\csØ At±lw F\n°p X∂ t^mt´m-tIm-∏n-sb-∏‰n Hm¿-

Ωn-∏n-°m≥ ian-®-t∏mƒ At±lw GXm-≠n-ßs\ ]Xn-h-Nn-®p.

"Aßs\ Hcp t^mt´m-tIm∏n Rm\m¿°pw \¬In-bn-ń-√. A®\v

Aßs\ Hcp tcJ ChnsS\n∂v Inń-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ AXv A\-[n-Ir-

Xhpw Ahn-ln-X-hp-ambn Chn-sS-\n∂v kwL-Sn-∏n-®-Xm-Imw.' Akp-J-

I-c-amb B kwkmcw AhnsS \ne-®p. skan-\m-cn-bp-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-

t∏m∂ _‘-Øn\v At∂‰ De-®n¬ Fs‚ ]nev°me Kth-jW

ia-ßsf hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ _m[n-®p-sh∂v amXw ChnsS ]kvXm-

hn®p sIm≈-s´. Rß-fpsS kulr-Zhpw AtXmsS _e-lo-\-am-bn.

H∂mw ]Xn-∏n¬ tN¿Ø B hnh¿Ø\w c≠mw ]Xn-∏nepw A\p-

_-‘-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.).

skan-\m-cnbn¬ ]cn-io-e\w Bcw-`n-®p-sh-¶nepw ÿnc-ambn Hcp

Nm∏¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-√. \mep-sI-ńs‚ Hcp mKw Xmev°m-enI

Nm∏-embn Iao-I-cn®v AhnsS Bcm-[-\-Ifpw a‰v ]Xn-Zn\ \a-kv°m-

c-ßfpw \S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp ÿncw Nm∏¬ \mep-sI-ń-t\mSv

tN¿Øv \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ At±lw πm≥ Xøm-dm-°n. AXns‚ \n¿-

ΩmWw Bcw-`n® hnhcw tIW¬ a¨tdm 13˛3˛1817 ¬ Fgp-Xnb

Hcp IØn¬ Xmsg-]-dbpw ]Imcw kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. "tImf-Pn¬ Hcp

]≈n ]Wn-bp-hm≥ Xm≥ Bcw-`n-®-Xmbn A¥-cn® saXm≥ Fs∂

Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. AXns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ FX-amXw ]ptcm-KXn

D≠m-sb∂v F\n-°-dn™p IqSm' (]n. sNdn-bms‚ k`m-N-cnXw ˛

A\p-_-‘-Øn¬ tN¿Ø IØp-Iƒ).

Hcp Nm∏-ens‚ \n¿ΩmWw Bcw-`n®v ]ptcm-K-an®p F¶nepw ]q¿-

Øn-bm-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™n-√. Ah-ti-jn® \n¿Ωm-W-

tPm-en-Iƒ s_©-an≥ s_bn-en-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv ]q¿Øn-bm-

°n-b-Xv. Gsd-°mew X\n°v apºn-en-s√∂v Znhy shfn-]mSv Inń-bn-

s´∂t]mse A¥y-Imew I¿Ω-\n-c-X-am-°p-hm≥ At±lw bXv\n®p.

Xm≥ BK-ln®hn[w sshZn-I-sk-an-\mcn ]h¿Øn-°-W-sa-¶n¬

sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]T-\-tØm-sSm∏w hn]p-e-amb hmb-\bv°pw

Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-I-W-sa∂v B I¿Ωtbm-Knbv°v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p.


A°m-e-ß-fn¬ ]pkvXIßƒ Xptemw Ipd-hm-bn-cp∂p. A®-Sn®

]pkvX-I-ßƒ Cs√∂p Xs∂ ]d-bmw. kº∂-amb kpdn-bm\n k`-

bpsS ss]XrIw Hfn-®n-cn-°p∂ ssIsbgp-Øp-K-Ÿ-ßƒ ]pcm-X\

tZhm-e-b-ß-fnepw sshZn-I-`-h-\-ß-fnepw NnX-se-Sp-°p∂ A\p-`hw

At±lw t\cn´v I≠-Xm-Wv. ae-¶ck`-bpsS \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬

\n∂mbn sshZnIskan-\m-cn-bn¬ ]T\Øns\-Ønb sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿-

∞n-Isf C°m-cy-Øn¬ At±lw Bthiw sIm≈n-®p. Ah-cpsS

amXr-tZ-hm-e-b-ß-fnepw kao-]-ß-fn-ep≈ sshZn-I-Kr-l-ß-fnepw A\m-

Y-ambn InS-°p∂ kpdn-bm\n ssIsb-gpØv KŸ-ßƒ sshZn-I-

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ aptJ\ At±lw skan\m-cn-bn¬ kam-l-cn-®p. A¤p-

X-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p ^ew. tImX-aw-K-ew, ]nd-hw, apf¥p-cp-Øn, I≠-

\mSv, sNß-∂q¿, \ncWw XpSßn ]gb k`mtIµ-ß-fnepw saXm-

∑m¿ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ tIµ-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hne-tb-dnb KŸ-ßƒ B

]Xn-`m-im-en-bpsS kwL-SnX]mShw aqew tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-

bn-se-Øn. B hr≤ alm-]p-tcm-ln-Xs‚ kz]v\sØ ae-¶-c-k`

H∂msI ]n¥p-W-®p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-Xw, ]mc-º-cyw, Bcm-[\,

hntZ-i-_-‘-ßƒ XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Kth-

jW ]T\w \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-h¿°v Ah-ew-_-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Hcp h≥

]p-kvXItiJcw e`n-®-t∏mƒ B ]Xn-`m-imen IqSp-X¬ I¿tΩm¬-

km-ln-bm-bn. B ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw

Xncn®v ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Hcp enÃpw Im‰-temKpw sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-

I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS At±lw Xøm-dm-°n. Xs‚ A[zm\w k^-

e-am-b-Xns‚ Hcp Bfl-kw-Xr-]vXn-tbmsS At±lw Im‰-tem-Kns‚

Hcp tIm∏n tIW¬ a¨tdmbv°p \¬In. skan\m-cn-bpsS ]bm-

Whpw ]h¿Ø-\hpw icn-bmb Zni-bn-em-sW∂v A`ypZ-b-Imw£n

F∂ \ne-bn¬ a¨tdm Xncn-®-dn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

]t£ AXp-sIm≠v ]Xo-£n® e-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-√. ]pen-t°m-

´n¬ saXm-®≥ A¥-cn®v \mev amk-ßƒ°p-tijw 1817 am¿®v 13˛\v

skan-\mcn A[n-Ir-X¿°v tIW¬ a¨tdm Fgp-Xnb Hcp IØnse

]cm-a¿iw i≤n-°pI:

"".... -\n-ßƒ Ab-®p-X∂ ]pkvX-I-en-Ãn¬ ]e kpdn-bm\n ]pkvXI-

-ßfpw ImWp-∂n-√. ]tXy-In®v ]g-b-\n-ba thZ-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ. \jvS-

s∏´ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ _nj-∏n\v \n¿t±iw \¬I-Ww

(A∂v _nj∏v F∂v Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏ v

k¿∆-kzm-X-¥y-tØmsS tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bnepw sXmgn-bq-

cn-se Bÿm-\-Øp-ambn hmkw Iao-I-cn® InS-ß≥ Koh¿§okv


am¿ ]oe-Ivkot\m-kns\ BWv). A¥-cn® _nj∏v (]p-en-t°m-ń¬

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a≥) ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Hcp enÃv

Ab®pX∂n-cp-∂p. \nßƒ C-t∏mƒ Ab-®p-X∂ enÃv ]cn-tim-[n-®-

Xn¬ ap≥ enÃnse ]e ]pkvX-I-ßfpw ImWp-∂n-√' (]n. sNdn-bms‚

k`m-N-cnXw ˛ A\p-_-‘-Øn¬ tN¿Ø IØp-Iƒ).

]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®s‚ \ncymWw Ign™v InS-ß≥ saXm-

®≥ \nb-an-°-s∏´v X¬ÿm-\Øv ]th-in®v \mep -amkw Ign-bp-

tºm-tg°pw ap≥ _nj∏v tiJ-cn® ]pkvXI k©-b-Øn¬ \n∂v

hne-s∏´ ]e ]pkvX-I-ßfpw A]-Xy-£-ambn F∂ a¨tdm-bpsS

]kvXm-h\ ]e A`yq-l-ßƒ°pw CS-\¬In-bn-´p-≠v (In-S-ß≥

saXm-®s‚ sXmgn-bq-cn-ep≈ Bÿm-\Øv Ct∏mgpw th≠X i≤n-

°-s∏-SmØ Ipsd kpdn-bm\n ssIsb-gpØv KŸ-ßƒ kq£n-®n-

´p≠v. Imew sNbvX IpØq¿ amXyqkv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv, Ct∏mƒ

dn´-b¿ sNbvX ]\-bv°¬ tPmk^v am¿ Iqdn-temkv F∂o saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS A`y¿∞\ A\p-k-cn®pw Fs‚ A`n-h-µy -Kp-cp-

\m-Y≥ ]pWy-N-cn-X-\mb bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS B⁄-b-\p-k-cn®pw sXmgn-bq¿ KŸ-∏p-c-bnse kpdn-

bm\n Isø-gpØp KŸ-ßƒ enÃv sNøm\pw Im‰-temKv Xøm-dm-

°p-hm\pw ian® Cu KŸ-Im-c≥ B›-cy-]-c-X-¥-\m-bn. 1665˛¬

ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂ A_vZp¬ Peo¬ am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, 1685˛¬ h∂

b¬tZm am¿ _t -en-tb-mkv, 1751˛¬ h∂ iI≈m _mhm, am¿

KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F∂n-h-cp-ambn _‘-s∏´

Ht´sd KŸ-ßfpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ butk∏v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv

H∂m-a≥ Fgp-Xnb \nc-h[n kpdn-bm\n IØp-I-fp-sSbpw Ihn-X-I-fp-

sSbpw kam-lm-c-ßfpw Ahn-SpsØ KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn-ep-≠v. ]m›mXy

kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw I¿tkm-\n-bn-ep-ambn-

F-gp-X-s∏´ B KŸ-ßƒ°v ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Adn-b-s∏-SmØ ]pcm-

X\ Ncn-X-ß-fn-te°v Nne ]Im-i-c-ivan-Iƒ ]mbn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-

sa∂v Cu KŸ-Im-c\v tXm∂n. Cu ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A[n-Ihpw sXmgn-

bq-cn¬ ]≈nbpw saXmk\mÿm-\hpw Bhn¿`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\v apºp-

≈-h-bm-Wv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \n∂v \njv°m-kn-X-\mbn Hcp cmXn-bn¬

A`bwtXSn BZyw Ip∂w-Ip-fØpw ]n∂oSv sXmgn-bq-cnepw h∂ Im´p-

a-ßm´v kwLw Cu ]pcm-X\ KŸ-k-©bw tiJ-cn®v sXmgn-bq-cn-

se-Øn®p F∂v kmam-\y-_p-≤n-bp≈ Bcpw Icp-Xp-hm-\n-S-bn-√. GXm-

bmepw sXmgn-bq-cnse ]pkvX-I-ti-J-c-Øns‚ NcnXw Bcm-bp-tºmƒ

Nne cl-ky-ßƒ ]pdØp hcp-sa-∂Xv Xo¿®-bm-Wv).


FÆ- h-‰m-dmb Zo]-am-bn-cp∂p tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn ÿm]-

I≥. sa-Xm≥ÿm-\-ta‰v Ccp-]Xv amk-Øn-\Iw At±lw Bhn-jv°-

cn® I¿Ω-ta-J-e-Iƒ sISm≥ t]mIp∂ Zo]-Øns‚ Bfn-°-Ø-em-

bn´p thWw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-

\mbn A\p-\n-anjw Xkn-°p∂ Hcp Im¥-Z¿in-bp-sSbpw kwI-aW

\mb-I-s‚bpw lrZbw At±-l-Øn¬ \mw ImWp-∂p. kam-\-Z¿i-

\hpw Im¥-Z¿in-Xzhpw C√mØ Hcp ]n≥Km-an°v Gs‰-Sp-°p-hmt\m

a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ t]meptam Ign-bmØ AX hn]p-e-amb I¿Ω

kma-mPy-amWv At±lw ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°p apºn¬ Xpd-∂n-´-Xv.


E. PohnX kmbm”w

Bcm-bn-cn-°Ww Xs‚ ]n≥Kman F∂Xv skan-\mcn ÿm]-Is‚

apºn¬ Hcp tNmZy-Nn-”-am-bn-cp-∂p. X\n°v ÿm\w X∂ InS-ß≥

saXm-®≥ k`-bn¬ A∂v s]mXpsh kzoIm-cy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. _nójv

dkn-U-≠n\pw skan-\m-cn-bnse anj-\-dn-am-cmb A[ym-]-I¿°pw At±-

lsØ ]n¥p-W-°p-hm≥ kt¥m-j-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Xm≥ XpS-

ßn-h® I¿ΩtaJ-e-Iƒ \njvIn-b-\mb InS-ß≥ saXm-®s‚ ssII-

fn¬ arX-am-hp-sa∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ Imcy-ßsf hne-bn-

cpØn. hnt[bam\-k-\mb InS-ß≥ saXm-®≥ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ XpS¿-

∂m¬ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ]q¿Æ-\n-b-¥-W-Øn¬ skan\mcn ]h¿Øn-

t°≠nhcp-sa∂pw Xm≥ [oc-ambn kzoI-cn® ]e \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw Dt]-

£n-°-s∏-t´-°p-sa∂pw skan-\mcn ÿm]-I\v \n›-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Xm≥ dºm≥ Bb Znhkw F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bn¬ \n∂v siΩm-

»-]- -ta‰, Xs‚ IpSpw-_-°m-c≥ IqsS-bmb ]pen-t°m- n¬ C´q∏v IØ-

\m¿ ]meq¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bn¬ A∂v hnIm-cn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-

°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p (-B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bpsS hSt° hcm-¥-bn¬

ImWp∂ I_-dnSw At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv). At±-lsØ ]n≥Km-an-

bm°n hmgn-°p-hm≥ Ip∂w-Ipfw ˛ ]g™n ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

th≠X kΩ¿±-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ ap≥Km-an-

I-fmb saXm-∑m-cpsS IpSpw_hmgvN-s°-Xn-cmbn Dd® \ne-]m-sS-SpØv

s]mcpXn hnP-bn® Xm≥ ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS ]mX-bn-te°v Xncn-bp-∂Xv

O¿±n-®Xv `£n°pwt]mse ]cn-lm-ky-sa∂v At±-l-Øn\v Adn-bm-

am-bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n kwÿm-\sØ ]P F∂ \ne-bn¬ X\n-°-\p-`-

hn-t°≠n h∂ òj-Wn-Ifpw H‰-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw Xs‚ ]n≥Km-ansb

_m[n-°-cp-sX∂v At±lw \n›-bn-®n-cp-∂p.

Xs‚ ktlm-Zc]pX≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿, Xs‚

ktlm-Zco]pX≥ tImemSn XcpXv IØ-\m¿, Xs‚ ]nb injy≥

IpØq¿ Koh¿§okv aev]m≥ F∂o aq∂v t]¿ Ahn-hm-lnX sshZn-

I-cmbn At±-l-Øns‚ B⁄-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dmbn \n∂n-

cp-s∂-¶nepw Ahsc ]n≥X≈n tIm´bw sNdnb]≈n CS-h-I-bn¬

]p∂X tPm¿÷v IØ-\msc ]n≥Kman F∂ \ne-bn¬ k¥-X-kl-

Nm-cn-bmbn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Xmakwhn\m Xs‚ hnImcn P\-d¬

F∂ ÿm\Øv HutZym-Kn-I-ambn ]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

saXm≥ hmgvNsb IpSpw-_-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ then-s°- p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬

Xf-®n´v aen-\-am-°nb ap≥ ]h-W-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc Bim-ky-amb Hcp


amXrI At±lw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hy‡n-]-c-amb CjvSm-\n-

jvS-ßfpw ]mtZ-inI kzm[o-\-ßfpw At±-l-Øns‚ C—m-i-‡nsb

]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ (-I-cp-tØ-dnb ÿm\m¿-

∞n-Iƒ saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ-°p-b¿∂v hcp-tºmƒ Ahsc \njv]-`-

cm-°p-Ibpw Ab-Ym¿∞hpw _men-i-hp-amb Btcm-]-W-ßƒ Ah¿-

s°-Xnsc HutZym-KnI-th-Zn-I-fn¬ D∂-bn®v Ah-cpsS IpXn-Im¬ sh´p-

Ibpw sNøp∂ ]nev°me ]h-W-X-Iƒ Iäp-ºn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ

]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ kzoI-cn®v Bhn-jv°-cn®v ]mh¿Øn-I-am-

°nb I¿Ω-a¥w FXtbm hnin-jvS-sa∂v ]d-tb≠n hcp-∂p. GI

saXm-t∏m-eoØm amXta A∂v k`-bn-ep-≈q. At±-l-Øns‚ GXn-

jvShpw k -bn¬ ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-hm≥ Hcp hnj-ahpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

F∂n´pw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ hmƒ A¿l-X-bp-≈-h¿s°-Xnsc ]tbmKn-

-°msX DZmØ-amb Znhy-Z¿i-\-Øm¬ ]tNm-Z-n-X-\m-bn-s´∂ t]mse

tbmKy\pw bphm-hp-amb Hcp tijvT sshZn-Is\ ]n≥Km-an-bm-°m-

\p≈ ia-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Xs‚ hnImcn P\-d¬ Bbn Ah-tcm-[n-

®Xv F°m-ehpw ae-¶-c-k- -bn¬ F√m A[n-Imcÿm\n-Iƒ°pw Hcp

k¿∆-Ime amXr-I-bm-th-≠-Xm-Wv.

]p∂X -Ip-Spw-_-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Cu \nb-a-\-sØ-∏‰n ]kvXm-hn-

°p-∂-Xn-]-Im-c-amWv:

""..... Cu Ipcy≥ (-tPm¿÷v)- I-Ø-\m¿ CS-h-Ibv°v Xs∂-b-√,

kap-ZmbImcy-ß-fnepw Xmev]-cy-ap-≈-h-\m-I-bm¬ A°m-eØv Pohn-

®n-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ Xs‚ Btem-N-\-°m-c-\m-bn-´v

IqsS h®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv \ΩpsS tae-[y-£-\mbn `cn-

®n-cp-∂Xv ]I-tem-a-‰-Øp≈ HSp-hn-esØ saXm≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. A°m-

eØv saXms‚ ÿm\-sØ-∏‰n Bt£]w D≠m-bn. Hcp `mK-°m¿

C´q∏v dºm-s\bpw GXm\pwt]¿ ]I-tem-a‰w saXm-s\bpw kzoI-

cn-®p. saXms‚ \S-]Sn hfsc tamihpw C´q∏v dºms‚ \S-Ø-Øn¬

P\-ßƒ°v Xmev]-cyhpw h¿≤n®p h∂p. P\-ß-fpsS XmXv]cyw

sIm≠v htbm-[n-I-\mb C´q∏v dºms\ .... -sa-Xm-\mbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw

]p∂X tPm¿÷v IØ-\msc Xs‚ klmb hnImcn P\-d¬ Bbn

\nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.2 1816 HIvtSm-_-dn¬ Icn-ßm-®nd ]≈nbn¬

tN¿∂ sshZnI tIm¨^-d≥kn¬ Xs∂ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v Bwt•b

anj-\dn _nj-∏n-t\mSv kwkm-cn-°p-hm≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥

]p∂X IØ-\msc A[n-Im-c-s∏-SpØn \ntbm-Kn-®-Xmbn ]n. sNdn-

bm≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.3


ss__nƒ ]cn-`mj \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv Ncn-X-]p-cp-j≥ \S-

Ønb hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]cn-jv°-cn®v tIm´bw skan-\m-cn-bnse Xs‚

BZy- _m®n¬s]´ hnZym¿∞n-I-sf-s°m≠v ]I¿∏p-I-sf-Sp-∏n®v Ah

ae-¶-c-bnse hnhn[ tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-hm≥ htbm-[n-I-\mb

B ae-¶-c-sa-Xm≥ [rXn-s∏-´p. kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-

ßƒ Bbn-cp∂p Ah-sb-√mw. Ah-bn¬ Ip¿∫m-\-I-aw, Zmho-Zns‚

k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ, ]gb\nb-aw, t\mºnse ]pan-tbm≥ F∂n-h-bpsS

amXr-I-Iƒ A\p-_-‘-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw At±-

l-Øns‚ Xe-ap-d-bn¬s∏´ bph-ssh-Zn-I¿ Ah-cpsS ]m¿∞\m

]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ Fgp-Xn-h-®-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p (Cu KŸ-Im-cs‚ Kth-

j-W-i-a-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ I≠p-In-ńb ]kvXpX ssIsb-gpØp tcJ-

Iƒ 1992˛se H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚ A\p-_-‘Ønepw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v).

dnte kwL-Ønse Ah-km-\sØ Hm´-°m-c-s\-t∏mse k¿∆-

i‡nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v ae-¶-c-k`sb ]pXnb \q‰m-≠n-te°v kwI-

an-∏n-°p-hm≥ AXy-[zm\w sNøp∂ CS-b-ti-jvT-s\-bmWv At±-l-

Øns‚ A¥y-\m-fp-I-fn¬ \mw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ Imcy-

hn-Nm-cIt_m[hpw A\z¿∞-amb \njvI-f-¶-Xbpw CS-b-t_m-[hpw

Pzen®p \n¬°p∂ Hcp kw`hw k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb C -Uv. Fw.

]mtd´v hc-®p-Im-ń-bn-´p-≈Xv C]-Im-c-amWv:

""At±-l-Øns‚ \nkzm¿∞-Xbpw ]£-]m-X-cm-ln-Xyhpw A\p-

]-ahpw AXn-i-bn-°-Ø-°-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. skan-\m-cn-bpsS Npa-Xe

hfsc t¢i-`q-bn-jvT-amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \n¿h-ln®p t]mcp-tºmƒ

D≠mb Hcp kw`hw ChnsS ]kvXm-hy-am-Wv: Hcn-°¬ kz¥w IpSpw-

_-Øn¬ \n∂v hfsc ASpØ _‘-ap≈ Nne _‘p-°ƒ skan-

\m-cn-bn¬ FØn Xß-fpsS kmº-ØnI ]bm-k-ßfpw a‰pw At±-

lsØ Adn-bn-®p. Ah¿°v Hcp t\csØ Blmcw sImSp-Øp.

FXbpwthKw Ah¿ Xncn-®p-t]mIpw F∂v ]Xo-£n-®p. F¶nepw

t]mIm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ho≠pw sRcpßn Hcp t\csØ Blmcw IqSn

sImSp-Øp. ]ns∂bpw Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv I≠-t∏mƒ, AXv AX ]¥n-

b√ F∂v I≠v kt¶mNw IqSmsX At±lw Ah-tcmSv ]d™p:

"\nßƒ IpSpw-_-tØ°v t]mI-Ww. _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ apI-fn¬ \n∂v

Xo¿°-Ww. Cu kzØv \nßƒ°p-≈-X-√. Xoøm-WnXv'' F∂v ]d™v

bmXm-®n-e-hn-te°v \me©v NIw sImSp-Øp-hn-´p.''4

CXmWv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥. At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-]-Xn-I-

bn≥]Imcw kzIp-Spw-_-°m¿°v Xncn®psImSp-°p-hm≥ At±lw

\n¿t±-in-® hkvXp-°ƒ Fs¥ms° F∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ AXv Ipsd-

°qsS hy‡-amIpw:


"IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-t]m∂ Im∏s∏-ń (-ap-cn-°p-XSn

sIm≠p-≈-Xv), Hcp sNdnb tImfm-ºn, Hcp ]n®mØn \mcmbw CX-

amXw5 (A-t±-l-Øns‚ \ncym-Wm-\-¥cw At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-]Xw

\n¿t±-in® km[-\-ßƒ Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ho´p-Im¿°v e`n-®Xv Ah¿

\n[nt]mse hoń¬ kq£n-®p. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX Ip∂w-Ipfw ]g-

b-]-≈n-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ kvamcI I_dnSw Xøm-dm-°n-b-t∏mƒ

Cu Aaq-eyhkvXp-°ƒ B kvam-cI I_-dn-S-Øn¬ \nt£-]n-®p).

75˛mw hb- n¬ saXm≥ÿm-\Øv ]th-in-°p-hm≥, A\n-hm-cy-

amb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \n¿_≤-\mb kvacy-]p-cp-js\ saXm≥ ÿm\-

Øns‚ cmP-Io-b-]u-Vn-Iƒ Aev]-sa-¶nepw Iogvs]-Sp-Øn-bn-√.

ÿm\-ta‰ Znhkw ]pØ≥ aW-hm-f-s\-t∏mse kz¥w CS-h-I-bn-

te°v Hcp kzoI-cWw \S-∂-X-√msX At±-l-Øns‚ ssZ\w-Zn\

t]mKm-ap-I-fn¬ cY-tLm-j-bm-X-Iƒ°v H´pw ÿm-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.

k`m-t£-a-]-c-amb I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Gs‰-SpØv km£m-Xv°-cn-°m≥

Gsd-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ kzoI-c-W -am-am-¶-ßƒ°v kabw Is≠-

Øp-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. saXm≥ÿm-\-ta¬°p-

∂-Xn\v apºv skan-\mcn \n¿ΩmWw Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒØs∂ Pohn-X-

Øn\v kpc-£n-XXzw \¬In-bn-cp∂ ]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc CS-h-I-

bnse tkh-\-Øn\v ]q¿Æ-hn-cmaw \¬In. tIm´bw skan-\m-cn-bpsS

]h¿Ø\w Hcp ]m¿´v ˛ ssSw tPmen-bm-bn Im-Wp-hm≥ At±-l-

Øn\v Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xm≥ CS-h-I-®p-a-X-e-bn¬ \n∂v hns´m-gn™v

]pXp-Xmbn kzoI-cn® skan-\mcn ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ apgp-In-bm¬ Xs‚

Npa-X-e-bn-em-bn-cp∂ ]gb CS-hI Ad-_n-°-S-en¬ XmWp-t]m-Ip-I-

sbm∂pw Cs√∂pw tbmKy-cmb ]n≥Km-an-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ Xs‚

Npa-X-e-bn-em-bn-cp∂ CS-hI \n¿_m[w ]h¿Øn®psIm≈p-sa∂

ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw At±-l-Øn\v th≠p-thmfw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xm≥

AXy-[zm\w sNbvXv s\Sp-¶≥ ]≈n-s°-ń-SsØ ad-t°-≠Xv ]pXnb

Npa-X-e-tbmSv hniz-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-hm≥ Bh-iy-sa∂v At±-l-Øn-

\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp k\ym-kn-bpsS \n¿Ω-aXzw At±-l-Øn¬

Pzen®p \n∂p. "ka-tem-jvS-Im©-\Xz'-amWv Hcp k\ym-kn-bpsS apJ-

apZ F∂ `mc-Xob Z¿i\w At±-l-Øn¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-am-hp-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p (aÆn≥I´-tbbpw kz¿Æ°´tbbpw ka-ambn ho£n-°p-I

F∂¿∞w). ]mepw tX\pw X∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ B¿Øm‰v tZisØ

hmkhpw `c-Whpw Ah-km-\n-∏n®v, A\n-›n-XXzw \nd™ kz]v-\-

ß-fp-ambn tIm´-b-sØ-Øp-tºmƒ B k\ymkn A_lmw ]nXm-

hn-s\-t∏mse ssZh-\-S-Øn-∏n¬ ]q¿Æ-ambn hniz-kn-®p. k\ym-kn-


bpsS thjw-sIm≠v Imcy-an-√, k\ym-kn-bpsS Bflm-hmWv kvacy-

]p-cp-js\ C°m-cy-Øn¬ \bn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

saXm≥]Z-Øn¬ ]mZ-aq-∂n-b-t∏mgpw B k\ym-kn-h-cys‚ k\ym-

k-\n-jvT-Iƒ°v Xcnºpw ewL-\-ap-≠m-bn√ F∂Xv ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬

Hc-¤p-X-am-bn. ]nb -hn-Zym¿∞n-I-fmb siΩm-i-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w \nXyhpw

`£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±-l-Øn\v A`n-am\£X-sam∂pw tXm∂n-

bn-√. X\n°v amX-ambn `£-W-hn-`-h-ß-fn¬ cmP-Io-bX ]th-in-

°-phm≥ At±lw A\p-h-Zn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ £Wapdn-bn¬ kzIm-

cyX D≠m-th-≠Xv At±-l-Øn\v Bh-iy-ambn tXm∂n-bn-√. Hcp Kpcp-

Ip-e-Øns‚ A¥-co£w At±lw saXm-\mb tijhpw skan-\m-cn-

bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn ]nb- hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ km£n-®n- p-≠v. IrXn-

a-amb Xe-°-\w, Kw`o-c-amb au\-ßƒ, kwkm-c-ssi-en-bn-tebpw

kao-]-\-co-Xn-bn-tebpw IrXna ]I-S\-ßƒ Ch-sbm∂pw B k\ym-

kn-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂n-√. Im]-Sy-an-√m-bvabpw B¿P-

h-Xzhpw kpXm-cy-Xbpw saXm≥ ÿm\Øv ]th-in-®-t∏mgpw

At±lw \ne-\n¿Øn. ]pXnb saXms‚ Bÿm\w ]h¿Øn-®Xv

"Ac-a\ ssien'-bn-e√, ]uckvXy Ejo-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ ]g-b-sk-an-

\mcn Bi-a-ssien XpS-cp-∂Xv F√m-hcpw A¤p-X-tØmSpw tImcn-

Ø-cn-t∏mSpw IqSn I≠p. `£-W-Im-cy-ß-fnepw a‰pw ]pXnb ae-¶-c-

sa-Xm≥ Zo£n-°p∂ kwb-a-]m-c-aysØ ]m›m-Xy-an-j-W-dn-am¿

]Io¿Øn-®p.

Zb-dm-°m-cpsS kaqlw k`-bpsS Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]n-\v- A-]-cn-

Xym-Py-sa∂v A`n-\h saXm≥ hniz-kn-®p. Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-X-

\mb C´q∏v IØ-\m¿. injy-]-ap-J-\mb IpØq¿ Koh-dp-§okv

aev]m≥, ]p∂X tPm¿÷v IØ-\m¿ XpS-ßn-b-hsc dºm-∑m-cm°n

]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS k\ymkapJw ]Zo-]vX-am-°m≥ At±lw BK-

ln-®p. F∂m¬ kztZiw hn´v t]mhm≥ Ah-cn¬ ]e¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-

cp∂ hnjaw e£y-\n¿h-l-W-Øn\v XS w krjvSn-®p. Fgp]Ø©p

h¿jsØ ]cp-°≥PohnXw B i-co-csØ Zp¿_-e-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂mepw ]pØ≥ Bi-b-ßƒ B ]Xn-`m-k-º-∂s‚ a\- n¬

NndIp -hn-S¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p Zb-dm- k-¶-ev]w.

(A-t±-l-Øns‚ ImeØv B kz]v\w k^-e-am-bn-√, F¶nepw

]q¿hn-Is‚ B kz]v\w A©p ]Xn-‰m-≠n\v tijw ]n≥Km-an-bmbn

h∂ ]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥ km£m-XvI-cn-°pI

Xs∂ sNbvXp. D≈q¿ ]mSn-bXv FX icn-bmWv:


""AXmWv Xmtb, `h-Xnbv°v ]≠p˛

≈mZ¿iw A—\v aI≥ alo-bm≥

XmX≥ acn-®m¬ X\-b≥ XpS¿∂v

XZvhr-Ø-Jfiw ]cn-]q¿Æ-am-°pw.''

kvacy-]p-cp-js‚ Zbdm k¶ev]w 1872˛¬ sh´n-bv°¬ Zbdm

ÿm]n-X-am-b-tXmsS km£m-XvI-cn-°-s∏-´p.)

kwb-a-io-e\pw Xt]m-\n-[n-bp-amb kvacy-]p-cp-j\v tcmK-im-¥n-

hchpw a‰-\-h[n \¬h-c-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]ecpw km£n-

®n-´p-≠v. Hcp tcmKn-bpsS inc- n¬ At±lw ssIsh®v ]m¿∞n-®m¬

B tcmKn°v kuJyw In´pI ]Xn-hmWv F∂v B kn≤s‚ ssh`-

hsØ ]pIgvØns°m≠v tIW¬ a¨tdm ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-

htX. ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ \nXyhpw k‘ym-\-a-kvIm-c-Øn\p

tijw tcmKn-Isf At±-l-Øns‚ apºmsI ka¿∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ i‡-amb ]m¿∞-\-bm¬ D≠mb Hcp A¤p-X-sØ-

∏‰n Hcp hnh-cWw sFXnlycq]-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv At±-l-

Øns‚ ]Ya Poh-N-cn-X-Im-c≥ D≤-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xn-]-Im-c-am-Wv.7

"\√ \nem-hp-≈ Hcp cmXn. kabw Gg-c- a-Wn. At∏m-gmWv aq∂v

siΩm-i∑m¿ Ipfn-°m-\mbn ]pg-°-S-hn-se-Øn-b-Xv. ]pg-bn¬°qSn Hgp-

°n-s°m-≠p-h∂ ac-Ø-Sn-Iƒ XocØv InS-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. siΩm-i-

∑m¿ aq∂v t]cpw B ac-Ø-Sn-I-fn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp∂v Aev]-t\cw kwkm-

cn-°m-sa∂p Xocp-am-\n-®p. s]s´-∂mWv Hcp siΩm-i\v t_m[-£-b-

ap-≠m-b-Xv. ]cn-`m-¥-cmb a‰p c≠v siΩm-i∑m¿ Xmsg hoW

siΩmis\ Xmßn-sb-gp-t∂-ev]n-®p. s]s´∂v B siΩm-i≥ a‰v c≠p-

t]scbpw ISn-°p-Ibpw Ak-`y-ßƒ ]pe-ºp-Ibpw sNbvXp. a‰v c≠p

siΩm-i-∑mcpw hmhn´p \ne-hn-fn-®p. \ne-hn-fn- tI´v knΩ-\m-cn-bnse

F√m-hcpw AhnsS HmSn-sb-Øn. t_m[-£-b-ap-≠mb siΩm-i≥

At∏m-tg°pw Hcp `m¥-\mbn amdn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. Iøn¬ In´nb-

sXSpØv e£y-an-√msX Abmƒ Fdn-™p. siΩm-is\ kao-]n-°p-

hm≥ Bcpw ss[cy-s∏- n-√. hnh-c-a-dn™p Xncp-ta\n ]pg-°-S-hn-seØn.

At±-lsØ I≠-bp-S≥ siΩm-i≥ ]pg-bn-te-s°-SpØp NmSn. DSs\

a‰p ]ecpw ss[cy-a-h-ew-_n®v ]pg-bn¬ NmSn siΩm-is\ hen-®n-

g®v Ic-bv°-Sp-∏n-®p. Xncp-ta\n aµ-kvan-X-tØmsS Xs‚ injys\

kao-]n-°p-hm≥ ian-®-t∏mƒ F√m-hcpw At±-lsØ XS™p. siΩm-

i≥ Xncp-ta-\nsb D]-Z-hn-°p-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS `bw. Xncp-

ta\n bmsXmcp kt¶m-Nhpw IqSmsX siΩm-is‚ ASp-tØ°v

\S∂p. Xs‚ Acp-a-in-jys‚ Zpc-hÿ I≠v Xncp-ta\n IÆp-\o¿


s]mgn-®p. Ipcn-i-S-bmfw hc-®p-sIm≠v At±lw ]X-dmØ kzc-Øn¬

tNmZn-®p. "Fs‚ injys\ \o BI-an-®pthm?'

L\-Kmw-òcyw Ie¿∂ B Znhy-i_vZw tI´v siΩm-i≥ ]pg-tbm-

cØv InS-∂p-cp-≠p. "Fs∂ t]mIm-\-\p-h-Zn°q' siΩm-i≥ KZvK-Z-

tØmsS At]-£n-®p.

""C\nbpw Cu knΩ-\mcn ]cn-k-c-sØßpw \ns∂ I≠p-t]m-I-

cpXv. Dw. t]mIq.'' Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS B⁄. siΩm-i≥ t_m[-£-b-

Øn-e-a¿∂p. Aev] \nan-j-ßƒ Ign™v siΩm-i≥ DW¿∂-t∏mƒ

IqSn \n∂-h¿ ]d™p: "\ΩpsS siΩm-i≥ c£-s∏-´p.'

Cu kw`-h-Øn\v tijw CXphscbpw knΩ-\m-cn-bntem knΩ-

\mcn ]cn-k-ctØm Hcp-Ø¿°pw _mt[m-]-Z-h-ßƒ D≠m-bn-ń-√.'8

A°m-eØv tZhm-e-b-Ønse Bcm-[-\-Iƒ kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn-

emWv \n¿∆-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ipiq-j-bpsS L -ßfpw NS-ßp-Ifpw Inb-

Ifpw am‰-an-√msX Bh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ `‡n-]q¿∆w AXn¬

kw_-‘n-°p-hm≥ B¿°pw hnj-a-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. t£X- a-¥-ßƒ

kwkvIr-X-Ønepw ap…ow ]m¿∞\-Iƒ Ad-_n-bnepw \n¿h-ln-®n-

cp∂ A°m-eØv kpdn-bm-\n- m-j-bnse Bcm-[-\-tbmSv B¿°pw ]Xn-

tj[w tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂mepw ae-bmf mj-bn¬ Bcm-[-\-bpsS

Ipsd `mK-sa-¶nepw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXm¬ Bcm-[-\-bnse P\-]¶m-

fnØw IqSp-X¬ A¿∞-h-Øm-Ip-sa∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v

tXm∂n. Ip¿∫m-\-I-a-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS ]Xn-I-cW `mK-ßƒ

At±lw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXncp∂p. B hnh¿Ø\w siΩm-i-∑m¿

]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-Øp. ItaW Ah-cn-eqsS ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-seßpw AXv

]Nm-c-Øn-em-bn. ]pcm-X\ IpSpw-_-ßfn¬ Ah-ti-jn® ssIsb-

gpØv ]m¿∞-\m-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Cu Ip¿∫m-\-Iaw CsX-gp-Xp∂ Bƒ

I≠v hnkva-bn-®n-´p-≠v. £oWhpw hm¿≤-Iyhpw Ah-K-Wn®v A¥y-

\m-fp-I-fnepw At±-l-Ønse k¿§-tN-X\ I¿tΩm-’p-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

G‰hpw HSp-hn¬ henb t\mºnse ]pan-tbm≥ At±lw hnh¿Ø\w

sNøm≥ Bcw-`n-®p. AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-cq]w I≠p-In-ń-bn-ń-s√-¶nepw

Nne `mK-ßƒ Is≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

IS-a‰w ]≈n-bn¬ ÿm\-sam-gn™v hni-an-®n-cp∂ sF∏v saXms\

ho≠pw c-W-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ Nne ]I-tem-a‰w ‡-∑m¿

ian-°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√. sX°≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn-sebpw a‰pw A\p-`m-hn-Isf

kwL-Sn-∏n®v sF∏v saXms‚ Iogn¬ Hcp ]I-tem-a‰w I£n°v cq]w

sImSp-°p-hm≥ A¶-am-en-bnse N°-c-b-I-Øq v C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ D’m-


ln®p F¶nepw AsXm∂pw e-h-Øm-bn-√. A∂p-h-scbpw km£yw

hln-®n-ń-√mØ tim`-bp≈ t\Xr-Xz-Øns‚ ê-ambn ae-¶-c-k`

Dt∑jw sIm≈p∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ AI¿ΩWy-Xbpw kzm¿∞-Xbpw

tdmΩ≥ k`m-t]-ahpw ssIap-X-em°n am¿tØmΩm ss]XrIw hr¿-

∞-ambn ]mSp∂ ]I-tem-a‰w ssiensb k` H∂-S¶w hnkva-cn-®p.

skan-\m-cnsb tIµo-I-cn®v ae-¶-c-sa-Xms‚ k`m skI-t´-dn-b‰v

]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-b-Xv, ae-¶csaXm≥ ]≈n-I-fpsS HuZm-cy-Øn¬

\n∂v tamNn-X-\mbn, kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿX-bn-ep≈ Hcp s]mXp-

ÿeØv BZy-ambn Bÿm\w Iao-I-cn-®-Xv, Bcm-[-\I-a-ß-fpsS

hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS tZhm-e-bm-cm-[-\-I-fpsS P\-]-¶m-fn-ØsØ

A¿∞kmµ-am-°n-b-Xv, ]≈n-bpsS hm¿jn-I-I-W-°p-Iƒ saXms‚

AwKo-Im-c-Øn-\mbn ka¿∏n-°pI F∂ hnπ-hm-flI ]cnh¿Ø-\-

Øn-eqsS k`bv°v k\mYXzw ssIh-∂-Xv, siΩm-i-∑m¿°v Bcm-[-

\-I-aßƒ°p ]pdsa thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ⁄m\w h¿≤n-°p-amdv

Bwt•b anj-W-dn-am-cpsS klmbw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ e`yam°n-b-Xv,

Xmev]-cy-ap≈ siΩm-i-∑m¿°v Cw•o-jn-t\m-sSm∏w lo_p, Ko°v

XpS-ßnb ¢mknIv `mj-I-fn¬ ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn-em-sW-¶nepw

FØn-t\m-°p-hm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-®-Xv, k¿t∆m-]cn k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-

Øns‚ aq¿Øo-I-c-W-amb Hcp ae-¶-c-sa-Xm-t\m-sSm∏w k`-bnse

`mhn sshZn-I¿°v `‡n-Po-hnX ]cn-io-e\w km[y-am-bn-Øo¿∂Xv

F∂n-ßs\ H´p-h-fsc AZr-jvS-]q¿hß-fmb I¿Ω-ta-J-e-I-fn¬

hnS¿∂p\nev°p∂ kpK-‘-hm-ln-Ifpw h¿Æ-kp-c-`n-ehp-amb ]pjv]-

ß-sf-s°m≠v ae-¶-c-k` BI¿j-I-amb DZym-\-ambn ]cn-Wmaw

sIm≈p∂ B ]cn-h¿Ø\ Zi-bn¬ \n¿÷o-h-X-bpsS t]X-kva-c-

W-Isf ]p\x-]-Xn-jvTn-°p-hm≥ \S∂ ia-ß-sf√mw hn^-e-am-hp-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb \q‰m-≠n-te°v k -sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw kwI-

an-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ iwsJmenbn¬ A]-i-_vZ-ßsf ihn-°p-hm≥ k`-

bnemcpap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. FXn-cm-fn-Isf au\-am-°p-Ibpw Inbm-]-≤-

Xn-I-fpsS BI¿jWi‡n- aqew X∂n-te°v hen-®-Sp-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ i‡-amb Hcp Im¥-a-fiew ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥

krjvSn-®-tXmsS £pZ-i-‡n-Ifpw Ah-cpsS £pZ-tam-l-ßfpw \nXy-

ambn AkvX-an-°pI Xs∂- sN-bvXp. ap≥Im-e-ß-sfbpw h¿Ø-am-\-

Im-e-sØbpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvX Nn¥m-ti-jn-bp-≈-h¿, KX-Imew

kΩm-\n® thZ-\-Isf Ipgn-®p-aq-Sm\pw i‡n-bn-te°p IpXn-°p-hm-

\p-ap≈ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®s‚ aqI-sa-¶nepw kmµ-Kw-ò-c-amb

apZm-hm-IysØ G‰p-]m-Sn-b-tXmsS ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Hcp ]pXnb

kqtcym-Zbw kam-K-X-ambn F∂v Xncn-®-dn-™p.


cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c-Øns‚ ]n≥_ew \nb-a-]-c-ambn Ah-Im-i-

s∏-Sm-\m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Fhn-sSbpw _e-]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS

FXn¿∏p-Isf AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm≥ Bhiyw h∂n-cp-∂n-√. k`-bn¬

A\p-Zn\w Ac-tß-dn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ Inbm-flI ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ°v

]Nm-c-I≥ Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ah Hmtcm∂pw kzbw hni-Zo-I-c-

W-£-a-am-bn-cp-∂p. sF∏v saXms\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n-b-Xpƒs∏-sS-

bp≈ k`m-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ k` H∂-S¶w ]pen-t°m-´n¬ saXm-®s\

hnizm-k-]q¿∆w A\p-K-an-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

1. ]pdw 247˛257.

2. ]pc-°¬ amXyp, ]p∂X IpSpw-_-N-cn-Xw, 1966, ]pdw 76.

3. ]n. sNdn-bm≥, ]pdw 102.

4. ]mtd-´v, ae-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ, hmeyw 3, ]pdw 115, 116.

5. tIm´bw skan-\mcn 175˛mw hm¿jnI kph-\o¿, ]pdw 23.

6. ^m. ]n. Fw. tPmkv, Imew sNbvX A®≥, ]pdw 32.

7. AtX ]pkvX-Iw, ]pdw 32.

8. AtX ]pkvX-Iw, AtX t]Pv.


`mKw c≠v

almflmhmb k`m-tX-P v

]. ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmk^v

am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠m-a≥

(1832- 1909)

1. ]me°p∂Øv A_lmw aev]m≥

amthen°c kp∂ltZmkv ae¶ck`bnse \hoIcW ]iv\-

ßƒ°pw a‰pw A¥na ]cnlmcamhpsa∂v hnNmcn®h¿°v sX‰p]‰n.

k¶o¿Æhpw Zqchym]Ihpamb as‰mcp Ie°Øns‚bpw hn`P\-

Øns‚bpw \mfpIfmWv k`sb ImØncp∂Xv. \hoIcWØns‚

ad ]nSn®mWv ]iv\ßƒ hf¿∂sX¶nepw AXn\v i‡n ]I¿∂

LSIßƒ ]eXmbncp∂p:

1. \hoIcWNn¥Iƒ. 2. ]utcmlnXyØns‚ km[pXsb∏-

‰nbp≈ kwibw. 3. am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ \mSp ISØnbXn¬

k`bpsS HutZymKnI t\XrXztØmSp≈ ]Xntj[w. 4. Agn®p

]´ta‰Xns‚ t]cn¬ \nch[n ]mamWnI sshZnI¿s°Xnsc

in£W\S]SnIƒ kzoIcn® tN∏m´v saXm®t\mSp≈ ]Xntj[w.

5. saXm≥ ÿm\w e`n°msX t]mb saXm≥ ÿm\m¿∞nIfpsS

AkwXr]vXn. 6. XßfpsS ]Xn‰m≠pImesØ A≤zm\sØ Pe-

tcJbmbn am‰nb ae¶ck`tbmSv anjWdnamcn¬ AS°nh®

]Ibpw hntZzjhpw.

1836˛se amthen°c kp∂ltZmkv Hcp hn`P\tcJbmbn. anjW-

dnam¿ kpdnbm\n CShIIƒ kµ¿in®v XßfpsS kzm[o\Øn¬s∏-

´hsc ]tXyI k`mhn`mKambn kwLSn∏n®p. A]Imcw ]ncn™p

t]mbh¿ kn. Fw. Fkv. (N¿®v anj≥ skmssk‰n) F∂ t]cn¬

ae¶ck`bnse t]m´Ã‚ v hn`mKambnØo¿∂p. F∂m¬ ]tXyI

k`mhn`mKamhm≥ Iq´m°msX \hoIcWmibßƒ sIm≠v ae¶c

k`sb \hoIcn°phm≥ ]Xn⁄m_≤cmb Hcp hn`mKw ae¶ck

`bn¬ cq]wsIm≠ncp∂p. amthen°c kp∂ltZmkn¬ ]s¶Sp-

°msX hn´p\n∂ ]me°p∂Øv A_lmw aev]m≥ Bbncp∂p Cu

hn`mKØns‚ t\Xmhv. tN∏m´v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns\ ÿm\-

XymKw sNøn®v \hoIcWtØmSv B`napJyap≈ ˛ ÿm\km[pX-


bn¬ X¿°an√mØ ˛ Hcp saXm≥ D≠mIphm≥ Ah¿ BKln®p.

saXm®s‚ t]cn¬ Hcp AgnaXn∏ńI Xømdm°n Ah¿ dknU-

≠n\v \¬In (_u¨, ]p. 140). AXns‚ kw£n]vXcq]w C]-

ImcamWv:

1. Imt\m\mIƒ°pw Iogv\S∏pIƒ°pw hntcm[ambn ]Xnêw

hmßn AtbmKycmb ÿm\tamlnIƒ°v ]´w sImSpØv CShII-

fn¬ `n∂Xbp≠m°p∂p. 2. in£WØnepw hnNmcWbnepw

ssI°qen \n¿ÆmbI am\Zfiamhp∂p. 3. kt`Xc hyhlmc-

ßfn¬ saXm≥ CSs]´v ssI°qen hmßn ]£]mX]cambn Imcy-

ßƒ hn[n°p∂p. 4. CSbXz ]cn]me\w \n¿∆ln°msX Zhyem`w

ap≥\n¿Øn ]W°m¿°v ASnas∏´v X¿°ßƒ D≠m°p∂p. 5.

]≈nIfnse A\mflob BtLmjßsf saXmt∏meoØm A\pIq-

en°p∂p. 6. CShIIfpsS IW°pIfpw sXc´pw ]cntim[n°phm≥

1816 apX¬ G¿s∏SpØnbncp∂ tIµoIrX `cWssien saXmt∏m-

eoØm XI¿°p∂p. 7. ]≈nIƒ°v G¿∏mSm°nbncp∂ hyhÿm-

]nX N´ßsf ewLn®v tkz—m[n]Xy]cambn saXm≥ k`bn¬

B`y¥c Ielßƒ P\n∏n°p∂p. 8. ZhykºmZ\Øn\v Bflob-

ÿm\w Zpcp]tbmKs∏SpØpIbpw kºmZyßƒ kzIpSpw_°m¿°v

\¬IpIbpw sNøp∂p. 9. \nbam\pkrX D]tZiIkanXnsb

saXm≥ t\m°pIpØnbm°n am‰p∂p. 10. saXm≥ k` apºmsI

\SØnb DSºSnbpw kXy]Xn⁄bpw AhKWn°pIbpw AXnse

hyhÿIsf GdnbIqdpw ewLn°pIbpw sNbvXncn°p∂p (C´q∏v

ssd´¿, ]p. 245; ae-¶-c-k`: NcnXhpw kwkvImchpw, ]p. 584˛586).

(F∏nkvtIm∏¬ ÿm\ßfn¬ Imet`Zsat\y I≠pt]mcp∂

amen\yßsfbmWv Hcp hn`mKw ip≤oIcWhmZw F∂ t]cn¬

FXn¿ØXv. hcpam\ km≤yXIƒ IqSpXep≈ ]≈nIfnse CShI

]´°m¿ GIoIrX iºf]≤Xn, ÿewam‰w, dn´b¿sa‚ v F∂o

ImtemNnX ]cnjv°mcßsf ÿm¿∞em`ßfpsS t]cn¬ FXn¿-

°p∂Xpt]mse taev]´°mcpsS ÿewam‰w, dn´b¿sa‚ v, taev]-

´°mcpsS iºf]≤Xn F∂nhsb k`bpsS Xmev]cyßƒ°p hncp-

≤ambn FXn¿°p∂Xpw k`bpsS ]q¿Æ kp∂ltZmkv F∂

ÿm\w A¿ln°p∂ amt\PnwKv IΩn‰nIfn¬ AØcw k`m Xmev]-

cyßƒ `qcn]£m`n]mbambn ]Xnên°ptºmƒ F∏nkvtIm∏-

knbpsS hot‰m A[nImcw F∂ `cWLS\m\pkrXa√mØ \ymb-

hmZßfpsS apJwaqSn [cn®v AXns\ FXn¿°p∂Xpw, CØcw amen-

\yßfpsS ImemXoX km∂n≤yw aqeat√ F∂v Nn¥n-°p-∂-h-cpsS


kwJy k -bn¬ ]XnZn\w s]cp-Ip∂p F∂Xv Hcp kXy-am-Wv. A·n-

]¿h-X-Øn-t∑¬ kwhn-[m\w sNø-s∏´ DZym-\-tim-`-bmWv k`-bn-

en∂v ImWp∂ ]pdw]In-´p-Iƒ F∂v ]hmNtImNnXamb A\ym-

]tZi ssienbn¬ bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkthdntbmkv ]nXmhns\-

t∏msebp≈h¿ Bh¿Øn®v ]d™n´p≈Xv Hm¿Ωbn¬ hcp∂p).

tN∏m´v saXm®s‚ t]cn¬ \¬Inb AgnaXnbmtcm]Wßƒ°v

\S]Snsbm∂pw D≠mbn√. anjWdnamsc ]≈nIfn¬ ]thin∏n°cp-

sX∂pw Cu Iev]\ ewLn°p∂hsc apS°psa∂pw tN∏m v saXm≥

1837 am¿®n¬ Hcp k¿°pe¿ Cd°n (]n. sNdnbm≥, ]p. 285). \ho-

IcWm\pIqenIƒ B k¿°pe¿ AhKWn®p.

CXn\nSbn¬ XIvkm ]cnjv°cWØn\v \ntbmKn°s∏´ IΩn‰n

]cnjv°cWw ]q¿Ønbm°n. \hoIcWt\Xmhpw XIvkm ]cnjv°-

cW IΩn‰nbn¬ ]apJ\pamb ]me°p∂Øv A_lmw aev]m≥

]cnjvIcn® XIvkm ]Imcw Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n®p. tImgt©cn,

sFcq¿, amcmaÆv F∂o CShIIƒ CXns\ kzmKXw sNbvXp.

HºXv XncpØepIƒ XIvkmbn¬ hcpØn F∂mWv s]mXpsh

A`n]mbw.

1. ]cnip≤∑mtcmSp≈ ]m¿∞\Iƒ \o°w sNbvXp. 2. acn-

®h¿°v th≠nbp≈ ]m¿∞\Iƒ \o°n. 3. temImXn¿ØnIsf

A[o\am°nbncn°p∂ \ns∂...., AKm[ßsf `cn°p∂ \ns∂....,

ssZhamb \ns∂.... XpSßnbp≈ ]m¿∞\ Dt]£n®p. 4. "c‡w

IqSmØ _en' F∂Xv "]m¿∞\Iƒ' F∂v hyXymks∏SpØn. 5.

"Poh\p≈ _ensb' F∂Xn\v ]Icw "Ir]bpw kvtXmXhpw

kam[m\hpamIp∂ _ensb' F∂v t`Zs∏SpØn. 6. "Cu Ip¿∫m\....

_enbpw kvtXmXhpamIp∂p' F∂ ]Jym]\w \o°n. 7. "dqlm

[q]IeisØ ip≤oIcn°p∂h\mIp∂p' F∂ ]Jym]\w \o°n.

8. "c£Is‚ I√d ta¬ hbv°s∏´ Xo°¬∏md \obmIp∂p'

F∂Xn\v ]Icw "]Wn°m¿ \nch[n tim[\ sNbvXXpw hnetb-

dnbXpamb B Xo°¬]mdbpw \obmIp∂p' F∂v tN¿Øp. 9. Ip¿-

∫m\ c≠mbn´v sImSp°phm≥ \n›bn®p. 10. ]´°mct\mSv ]m]w

G‰p]d™p ]m]tamN\w hmßn°Wsa∂ G¿∏mSv \n¿Øem°n.

11. ssIs°m≈m≥ Bfn√mØt∏mƒ Ip¿∫m\ sNmt√≠Xn√ F∂v

\n›bn®p (sI. F≥. Zm\ntb¬, ae¶ck`bpw \hoIcWhpw, ]p.

45˛47).


Cu t`ZKXnIƒ°v hmsamgn ]mcºcyta D≈q. A_lmw

aev]m≥ t]mepw Cu t`ZKXnIƒ FgpXnb cq]Øn¬ D]tbmKn®n√

F∂pw ]q¿∆oI XIvkmbn¬ enJnX t`ZKXnIƒ hcpØmsX Bh-

iyamb `mKßfn¬ hyXymkw hcpØn D]tbmKn°pIbpw Hgnhm-

t°≠ `mKßƒ sNm√mXncn°pIbpambncp∂p ]Xnhv F∂v At±-

lØns‚ injy∑m¿ tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Cu t`ZKXnIƒ ]nev°m-

eØp \hoIcW°m¿ XIvkmbn¬ tcJs∏SpØnbt∏mƒ \hoIc-

WØns‚ BZy Xeapdbnse ]_e∑m¿ AXns\ ITn\ambn

FXn¿Øncp∂p. \hoIcW t\Xmhmb ]me°p∂Øv henb saXm-

®\n¬ \n∂v ]´taev°pIbpw ]me°p∂Øv c≠v saXm∑mtcmSpw

tN¿∂v \hoIcW]ÿm\Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬IpIbpw Ahn`‡-

k`bpsS sshZnI SÃnbmbncp∂v Be∏pgbnepw Xncph\¥]pc-

Øpambn \S∂ hyhlmcßƒ \SØpIbpw sNbvX tIm´bw sNdnb-

]≈n hnImcn ]p∂X XmgØv Nm≠∏n≈°Ø\m¿ (XmgØ®≥)

At±lØns‚ 81˛mw hb n¬ FgpXn ]kn≤s∏SpØnb "hnem]-

ßƒ' F∂ sNdpKŸw ImcyßfpsS \nPÿnXn shfns∏SpØp-

∂p≠v. At±lw FgpXp∂p: ""\ΩpsS k`bv°v h√ ]cnjv°mchpw

Bhiysa∂v hnNmcn°p∂ ]£w \ΩpsS kIe ]≈nIaßsfbpw

X¿-ana sNbvXv Adn-bm-hp∂ mj-bn¬ hcpØn k -bpsS alm henb

kp∂-l-tZmkv hnfn-®p-Iqń k` apgp-h-s‚bpw kΩXw \nb-a-]-Imcw

hcpØn ]q¿∆o-I-am-bn-´p-≈Xpw apJy-am-bn-´p-≈-Xp-amb hnizm-km-Nm-

c-ß-sfbpw Ia-ß-sfbpw ]cnjv°cn°b√msX Cu hn[w \SØp-

∂ IΩn‰nbpsStbm IΩn-‰n-bpsS satPmdnńbpsStbm \n›bßsf

Cu henb kapZmbw Hcn°epw kΩXn°p∂Xs√∂v Rm≥ ss[cy-

ambn ]d™psIm≈p∂p.''

(]me°p∂Øv A_lmw aev]m≥ amXa√ ]e aev]m∑mcpw

C]Imcw kzIt]meIev]nXamb ]e Bibßfpw ]cnjvImc-

ßfpw tN¿Øv ]q¿hnI Bcm[\Iaßsfbpw \S]SnIaßsfbpw

A\[nIrXambn ]cnjv°cn®n´p≈Xv k`bn¬ ZriyamWv. Nne

DZmlcWßƒ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.

1. kv\m\m¿∞nsb aqtdm≥ A`ntjIw sNøptºmƒ ]mSp∂ "ssZ-

hw sNm∂m≥ Altdms\ ]qipI' F∂mcw`n°p∂ Km\w 1876˛¬

]tXmkv _mhm Zpcpt±iytØmsS Iqńt®¿ØXmWv.

2. kv\m\ta‰ Ip™pßsf aZv_lmbn¬ ]thin∏n®ncp∂n√.

]tXmkv _mhm BÏp™pßsf Ib‰nØpSßn. B¨˛s]¨

kaXzw Dd∏p hcpØphm≥ Ct∏mƒ F√mhscbpw Ib‰p∂p.


3. `h\IqZmibn¬ sh≈w D]tbmKn®ncp∂n√. ]n∂oSv sh≈w

A\utZymKnIambn cwK]thiw sNbvXp. Ct∏mƒ -k`bpsS HutZym-

KnI ]kn≤oIcWhIp∏pImcpsS IaØn¬ sh≈w HutZymKnI-

ambn. AXnt∑¬ Hcp ]m¿∞\bpw ]Xy£s∏ńcn°p∂p. mhnbn¬

s]¥nt°mkvXnbpsS sh≈Ønt∑epw I¥oemsskØnt∑epw

]pXnb ]m¿∞\Ifpw dqivamIfpw ]Xy£s∏t´°pw. Hm¿ØtUm-

Ivkv Bcm[\]cnjv°mcw ]et∏mgpw hm\clkvXÿnXamb

]qame t]mse Bhp∂p.

4. hnhmlIqZmibn¬ a¥tImSn [cn∏n°ptºmƒ ]pXnb Km\w

]Xy£s∏ńcn°p∂p. IocoShmgvhn\v hc\pw h[phn\pw ]tXyIam-

bn sNm√nbncp∂ Km\ßƒ A]Xy£ambn. Km\ßƒ Bh¿Ø-

\ambn.

5. s]¥t°mkvXnbpsS sh≈w Xfn°¬ apºn√mbncp∂p.

6. bmt°m_ns‚ t_mhqtkmbnse lmimbpsS D]kwlmc mKw

bqZ∑msc i]n°p∂ `mKamsW∂v Nne¿ hna¿in®Xns‚ t]cn¬

AXv FSpØpam‰n ]Icw as‰mcp CucSn X¬ÿm\Øv tN¿Øp.

FSpØp am‰nb CucSnbn¬ Hcp im]hpan√; AsXmcp ]kvXm-

h\amXamWv.

7. Ip¿∫m\bv°v Z¿Kmbn¬ Ibdnbm¬ Cdßp∂Xp hsc ]m´p-

Ifn√. autXmIv tamdm≥ F∂ KZyØns‚ ]ZyhXv°cWw, ssII-

kvXqcn kabsØ Km\ßƒ, Jfin∏pkabsØ Km\ßƒ,

lqtØmtΩmKm\ßƒ Chsbms° Hmtcmtcm Imeßfn¬ aev]m-

∑m¿ A\[nIrXambn Iqńt®¿ØhbmWv.

8. Ip¿∫m\bnse kam[m\miwkIfnse dqivam C√mXm°n. ]Sn-

™mtdm´p≈ X¬kabsØ ssIImWn°¬ A¿∞an√mØ

NSßm°n°f™p.

9. timi∏mbpsS tIm¨ aS°nbnSptºmƒ "]pX≥ kv°o∏mbn¬

acn®p' F∂pw tIm¨ \nh¿ØnbnSptºmƒ "I_dn¬ \n∂v D∞m\w

sNbvXp' F∂pw sNm√nbncp∂ ]Xnhv \n∂pt]mbn. tIm¨ aS°p∂-

Xpw \nh¿Øp∂Xpw Nne¿ \n¿Øem°n.

10. XnXz hmIyambn ip_tlm sNm√n Im¿ΩnI≥ P\Øn\v

t\sc dqiva sNøp∂ ]Xnhv C√mXmbn. P\ßfpsS t\sc Cu

dqivam \SØphm\mWv ]≠v F√m Km\ ipiqjIfnepw Im¿ΩnI≥

]m´p ]mSptºmƒ ]Sn™mtdm´v Xncn™v Ah sNm√nbncp∂Xv.


Ct∏mƒ AXv ]´wsImSbnepw amaqZokmbnepw hnhmlØnepw a‰pw

amXambn Npcpßnbncn°p∂p. \akvImcthfIfnepw Ip¿∫m\-

bnepw a‰pw Ip°nentbm\pIƒ sNm√ptºmƒ t]mepw ]Sn™mtdm´v

XncnbpIbmWv th≠Xv.

11. Ip¿∫m\bnse dqivamIƒ°v Im¿ΩnI¿ CSXv ssI tXm-

tWmkn¬ hbv°Wsa∂ XXzw, dqivam thfIfn¬ AwihSn ]nSn-

°p∂ ]Xnhp≠mbtXmsS \n∂pt]mbn.

12. ]≈n°qZmibn¬ …o_mapZWw sNbvX ]¥≠v sNdnb

I√pIƒ aqe°√nt\mSv tN¿Øv inemÿm]\ ÿm\Øv ]XnjvTn-

®ncp∂p. aqe°√nse sN∏n¬ …o_m apZWw sNømØ ]¥≠v

IrXna cXv\I√pIƒ \nt£]n°p∂ ]Xnhv ]Ncn®tXmsS B

A\pjvTm\Øns‚ ]XoImflIm¿∞w hnIehpw hnIrXhpambn.

13. IqZmi sNbvX X_nsseØmbn¬ FgpXphm≥ Imt\m\n¬

\n¿t±in°s∏´ hmIyw ]ecpw FgpXmsX Bbn´p≠v. FgpXp∂h¿

Xs∂ AXns‚ ]Z]tbmKßƒ A\[nIrXambn hyXymks∏-

SpØn.

14. ]´wsImSbnse Xmgv∂ siΩmipÿm\nIsf ap´pIpØn \nev-

°phm≥ A\[nIrXambn \n¿∫‘n°p∂p.

15. incknse tcmaw IXn°p∂ NSßv Zbdmb ÿm\nIƒ°v

amXambncp∂Xv km¿∆XnIam°n.

16. ]´wsImSbn¬ "\otkdqtlm ImZotim' F∂ Km\mem]hpw

sImbvtØmZvdqtlm ImZotimbpsS clky]m¿∞\bpw clkyß-

fnt∑epw ÿm\m¿∞nI-fn-t∑epw D≈ ssI BtLmjn°epw Htc

kabØv \St°≠XmWv. AXns‚ A¿∞hpw ]k‡nbpw HuNn-

Xyhpw \jvSs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p.

17. a≤yÿ]m¿∞\ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]tXyI ipiqjIaw

Aev]Imeambn ]Ncn®n´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ ]cnip≤∑mcpsS t]cnepw

Hcp a≤yÿ]m¿∞\ ]Ncn®p XpSßnbn´p≠v.

18. henbt\mºmcw`Ønse ip_vt°mt\m ipiqj ]tXmkv

_mhm Iq´n-t®¿Ø-Xm-Wv.

19. b¬sZm, …o_m s]cp\mƒ, kz¿§mtcmlWw XpSßnb Zn\ß-

fnse …o_m BtLmjßfpw a‰pw ]nev°meØv Iq´nt®¿°s∏´-

hbmWv.


20. Ip¿∫m\ BtLmj]q¿∆w ]Sn™mtdm´v ad \o°n sIm≠p

hcp∂Xn\v apºv ]IpXn ad \o°n ]Sn™mtdm´v h∂v Ip¿∫m\

sImSp°p∂Xv ]pXnb ]XnhmWv; A¿∞-iq-\y-hpw.

21. B≠mcw`Ønse Dd°samgn™p≈ Ip¿∫m\bpw kzbw

]XnjvTmIahpw BfllXy°mcpsSbpw Zbdmb°mcpsSbpw a‰pw

ihkwkvImc ipiqjIaßfpw \ho\ krjvSn-IfmWv.)

]me°p∂Øv A_lmw aev]m≥ a\xkm£n°\pkrXambmWv

Bcm[\sb ]cnjvIcn®Xv. CtX \ymboIcWØn¬ C∂v Bcm[\

Iaßƒ ]cnjvIcn°p∂hcpw ]me°p∂Øv aev]m≥ sNbvX sX‰v

Bh¿Øn°pIbmWv. XIvkm \nh¿Ønh®v XIvkmbnen√mØ

hmIyßfpw ]m¿∞\Ifpw sNm√p∂Xmbn Nne¿ ImWn°p∂

anSp°pw Xt‚Shpw A_lmw aev]ms‚ hgnbnep≈XmWv. \q‰m≠p-

Ifmbn \nch[n tZi ˛ Ime ˛ `mjm ˛ ]cnWmaßƒ kw`hn®v

cq]wsIm≠ A\pjvTm\ssienIƒ kz¥w akvXnjv°Øns‚

]cnanXnbn¬ \ymboIcn°phm≥ IgnbmØXns‚ t]cn¬ \n mc-

ambn ImWp∂Xv Hcp Xcw tcmKamWv. B tcmKw \hoIcWt\Xm-

°sfbpw hensbmcfhn¬ _m[n®ncp∂p.

XncpØnb XIvkm h®v A¿∏Ww \SØnb A\[nIrX \S]Sn

saXmt∏meoØm \ntcm[n®p; aev]m≥ apS°s∏´p. aev]ms‚ injy¿-

°v taen¬ ]´w sImSp°pIbns√∂v ]ckys∏SpØn. aev]m\®t\mSv

tN¿∂v saXms\ [n°cn® tPm¿÷v amØ≥, ]me°p∂Øv

amXyqkv F∂o siΩmi∑m¿ apS°s∏´p. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ]n∂oSv

XncphnXmwtIms´ H∂masØ \m´p ]mZnbmbnØo¿∂p. amXyqkv

siΩmi≥ aZmknse _nj∏v tImdokv Kma¿ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn®v

tImgvkv ]q¿Øn bm°p∂Xn\v apºv ]´Øn\v AtbmKys\∂v I≠v

]pdØm°s∏´p. ]n∂oSv a¿±o\nseØn. A_lmw aev]ms‚ ip]m-

¿iIØpIfpw ssIhiap≠mbncp∂p.

2. ]me°p∂Øv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv

tN∏m´v saXm®≥ k`bn¬ AkvXan°m≥ XpSßnb Imeambn-

cp∂p AXv. anjWdnamcpsS iXpX aqew k`m`cWw At±lØn\v

XethZ-\-bm-bn. B`y-¥c OnZ-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-´p. \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚

\nc¿∞-IX N¿® sNøm≥ Hcp thZnbpw D≠mbn√. ]S \bn°m-

s\mcp t\Xmhns‚ Bhiyw A\p`hs∏´ ImeØmWv ]me°p-

∂Øv amXyqkv siΩmi≥ a¿±o\n¬ t]mbXv. k`bpsS Adnhpw

A\paXnbpw IqSmsX t]mb AXnka¿∞\mb At±lw AhnsS


Fs¥√mw \mSIßƒ kwhn[m\w sNbvXp F∂v Adnhn√. GXm-

bmepw IpSpw_°mcpsS sNehn¬ hntZiØv t]mb At±lw Xncn®v

1843˛¬ sIm®nbnseØnbXv saXm≥ ÿm\ta‰Xns‚ AhImihmZ-

hpambn´mWv. Xßsf k¿°mcns\s°m≠v in£n∏n® tN∏m´v

saXm®s\ Hcp ]mTw ]Tn∏n°phm≥ ]pXnb saXms‚ t\XrXzw

e`n°psa∂Xn¬ ]e sshZnItijvTcpsSbpw ]XnImchmRvO

]oen hnS¿ØnbmSn. sIm®nbn¬ h∂ bphsaXm≥ ]q¿∆nI amXr-

Ibn¬ \hoIcWw IqSmsX Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n®Xv At±lØns‚

]n¥pW h¿≤n°m≥ ImcWambn. ae¶c saXms\ kµ¿in°p-

Itbm Xs‚ kpkvXmØnt°m≥ At±lsØ ImWn°pItbm

sNømsX bphsaXm≥ ]≈nIƒ kµ¿in®Xpw ]≈nIfn¬ At±-

lØn\v kzmKXw e`n®Xpw hr≤\mb ae¶c saXmt∏meoØm

\n lmb\mbn ho£n®p. F¶nepw Hcp bp≤Øn\v At±lØns‚

a\kv aSn®p. bphsaXmt\mSv A\pcRvP\s∏Sphm≥ At±lw k∂-

≤\mbn. X∑qew ]pXnb saXms‚ kpkvXmØnt°m≥ hmbn®v tI´v

At±lsØ HmIvkntbmkv ]mSn kzoIcn°phm≥ ae¶cbnse ]q¿-

hoI kºZmba\pkcn®v At±lw I≠\mSv Hcp ]≈n]Xn]pcp-

jtbmKw 1843 Nnßw 3˛\v hnfn®pIq´n. kpkvXmØnt°m≥ ae¶c

saXms\ Gev]n°pIbpw At±lØns‚ \ntbmK]Imcw aev]m∑m-

cnsemcmƒ AXv tbmKsØ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n°pIbpw AXns‚ HSp-

hn¬ HmIvkntbmkv ]mSn kzoIcWw ]Jym]n°pIbpw BWv th≠n-

bncp∂Xv. F∂m¬ tbmKØn¬ D≠mb Nne X¿°ßfpsS adhn¬

]pXnb saXm≥ kpkvXmØnt°m≥ Gev]n-°m-Xn-cp-∂p. e£yw

t\SmsX ]≈n]Xn]pcpjtbmKw Ie-l-Øn¬ Iem-in-®p. kpkvXm-

Øn-t°m≥ IrXnaamsW∂v AtXmsS ipXn ]c∂p. \ncWw KŸ-

hcnbnse kaIme km£yw C]ImcamWv: ""... AØm\mtkymkv

saXmt∏meoØmbpw ÿm\ta‰v ainlmImew 1844 (?) CShamkw

4˛\v sIm®nbnseØn. tIm\m v A_lmw aev]m≥ apX¬t]¿ sN∂v

I≠msd AØm\mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØm sIm≠ph∂ncn°p∂

kvXmØnt°m\n¬ "\nßfn¬ \n∂v aØmbn I»oim Rßƒ°h≥

ASpØp F∂pw a‰pw Nne t`Zßƒ ImWpIbm¬ \ncWØv

]≈nbn¬ sN∂v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØmsb I≠msd

]≈n°m¿ F√mhcpw IqSn \n›bn∏m\p≈XmIbm¬ F√m ]≈n-

°mcpw Nnßamkw 19˛\v I≠\m´v ]≈nbn¬ IqSØ°hÆw

km[\w FgpXnbXpw At±lhpw At±lw hmgn® sXmgnbq¿ ]≈n-

bn¬ Ccp∂ncp∂ Iqdntemkv saXmt∏meoØmbpw ]≈n°mcpw h∂v

IqSnbtijw AØm\mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØm kvXmØnt°m≥

ImWn°msX hnhZn®v ]ncnbpIbpw sNbvXp' (]p. 96).


(Im´paßm´v Iqdntemkns‚ ImcyØn¬ F∂ t]mse ]me°p-

∂Øv AØm\mtkymkns‚ saXm≥ ÿm\mhImihmZhpw

hymPambncp∂pthm? At¥ymJym ]mXnb¿°okn¬ \n∂v ÿm\-

ta‰p F∂ At±lØns‚ ]kvXmh\b√msX A°mcyw ÿncoI-

cn°phm≥ tcJItfm km£nItfm C√. ]n¬°meØv tImSXnbn¬

kpkvXmØnt°m≥ lmPcmt°≠Xmbn h∂t∏mƒ AXns‚ HdnPn-

\¬ \jvSs∏´p F∂ IY Na®v ]I¿∏v F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp km£y-

s∏SpØmØ tcJbmWv ka¿∏n®Xv. Ifhv IY Ahnizk\obsa∂v

tIkv tI´ PUvPnam¿ GIIWvTambn ]cnlkn®n´p≠v. a¿±o\n¬

\n∂v ae¶cbn¬ injvSImew Pohn® bqbm°ow Iqdntemkv

saXm\pw ]n∂oSv h∂ ]tXmkv XrXob≥ ]mXnb¿°okpw AØm-

\mtkymkns\ saXm≥ F∂v t]mepw Hcn°epw hntijn∏n®nń√.

AØm\mtkymkn¬ \n∂v ]´ta‰h¿ ]n∂oSv amXrk`bnte°v h∂-

t∏mƒ Ah¿°v ho≠pw ]´w sImSpØmWv Iqdntemkv kzoIcn®Xv.

At¥ymJym ]mXnb¿°okn¬ \n∂v saXm≥ÿm\ta‰v h∂p F∂v

A`nam\]q¿∆w AhImis∏ńcp∂ AØm\mtkymkv ]mXnb¿-

°okv Ab® Iqdn-tem-kns\ A`napJoIcn°msX BZy-sams°

Hgn™pamdn. ]n∂oSv ]tXmkv XrXob≥ h∂t∏mgpw Hgn™pamdn.

CS\ne°m¿ Bh¿Øn®v Bhiys∏ń´pw Hgn™pamd¬ XpS¿∂p.

AØm\mtkymkv Xmakn°p∂ \ncWw ]≈nbn¬ At±lsØ

ImWphm≥ ]tXmkv _mhm FØnbt∏mƒ apdnbpsS IXIS®v

]pdØndßmsX AIØncp∂p. k¿°mcptZymKÿs‚bpw cmP`S-

∑mcpsSbpw kwc£Wbn¬t∏mepw ]tXmkv ]mXnb¿°okns\

˛ Xs∂ ImWm≥ h∂ ]mXnb¿°okns\/ Fgp]ØnBdv hb v

XnI™ hr≤ alm]ptcmlnXs\ ˛ ImWphm≥ AØm\mtkymkv

`bs∏´sX¥n\v F∂ tNmZyØn\v Xr]vXnIcamb kam[m\w

C\nbpw Is≠tØ≠nbncn°p∂p. \hoIcWhn`mKØns‚ ]p-

tcmlnXÿm\ßfpsS \nPÿnXnbn¬ ae¶ck` XpS°w apXte

D∂bn® Bi¶Iƒ ASnÿm\clnXa√ F∂mWv Cu kmlNcy-

ßƒ sXfnbn°p∂Xv.)

3. bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdntemkv

AØm\mtkymkns‚ \hoIcWm`napJyw hniZoIcn®psIm≠v

am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv ]mXnb¿°okn\v ae¶ck`bpsS ]cmXn

Ab®p. AXn\p≈ adp]Sn F∂hÆw bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdntemkv

saXm≥ kzktlmZc≥ K_ntbepsam∂n®v 1845 Nnßw 26˛\v sIm®n-

bnseØn. ae¶cbnse ÿnXnKXnIƒ At±lw kq£vaambn \nco-


£n®p. \hoIcWm`napJyw aqew AØm\mtkymkn\v _nójv \nb-

¥WØnep≈ k¿°mcnse kzm[o\hpw £oW\pw \ncmi\pw

hr≤\pw Bb am¿ Zoh∂mtkymknt\mSv s]mXphnep≠mbncp∂

AkwXr]vXnbpw am¿ Iqdntemkns\ Nn¥m[o\\m°n. kpZo¿L-

amb Hcp \nbabp≤w ap∂n¬°≠ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv Xs‚

ÿm\hpw NpaXebpw am¿ Iqdntemkns\ Gev]n°p∂Xmbn

Iev]\ ]pds∏Sphn®p. AXns‚ ]I¿∏v A[nIrX¿°v \¬IpIbpw

sNbvXp. At¥ymJym ]mXnb¿°okn\m¬ hmgn°s∏´ Bƒ F∂

\nebn¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns\ am‰n X¬ÿm\Øv ae¶c saXm-

t∏meoØm F∂ \nebn¬ X\n°\pIqeambn cmPIob hnfw_cw

]pds∏Sphn°m≥ AØm\mtkymkv k¿°mcnte°v At]£ \¬-

Inbncp∂p. CXdn™ Iqdntemkv, AØm\mtkymkns\ apS°nbn-

cn°p∂Xmbpw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkns‚ ÿm\Øv Iqdntemkns\

\nban®Xmbpw ]mXnb¿°oknt‚Xmbn c≠v Iev]\Iƒ ]pds∏Sp-

hn®p. AØm\mtkymkv saXm≥ ]´ta‰p F∂ hmZw hymPamsW∂

t_m[yamImw hnNmcW IqSmsX AØm\mtkymkns\Xncmbn

apS°pIev]\ ]pds∏Sphn°phm≥ Iqdntemkn\v ss[cyw \¬-

InbXv. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv ÿm\XymKw sNbvXtXmsS c≠v At]-

£Icn¬ Bsc ae¶c saXm\mbn \nban°Wsa∂v Xocpam\n-

°phm≥ sIm√w It®cnbn¬ Hcp tbmKw k¿°m¿ hnfn®p. tIme^v

kmbn∏v, ssh‰v kmbn∏v, tasegpØv A\¥≥]n≈, t]meokv

inckvXZm¿ sh¶nćmaø\pw ASßnb IΩn‰n apºmsI sXmgnbq¿

Iqdntemkv Dƒs∏sS \mep saXm∑mcpw ]≈n°mcpw lmPcmbn.

1847 ao\w 1˛\v ktΩfn® sIm√w IΩn‰nbn¬ ""... sXt° Zn°n¬

D≈ H∂v c≠v ]≈n°m¿ A√msX tijw ]≈n°m¿ Hs°bpw

am¿ Iqdntemkns\ A\pIqen®p.'' IΩn‰n°m¿°v AØm\mtkymkn-

t\mSv A\p`mhw D≈Xp sIm≠v A∂v Xocpam\w D≠mbn√

(I≠\m´v KŸhcn, ]p. 98). kaIme km£ysa∂ \nebn¬ I≠-

\m´v Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥ tIm¿-F-∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bpsS ZrIvkm£n

hnh-c-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu ImeL´Ønse kw`hßsf∏‰n

I≠\m´v KŸhcn shfn®w ]Icp∂p≠v (]n∂oSv ISpßawKeØv

I_dSßnb sIm®nbpsS ]Ya saXm≥ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv BWv

AXns‚ KŸImc≥). IΩn‰nsb kzm[o\n°phm≥ AØm\m-

tkymkv ]e D]mbßfpw ]tbmKn®p; ]e hymPtcJIfpw Na®p;

`mh\mkrjvSnIfmb IYIƒ ]Ncn∏n®p. kpkvXmØnt°ms‚

]I¿∏n¬Øs∂ A]Imcap≈ hymP°YIƒ ImWpI: ""... \nßƒ

Ab®ncp∂ IØpIfn¬ Rßƒ°v CSb\pw ]utcmlnXyhpw


amΩqZokmbpw `cWI¿Ømhpw C√ F∂pw a‰pw ]cmXnbmbn Adn-

bn®ncp∂pht√m. ... aebmftØbv°v Bsc Abt°≠p F∂v \mw

at\mhnjaØnembncn°ptºmƒ \nßfpsS ASpØp\n∂v aØmbn

I»oim kam[m\tØmsS \ΩpsS ASpØv h∂p. ... BZyw siΩm-

i\mbpw ]n∂oSv I»oi Bbpw dºm\mbpw saXmt∏meoØm Bbpw

At±lsØ ]´w sIń'' (tdmb¬t°mSXn hn[n, ]p. 47).

dknU≠n\v AØm\mtkymkv FgpXn: ""... At¥ymJym ]mXn-

b¿°okv Xncpa\kv sIm≠v AhnSpsØ hcpXnbpw Adnhpw

IqSmsX ]h¿Øn°p∂ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØmsb

apS°nbncn°p∂p.'' as‰mcp IØv C]ImcamWv: ""t]jv°m¿ sIm®p-

i¶c]n≈ hfsc kqXamb hn[Øn¬ Imcyßƒ Hs∂m∂mbn

Xncpa\ dnbn®v hnfw_cw In´mXncn°p∂Xn\v th≠ bXv\w

sNbvXp. F\n°v Inńbncn°p∂ hnizmktbmKyamb Adnhn¬, Cu

hn[w ]h¿Øn®m¬ sIm®pi¶c]n≈sb D’mln∏n®Xv Fs‚

kXyambpw \ymbambpw D≈ \n›bsØ Dt]£n®v am¿ Zoh∂m-

tkymkns‚ \jvSs∏ńcn°p∂ ÿm\sØ \ne\ndpØp∂Xnte°v

300 cq]m ssI°qen Bbn am¿ Zoh∂mtkymknt\mSv hmßn®n´p≈-

XpsIm≠mIp∂p.''

1848 ao\ amkØn¬ \S∂ hnkvXmcØn\v tijw anYp\w 9 \v

IΩn‰n°m¿ AØm\mtkymkn\v A\pIqeambn Xocpam\w ]Jym-

]n®Xns\ØpS¿∂v cmPIob hnfw_cw ]pds∏Spsa∂v Xo¿®bmbn.

Xocpam\w \njv]£sa∂v hcpØphm≥ Hcp ]p\¿ hnNmcW IaoI-

cn®p. Iqdntemkv lmPcm°nb tcJIfn¬ ajnt`Zw ImWp∂psh∂v

I≠v hnNmcWbn¬ Ah X≈n°f™p (C´q∏v ssd´¿, ]p. 255˛266).

sshZnItcmSv IqSpX¬ A\p`mhw ]pe¿Ønbh≥, \hoIcWm\p-

Iqen, _lp`mjm ]finX≥ F∂o \neIfn¬ AØm\mtkymkv

bYmIaw sshZnI¿, anjWdnam¿, k¿°m¿ F∂nh¿°v IqSpX¬

kzoImcy\mbn. ioabn¬ \n∂v ANntcW h∂ kvtX^mt\mkv am¿

AØm\mtkymkn\pw ê]Zambn H∂pw sNøm\mbn√. am¿

AØm\mtkymkpw bqbm°ow Iqdntemkpw XncphnXmwIqdn¬ ]h¿-

Øn°cpsX∂v k¿°m¿ hne°nbXns\ XpS¿∂v Iqdntemkv ae-

_mdn¬ BZyw t]m¿°fØpw ]n∂oSv Nment»cnbnepw Hmtcm ]≈n

]Wnbn®v AhnsS Xmakam°n. am¿ AØm\mtkymkpw A\pNc≥

inatbm≥ dºm®\pw ]meq¿ Nm´pIpfßc ]≈nbn¬ Xmakn®v

sshZnI hnZym¿∞nIsf ]Tn∏n®v h∂p.

1849˛¬ D≠mb \ntcm[\ DØchns\Xnsc 1849 taS amkØn¬


aZmkn¬ sN∂v ]cmXn \¬Insb¶nepw ^eap≠mbn√. dknU≠v

I√≥ kmbn∏ns‚ ip]m¿ib\pkcn®v XncphnXmwIq¿ almcmPmhv

AØm\mtkymkn\v A\pIqeambn hnfw_cw ]kn≤oIcn®p:

io ]fl\m`Zmk h©n _me am¿Ømfih¿Ω IpetiJc

IncoS]Xn as∂ kp¬Øm≥ almcmP cmP `mtKymZb cma cmP

_lZq¿ jwjy¿ PwK almcmPmhv Ah¿Iƒ kIeam\ t]¿°pw

]kn≤s∏SpØp∂ hnf_cw Fs¥∂m¬,

tIm´bØv ]m¿°p∂ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØmbv°v

hb p Imeambn ÿm\w Hgn™ncn° sIm≠pw B ÿm\-

tØbv°v At¥ymJymbn¬ \n∂v FgpØpw hmßn®psIm≠p h∂ncn-

°p∂ am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ saXmt∏meoØm Bbn´v \n›bn-

®ncn° sIm≠v CXn\m¬ ]kn≤s∏SpØp∂sXs¥∂m¬ ae¶c-

bnShIbn¬ ]pØ≥Iq‰n¬ kpdnbm\n°mcn¬ Dƒs∏´ F√mhcpw

tasegpXnb am¿ AØm\mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØmsb A\pk-

cn®v IogvacymZ t]mse \S∂psImƒIbpw thWw.

F∂v 1027˛am≠v I¿°nSIw 15˛mw XoøXn (F. Un. 1852).

Xßƒs°Xnsc ]pds∏Sphn® \ntcm[\ DØchns\Xnsc am¿

kvtX^mt\mkv Cw•≠n¬ sN∂v UbdIvS¿amcpsS tImSXnbn¬

k¶Sw t_m[n∏n®p. At±lw kztZitØbv°v t]mbn. ]cmXnbv°v

1857 sabv 13 \v Xmsg ]dbpw]Imcw UbdIvS¿ tImSXn DØchn´p:

""... C\n taen¬ B \m´nte°v At¥ymJym ]mXnb¿°okn\m¬

Ab°s∏Smhp∂ taev]´°mcpsS hmZßsf AwKoIcn°pItbm

\ntj[n°pItbm sNtø≠Xv Ah¿ Xs∂bmIp∂p. ....'' (I≠\m´v

KŸhcn). CtXmsS am¿ bqbm°ow Iqdntemkn\v k©mc kzmX-

¥yw e`yambn.

cmPIob hnfw_cw IepjnXamb k`m¥co£sØ im¥am°n.

AwKoImcw e`n®tXmsS AØm\mtkymkv \hoIcWiaßsf ]c-

kyambn Bcw`n®p. CXv ho≠pw P\tcmjØn\nSbm°n. Ielw

HXp°phm≥ XncphnXmwIq¿ Znhm≥ 1863˛¬ "\nbam\pkrX saXm-

t∏meoØmsb FXn¿°p∂h¿ ]´°mcmbmepw Aflmb°mcm-

bmepw Ahsc in£n°p∂Xn\pw ]≈nIfn¬ \n∂v Zo¿LhnNmcW

IqSmsX _lnjvIcn°p∂Xn\pw XmWXcw aPnkvtS vamsc NpaXe-

s∏SpØn' (^nen∏v, ]p. 224). ÿm\Øn\v AwKoImcw In´phm≥

At¥ymJym ]mXnb¿°okns\ adbm°n D]tbmKn® AØm\m-


tkymkv ÿm\w AwKoIcn°s∏´tXmsS ]mXnb¿°okns\ ]cky-

ambn \ntj[n°phm\pw k`bn¬ \n¿∫‘]q¿∆w \hoIcWw

ASnt®ev]n°phm\pw iaw XpSßn.

1853 Ipw`w 2˛\v ]me°p∂Øv AØm\mtkymkv tIm´bw ]gb

skan\mcnbn¬ Hcp ]≈n]Xn]pcpjtbmKw hnfn®pIq´n. sX°p≈

an° ]≈nIfpw hS°p \n∂v GXm\pw ]≈nIfpw ]s¶SpØp. ]≈n

\SØn∏ns\°pdn®v 103 hyhÿIƒ ASßnb N´htcyme tbmKw

AwKoIcn®p (ae-¶-c-k`: NcnXhpw kwkvImchpw, ]p. 613˛631

`mKØv N´htcyme ]q¿Æcq]Øn¬ ImWmw).

Cu tIm´bw ]Sntbme Hcp `cWLS\bpsSbpw Imt\ms‚bpw

Kuchw ]pe¿Ønbn´p≠v. F∂m¬ ]´wsImSbpsSbpw hnImcn \nb-

a\Øns‚bpw Imcyßfn¬ saXmt∏meoØm kz¥w Xmev]cyßƒ-

°v Du∂¬ \¬InbXn\m¬ N´htcymebnse CXc hyhÿIfpw

]mtbmKnIambn√.

tN∏m´v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv 1855 HIvtSm_¿ 9 \v \ncymX\mbn.

tN∏m´v ]≈nbn¬ kwkvIcn°s∏´p. amthen°c kp∂ltZmkns\-

ØpS¿∂p≠mb k`mhn`P\Øns‚ t]cn¬ At±lØn\v \nch[n

]oU\ßƒ klnt°≠n h∂p. Xm≥ apS°nb Hcp siΩmi≥

saXm≥ ÿm\w AhImis∏´v ]pXnb `n∂X hnfbns®Sp°p∂Xv

At±lØn\v ImtW≠nh∂p. kzÿm\w bqbm°ow Iqdntemkn\v

Hgn™p sImSpØn´pw A¿lamb bmsXmcp ]cnKW\bpw At±l-

Øn\v e`n®n√. GhcpsSbpw AhKW\bv°p ]mXamb At±l-

Øns‚ A¥yw ]cnXm]Icambncp∂p.

cmPIob hnfw_cØns‚ ]n≥_ew t\Snb AØm\mtkym-

kns\ sX°≥ CShIƒ an°hmdpw ]n¥pW®p. Iqdntemkn\v

BflobImcyßƒ \n¿hln°mambncp∂psh¶nepw `cW]camb

A[nImcßƒ At±lØn\n√mbncp∂p. F∂mepw hS°≥ ]tZiß-

fnse ]mNo\ CShIIƒ At±lØn\v kz¿ÆJ\nbmbnØo¿∂p.

ktlmZc≥ a°pZnim K_ntb¬ hym]mcw hgnbmbpw saXm®≥

Bflob ipiqjIƒ hgnbmbpw ZhykºmZ\Øn¬ Xev]ccmb-

tXmsS \hoIcWsØ sNdp°phm≥ Bfn√msXbmbn. \hoIcWw

kzoIcn°mØ CShIIƒ CSb\n√mØ BSpIfpsS Ahÿ-

bnembn. hnhmlw, amΩqZokm, s]cp∂mfpIƒ, ASnb¥ncßƒ

XpSßnb A\pjvTm\ßƒ°mbn hS°≥ ]tZißfn¬ k©mcw

\SØns°mt≠bncp∂ bqbm°ow Iqdntemkn\v a‰p Imcyßƒ

i≤n°phm≥ kabhpw Xmev]cyhpw D≠mbncp∂n√.


3a. sXmgnbq¿ hyhlmcßƒ

tIm´bw ]gbskan\mcn ÿm]Is‚ injy≥ IpØq¿ Kohdp§okv

am¿ Iqdntemkv Bbncp∂p A°mesØ sXmgnbqcnse saXm≥.

ap≥KmanIsft∏mse At±lw ]meq¿ Nm´pIpfßc CShI hnImcn-

amcnsemcmfpw B CShIbpsS kwc£Wbn¬ Pohn® Bfpam-

bncp∂p. A°meßfn¬ sXmgnbqcnse ]≈n, CShI∏≈n t]mepw

Bbncp∂n√. ae¶ck`bpsS F√m kt¥mjßfnepw ]Xnk-

‘nIfnepw At±lw ap≥KmanIsft∏mse Nm´pIpfßc ]≈nbpsS

\ne]mSn¬ Dd®p\n∂p. Nm´pIpfßc CShI ]n¥pW®Xv bqbm°ow

Iqdntemkns\ Bbncp∂Xn\m¬ sXmgnbqcnse Iqdntemkpw

bqbm°ow Iqdntemkns\ kzoIcn®p. IpØq¿ Iqdntemkv 1856 Pq¨

16˛\v A¥cn®p. sXmgnbqcn¬ I_dS°n. ]Xnhpt]mse sXmgnbq-

cnse F√m hkvXphIIfpw ]qń apZ h®v Xmt°m¬ Nm´pIpfßc

tbmKØns‚ hnImcn BeØq¿Imc≥ ]\bv°¬ butk∏v

I»oimsb Gev]n®p (Fw. ]n. h¿°n, am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv, ]p. 14).

tIm´bw ]gb skan\mcnÿm]Is‚ amXrXmhgn°mc≥ tImemSn

Nm°pÆn IØ\msc sXmgnbq¿ saXms‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn CShI

\n›bn®p. CShIbnse as‰mcp ]_e Kq∏v Bb ]mtdΩ≥

(IpØq¿) IpSpw_°m¿ saXm≥ ÿm\tØbv°v ]\bv°¬

butk∏v IØ\mscbmWv A\pIqen®Xv. `qcn]£ Kq∏n\v

t\XrXzw \¬Inb ]\bv°¬ IpSpw_°mscbpw AhcpsS saXm≥

ÿm\m¿∞nsbbpw tXmev]n°phm≥ Ah¿ Nm´pIpfßc CSh-

Ibv°v AkzoImcy\mbncp∂ ]me°p∂Øp saXm®s\ _‘-

s∏´p. At±lw sXmgnbq¿ Bÿm\w ssIhis∏SpØnØcpsa∂

hyhÿbnemImw AhtcmSv tbmPn®Xv. CShIbnse HutZymKn-

Ihn`mKw CXdn™ DSs\ bqbm°ow Iqdntemkns\ _‘s∏´psh-

¶nepw kzktlmZcs‚ hnhmlw ]amWn®v At±lw GXm\pw \mfp-

Iƒ apf¥pcpØnbn¬ Ign®pIqń. AXn\nSbn¬ X¥imenbmb

]me°p∂Øv saXm®≥ sXmgnbqcnseØn. ap≥[mcW]Imc-

amhmw BeØq¿ I»oim, Xs∂ hnizmk]q¿∆w Gev]n® Xmt°m-

epIƒ A\[nIrXambn \hoIcWsaXm\v ssIamdn. At±lw

sXmgnbqcn¬ Bÿm\Øns‚ apZ s]mń®v hmXn¬ Xpd∂v B

ÿm]\w ssIhis∏SpØn (ae_m¿ kzX¥ kpdnbm\n k`m-

NcnXw, ]p. 74). A°meØv Nmh°mSv ap≥kn^v ]me°p∂Øv

saXm®s‚ D‰ anXw Bbncp∂ ]pØ≥Imhv Bepwaqń¬ tPm¿-

÷ns‚ ]n≥_eamWv Cu ssItb‰Øn\v saXm®s\ ss[cys∏Sp-


ØnbXv. \yq\]£sa¶nepw CShIbnse Hcp Kq∏ns‚ ]n¥pWbpw

hnImcnbpsS HØmibpw HØp tN¿∂t∏mƒ ssItb‰ \mSIw kºq-

¿Æ hnPbambn.

CShIbpsS ssIhimhImisØ \·ambn Itø‰w sNbvX

saXm®s\bpw CShI hnImcnsb∂ \nebn¬ Gev]n°s∏´

Xmt°mepIƒ A\[nIrXambn ssIamdn SÃv ewL\w \SØnb

hnImcnsbbpw sXmgnbq¿ Bÿm\Øv \n∂v ]pdØnd°phm≥

Nm´pIpfßc ˛ ]meq¿ (B¿Øm‰v) CShI°m¿ kwLw tN¿∂v

sXmgnbqcnseØn. saXm\pw kwLhpw `bNInXcmbn ]≈namfnI-

bn¬ hmXneS®ncp∂p. ASß∏pdØv butk^v I»oim hmXneS®-

Xn\m¬ saXmt∏meoØmbpsS amfnIapdnbn¬ Ibdphm≥ B¿°pw

km[n®n√. [oc\mb th¶SØv siΩmi≥ saXm®s‚ FgpØpw

hmßn cmXnbn¬ Ibdv hgn XmgØndßn Nmh°ms´Øn. Bepw-

aqń¬ tPm¿÷v ap≥kn v aPnkvtSń\v IØv sImSpØp. ]`mXamb-

t∏mtg°pw t]meokpImcpw aPnkvtS´pw FØn (^m. sI. kn.

h¿§okv, ]p. 75). kplrØmb A[nImcnbpsS klmbtØmsS

saXm®≥ hnPbioemfnX\mbn. ap≥[mcWb\pkcn®mhmw Be-

Øq¿ butk^v I»oimsb ]me°p∂Øv saXm®≥ sXmgnbqcns‚

saXm\mbn hmgn®p. ktlmZcs‚ hnhml tImemlesa√mw

Ign™v bqbm°ow Iqdn-temkv Ip∂-wIp-f-sØ-Øn-b-t∏m-tg°pw

sXmgn-bq-cnse \mS-I-Øn\v Xnc-»oe hoWp Ign-™n-cp-∂p. cmPIob

hnfw_cØns‚ ]n≥_eap≈ HutZymKnI ae¶c saXmt∏meoØm

F∂ \nebn¬ ]me°p∂Øp saXm®s\ kzoIcn®p F∂v

]nev°me sXmgnbq¿ k`mNcnXw BeØq¿ IØ\mcpsS SÃv

h©\sb \ymboIcn®psh¶nepw amXrk`bn¬ \n∂v th¿s]´v Hcp

kzX¥ k`bpsS t]cpw kz`mhhpw kzoIcn°phm≥ CtXmsS

sXmgnbq¿ saXm≥ \n¿∫‘nX\mbn. HcnShI t]mepw AXp-

hscbpw kz¥ambnń√mXncp∂ At±lw GXm\pw CShIIƒ kz¥-

am°phm\p≈ hgn tXSn. At∏mgmWv sXmgnbq¿ ]≈nbpsS BZy

hyhlmcw Bhn¿`hn®Xv. sXmgnbqcnse ]´wsImSbvs°Xnsc 1857

Nnßw 17˛\v tImgnt°mSv knhn¬t°mSXnbn¬ bqbm°ow Iqdntemkv

hmZnbmbn Nm´pIpfßc]≈n Hcp tIkv Bcw`n®p. bqbm°ow

Iqdntemkns‚ ][m\ hmZapJßƒ At¥ymJymbpsS tae[nImc-

Ønepw saXms‚ sXcs™Sp∏nepw A[njvTnXambncp∂p.

sXmgnbqcnse hkvXphlIƒ Ip∂wIpfw ]\°¬ Xmcp F∂

Bƒ 1775 CShØn¬ ]p∂Øq¿ cmPmhn¬ \n∂v hne sImSpØv


hmßnb Xodm[mcw BeØq¿ saXm®≥ \memw \ºv tcJbmbn

tImSXnbn¬ lmPcm°pIbpw AXn\v At¥ymJym ]mXnb¿°okp-

amtbm At±lw Ab® bqbm°ow Iqdntemkpamtbm bmsXmcp

_‘hpw Cs√∂pw AsXmcp kzX¥ CShIbmsW∂pw hmZn°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. ]´wsImSpØ ]me°p∂Øv saXm®≥ cmPIob

hnfw_cw kn≤n® HutZymKnI ae¶c saXmt∏meoØm BsW∂pw

ÿm\w G‰ Bsf ap≥Kmanbmb sXmgnbqcnse IpØq¿ saXm®≥

acW]Xw aqew ]n≥Kmanbmbn \n›bn®ncp∂p F∂pw hmZn®

At±lw C°mcyØnte°v ap≥Kman FgpXnbsX∂v AhImis∏-

´psIm≠v Hcp acW]Xw lmPcm°pIbpw sNbvXp. knhn¬tImSXn

sNehv klnXw tIkv X≈n. 1862˛¬ aZmkv sslt°mSXnbn¬

\¬Inb A∏oepw sNehv klnXw X≈n. sNehnte°v bqbm°ow

am¿ Iqdntemkv ]Wnbn®ncp∂ Nment»cn ]≈nbpw t]m¿°fw

]≈nbpw BeØq¿ ]\°¬ saXm®\v (Iqdntemkv F∂mbncp∂p

At±lØns‚ ÿm\\maw) e`n®p. Cu c≠p ]≈nIfmWv sXmgn-

bq¿ k`bpsS BZysØ c≠v CShIIƒ.

bqbm°ow Iqdntemkn\v th≠n Cu hyhlmcßƒ \SØnbXv

bqbm°ow Iqdntemkn¬ \n∂v 1852˛¬ Nment»cnbn¬ h®v I»oim-

]´w Gev°pIbpw Nndfbw ]≈nbn¬ ]Ya Znhy_en A¿∏n°p-

Ibpw ]g™n∏≈nbn¬ hnImcnbmbn \nban°s∏SpIbpw sNbvX

Ip∂wIpfw kztZin ]pent°m´n¬ C´q∏v IØ\m¿ Bbncp∂p (Cu

hyhlmctØmsS ae¶ck`bpw sXmgnbq¿ saXm\pw XΩnep≈

_‘w AkvXan®p. skan\mcn ÿm]I\pw InSß≥ saXm®\pw

tN¿∂v `mh\m]q¿∆w hf¿ØnsbSpØ Hcp sFIy ku[amWv Cu

kw`htØmsS XI¿∂Xv. sXmgnbqcns‚ hnPbambn Cu kw`-

hsØ sXmgnbqcns‚ k`mNcnXImc≥ ]Io¿Øn°p∂ps≠¶nepw

ae¶ck`bpambn A\pcRvP\s∏´m¬ amXta sXmgnbq¿ k` c£-

s∏SpIbp≈q F∂v AXns‚ ]nev°me kmcYnIƒ Bflm¿∞ambn

BKln®ncp∂psh∂v CsXgpXp∂ Bƒ°v t\cn´dnbmw.)

D`bapJXzap≈ ]me°p∂Øv saXm®≥ km[yamIp∂ ÿe-

ßfn¬ \hoIcWw hcpØnbpw A\pIqea√mØ ]cnXxÿnXnI-

fn¬ \hoIcWw hcpØmsXbpw Bcm[\Iƒ \SØnh∂p. At±-

lØns‚ ]nXrhy≥ A_lmw aev]m≥ \hoIcW saXm\n¬

\n∂v Ip¿∫m\ kzoIcn®n√. \hoIcn® XIvkm D]tbmKn®v X\n°p

Ip¿∫m\ \¬Inbmepw ]n∂oSv \hoIcn°mØ XIvkm D]tbmKn-

°phm≥ aSn°mØ ktlmZc]pX≥ IqSnbmb saXms\ Hgnhm°n,


ssIXbn¬ Kohdp§okv aev]m\n¬ \n∂mWv A_lmw aev]m≥

HSphn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ kzoIcn®Xv. tImXawKew apØ∏s‚ ]Xna

amcmaÆv ]≈nbn¬ \n∂v \o°w sNbvXv b¬tZm _mhmbpsS

s]cp\mƒ B ]≈nbn¬ \n¿Øem°nb aev]m≥ ae¶cbn¬

\hoIcWØn\v i‡amb ASnØd ]mIn F∂ kwXr]vXntbmsS

amcmaÆv ]≈nbn¬ A¥yhniaw sIm≠p. \hoIcWNcnXØns‚

B[nImcnI h‡mhmb sI. F≥. Zm\ntb¬ FgpXp∂p:

""G_lmw aev]m≥, ssIXbn¬ Kohdp§okv aev]m≥ apXemb

alm∑m¿ saXmt∏meoØmbpsS hntcm[sØbpw ]ehn[amb

]oUIsfbpw hIhbv°msX XßfpsS CShIIfn¬ \hoIcn®

XIvkm 1012 (1837) apX¬ D]tbmKn®ph∂p. ]n∂oSv amXyqkv am¿

AØm\mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØm ae¶ck`bpsS cWw ssItb-

‰tØmSpIqSn \hoIcWØn\v ]Nmcap≠mbn'' (ae¶ck`bpw

\hoIcWhpw, ]p. 38). Ipº\mSv am¿tØmΩm henb ]≈nbpsS

kph\o¿ ]dbp∂p: ""\hoIcW I¿Ømhmb A_lmw aev]m\®-

s‚ ]n≥Kmanbpw ae¶c kpdnbm\nk`bnse apSnNqSm a∂\pamb

taev]d™ amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv Xncpta\nbpsS hmgvN-

bpsS ImeØmWv Cu Bflob hym]mcw k`bn¬ s]mXpsh

D≠mbXv'' (ZznXob iXh’cmtLmj kvamcIKŸw. ]p.16).

CXbpw hy‡amb HutZymKnI ]kvXmh\Iƒ Iäpºnencns°,

am¿ AØm\mtkymkv \hoIcWm\pIqenb√, Hm¿ØtUmIvkv

hnizmknbmbncp∂psh∂v hnêambn hniZoIcn°p∂ Hcp

]pkvXIw io. tPm¿÷v h¿§okv cNn°pIbpw B KŸw k`-

bpsS HutZym-KnI ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-K-amb Fw.H.kn. ]-ªn-t°-

j≥kv ]kn≤oIcn°pIbpw sNbvXXv GtXm IdpØ a\ ns‚

t]cW aqeamsWt∂ ]dbm\mhq.

1865˛¬ aq∂mw ]Xn∏mbn am¿ AØm\mtkymkv ]kn≤s∏Sp-

Ønb \akvImc∏pkvXIØns‚ hnh¿Ø\Øn¬ \hoIcW-

Øns‚ DZmlcWßƒ ImWmw. "tIm´bØv kpdnbm\n skan\m-

cnbn¬ ae¶c CShIbpsS am¿ AØm\mtkymkv saXmt∏meo-

ØmbpsS A®pIqSØn¬ ASn°s∏´'' Cu ]pkvXIw AXn¬ Ah-

Imis∏´Xpt]mse "kpdnbm\n InkvXym\nIfpsS \akvImc∏pkvX-

IØns‚ icn X¿÷na'' A√. IuΩm]m¿∞\bpsS A¥yØn¬

sNm√p∂ "Ir] \nd™ adnbta' F∂ ]m¿∞\ Cu X¿÷nabn¬

Dt]£n°s∏ńcn°p∂p. HºXmw aWn \akvImcØn¬ acn®p-

t]mbhsc Hm¿°p∂ "A\pKlßƒ \nd™ncn°p∂ht\...'' F∂m-

cw`n°p∂ am¿ _membnbpsS At]£bpw hn´pIf™ncn°p∂p.


kqØmdm \akvImcØnse am¿ At]ans‚ cmKØn¬ sNm√p∂

ib\ ]m¿∞\bn¬

"\ns∂s∏s‰∂ΩbpsS \nt∂mSp≈ At]£bmse

F\n°p≈ ib\Ønt∑¬ Xn∑s∏´h\WbcptX'

F∂ hcnIƒ X¿÷nabn¬ Xmsg ImWpw]Imcw t`Zs∏SpØn-

bncn°p∂p:

"ImcpWy DSbht\mSv \n\°p≈ At]£bmse

F\n°p≈ ib\Ønt∑¬ Xn∑s∏´h\WbcptX'

Bcm[m\Iaßƒ aqe`mjbn¬ \n∂v kz`mjbnte°v hnh¿-

Ø\w sNbvXv Inńb BÀmZhmbv]n¬, hnh¿Ø\Øns‚ ad]nSn®v

\SØnb \hoIcWiaßsf ]ecpw I≠n√; I≠ ]ecpw I≠-

Xmbn `mhn®pan√.

4. ]pent°mń¬ C´q∏v (tPmk^v) IØ\m¿

1832 Unkw_¿ 12˛\v Ipcnb≥ ˛ Xm≠Ω ZºXnIfpsS aI\mbn

P\n® Ip∂wIpfw ]pent°mń¬ C´q∏v IØ\m¿ BWv ]me°p-

∂Øv henb saXm®s‚ \hoIcWtØmSv Xpd∂ bp≤w ]Jym]n-

®Xv. henb∏≥ C´q∏v IØ\mcn¬ \n∂pw amXpe≥ IpØq¿ Iqdn-

temkn¬ \n∂pw bqbm°ow Iqdntemkv, kvtX^mt\mkv AØm\m-

tkymkv, siahq≥ dºm≥ XpSßnbhcn¬ \n∂pw sshZnIin£Ww

t\Snb At±lw \hoIcW saXms‚ \akvImc∏pkvXIsØ sNdp-

°phm≥ tImgnt°mSv IflkvXnb∏m sNńbmcpsS ] n¬ \n∂v

\hoIcWw IecmØ ]m¿∞\m ]pkvXIßƒ A®Sn®v hnXcWw

sNbvXp (Cu IaØns‚ Ipd™Xv ]Xnaq∂v ]Xn∏pIsf¶nepw

kzPohnXImeØv At±lw ]kn≤oIcn®Xn¬ Btdgp ]Xn∏pIƒ

Cu KŸImc≥ kq£n°p∂p). 1850˛Ifn¬ Cu tPmk^v IØ\m¿

Ip∂wIpfØv ]pent°mń¬ tPmk^v IØ\mgvkv ]kv F∂

t]cn¬ Hc®SntIµw ÿm]n°pIbpw AhnsS\n∂v kpdnbm\n

Ip¿∫m\ XIvkm ]kn≤oIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp (Ip¿∫m\, amΩq-

Zokm, hnhmlw F∂o Iaßƒ Dƒs∏´ ]kvXpX XIvkm KŸ-

Imcs‚ ssIhiw D≠v). Xet»cnbnse P¿Ω≥ anjWdnamcn¬

\n∂v hmßnb Cu I√®v ]kmWv ] pIfpsS \mSmb Ip∂wIp-

fsØ BZysØ ]kv. tIcfØnse H∂masØ kpdnbm\n ] pw

CXv Xs∂. sXmgnbq¿ ]≈nt°kn¬ \hoIcWsaXmt\mSv ]cm-

Pbs∏´psh¶nepw At±lw \ncmis∏ń√. A®Sn® \akvImc-


∏pkvXIßfpw Ip¿∫m\Iahpw ]Ncn°phm≥ ae¶cbnse ]≈n-

IƒtXmdpw k©cn® bphsshZnIs\ ae¶ck` kIqXw i≤n®p.

\hoIcWtØmSv B`napJyan√mØ At\Iw kpdnbm\n°m¿ FXn¿-

°m\mhmsX \hoIcW saXms‚ Iogn¬ A\pkcWw `mhn®p-

sIm≠v Ignbp∂Xv Cu bmXIfn¬ ]pent°m´n¬ C´q∏v IØ\m¿

i≤n®p. tIm´bw ]gbskan\mcn ÿm]Is‚ IpSpw_°mc≥ F∂

JymXn At±lØns‚ ]bXv\ßsf eLqIcn®p. hS°≥ CShI-

Ifn¬ sshZnIcpw Aflmb°mcpamb At\Iw t]¿ At±lØns‚

kplrØp°fmbn. sIm®nbnepw Nmh°m´pw hym]mcm¿∞w h∂n-

cp∂ DØtc¥y°mcn¬ \n∂pw lnµpÿm\nbpw hntZinIfmb

Kpcp°∑mcn¬ \n∂v kpdnbm\nbpw Ad_nbpw Nne anjWdn

kplrØp°fn¬ \n∂pw Cw•ojpw At±lw ]cnNbn®p. 1852 Nnßw

6˛\v I»oim]´ta‰v ]g™n, Nment»cn∏≈nIfn¬ At±lw tkh\w

A\pjvTn®p hcptºmƒ BWv \hoIcW saXm®\v cmPIob

hnfw_cw e`n°p∂Xv. hnfw_cw h∂tXmsS B¿Øm‰v ˛ Ip∂w-

Ipfw alm CShIbnse ]≈nIsf√mw \hoIcW saXms‚ A[o\-

Xbnembn. \hoIcWsØ sNdp°phm≥ \m\qtdmfw IpSpw_ßsf

At±lw k÷cm°n. sIm®ocmPmhns‚ A\paXntbmsS Ip∂w-

Ipfw Ingt° ]pØ≥]≈n At±lw ÿm]n®v 1852 hr›nIw 12

apX¬ (A∂mbncp∂p ]gbskan\mcn ÿm]Is‚ Hm¿Ωs∏-

cp∂mƒ) AhnsS ]Xnhmbn Bcm[n®v h∂p. A\paXn°mbn sIm®n

cmPmhn\v \¬Inb At]£bn¬ \hoIcWsaXms\ kzoIcn°p-

hm≥ hnizmk]cambn IgnbmØXn\memWv ]pXnb ]≈nbpsS

Bhiyw t\cn´sX∂v Xpds∂gpXnbncp∂p (Fw. ]n. h¿°n, ]p. 9,

10). ]pXnb ]≈nbpsS hnhcadn™t∏mƒ \hoIcW saXm≥

tIm]n®p. AhnsS ZnhyI¿Ωßƒ \SØn°cpsX∂v Znhm≥ i¶c-

hmcnb¿°v FgpXn Ab®p. Znhm≥ DSs\ DØchv ]pds∏Sphn®p.

A\ymbamb DØchns\ tPmk^v IØ\m¿ ewLn®p. hmZ]Xn-

hmZßƒ°v tijw tPmk^v IØ\mcpsS ]hrØn \ymbsa∂v

Znhm≥ hn[n®p (h¿°n, ]p. 10). \nbabp≤Øn¬ tKmenbmØns\

Xd ]‰n® bphtImaf sshZnIs\ A`n\h ZmhoZns\ k` BZc-

]q¿∆w i≤n®p.

ae¶cbnse \hoIcW hyKXsb°pdn®pw ]pXnb saXms\

Ab®pXcphm≥ Bhiys∏´psIm≠pw Ab®ncp∂ IØpIƒ°v

]mXnb¿°okv HSphn¬ adp]Sn Ab®p: ""... AhnsS \n∂pw ct≠m

aqt∂m I»oi∑msc ChntSbv°v ]d™b®m¬ tim[\sNbvXv ]Tn-

∏n®v saXms‚ ÿm\w sImSpØbbv°p∂XmIp∂p'' (I≠\m´v


KŸhcn, ]p. 176). Cu IØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ bqbm°ow

Iqdntemkv Hcp tbmKw 1863 [\p 11˛\v tIm´q¿ ]≈nbn¬ ktΩfn®v

"ChnsS \n∂v sIm≈mIp∂ ]´°m¿ t]mIp∂Xn\v Xbmd√mØ-

Xn\m¬ AhnsS \n∂v c≠v _mhmamscbpw ]Øv dºm∑mscbpw

th≠p∂ ]pkvXIßfpw aqtdm\pw sImSpØv Ab°Wsa∂v'

adp]Sn Xbmdm°n. as‰mcp saXms‚ km∂n[yw Xs‚ hcpam\sØ

]XnIqeambn _m[n°psa∂Xn\m¬ bqbm°ow Iqdntemkv C°m-

cyØn¬ hnapJ\mbncp∂p. Cu kabØv 1038 (1863) ao\w 2˛\v

]pent°mń¬ tPmk^v IØ\m¿ tIm´qscØn Iqdntemkns\ I≠v

IS¬ bmXbv°v XbmdmsW∂dnbn®p. injy≥, Bflob ]pX≥,

sXmgnbq¿ hyhlmchpw hcm∏pg B¿®v _nj∏v X\ns°Xncmbn

\¬Inb am\\jvSt°kpw X\n°p th≠n Gs‰SpØv \SØnb

Bƒ F∂o \neIfnsems° A`n\h saXm≥˛ÿm\m¿∞n

Iqdntemkn\v ]nb¶c\mbncp∂psh¶nepw kztZinbpw ]m]vX\pw

P\kΩX\pamb At±lw saXm\mbn h∂m¬ kz¥w ÿm\-

Øns‚ ]k‡nbv°p aßteev°psa∂v AXn_p≤nam\mb

Iqdntemkv Kln®p. F¶nepw ]≈n°mcpsS kΩ¿±w h¿≤n®tXmsS

At±lw P\lnXØn\v hgßp∂Xmbn `mhn®v C]Imcw ]mXn-

b¿°okn\v IØv Xømdm°n ""... tIm´q¿ ]≈nbn¬ ]≈n°m¿

IqSnb kabw Cu I»oi t]mIp∂Xn\mbn FØs∏ńń√mØXn\m-

etX C]Imcw ]≈n°m¿ FgpXphm≥ kwKXn h∂Xv. AXn\m¬

XncpapºmsI Cu Bƒ h∂m¬ Xncpa\ pt]mse sNøp∂Xn\v

Hs° F\n°pw ]≈n°m¿°pw kΩXamIp∂p. 1864 ao\w 11''

(KŸhcn, ]p. 180). B¿Øm‰v, Ipdp∏ºSn apXemb ]≈n°m¿

FgpXnb IØpIfn¬ Iqdntemkv H∏pw apZbpw h®v sImSpØb®p.

tIm´bØv CShgn°¬ ]oent∏mkv IØ\msc ImWpItbm ip]m-

¿iIØv kzoIcn°pItbm AcpsX∂v Iqdntemkv \n¿t±in®p. ioa-

bnse _mhmam¿°pw \m´pIm¿°pw IØpIfpw ]mXnb¿°okn\v

GItZiw 35 cq]m Xq°w sh≈nbn¬ Xo¿Ø AwihSnbpw Iqdn-

temkv sIm≠ph∂ncp∂ kz¿Æw ]qinb …o_mbpw sImSpØb®p

(KŸhcn, ]p. 364).

Ip∂wIpfØpIm¿ kzcq]n®v \¬Inb A™qdv cq]mbpw A¶-

amen, AI∏dºv, Ipdp∏ºSn, tImXawKew, Ip∂°pcpSn, ISa‰w,

tImet©cn XpSßnb CShIIƒ \¬Inb kw`mh\Ifpambn

bmXbmb tPmk^v (C´q∏v) IØ\mtcmsSm∏w I≠\m´v a´ptΩ¬

Kohdp§okv IØ\mcpw ]cnNmcI≥ Ip∂wIpfw IpØq¿ Xmc∏\pw

a¿±o\nte°v 1863 taSw 14˛\v Ip∂wIpfØp \n∂v bmXbmbn (ck-

Ichpw `mhXohhpw kw`h_lpehpw DtZzK]q¿Æhpamb Cu


kztZinbmb Hcp saXm≥ hmgn°s∏ScpXv F∂v \n¿∫‘ap≈

Iqdntemkv saXm≥ kz¥ambpw ]≈nIfpw hy‡nIfpw aptJ\bpw

]mXnb¿°okv _mhmbv°v sImSpØb® IØpIfn¬ saXm≥

ÿm\m¿∞nbv°v ]XnIqeamb ]e ]cma¿ißfpap≠mbncps∂-

¶nepw X¬kw_‘amb ]cntim[\Iƒ°v \ntbmKn°s∏´ IΩn‰n

ÿm\m¿∞n tbmKys\∂v kwibmXoXambn A`n]mbs∏´Xn\m¬

1864 taSw 25˛\v At±lsØ dºm\mbpw 26 \v saXm\mbpw ÿm\w

\¬In. A¿Ωo\nb≥ saXm\pw a¿±o\nse saXm\pw _mhmtbm-

sSm∏w ÿm\m`ntjIØn¬ ]s¶Sp°pIbpw kpkvXmØnt°m\n¬

H∏phbv°pIbpw sNbvXp (bmt°m_v ZznXob≥ _mhm \¬InbXpw

tIm\m´v amØ≥ siΩmi≥ ˛ ]n∂oSv ae¶c aev]m≥ amØ≥

tImdn ˛ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXpamb kpkvXmØnt°ms‚ ]q¿Æ-

cq]w Cu KŸImc≥ FgpXnb "ae¶cbpsS alm\mb am¿ Zoh∂m-

tkymkv' F∂ PohNcnXØns‚ 47˛53 hsc ]pdßfn¬ ImWpI).

\hm`njn‡\mb ]pent°mń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv

1865 Nnßw 24 \v sIm®nbnseØn. At±lsØ kzoIcn°phm≥

t]mb Itcm´phoń¬ siahq≥ tImdn I≠\m´v KŸhcnbn¬ Fgp-

Xp∂p: ""]mXnb¿°okv _mhm At±lØn\v sImSpØn´p≈ Ikhp-

Im∏m apXembXpw …o_mbpw Ipcnipw aqtdm\pw hSnbpw am¿ IuΩm-

bpsSbpw am¿ bm°q_v _p¿±m\bptSbpw am¿ bmt°m_v a]kvs°m-

]pent°mń¬ tPmk^v am¿

Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠m-a≥

kmlknIbmXbpsS hnhcWw

"Hcp ]ctZibmXbpsS IY' F∂

t]cn¬ At±lw FgpXnbXv

1902˛¬ At±lØns‚ PohNcnX-

Øns‚ `mKambn Fw. ]n. h¿-

°nbpw kzX¥IrXnbmbn

2003˛¬ Cu KŸImc\pw ]kn-

≤oIcn®p. aebmfØnse bmXm-

hnhcW kmlnXy imJbnse

c≠masØ IrXnbmb CXns‚

]tNmZ\hpw amXrIbpw kzoI-

cn®mWv At±lØns‚ injy≥

]cpae am¿ KotKmdntbmkv

Du¿t«w bmX F∂ IrXn cNn®n-

´p≈Xv).


bpsSbpw... AÿnIfpw aebmfsams° `cn∏m\mbn sImSpØn´p≈

kpkvXmØnt°m\pw Fs∂ ImWn®v kt¥mjambncn°bm¬ 25˛mw

XoøXn sshIp∂ kabw At±lØns‚ FXntcev]n\mbn Ip∂w-

IpfØp \n∂pw ]\°¬ Im°p IØ\mc®≥ ]\-°¬ Cø∏≥

apXemb GXm\pw t]cpw hcnIbpw....''

]pXnb saXms‚ hc-hn¬ Ak¥p-jvS-\mb Iqdn-tem-kv, A¶-

amen, I≠-\m-Sv, tImX-aw-K-ew, apf-¥p-cpØn F∂o ]_e CS-h-I-

Isf kzm[o-\n-®p. s]mXp iXp-hns\ k` Xev°m-e-tØ-¶nepw ad∂p.-

AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ Kq∏v, Iqdn-tem-kns‚ Kq∏v, ]pXnb saXm≥

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ Kq∏v F∂n-ßs\ k` XnapJ kwL-am-bn. A\p-

cRvP-\-I-e-bpsS am¥n-I≥ Bb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ saXm-®≥ \bw

sIm≠pw kvt\lw sIm≠pw ]mf-b-Ønse ]Ssb km¥z-\n-∏n-®p.

\ho-I-cW saXm-s\-Xn-cmbn \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Bcw`n-®p; l¿Pn-Iƒ

Ab®p. Znhm-\pambn A`n-apJ kw`m-jWw \S-Øn. H∂pw th≠X

]tbm-P-\-]-Z-amIm-™-Xn-\m¬ 1869 s^_p-hcn 3 \v aZn-cm-in-bn¬

_mcn-Ã¿ tambn≥ kmbn∏v aptJ\ Kh¿Æ¿°v Zo¿L-amb Hcp

k¶Sl¿Pn t_m[n-∏n-®p (l¿Pn-bpsS ]q¿Æ-cq-]Øn\v ae-¶-c-k`:

-N-cn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw, ]p. 644-˛650 ImWpI).

l¿Pn°v C]-Imcw adp-]Sn e`n-®p: ""l¿Pn-bn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p∂

Imcy-ß-fn¬ Kh-s◊‚ v ]th-in-°p-∂-X-√. Cu kwKXn CS-s]´

Imcy-ß-fn¬ _n´ojv dkn-U‚ v X∂n-´p≈ Iev]-\sb ÿnc-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v Adn™psIm≈Ww'' (I≠-\m´v K-Ÿ-hcn, ]p.

249).

]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]n¥pW adp- mKw B¿Pn®p F∂v kwi-bmXo-

X-ambn t_m[y-amb-t∏mƒ ]me-°p-∂Øv saXm-®≥ ]c-ky-ambn \ne-

]m-Sp-Ifpw ap≥ A`n-]m-b-ßfpw t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v ae-

¶-c-bn¬ Imcy-ans√∂pw saXm-∑msc hmgn-°p-hm≥ At¥ymJym

]mXn-b¿°okn-s‚ km∂n-≤ytam A\p-hm-Ztam Bhiy-an-s√∂pw

At±lw ]kvXm-hn-∏m≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw 1868 CShw 9˛\v (kz¿§mtcm-

l-W-s∏-cp-∂mƒ) Xs‚ Nn‰-∏-s‚ aI≥ ]me-°p-∂Øv tXmakv IØ-

\msc tIm´bw skan-\mcn Nm∏-en¬ h®v dºm-\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

19˛\v s]¥n-t°m-kvXn-bn¬ ]me-°p-∂Øv saXm-®\pw sXmgn-bq-cnse

Be-Øq°m-c≥ saXm-®\pw tN¿∂v dºms\ tXmakv am¿ AØm-

\m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-\mbn hmgn-®p. AXn\ptijw ]me-

°p-∂Øv henbsaXm-®≥ kzbw ]mXn-b¿°okv F∂v hnti-jn-

∏n®p. sIm®p-sa-Xm-®\pw BeØq-°m-c≥ saXm-®\pw tN¿∂v At±-


lsØ ]mXnb¿°o-kmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°p-sa∂v A°m-eØv Hcp

ipXn ]c-∂p (K-Ÿ-hcn, ]p. 229).

]pen-t°m- n¬ saXm-®s\ AwKo-I-cn-°m-sXbpw At±-lsØ ]gn-

®p-sIm≠pw Zn\-cm-X-ßƒ Ign-®p-Iq-ńb Iqdn-tem-kns\ imkn-®p-

sIm≠v ]mXn-b¿°okv Iev]\ Ab-®-Xmbpw XpS¿∂v Iqdn-temkv

HXpßn-b-Xmbpw KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ ImWp∂p (]p. 236).

h¿j-ß-fmbn apS-ßn-°n-S∂ hń-∏-W-∏-eni 35000 cq] ]pen-

t°mń¬ saXm-®s‚ XS-k-hmZw Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v ]me-°p-∂Øp

saXm-®\pw Iq´p-S-Ãn-Ifpw hmßn.

1870- ¬ ]pen-t°m- n¬ saXm-®≥ sIm®n-bn¬ sk‚ v tXmakv ]kv-

F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp A®p-IqSw ÿm]n-®p. "ae-bm-f-Ønepw kpdn-bm-

\nbnepw Zp¿√`-ambn Cw•o-jnepw A®Snthe-Iƒ sNbvXphcp-∂Xv

IqSmsX ]c-P-\-ßƒ°p hnZybpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw A`n-hr-≤n-bmbn

hcp-hm≥ th≠n "tIcf]XmI' F∂ \ma-t[-b-ambn Hcp h¿Ø-am-

\-]-XnI sIm√w 1048-˛-mam≠v (1872) Nnßw 1˛mw XobXn apX¬ amk-

Øn¬ c≠p Xh-W-bmbn ]kn≤w sNbvXp-h-cp∂p' (K-Ÿ-h-cn).

k`bv°v Bh-iy-amb ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ A®-Sn-°p-hm≥ G¿∏m-

Sm-°nb I¿Ω-\n-c-X\pw Im¥-Z¿in-bp-amb ]pen-t°mń¬ saXm-®≥

ae-¶-c-bn¬ Zbdm ]ÿm\w Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ \n›-bn-®p. a¿±o≥

bmX-bn¬ I≠ Zb-dm-Iƒ amXr-Im-]-c-ambn a\- n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

hfsc At\z-j-W-ßƒ°p tijw Zbdm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ A[n-]≥

BIphm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-\mb Hcp sshZn-Is\ At±lw Is≠-Øn.

kzin-jy\pw apf-¥p-cpØn kztZ-in-bp-amb NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh-dp-

Kokv I»o-im-sb-bmWv At±lw Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. "ain-lm-Imew 1872

ao\ -amkw 26-˛mw XobXn Rmb-dmgvN apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ h®v ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm I≠-\m´v ]≈n-∏p-d-Øp-Im-c≥ I√-d-°¬

F∂pw apf-¥p-cpØn¬ Ic-]p-≈n¬ F∂pw ]≈-Ø-t´¬ F∂pw Xd-

hm-´p-t]cpw km[m-c-W-bmbn NmØp-cp-Øn¬ F∂v hnfn-®p-h-cp∂

tImdn Koh-dp-Ko-kv Il-\mbv°v dºXzw sImSp-Øp. Cu ÿm\w

sImSp-ØXv At±-l-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ a\- mepw BK-l-Øn≥ t]cn¬

saXm-t∏m-eoØm sNbvXXm-Ip∂p' (K-Ÿ-hcn, ]p. 319). apf-¥p-cp-

Øn-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ shń-°¬ Ipcn-ip-]≈n sIń-S-Øn¬ ]pXnb

dºms\ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn.

]\-°¬ sF∏pcp-hns‚ ]≠-I-im-e-bn¬ (sIm-®n-t°m-´-bn-se)

ÿm]n-X-amb sk‚ v tXmakv A®p-Iq-Shpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pd-s∏´


tIcf ]Xm-Ibpw ae-¶ck`-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI apJ-Øns‚ c≠v

i‡n tkmX- pIfm-bn. Bwt•b anj-W-dn-amsc am‰n-\n¿Øn-bm¬

tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ A®-Sn-im-ebpw BZysØ ]Xhpw ]pd-s∏-

Sp-hn®-Xns‚ _lp-aXn kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øn-\m-Wv. AXp-t]mse

shń°¬ Zbdm H∂masØ Bi-a-ambn. NmØp-cpØn dºms‚

t\Xr-XzØn¬ aq°-t©cn Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥ XpSßn Hcp kwLw

Zb-dm-°msc ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ ÿm\w sImSpØv \nb-an-®p.

Cu ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ A`q-X-]q¿hhpw \thm-t∑-j-Zm-b-I-ß-fp-am-bn-

cp-∂p. bp≤-Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬ Pohn-°p-Ibpw bp≤-Øn¬ k¿h-ssk-

\ym-[n-]-\mbn t]mcm-tS≠n hcn-Ibpw sNbvX At±lw k`-bpsS

sISp-Xn-Iƒ°v ap≥Km-an-Isf Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-√. ]iv\-ß-sfms°

Ah-km-\n® tijw krjvSn-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-hm-

\mbn Imcy-ßƒ \oń-h-®n√. CS-b-t_m[w X∂n¬ hnizmk]q¿hw

Gev]n® ZuXy-ßsf \nd-th-‰m-\p≈ I¿Ωkc-Wn-Iƒ XymK-]q¿∆w,

£am-]q¿hw shń-Øp-d-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

"PohnXw F\n-bvs°mcp Nqf-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ

`qhn\m shfn®Øm¬ sh◊ Rm\p-f-hm°n' F∂ PobpsS hcn-

Iƒ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®s‚ I¿Ω\nc-X-amb Pohn-XsØ kXy-

k-‘-ambn D]-\y-kn-°p-∂p.

ioa-bn¬\n∂v h∂ kvtX^m-t\mkv AØm-\m-tkymkv, sia-hq≥

d-ºm≥ F∂n-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bnse skln-

tbm≥ _w•m-hn¬ At±lw Bcw-`n® ]mtZ-inI skan-\mcn \ne®p

t]mbn-cp-∂p. tIm´bw ]gbskan-\mcn \ho-I-c-W-°m-cpsS ssIh-i-

Øn-ep-am-bn. shń-°¬ Zbdm Hcp skan-\m-cn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥

At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. apf-¥p-cpØn CS-h-I-bpsS kwc£W-

bn¬ B tIµ-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\w kpK-a-am-°n. sX°≥ Zn°nepw

AØ-c-samcp i‡ntIµw At±lw BK-ln-®p; X¬ -e-ambn amth-

en°c-bn¬ Xg-°c skan-\mcn At±lw Bcw`n®p. F∂m¬ B

ÿm]\w s]mXpk`-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ hn´p-In-´m-bvI-bm¬ Ahn-

SpsØ ]h¿Ø\w XpS-cm-\m-bn-√. as‰mcp tIµ-Øn-\mbn At\z-

jWw XpS¿∂p.

At\zjWIY I≠\mSv KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ \n∂v kwK-ln°mw: 1042

ao\-Øn¬ (1867) tIm´-b-Øn\v sX°p≈ ]≈n-I-fn¬ kµ¿i\w

\S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ ]e ]≈n-I-fnepw A\p-jvTm-\-I-a-ß-fnepw BNmc-

Iaß-fnepw sX‰p-Iƒ I≠p. \ho-I-c-W-°m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

sshZnI skan-\mcn A]-I-S-I-c-amb Zni-bn-te°v ]bmWw sNøp∂p

F∂v t_m≤y-am-bn. sX°≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp ]pXnb skan-\mcn


F∂ Bibw a\- n-ep-Zn-®p. Xncp-h-√m-bn¬ am∂m¿ Acn-Ip-]p-dØv

amØ≥ ÿew ]cp-a-e-bn¬ Zm\w sNbvXp. sIńSw ]Wn°v Xs‚

]Ømb∏pc s]mfn-®p-\¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp (-]p. 325). skan-\m-cn-bn¬

]≈n-]Wn-bm≥ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v A\p-hmZw e`n-°p∂ apdbv°v AXv

\n¿h-ln-°-W-sa∂v \ncWw XpS-ßnb GXm\pw CS-h-I-Ifpw kΩ-

Xn-®p. shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬\n∂v NmØp-cpØn dºm-®s\ hcpØn

]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bpsS Npa-Xe Gev]n-®p. skan-\m-cn-∏-Wnbpw

sshZnI hnZym`ym-khpw AhnsS GI-Im-eØv \S-Øm-\m-bn. Cu

bmX-bn¬ \ho-IcW-tØmSv FXn¿∏p≈ GXm\pw ]≈n-Isf

kwLSn-∏n-°p-hm\pw ]pen-t°mń¬ saXm-®≥ kabw Is≠-Øn.

ae-¶-cbpsS sX°pw hS°pw k©-cn®v \ho-I-c-W-tØmSv sNdp°p-

hm≥ Xbm-dp-≈-hsc Is≠Øn kwL-Sn-∏n-®-tijw At±lw A\-

¥c \S-]-Sn-I-fn-te°v \oßn. AXn-\mbn k -bpsS Hcp kp∂-l-tZmkv

At±lw ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ 1873-˛¬ hnfn®p tN¿Øp.

5. 1873-˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZmkv

1873 Nnßw 27-˛\v tN¿∂ ]cp-ae tbmK-Øn¬ 80- e-[nIw ]≈nI-

fpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. bqbm°nw Iqdn-temkv B[y£w

hln-®p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ \n¿t±-in® Zni-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-

bp∂ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p. Ah-bpsS kwKlw I≠-\m´v KŸ-

h-cnbn¬ \n∂v kwK-ln®v tN¿°p∂p (]q¿Æ-cq]Øn\v ae-¶-c-k`:

Ncn-Xhpw kwkvImc-hpw ImWp-I. ]p. 657-˛669).

1. ]me-°p-∂Øv saXm-®s\ A\p-\-bn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Hcp D]kan-

Xnsb Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. B bXv\w ]cm-P-b-s∏-´m¬ ]pen-t°m-

ń¬ saXm-®\v hnfw-_cw e`n-°p-hm≥ Iq´mbn ian-°p-Ibpw thWw.

2. saXm-∑m-cpsS GI-\m-b-I-i‡n k`bv°v KpW-I-c-a√. k`m`c-

W-Øn\v saXm\pw ]´-°mc\pw Abvta-\nbpw tN¿∂ Hcp kwLw

k`m-`-c-W-Øn-\mbn cq]-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏-S-Ww. B Atkm-tky-j\v

IrXyhpw \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏- -Xp-amb cq]- m-h-ßfpw A[n-Imc]cn-[n-Ifpw

D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

3. F√m ]≈n-Ifpw AXn¬ saº¿am¿ BI-Ww. ]≈n-bpsS okv

hmßn hnIm-cnsb saº¿ B°-Ww.

4. saº¿am-cpsS AwK-Xz- okv IqSmsX AwK-ßƒ°v ¢mkv Xncn®v

AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°p∂ hcp-am-\hpw tN¿Øp kap-

Zm-b-Øn\v Hcp s]mXp-^≠v kzcq]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.


5. Atkm-tky-js‚ Btem-N\m kan-Xn-bm-bpw Imcy-ßƒ \S-

Øp-∂-Xn-\mbpw \mep ]´-°mcpw F´v Abvta-\n-Ifpw AS-ßp∂ Hcp

IΩn‰n sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-S-Ww.

6. IΩn‰n \n›-bn-°p∂ Hcmƒ knI-´-dnbpw as‰m-cmƒ JPm≥Pn-

bpw Bh-Ww. Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ°pw IW-°p-Iƒ°pw ]amW kq-

£n-∏n\pw knI-´-dnbpw ]W-®p-a-X-ebv°p JPm≥Pnbpw _m≤y-X-

s∏-ń-cn-°-Ww.

7. ][m\ kwK-Xn-Iƒ°v kanXn Atkm-tky-js‚ A\p-aXn

hmßn-®n-cn-°-Ww.

8. ]≈n kw_-‘hpw k`m kw_-‘hpamb hyh-lm-c-ßƒ Cu

IΩn‰n \S-Ø-Ww.

9. hnZym-e-b-ßƒ, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂nh Bcw- n®v \S-Øphm-

≥ Cu IΩ-n‰nbv°v Npa-X-e-bp-≠v.

10. F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw kvXo ]pcp-j-t`-Z-sat\y ]Tn-°p-hm≥

]Tn-Ø-ho-Sp-Iƒ IΩn‰n G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

11. ]≈n-I-fpsS dn∏-b¿, ]pXnb ]≈n-I-fpsS ÿm]-\w, kvIqfpIƒ

F∂n-hbv°v Bh-iysa-¶n¬ X° Dd-∏p-Iƒ hmßn s]mXp-^-≠n¬

\n∂v sNe-hn´v Ia»x IΩn‰n hkq-em-°-Ww.

12. CS-h-I-I-fnse ÿmhc ˛ PwK-a-kz-Øp-°-fpsS ]ńI Xbm-

dm°n ssI°m-c-∑mcpw hnIm-cn-amcpw H∏n´v saXm-®\pw IΩ-n‰n-

°m¿°pw sImSp-°-Ww. IW-°p-I-fpsS sXc-´p-Iƒ A]-Imcw Xs∂

sNø-Ww.

13. hnZym-`ymk ]Nm-c-Ww, _me-hn-hmlw t]mse-bp≈ ]Xn-

hpIƒ d±m-°¬, amΩq-Zo-km, hnhm-lw, ih-kw-kvIm-cw Ch-bpsS

cPn-Ã-dpIƒ Xbm-dm-°¬ F∂n-hbv°v IΩn‰n saXm-®≥ hgn hnIm-

cn-amsc N´w sI´-Ww.

14. k`-bnepw shfn -bnepw kphn -tijthe \S-Øp-hm≥

]m]vXcmb sshZn-Isc iºfw sImSpØv \nb-an-°-Ww.

15. Imt\m-\p-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\w, \S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ, thZ-hym-Jym\w,

NcnXw XpS-ßnb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn D≠m-°Ww.

16. Atkm-tky-j≥ saXm-≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf ap≥Iqń sXc-

s™-SpØv ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\v G¿∏m-Sm-°-Ww.

17. saXm-®-\pw, Atkm-tky-j\pw kΩ-X-\mb Hcmƒ A¿°-Znbm-

t°m≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ saXm-®s‚ klmbn Bbn-cn-°-Ww.


18. saXm-®-∑m-cpsS sNehv kap-Zmbw hln-°Ww; hcp-am\w IpSpw-

_-°m¿°v sImSp-°-cp-Xv, IqZm-i-Iƒ°v ]Xn-^-e-ambn ]Ww hmß-

cpXv. adn®v sNbvXm¬ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v G¿∏m-Sm-°mw.

19. ]≈n-bp-sSbpw kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw IW-°p-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS

dnt∏m¿´v ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. doiokm Bdp- am-k-Øn-sem-cn-°¬

As√-¶n¬ B≠p-tXmdpw ]ncn®v At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-Øn-te-

°-b-°-Ww.

20. hnIm-cn-amcpw CS-h-I-tbm-Khpw IΩ-n‰n-°mcpw aev]m-∑mcpw

km£ys∏Sp-Øn-bm¬ amXta sshZnIhnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]´w sImSp-

°mhq.

21. Imtem-NnX \nb-a-ßƒ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw D≠m-°p-hm≥ IΩn-

‰n°v kzmX¥yw \¬Ip-∂p.

22. IΩ-n‰n-°m¿ Ip‰w sNbvXm¬ hnNm-cW sNbvXv Ahsc

]pdØm°n ]Icw Bsf \nb-an-°p-hm≥ Atkm-tky-j\v A[n-Imcw

D≠mbn-cn-°pw.

23. saXm-∑msc tbmPn-∏n-°m-\p≈ U]yq-t´-j≥ Cu IΩ-n‰n-bpsS

\nb-¥WØn¬ \nb-an°s∏-S-Ww.

24. Cu \n›-b-ßƒ Cw•o-jnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw A®-Sn-∏n®v ]kn

≤w sNøp-Ibpw AXns‚ ]Xn-Iƒ cmPm-°-∑m¿°pw dkn-U-≠n\pw

Ab®psImSp°p-Ibpw Atkm-tkyjs\ ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øn-Ø-cp-hm≥

At]-£n-°p-Ibpw thWw.

25. Bdp-am-k-Øn-\Iw saº¿amsc apgp-h≥ tN¿Øv ^okv \n›-

bn®v Imcy-ßsf hyh-ÿ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb \nb-a-ßƒ

\n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.

26. ]cp-ae ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sn\v ÿew sImSpØ amØ-t\mSpw a‰v KWy-

ambn kw`m-h\ sNøp-∂-h-scbpw ASp-Ø-tbm-K-Øn¬ \µn Adn-bn∏m-

≥ Ah-cpsS ]q¿Æ enÃv Xb-mdm-°-Ww.

27. A≤y-£≥ am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn-t\mSv tbmKw \µn tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂p.

tbmK-Øn¬ ]s¶-SpØ Fw. ]n. h¿°n 1902, 1903 F∂o h¿jß-

fn¬ Fgp-Xnb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv, am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂n-h-

cpsS Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ka-Ime km£yhpw ]k-

‡-amWv: ""kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS aX-kzm-X-¥ysØ XS-bp-∂Xpw am¿


AØm\m-tkym-kns\ A\ym-b-ambn A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-Xp-amb Xncp-

sh-gpØv hnfw-_-csØ Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw am¿ AØm-

\mt\ymkns\ At¥ymJym ]mXn-b¿°okv apS-°nb Iev]\sb

^en-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw _mhm-bpsS BK-a\w sImt≠ km[n-°p-I-bp-

≈p F∂v I≠v, AhnSp∂v ae-bm-f-tØ°v ]pd-s∏-S-W-sa∂v \ΩpsS

IYm-\m-b-I≥ apJm-¥ncw ae-¶c kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ ka¿∏n® l¿Pn-

bpsS bp‡n-bp-‡X _mhmbv°v t_m≤y-ambn'' (am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkymkv, ]p. 121).

""..... Cu hI ]hr-Øn-Iƒ k^-e-ß-fm-Im-™-Xn-\m¬ Fs¥m-

s°bmWv C\n th≠-sX∂v saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿I-fpsS D’m-

l-Øm¬ .... ]cp-ase ae-¶c CS-hIP\-ß-fpsS Hcp alm-tbmKw

IqSn. CXn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥ (Nm-Øp-cp-Øn¬) hen-sbm-cp-’m-

lnbpw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v DØ-a-\mb klm-bnbpw Bbn-cp-∂p.

]mXnb¿°okv _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠v ae-bm-f-tØbv°v \oß-

W-sa∂v Hc-t]£ Ab-bv°p-∂-Xn\v tbmK-Øn¬ Xo¿®-bm°n (am¿

KotKm-dntbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm, ]p. 26).

1873 Nnßw 27- \v ]cp-a-e-bn¬ tN¿∂ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ h®v IaoI-

cn-°-s∏´ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-js‚ BZy

tbmKw [\p 26˛\v tN¿∂p. bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-

]Imcw At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ a°p-Znim K_n-tb¬ B[y£w

hln®p.

tIm\m´v Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m≥, ]\-°¬ bmt°m_v IØ-\m¿,

Ff-¥p-cp-Øn¬ ]oen-t∏mkv IØ-\m¿, shfn-bØv tImsd-∏n-

kvtIm∏m, F∂o \mep sshZn-I-scbpw ]\-°¬ sF∏q-cp, aev°n -a-

°p-Znim K_n-tb¬, I√-d-°¬ tImc, Ip∂pw-]p-dØv tImc Ipcy≥,

Ad-°-∏-d-ºn¬ bmt°m-_v, Nnd-°-S-hn¬ sIm®p-tIm-cpf, If-∏p-c-

bv°¬ bmt°m-_v, ]pØ≥ho-´n¬ tImin sIm®p-tIm-in, ]pXp-∏≈n

Koh-dp-Kokv F∂nhsc ]Ya amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n AwK-ß-fmbn sXc-

s™-Sp-Øp. knI´dn Bbn tImc Ipcy-s\bpw kpdn-bm\n knI-´-

dn-bmbn FS-h-gn-°¬ ]oen-t∏mkv tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏m-sbbpw tbmKw

\n›-bn-®p.

1874 Nnßw 20˛\v bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv A¥-cn®p; 22˛\v

apf¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ I_dS°n.


6. ]tXmkv XrXo-b≥

1873˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ At]£]Imcw 74-˛mw hb-

n¬ ]tXmkv XrXob≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfn¬

Xp¿°n kp¬Øms\ I≠v e≠≥ hgn ae-¶-c-bn-te°v ]pd-s∏-´p.

bmXbpsS ]ptcm-KXn Adn-bn-®p-sIm≠pw bmX-®n-e-hn-\p≈ ]Ww

Bhiy-s∏-´p-sIm≠pw ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn-te°b® IØp-

Ifpw IºnIfpw I≠-\mSv KŸ-h-cn-bpsS 418 apX¬ 440 hsc ]pd-

ß-fn¬ ImWp∂p-≠v. c≠p Xh-W-bmbn A™qdv ]h≥ C°m-cy-

Øn\v e≠-\n-te-°b-®-Xmbn io. h¿°n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v (am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv, ]p. 121).

bmX-®n-e-sh-Øn°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏´v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥

]≈n-Iƒ°-b® s]mXp Iev]\sb XpS¿∂v Ipdp-∏-ºSn∏≈n-bn¬

\n∂v kmc-amb Hcp XpI Ab-®-Xmbn BØp-¶¬ Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-

\m¿ Ipdp-∏-ºSn ]≈n-N-cn-X-Øn¬ (]p. 172) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

1875 CShw 10˛\v _mhm t_mws_-bnepw Duń-bn¬ Kh¿W¿

hneyw tdm_n≥k¨ kmbn-∏ns\ kµ¿in®v Bh-iy-amb ip]m¿i-

°-ØpI-tfmsS CShw 28 \v (29˛\v F∂v KŸ-h-cn-bn¬) Ip∂w-Ipfw

]≈nbnepw _mhm FØn. anYp\w 5 \v hymgmgvN Ip∂w-Ipfw Nnd-

fbw ]≈nbn¬ h®v tIm\m´v Koh-dp-Kokv aev]ms\ dºm-\m-°n. 8˛\v

Ip¿_m\ Ign™v sIm®nbv°v bmX Xncn-®p. ae-¶-c-bn-seßpw At±-

l-Øn\v cmtPm-Nn-X- kzoIcWw e`n-®p. anYp\w 24-˛\v _mhm \nc-

WØv hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p. ]me-°p-∂Øv saXm-®s\ ImWp-

hm≥ Bh-iy-s∏´v ZqX-∑msc Ab®-Xn\v ê-ap-≠m-bn-√. F¶nepw

kµ¿i-\-Øo-bXn am‰n am‰n

_mhmsb sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-®-p-sImt≠-

bn-cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ A\p-\-bn-∏n-°p-

hm≥ ian® CS-\n-e-°mcpw \ncm-

i-cm -bn. Cu ka-b-a -sXbpw

Xs‚ \ne Z-am°phm\pw ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ ia-ßƒ hy¿∞-

am -°p -hm\pap≈ ia-ß-fn¬

]me-°p-∂Øv saXm-®≥ apgpIn

(a-e-¶ck`m \ho-I-c-W-Øns‚

apt∂mSn-Iƒ, tUm. Sn. kn. tImc,

]p. 42).


I¿°-nSIw 2˛\v _mhmbpw dkn-U≠pw XΩn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

ssX°mSv _w•m-hn¬ h®pw 5 \v _mhmbpw alm-cm-Pm-hp-ambn \£X

_w•m-hn¬ h®pw IqSn-°m-gvN-Iƒ \S-∂p. ]me-°p-∂Øv aØn-bm-

kns‚ hnfw-_cw d±m-°p-hm≥ _mhm 7˛\v l¿Pn \¬In. 8˛\v hS-

t°s°m-´m-c-Øn¬ h®v Cfb cmPm-hp-ambn IqSn-°m-gvN-bn¬ _mhm-

bpsS NnXw hc-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ cmPm-hns‚ BKlw _mhm A\p-

h-Zn-®p. 16 Znhkw sIm≠v NnX-c-N\ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. Cf-b-cmPm ]mXn-

b¿°okn\v 15 ]h-t\mfw hcp∂ kz¿Æ°p-cn-ip-am-ebpw cmPm-hns‚

NnXhpw kΩm-\n-®p.

iwJp-apJw sIm´m-c-Øn¬ h®v alm-cm-Pmhpw _mhmbpw ]pent°m-

ń¬ saXm-®\pw kw`m-jWw \S-Øn. cmPm-hn-s‚bpw `c-W-°m-cp-

sSbpw klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-cpØn _mhm-bpw ]cn-hm-chpw

aS-°-bm-X-bm-bn.

Xs‚ XpS¿®-bmb £Ww kzoI-cn-°m\pw Xs∂ h∂v ImWp-

hm\pw Iq´m-°m-Xn-cp∂ ]me-°p-∂Øv saXm≥ \ncWw ]≈n-bn-ep-

s≠-∂-dn™p IqsS-bp-≈-h-cpsS hne°v hI-h-bv°msX _mhm

\ncWw ]≈n-bn-se-Øn. "_mhmbpw dºm-®-∑mcpw (tIm-\m´v dºm-

®\pw NmØp-cpØn dºm-®-\pw) Rßƒ H∂p c≠p ]´-°mcpw a°p-

Zoim K_n-tb-epw.... GXm\pw P\-°q-´hpw Bbn´v \nc-WØv ]≈n-

bn-te°v t]mhpIbpw sNbvXp. ... \nc-W-tØ°v t]mIp-∂-Xn-ep≈

`b-Øm¬ ]pen-t°mń¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm _mhm-tbmSv Hcp-an®v

t]mImsX ]≈nbv°v kao]w ]≈n-hm-Xp-°¬ bmt°m_v F∂-hs‚

hoń¬ sN∂v Xma-kn-®p. _mhmbpw P\-°q-´-hp-ambn ]≈n-bn-te°p

hcp∂p F∂v _e-bm¿ (]m-Xn-b¿°okv ]me-°p-∂Øp saXm-®s\

_e-bm¿ F∂pw aØnbmkv F∂pa√msX ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ Hcn-°epw

]cm-a¿in-®n-ń-√) F∂v ]d-bp∂ ]me-°p-∂≥ tI´-t∏mƒ Abm-tfm-

Sp-IqsS GXm\pw ]´-°mcpw InkvXym-\n-Ifpw `b∂v ]≈n-bpsS

hS°p hi-Øp≈ Na-b-∏pc amfn-I-bn¬ Ibdn hmXn-e-S-®p.

".... _mhm aZv_-lm-bn¬ Ibdn epØn-\n-bmbpw Ign-®v.... _e-

bm¿ FhnsS F∂pw Ahs\ ImW-W-sa∂pw Ahs‚ Ac-°-®-bpsS

i‡n F¥p-am-X-sa∂v Adn-b-W-sa∂pw a‰pw tIm]-tØmsS

Iev]n®p. _e-bm¿ AhnsS Ds≠∂pw `b-Øm¬ apdn-°-IØv Ibdn

hmXn¬ AS®p F∂pw Xncp-a-\ v Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ tIm]-tØmsS

Ahs‚ apdn-bpsS hmXn¬ Ct∏mƒ s]mfn°Wsa∂pw Ah≥ Ccn-

°p∂ apdn FhnsS F∂pw Iev]n-®-t∏mƒ Rßƒ F√m-hcpw Ic™v

Xr°m¬°¬ hoWv hµn®p. Icp-W-bp≈ ]nXmth AhnsS t]mIbpw-


IXIp s]mfn-°bpw sNø-cptX F∂pw ]pdØv Cd-ßn-bn-cp∂v Bf-

b-®m¬ Xncp-ap-ºmsI Abmƒ hcp-sa∂pw hcmØ]£w Xncp-ap-

ºmsI Rßƒ lmP-cm-°m-sa∂pw Xncp-a-\- -dn-bn-®-t∏mƒ ssZh-Ir]-

bm¬ A\p-k-cn®v Ahn-S∂v Fgp∂≈n ]qap-JØv t]mbn-cp-∂p.

"Ah≥ hcs´' F∂pw "hcmØ]£w sIm≠p-h-c-W'-sa∂pw Iev]-

\-bm-bn. hnfn-∏m-\mbn ]e-scbpw Ab®p-sh-¶nepw ]me-°p-∂Øv

saXm-®≥ hmXn¬ Xpd-∂n-√. HSp-hn¬ I≠-\mSv KŸ-h-cn-bpsS Fgp-

Øp-Im-cs\ hnfn-®p-]-d-™p: "\o aptº Ahs‚ kvt\ln-X≥ At√m.

\o Ahs‚ ASp-°¬ sN∂v \ΩpsS apºmsI hcp-hm≥ ]d-b-Ww.

Ah-t\mSv H∂pw \mw sNøp-∂-X√ F∂pw Cu ÿm\w \n\°v e`n-

®Xv FhnsS\n∂m-Ip-∂p-sh∂v amXw tNmZn-°p-Ibpw \ΩpsS Iev]\

A\p-k-cn-∏m≥ ]mSn-√mØ ]£w \mw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ak-\-

]vkmbpw saXms‚ Na-b-Øns‚ DSp-∏p-Ifpw \ΩpsS apºmsI h®n´v

Ah≥ s]mbvs°m-≈s´ F∂pw A√mØ]£w taev]-d™ kmam-

\-ßƒ Ah-\n¬ \n∂v \mw FSp-°p-sa∂pw Bb-Xn\v CS-hcpØ-cp-

sX∂pw' a‰pw ]d-b-W-sa∂v Iev]n-®-b-®-t∏mƒ Rm≥ sN∂v IXIv

apń hnfn-®p. Rm≥ F∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ AI-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ GXm\pw

]´-°m¿ Fs¥∂v tNmZn-®p. ... IXIv Xpd-∏m≥ Ct∏mƒ ]mSn-s√∂pw

Abmƒ \ΩpsS iXp-hmb _mhm-tbmSv Hcp-an®v h∂n-cn°bm¬

X¬°mew hniz-kn-∏m≥ ]mSn-s√∂pw Cu hnh-c-ßƒ°v Xlio¬-

Zm-cpsS t]¿°v FgpXn Ab-®n-´p-s≠∂pw Xl-io¬Zm¿ Ct∏mƒ hcp-

sa∂pw At∏mƒ IXIv Xpd∂psIm≈m-sa∂pw a‰pw Ft∂mSv adp]Sn

]d-™p.' KŸ-h-cn-bpsS Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥

tImdn hnh-c-ßƒ _mhmsb Adn-bn-®p. k‘y Ign-s™-Ønb Xl-

ko¬ZmtcmSpw saXm-®s\ Cd-°n-hn-Sp-hm≥ _mhm Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

Xl-ko¬Zm-cpsS A`y¿∞-\bpw saXm≥ \nc-kn-®p. Xl-ko¬Zm¿

Xs‚ \n -lm-bm-hÿ _mhmsb Adn-bn®p. _mhm AhnsS \n∂v

bmX-bm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp (K-Ÿ-hcn, ]p. 480-˛485).

1876 Ipw`w 23 \v C]-Imcw alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ hnfw-_cw ]pd-s∏-´p:

io ]fl-\m-`-Zmk h©n _me-cm-a-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c-IncoS]Xn

as∂-kp¬Øm≥ alm-cm-P-cmP cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq¿ PwK-ss\‰v Km≥‚ v

Iam≥U¿ Hm^v Zn tamÃv FIvkmƒÚv Hm¿U¿ Hm^v Zn Ãm¿

Hm^v C¥ym alm-cmP Ah¿Iƒ kI-e-am-\-t]¿°pw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ hnfw-_cw:

B‚n-tbm-°n¬ \n∂v FgpØv h∂Xv sIm≠v am¿ AØt\jy-

kns\ kndn-b≥ ]≈n-bn¬ saXm≥ ÿm\-tØ°v \nb-an-®n-´p-≈-


Xmbn 1027 ˛m-am≠v I¿°nS-I-amkw 15-˛mw XobXn D≠mb hnfw-_-c-

Øn¬ ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p -≈Xv sIm≠pw B‚n-tbm-°nse

Ct∏mgsØ t]Sn-bm¿t°m t]Sn-bm¿°ns‚ ]q¿hn-It\m ta¬∏-

d™ am¿ AØ-t\-jy-kns\ ÿm\-Øn¬\n∂pw am‰n as‰mcp

saXms\ \nb-an®ncn°p∂-Xmbn Adn-bp-∂Xv sIm≠pw CXn¬ kw_-

‘-ap≈ kI-eam-\-t]-scbpw CXn-\m¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-s¥-

∂m¬ ˛

GsX-¶nepw ]≈n-I-fp-sStbm Ah-bn¬ tN¿∂n- p≈ hkvXp-hns‚-

DS-a-ÿ-X-sbtbm Ah-bn-te-bv°p≈ Ah-Im-i-ß-sftbm As√-¶n¬

X¬kw-_-‘n-I-fmb DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m-sc \nb-an-°p-Itbm am‰p-Itbm

sNtø≠Xnte-bv°p≈ A[n-Im-c-sØtbm Ipdn-®p≈ GsX-¶nepw

hyh-lmcßsf tImS-Xn-I-fn¬ FSpØv hnkvX-cn®v Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn-te°v apºn¬ D≠mb hnfw-_cw Hcp ]Im-c-Ønepw _m[-I-

am-sW∂v hnNm-cn®p-t]m-I-cp-Xm-Ø-Xm-Ip-∂p.

Cß-s\bp≈ F√m Imcyß-fnepw t_m[n-°p∂-Xpt]mse

saXms\ am‰p-Ibpw as‰m-cmsf \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn¬h®v

D¤-hn°m-hp∂ a‰v h√ X¿°-ß-fnepw k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v AIaw

\S-°msX kam-[m-\sØ kwcw-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v amXta ]th-in-°p-

I-bp-≈p.

Ime-I-taW Ct∏mƒ t`Z-s∏ v t]mbn- p-≈-h-bmb Hmtcm kabß-

fnepw Hmtcm kwKXnhimepw D≠m-bn-´p≈ hnfw-_-c-ß-fm¬

kndnb≥ ]≈n-bn¬ Hmtcm ÿm\-\n-b-a-ß-sf-°p-dn®v k¿°m-cn-te-

°p-≈-Xm-bn´v ]Z¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn tXm∂p∂ F√m kw_-‘-

sØbpw Ct∏mƒ apX¬ Hgn-®p-I-f-bp-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p. F√m I£n-°mcpw

Cu cmPy-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂ tImSXn apJm-¥-tcW Xm¥m-

ßƒ°v A¿lß-fmbn tXm∂p∂ k¶-S-\n-hr-Øn-Iƒ hcp-Øns°m-

t≈-≠-Xm-Ip∂p F∂v F√m-h-scbpw kv]jvS-ambn sXcy-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.

F∂v 1051-˛-am≠v Ipw`-amkw 23-˛mw XoøXn.''

BXn-tY-b\pw AXn-Ynbv°pw kt¥m-j-am-bn. sXmgn-bq-cnse Iqdn-

temkv, _mhmsb ImWm≥ A\p-hmZw Bh-iy-s∏´p; A\p-hmZw

\¬In. F∂m¬ ]me-°p-∂Øv saXm-®s\ I≠-Xn\ptijw

At±lw Xocp-am\w am‰n. ]cp-a-e-bnse 1873˛¬ IqSnb kp∂-l-tZm-

kn-s\-∏‰nbpw Atkm-tky-j-s\-∏-‰nbpw amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰nsb∏-‰nbpw

_mhm Adn-™p. Xs‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ kp∂-l-tZmkp IqSn

Ahsb Dd-∏n-°-W-sa∂v _mhm \n¿_‘w ]nSn-®p. AXnYn ImWn-

°p∂ ZpxkzmX¥yw klnt® ]‰p F∂ Ime-mh-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p;


k`-bpsS i‡n kam-l-cn®v hyh-lmcw \S-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ Atkm-

tky-j≥ IqSp-∂Xv Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-c-bn¬

e`n® h≥kzm[o\w IqSp-X¬ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂pw ]pen-t°m-´n¬

saXm-®≥ Nn¥n-®n-cn-°mw.

tN∏m´v saXm-®-\n¬\n∂pw ]me-°p-∂Øv saXm-®\n¬\n∂pw

] -ta-‰n-cp∂ \nc-h-[n-t]¿°v _mhm ho≠pw ]´w sImSp-Øp. Zimwiw

dniokm Bbn \¬Ip-hm≥ ]≈n-Iƒ°v Iev]\ Ab-®p. 1876 anYp\w

15˛\v Xr∏q-Wn-Øpd aq°t©cn Koh-dp-Kokv I»o-im, hS-°≥]dhq¿

Iqc≥ (I-S-hn¬) ]ueqkv I»o-im, A¶-amen Aºm´v Koh-dp-Ko v

I»o-im F∂n-h¿°v apf-¥p-cp-Øn-∏-≈n-bn¬ h®v _mhm dºm≥

ÿm\w \¬In.

apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv

1876 anYp\w 15. 1876- C-Shw 22˛\v Icnßm®nd ]≈n-bn¬\n∂v _mhm

Ab® Iev]\]Imcw IqSnb kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ BZy-Zn-\-am-bn-cp∂p

A∂v. hS°v \n∂v 26, sX°p-\n∂v 36. BsI 62 ]≈n-I-fpsS ]Xn-

\n-[n-Iƒ BZy-Zn-hkw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ASpØ Znhkw 150 ]≈n-I-fpsS

]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. H∏n-Sp∂ A¥y-Zn-\-am-b-t∏mƒ 103 ]≈n-

I-fn¬ \n-∂mbn 281 ]Xn-\n-[n-Itf H∏n-Sp-hm≥ Ah-ti-jn-®p-≈p (]Xn-

\n-[n-I-fpsS t]cp-hn-hcw ]q¿Æ-cq-]-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k`: -N-cn-Xhpw kwkv-

Im-chpw, 686-˛697 hsc ]pd-ßfn¬ ImWmw. XpS¿∂v Imt\m-\m-Iƒ

697˛704 ]pdß-fn¬ ]q¿Æ-cq-]-Øn¬ ImWmw).

apf-¥p-cpØn Imt\m-\m-I-fpsS kw£n]vX cq]w C]-Im-c-am-Wv:

1. anYp\w 17- \v _mhm-bpsS Iev]-\-bv°p≈ adp-]Sn hmbn-®-tijw

At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-Øn-te-°p≈ A\pk-c-Whpw k`-bpsS

hnizm-k-hpw ]-Jym-]n°p∂ Icm¿ B[mcw cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXv ]I¿∏p-

Iƒ ]≈n-bn¬ kq£n-°p-hm\pw Hcp tIm∏n _mhmsb Gev]n-°p-

hm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

2. Hmtcm CS-h-Ibpw AwK-kw-Jy-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ°v CS-hI

cPn-Ã¿ Xbm-dm-°-Ww. Hcp ]I¿∏v _mhmbv°v \¬I-Ww. doiokm∏n-

cnhv Cu enÃns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-pI. doiokm knwlmk\-

Øn-te-°p-≈-Xm-Wv.

3. Imt\m\pw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw A®-Sn®v apZ -h®v ]≈n-Iƒ°p \¬Ipw.

AXv IrXy-ambn ]men-°-Ww.

4. amΩq-Zo-km, hnhm-lw, ih-kw-kvImcw F∂n-h-bpsS cPn-Ã-dpIƒ

hnIm-cn-am-cpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ FgpXn kq£n-°-Ww.


5. hnizmkÿnc-X, A®S°w, k`bv°v s]mXpNpa-X-e-°m¿,

s]mXp^≠v Ch D≠m-°-Ww.

6. CS-h-I-bnse aX-]-c-amb hyh-lm-c-ßƒ s]mXp-^-≠n¬ \n∂v

\S-Ø-Ww.

7. hnZym-`ymk ]h¿Ø\w \S-ØWw; saXm-∑m-cpsS GI-\mb-

IXzw C√m-XmhWw; Hcp s]mXp-^≠v D≠m-°Ww; AXn-te°v kpdn-

bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-°Ww; ]mXn-b¿°o-

k-∑m¿ AXns‚ c£m-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw A∂∂v `cn-°p∂ saXm-t∏m-

eo-Øm-am¿ ]kn-U-≠p-amcpw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. \mev ¢mkv Bbn

CXn¬ P\-ßsf tN¿°-Ww. bYm-Iaw 100 cq., 50 cq., 25 cq., 10 cq]

ôkmbn \¬IWw. ]≈n-Iƒ 500 cq]m apX¬ Xmtgm´v bYm-i‡n

AwK-Xz-ôkv \¬IWw. scm°w ]W-an-√m-Ø-h¿ knI-´-dn°v IS-

∏Xw \¬In tNcm-hp-∂XmWv.

8. saXm-∑m-cpsS GI-\m-bIi‡n tZmjw sNøp-∂p. Atkmtky-

j\n¬ \n∂v F´pw, ]Xn-\mdv H∂mw¢mkv Abvta-\n-Ifpw ]kn-U‚ v

saXmt∏m-eo-Ømbpw AS-ßnb Hcp \n¿hm-lIkanXn thWw. iº-

f-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb knI´dnbpw Pmayw ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-cp∂ Hcp

km∏pw thWw (?). \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏´ \nb-am-h-en-tbmsS Ch¿ kap-

ZmbImcy-ßƒ°v Npa-Xes∏ń-cn-°-Ww. amth-en-°-c, ]pXp-∏-≈n,

hmI-Øm-\w, tIm´q¿, \oew-t]-cq¿, I≠-\m-´v, apf-¥p-cp-Øn, sX°≥-

]d-hq¿ F∂o CS-h-I-I-fnse F´v sshZn-I-scbpw Ip∂w-Ip-fw,

tIm´bw, I≠-\m-Sv, apf-¥p-cp-Øn, Ipdp-∏-º-Sn, \nc-Ww, Ipa-c-Iw,

Hf-», Ipa-c-Iw-I-cn, ]≈w, ]pXp-∏-≈n, amΩ-e-t»cn, ]pØ≥Im-hv,

]mºm-°p-S, apf-¥p-cp-Øn, A¶-amen F∂n-h-nS-ß-fn¬ \n∂mbn ]Xn-

\mdv Abvta-\n-I-sfbpw tN¿Øv amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-tbmKw cq]o-I-

cn®p.

9. [\-k-am-l-c-Ww, k_vI-Ω‰n \nb-a-\w F∂n-hbv°v Ch¿°v

kzmX-¥y-ap-≠v. hm¿jnI IW-°p-Iƒ A®-Sn∏n®v Hcp ]Xn _mhm-

bv°pw Hcp ]Xn ]≈n-Iƒ°pw \¬I-Ww. saº¿amsc \o°m\pw

\nb-an-∏m\pw ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw IΩ-n‰n-°m¿°v A[n-Imcw \¬-

Ip∂p.

10. Atkm-tky-j\n¬ tNcm-\n-S-bp≈ H∂mw-¢m-kp-Im-cpsS enÃv

Ct∏mƒ Xbm-dm-°-p∂p. ][m\ kwK-Xn-Iƒ IΩn‰n aptJ\ Ch-sc

hnfn®v A`n-]mbw knI-´dn tiJ-cnt°-≠-Xm-Wv.

11. k`m-\n-b-a-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-I, ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-I, sXc-´p-Iƒ

AwKo-I-cn-°p-I, ]≈n ssI°m-c-∑msc ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, hnZym-e-b-


ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-I, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A®-Sn-∏n-°p-I, ]≈n-I-fpsS tISp-

]m-SpIƒ Xo¿°p-I, ]pXnb ]≈n-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-I F∂nh IΩ-n‰n-

bpsS Npa-X-e-bm-Ip-∂p.

12. doiokm ]ncn-hv, saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bv°p≈ hc-hn-\-ßƒ, Zbdm-

b°m-cpsS Pohn-X-®nehv hnIm-cn-am-cpsS iºfw, knI-´dn apX-em-

bhcpsS iºfw XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v IΩn-‰nbv°v Npa-X-e-bp-≠m-bn-cn-

°pw.

13. sXc´v, CS-h-I-bpsS kºq¿Æ tÃm°v cPn-Ã¿ F∂n-hbpsS

A∏-t∏m-gsØ tcJ-Iƒ, amΩq-Zo-km, hnhm-lw, ih-kw-kvImcw F∂o

cPn-Ã-dp-I-fpsS B≠-S-°-ap≈ hnh-c-ßƒ F∂nh hnIm-cn, ssI°m-

c≥, \mep tbmK]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ H∏n´v IΩ-n‰n-bpsS t]¿°v

Hmtcm CS-h-Ibpw Ab-°-Ww.

14. taev]-d™ F√m A[n-Im-c-ßfpw apJy-ambpw ]kn-U‚ v am¿

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Bbn-cn-°pw. tijw IΩn-

‰n°m¿ At±-l-Øns‚ klm-bn-Iƒ Bbn-cn-°pw.

15. saXm-t∏m-eoØm ]≈n kµ¿in-°p-tºmƒ sXc-´p-Iƒ ]cn-

tim-[n-°-Ww, ssI°m-c-∑msc ÿncs∏Sp-Ø-Ww. kvIqfp-Iƒ apX-

em-bh ÿm]n-°p-I, X¿°-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-I, ]k‡ Imcy-ßƒ

sNøpI F∂nh IqSmsX Ch tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp Ubdn kq£n-

°p-Ibpw Ah IΩ-n‰n-bn¬ hmbn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.

16. AwK-Xz- okv qcn-]-£m- n-]m-b-]-Imcw Atkm-tky-j\v D≠m-

bn-cn-°pw.

17. kndn-b≥ k`bv°pw ae-¶ck`bv°pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSp≈

Ah-Im-ihpw kw_-‘hpw kahpw Xpeyhpw Bbn-cn-°pw. c≠p k`-

I-fpsS IΩ-n‰n-Iƒ At\ym-\y-X-bn¬ Ccn-°-Ww. IΩ-n‰n-bpsS Adn-

thmSpw A\p-a-Xn-tbmSpw IqSn sNøp∂ kap-ZmbImcy-ßƒ km[phm-

bn-cn-°pw.

18. \n›-b-ßfn¬ _mhmbpw saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw kaq-l-°mcpw

H∏n´v Dd-∏n-°-W-sa∂v \n›-bn-®p, H∏n-´p.

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm. H∏pw apZbpw.

anYp\w 17-˛\v aq∂mw Znhkw apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv kam-

]n®p.


7. apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v tijw

1873-˛¬ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ h®v cq]wsIm≈p-Ibpw 1876-˛¬ apf-¥p-cpØn-

bn¬ h®v Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ae-¶ckpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n

Atkm-tky-j≥ tIc-f-Ønse H∂m-asØ kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-

bmWv. Fkv.F≥.Un.]n., F≥.Fkv.Fkv., tbmK-t£-a-k-`, Fw.C.-

Fkv., ]pe-b¿ alm-k-` XpSßn ]n∂oSv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠mb F√m

kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-Iƒ°pw CXv amXr-Ibpw ]tNm-Z-\hpw Bbn-

Øo¿∂p. alm-hr-£-ß-f-√msX ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ h\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√

F∂ A]-cym]vXX CtXmsS amdn. CS-h-I-I-fpsS i‡n kam-l-cn-

°p-hm≥ CtXmsS kwhn-[m-\-ambn. Atkm-tky-j≥ k`-bpsS Aaq-

¿Ø cq]hpw tIm´bw ]gbskan-\mcn AXns‚ aq¿Ø ]Xo-I-hp-

ambn. k`-bpsS ]n∂oSp≈ k¿h-hn-I-k-\-ßƒ°pw ASn-ÿm\

Du¿Pw ]I¿∂Xv Aaq¿Øhpw aq¿Ø-hp-amb Cu k`m ]Xo-I-ß-

fm-Wv.

kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ H∂mw Imt\m\ ]q¿Æ-ambpw c≠mw Imt\m\

`mKn-I-ambpw ]mXn-b¿°okns‚ Xmev]-cy-]-Im-chpw tijw Imt\m-

\m-Iƒ 1873-˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ ]I-S-am-°-s∏´ ae-¶-c-

k`-bpsS Xmev]-cy-]-Im-chpw cq]wsIm≠-h-bm-Wv. H∂p c≠p amk-

ßƒ°v tijhpw Icm¿ B[m-c-ßƒ lmP-cm-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂v

_mhm Imcyßsf _p≤n-]q¿∆w A]-K-Yn-®p. At±lw ]h¿Ø-\-

\n-c-X\mbn.

1876 Nnßw 15˛\v apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ h®v hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi

sNbvXp. Ign-bp-∂X t]¿ ]s¶-Sp-°-W-sa∂pw ssIapØv ka¿∏n-

°-W-sa∂pw ]≈n-Isf Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. aqtdm≥ hnX-cWw kw_-

‘n®v _mhm Ab® Iev]\bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Zhym-Klw ]I-

S-am-Ip-∂Xv ImWpI:

".... -ip-≤-ap≈ aqtdm\m¬ A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏- -h≥ AXns‚ ]Xn-

^ew sImSp°msX Ccp-∂m¬ Ahs‚ icocw shSn-∏m-bn-cn-°p-I-

bn√. sImbvØp-Im-cpsS \ne-hnfn ]pcp-jm-c-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hns‚

sNhn-Iƒ°v ]th-in®p F∂v bmt°m_v «olm ]d-™-Xp-t]mse

Iqen-°m-cs‚ Iqen F∂-√msX CXv Hcp kΩm-\hpw Nneh¿∏p-I-

fp-a-s√∂v Adn-™p-sIm-≈-Ww. \nßƒ thKw doio-km-Iƒ tiJ-

cn®v ssZh-Øn¬ \n∂v ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v \nß-fp-sS-ta-ep≈ ISw

\nßƒ ho´-Ww. ..'' (1876 I¿°n-SIw 31-˛\v _mhm Ab® Iev]-\-

bn¬ \n-∂v).


AXv Ign-™v ]mºm-°pS tIm\m´v Koh-dp-Kokv dºm\pw hS-°≥

]d-hq¿ IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv dºm\pw apf-¥p-cpØn NmØp-cp-Øn¬

Kohdp-Kokv dºm\pw A¶-amen Aºm v Koh-dp-Kokv dºm\pw saXm≥

ÿm\w \¬Ip-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. _mhm Bh-iy-s∏´ hyh-ÿ-I-

fn≥]Imcw DS-ºSn Xbm-dm°n Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXp.

kaq-l-°m¿ ÿe-Øp-≠m-bn´pw Ah-tcmSv Btem-Nn-°msX C]-

Imcw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n®v ]\-°¬ sF∏qcphpw Ipcy≥

ssd´dpw _mhmbv°v IsØ-gp-Xn. AXns‚ BZy-`mKw "....- B-tem-

N\ IqSmsX sNøp∂]£w Cu kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Rßsf Hgn-

∏n®v X-cp-∂-Xn\v Iev]\ D≠m-Ip-hm≥ At]-£n-°p-∂p. 1876 Nnßw

16.'' Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥ tImdn, amen-Ød Gen-bmkv IØ-\m¿,

Ff-¥p-cp-Øn¬ ]oen-t∏mkv IØ-\m¿, Nme-∏p-dØv tImdn

bmt°m_v, tXm∏n¬ eqt°mkv IØ-\m¿, ]\-°¬ sF∏q-cp, Ipcy≥

ssd´¿, apdn-]p-c-°¬ Ipcp-hnf, Nmen¬ sNdn-bm, ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬

tXmΩm, NmØp-cpØn¬ h¿°n, tIm\m´v C´≥, XpI-e≥ ]ueq-kv,

I√-d-°¬ ]utemkv F∂n-h¿ t]¿ shs®-gp-Xnb ]Xn-tj-[-°p-

dn∏v _mhm Ah-K-Wn-®p. "saXms‚ ÿm\w sImSp-°p-∂Xv Fs‚

A[n-Im-c-sa∂pw as‰m-cp-Ø\pw CXn¬ ]th-in-∏m≥ CS Cs√∂pw

_mhm Iev]n-®p. Icm¿ DS-ºSn ]≈n-°m¿ ka¿∏n-°m-™Xv ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ XS-™-Xp-aqe-sa∂v _mhm [cn-®p. saXms‚

A[n-Imcw shń-®p-cp-°p-hm-\p≈ ]pd-∏m-SmWv saXm≥hmgvN-bn¬

]I-S-am-b-Xv. Hcp saXm≥ ssIbm-fnbn-cp∂ ae-¶ck`-sb Ggmbn

hn`-Pn®v AXn-sem-cmƒ amX-ambn ae¶csaXms\ sNdp-Xm-°pI;

ae-¶ck`m-`-cWw Xs‚ Ah-Im-i-am-Wv: Ch-bm-bn-cp∂p _mhm-bpsS

e£y-ßƒ. 1876 hr›nIw 22 (Rm-b¿) \v tIm\m´v Koh-dp-Ko v bqen-

tbm-kn-s\bpw IS-hn¬ ]utemkv AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s\bpw _mhm

GI-\mbn hmgn®v Ah¿°v bYm-Iaw Xpº-a¨, tIm´bw CS-h-I-

Iƒ°v kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ \¬In. ASpØ Rmb¿ hr›nIw 29 \v

Ahn-sS-h®v Xs∂ Aºm´v Koh-dp-Kokv Iqdntem-kv, NmØp-cp-Øn¬

Koh-dp-Kokv KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂n-h-sc hm-gn®v Ah¿°v bYm-Iaw

A¶-am-en, \nc-Ww CS-h-I-Iƒ°v kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ \¬In.

]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS IqsS ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂ A_vZp≈m

KotKm-dn-tbmkpw ae-¶c saXm≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw sX°≥

CS-h-I-I-fn¬ ]cy-S-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p; Ahsc Cu hnhcw Adn-bn-®p-

an-√.

1876 Unkw-_¿ 3 \v sIm®n alm-cm-Pmhv ]pXnb hnfw-_cw


]kn≤o-I-cn®p; Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ hnfw-_-c-Øns‚ AtX amXr-I-bn¬.

CtXmsS am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv tImS-Xn-Iƒ°v AXo-X≥ F∂ \ne-

am-dn. c≠v kwÿm\-ß-fn-tebpw hnfw-_cw ]pdØph∂-tXmsS hyh-

lm-c-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb A¥-co£w cq]-s∏-´p. ]pXnb kw`-h-hn-

Im-k-ßƒ Ie-l-Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v apºv h´n-∏-W-∏-eni hmßp-∂-

Xn¬ \n∂pw skan-\mcn apX-emb k`mkzØp-°-fpsS ssIh-im-h-

Im-i-Øn¬ \n∂pw \ho-I-cW saXms\ Hgp-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ \o°-

Øns‚ ]mcw- -ambn Atkm-tky-js‚ Hcp tbmKw shfn-b-\m v ]≈n-

bn¬ 1877 aIcw 15 apX¬ 17 hsc ktΩ-fn-®p. tIkn\v ]Xn-\m-bncw

cq] sNe-hp -h-cp-sa∂v IW-°m°n IΩ-‰n-°m¿ 60 cq]m hoXhpw

Btem-N-\-°m¿ 30 cq]m hoXhpw FSp-∏m≥ \n›-bn-®p. h°o-embn

hm°¿ kmbn-∏ns\ \n›-bn-®p. tbmKØn¬ _mhm lqZmb Imt\m≥

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AwK-ßƒ AΩo≥ ]d™v AXv AwKo-I-cn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

""AXn\v tijw ae-bmfw Ggv CS-h-I-bmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw

Ct∏mƒ A©v saXm-∑m¿ ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xnt\mSp IqSn c≠p

t]¿°pw IqSn ]´w sImSp-°-W-sa∂pw a‰pw ]nXmhv \n›-bn®v Iq´-

tØmSv Iev]n-®p. c≠p- t]¿°pw IqsS ]´w sImSp-°-W-sa-∂p≈

Imcy-Øn¬ P\-Øn\v Xocp-am\w CjvSw Cs√∂pw Ct∏mƒ Cu

A©p- t]-cp-≈Xv aXn CXn¬ s]mXp-Im-cy-ßƒ At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xn\v

]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb IΩ-n‰n-bn¬

Xe-h≥ Bbn Iev]n®v B°n-Ø-c-W-sa∂pw Iq´-ambn ]nXm-hns‚

Xncp-ap-ºmsI k¶Sw Fgp-Xn-h-®p. BbXv Ahn-SpsØ CjvS-Øn\v

hntcm[w Bbn-cp-∂Xn\m¬ tIm]n-®v, "Bflo-b-amb \ΩpsS Imcy-

Øn¬ ]th-in-∏m≥ \nßƒs°¥v Imcyw' F∂pw a‰pw Iev]n®v

B IS-emkv Iodn Iq´-Øns‚ apºmsI C´pIf-™p. ... saXm-t∏m-

eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw ]\-bv°¬ sF∏q-cp-hn-s‚bpw Ipcy≥ ssd´-dp-sSbpw

Btem-N-\-bm¬ Iq´w ta¬]Imcw \ΩpsS apºmsI FgpXn-

hbv]m≥ CS-h-∂-Xm-Ip∂p F∂pw a‰pw Iev]n®v Ah¿ aqh-cpsS

ta¬ tIm]n-®p. Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm taen¬ Cu Iq´-

Øn¬ ]th-in-°-cp-sX∂v Iev]n®p'' (I≠-\m´v K-Ÿ-hcn, ]p.

620˛626). saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Atkmt-ky-j-\n¬ taem¬ ]th-in-

°-cp-sX∂v apS-°n-b-tXmsS `qcn-`mKwt]cpw ÿew hn´p. ]cm-Pbw

]pd-Øp-Im-Wn-°msX tijn-®-h-scbpwsIm≠v ktΩ-f\w XpS¿∂p.

apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-lt-Zmkv \n›-bn® 80 -t]-tcm-Sp-IqSn 355 t]sc-

°qSn Ah¿ \n¿t±in-®p. 30 cq] ^okpw \n›-bn-®p. ][m-\-∑m¿

Ipw`w 16˛\v tIm´-bØv tNcm≥ \n›-bn®v 18-˛mw XobXn- tbmKw


]ncn-™p. Xocp-am-\-ß-sfm∂pw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-bn-√. CXn¬ ]Xn-tj-

[n®v _mhm Xncn®p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-sW∂v òj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn. sF∏q-cp,

Ipcy≥ ssd´¿ F∂n-h¿ _mhmsb A\p-\-bn-∏n-®p. òjWn ]n≥h-

en-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1052 (1877) ao\w 15 \v Ip∂-Øp-\mSv cPn-Ã¿

B∏o-kn¬ apdna‰Øn¬ ]ueqkv dºm\pw Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥

dºm\pw ]mXnb¿°o-kn\v DS-ºSn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXp sImSp-Øp.

As°m-√sØ lmimipiqj _mhm Ipdp-∏-ºSn ]≈n-bn¬ \S-Øn.

t\csØ hmgn® \mep saXm-∑m¿°p≈ kpkvXm-Øn-t°m-\n¬

dh\yq ta[mhn ]nkvt°mf kmbn-∏n-s\-s°m≠v H∏pw k¿°m¿

apZbpw ]Xn-∏n®v \¬In. taSw 25 \v _mhm Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øn\v ]pd-

s∏-´p. CShw 7 hsc Nnd-fbw ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. A™q¿ ]≈n-

bnse Iqdn-temkv _mhmsb ImWphm≥ A¿≤-cm-Xn-bn-se-Øn. IqSn-

°mgvN ASpØ ]`m-X-Øn-em-Im-sa∂ _mhm-bpsS \ne-]mSv Akzo-

Im-cy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ At±lw cmXn-bn¬Øs∂ Xncn-®p-t]m-bn. ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ saXm-®s\ _mhm hcp-Øn. ""CXp-hsc Xncp-ap-ºmsI

hcmsX Ccp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw a‰pw C\n-ta-en¬\ns∂ ImWp-∂-Xn\v

F\n°v a\- n-s√∂pw a‰pw AXn tIm]-ambn Iev]n®p F¶nepw

tijw saXm-∑m¿ cPn-Ã¿ sNbvX-Xp-t]mse (D-S-ºSn) dPn-Ã¿ sNø-

W-sa∂pw A]-Imcw sNbvXpXcp∂ ]£w C\n I≠-\m-Sv, sIm√w,

sIm®n Cßs\ aq∂v CS-h-I-Iƒ Ds≠∂pw CXn¬ GsX-¶nepw

At±-l-Øn\v Dd-∏n®p sImSp-°m-sa∂pw Bb-X-√mØ]£w CS-h-

Ibpw a‰pw sImSp-°p-∂-X-s√∂pw a‰pw Dd-∏mbn Iev]n-®p. X¬°mew

Iev]\]Imcw dPn-Ã¿ sNøm≥ kΩ-Xn-®n-√.'' apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]ueqkv

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ siahq≥ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv

F∂n-hsc _mhm Nnd-fbw ]≈n-bn¬ h®v 1877 CShw 5˛\v 40-˛mw

s]cp-∂m-fn¬ hmgn®v bYm-Iaw I≠-\mSv, sIm®n CS-h-I-Iƒ°mbn

kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ \¬In. \qdp-ao-‰¿ AI-se-bp≈ ]gb]≈nbn¬

Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv £Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm ]s¶Sp-

°p-Itbm sNbvXn-√. CShw 7 \v Nmen-t»-cn-bn-se-Øn _mhmsb apJw

ImWn-°msX BXn-tY-b\pw bmX-bm-°m-s\-Øn. 9 \v _mhmsb

bmX-bm-°m≥ saXm-∑mcpw c≠p\mev ]´-°mcpw \qdn-tesd P\-

ßfpw ]´m-ºn- sdbn¬th-tÃ-j-\n-se-Øn. 12 aWn°v _mhm bmX-

bm-bn. B h≠n-bn¬ as‰mcp apdn-bn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®\pw

_mhm Adn-bmsX Ib-dn. _mhm-bpsS IqsSh∂ A_vZp≈m am¿

KotKmdntbmkv saXm≥ At∏mgpw _mhmsb [n°-cn®v ]≈n-Iƒ

kµ¿in°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw

KotKm-dn-tbmkv A_vZp-≈mbpw \ΩpsS Iev]-\bv°v hntcm-[n-I-fm-

I-bm¬ Ah-tcmSpIqsS \nßƒ bmsXmcp kw_-‘hpw sNbvXp-t]m-


I-cp-'sX∂v _mhm t]mIp-tºmƒ saXm-∑msc ]tXyIw hne-°n-bn-

cp-∂p. saXm-∑m¿ 6 t]cpw CShw 17˛\v I≠-\m´v FØn A_vZp-

≈msb I≠v \mń¬ t]mIm-\p≈ _mhm-bpsS Iev]\ ssIamdn;

A∂v Xs∂ shń-°¬ FØn 40 Znh-k-tØ°v saXm-∑m¿ 6 t]cpw

D]-hmkw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1875 CShw 28 \v Ip∂w-Ip-fØv h∂v 1877 CShw 9 \v Xncn®pt]mb

]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhm hm¿≤-Iy-Ønepw I¿Ω-\n-c-X≥ Bbn-

cp∂p. 24 amkß-fnse At±-l-Øns‚ ae-¶c kµ¿i\w kw`-h-

_lpew Xs∂. saXm≥hmgvN-Ifpw aqtdm≥ IqZm-ibpw apf-¥p-cpØn

˛ shfn-b-\mSv Atkm-tky-j-\p-Ifpw ae-¶c saXms\ dPn-tÃ¿Uv

DSºSn sImSp-°m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn¬ apS-°n-bXpw \mw I≠p Ign-™p.

"Zoh-∂m-tkymkv butk^v saXm-t∏m-eoØm t_mws_ hsc

\ΩpsS IqsS h∂v \√ A\p-k-c-Whpw a\-kvXm-]hpw ImWn-®n-

cn°sIm≠v Ahs\ \mw kzoI-cn®v sIm√w, amth-en-°c apX-emb

ÿe-ßƒ cn-∏m-\mbn' Iev]\ sImSp-Ø-tXmsS (1877 CShw 16˛se

Iev]-\) B kµ¿i-\-Øns‚ ]Xy-£-L´w Ah-km-\n-®p. At±lw

sNbvX Ipsd \S]-Sn-Ifpw ]cn-jvIm-c-ßfpw ]cm-a¿iw A¿ln-°p∂p.

1. ae-¶c k`mw-K-ßƒ Xe-h-cn-∏Ww (doio-km) ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v

\¬Ip-∂-Xn\v Iogvh-g°w ÿm]n-®p.

2. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns‚ I_-dn-¶¬

h®n-cp∂ hnf°pw Np‰nepw h®n-cp∂ sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-Ifpw hen-s®-dn™p;

I_-dns‚ ap≥h-isØ ]eI XI¿Øp.

3. Nnd-fbw ]≈n-bn¬ imI≈ a^n-bm-\-bpsS kvamcI I_-

dnSw D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv s]mfn®pIf-bn-®p.

4. hS-°≥]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bpsS aZv_-lm-bpsS hS-°p-`m-K-Øp-≠mbn-

cp∂ A_vZpƒ Peo¬ am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ I_-dnSw s]mfn-

∏n®p; ùXn-Im-h-injvSw Ahn-sS-\n∂v \o°w sNbvXp.

5. Ipdp-∏-ºSn ]≈n-bpsS ssl°-em-bn¬ sX°pw hS°pw ÿm]n-

®n-cp∂ b¬sZm _tk-en-tbm-kn-s‚bpw A¥-tbm-kn-s‚bpw kvamcI

I_-dn-S-ßƒ s]mfn®pIf-™p.

6. Cu I_dp s]mfn-°¬ ]cn-]mSn b-∂v b¬sZm _tkentbmkn-

s‚ I_-dnSw ÿnXnsNøp∂ tImX-aw-Kew sNdnb]≈n-bn-te°v

_mhmsb £Wn-°p-∂Xv ths≠∂p h®p. sXm´-SpØv Ipdp-∏ºSn-

∏≈n-bn¬ Znh-k-ß-tfmfw Xma-kn® _mhm, Xs∂ kµ¿in® tImX-


awKe-Øp-Im-tcmSv Ahn-SsØ I_-dnSw s]mfn®pIf-bp-hm≥ D]-tZ-

in®p.

7. kndn-b≥ k -bpsS tImf-\n-bmbn ae-¶ck`sb am‰n-sb-Sp-°p∂-

Xns‚ `mK-ambn sshZn-I¿ Xe £ucw sNbvXp IdpØ sXm∏nbpw

]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒ IdpØ Ip∏m-bhpw [cn-°-W-sa∂v \njvI¿-

jn®p. saXm-∑m-cpsS apX-e-hm-b≥ Inco-S-Øn\p ]Icw aØßm apSn

\S∏m°n. saXm-∑m-cpsS kq¿πokv siΩm-i-∑m-cpsS A¬aØn

F∂nh \n¿Ø-em-°n. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ aoibpw XmSnbpw hf¿Ø-W-

sa∂pw ioabnse amXr-I-bn¬ hkvX-[m-cWw \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw

Iev]-\-bn-d-°n.

8. B≠p-XIvkmIa-ßƒ F√mw hyXym-k-s∏-SpØn ioa-bnse

amXr-I-bn-em-°n. b¬sZm s]cp-∂m-fn¬ «olm hmb-\bv°p apºp≈

ipiq-j-bpsS KoX-ßƒ \n¿Ø-em-°n. apºn-√m-Xn-cp∂ …o_m

BtLmjw \S-∏n-em-°n. c≠p L´-ambn \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ b¬sZm

ipiqj-Iƒ CtXmsS AXoh lkz-am-bn.

9. Z\-lm-bpsS ipiq-j-bn¬, aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-bpsS Nne mK-ßsf

Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂ A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ \n¿Ø-em-°n. ]pan-tbm\v apºmbn

Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ "tIm\qt\m but\mtbm' Km\hpw [q]-

°p‰n hmgvhpw ]g-b-I-a-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. sh≈w \nd® `cWn

]Z-£nW ka-bØpw ipiq-jm-k-a-bØpw as‰m-cmƒ Npa∂p

\nev°p-I, hmgvhn\v tijw I¥oem ipiq-j-bn-se-∂-t]mse hmgvØ-

s∏´ sh≈w sIm≠v P\-ß-fpsS s\‰n-bn¬ dqivam hc-bv°p-I CsXm-

s°bpw _mhm-bpsS ]cn-jvIm-c-ßfmWv. amem-J-am-cpsS kvXpXn∏pw

IuΩbpw sNm√n ipiqj Ah-km-\n-∏n®v hmgvØ-s∏´ Pew Aev]w

IpSn®p ]ncn-bp∂ ]Xnhpw \n¿Ø-em-°n. Z\lm Ign™v amΩq-Zokm

sXm´n-bn¬ BZyw B¨Ip-™ns\ amΩq-Zokm ap°-Ww F∂

]Xnhpw tamdms‚ kw`m-h-\-bmWv.

10. henb t\mºm-cw-`-Øn¬ D®-\-a-kvIm-c-tØmSv tN¿∂v A\pXm-

]-Øns‚ ipiqj F∂ \ne-bn¬ I¥o-em-bpsS Ia-]-Imcw

]´°m¿ sskØv IqZmi sNbvXv AXpsIm≠v P\-ßsf apZ-bn-

Sp∂ al\obamb ]Xnhv tamdm≥ \n¿Ø-em-°n. ]Icw ZpxJ-i-\n-

bmgvN \S-Øphm\p≈ ip_vt°mt\m-bpsS Iaw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw

hyXym-k-s∏-SpØn henbt\mºm-cw- -Øn-te°v am‰n. sskØv IqZmi

taev]-´-°m-cs‚ amXw I¿Ø-hy-ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn.

11. ]mXnt\mºn\v Hcp ]pXnb ipiqjmIaw …o_m BtLm-j-


tØmsS tamdm≥ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn. apºv ]tXyI ipiq-j-I-sfm∂pw

Ipcn-ip-\m- -en\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]mXnt\mºn\pw 40- mw sh≈nbm-

gvNbpw D®-°p-ºn-Soen\v tij-amWv Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 40

Ipºn-So¬ B Znh-k-ß-fn¬ tamdm≥ \n¿Ø-em-°n.

12. Hmim-\-bpsS ]Z-£nWKm\w hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ip°nen-

tbm\pw tIm\q-t\m -but\mtbm Km\-ßfpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. skZvdm

Ign™v "Iqt°mtbm' Km\-a√ "Xqt_mev bmeqsZ' F∂ Km\-am-bn-

cp-∂p. epØn-\n-bm-bn¬ c≠p ]mXn-b¿°mÿm\n-I-sfbpw Hcp F∏n-

kvtIm∏mÿm\n-tbbpw ]cm-a¿in-®n-cp-∂Xv t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øn. hmgvØm-

\p≈ Hme ]Z£n-W-th-f-bnepw ipiqjmthf-bnepw Hcp Abvta-

\nsb Gev]n-°p∂ ]Xnhv tamdm≥ \S-∏m-°n-bXv Nne¿ \S-∏m-°n.

13. lmim BgvN-bn¬ ssIap-Øv, Ip°n-en-tbm≥, Gh≥tKen

hmb-\-bpsS hyXykvX samgn-Iƒ, Hmtcm Znh-k-tØ°pw ]tXyIw

IuΩm-Iƒ, D®bv°v k‘ym-]m¿∞\ \S-Øp-I: CsXms° ]pXnb

]cnjv°m-c-ßfmWv. s]k-lm-bpsS Ip¿_m\ \¬Ip-hm≥ k‘y-

hsc Hcp ]´-°m-c≥ Hcp-°-tØmsS Ccn-°p-I XpSßn C∂v \S-Øn-

h-cp∂ ]e lmim kº-Zm-b-ßfpw _mhm Bhn-jv°-cn-®-Xm-Wv.

14. ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bpsS Iaw ae-¶-c-bn¬ AXoh efn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]e ]m´p-Ifpw ]≠v C√. Gh≥tKen ka-bsØ Xncn sISp-Øepw

Cu¿°n¬ Ipcniv sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-bn¬ IpØn \n¿Øepw Bcw-`n-®p.

Gh≥tKen Ign-™p≈ epØn\nbm Hgn-hm-°n. ]Z-£n-W-ßƒ°v

Znimt`Zw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. I_-d-S-°hpw i\n-bpsS k‘ym-]m¿∞-

\bpw Ign™v ]ncn-™m¬ aXn-sb∂v Iev]n-®Xv Nne ÿe-ß-fn¬

\S-∏mbn.

15. ZpxJ-i\n D®-Xncn™p Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®m¬ aXn-sb∂v ]Tn-

∏n®p (22 1/2 bv°v tijw).

16. Dbn¿∏ns‚ AXoh lkz-am-bn-cp∂ Iaw amdn. BZysØ

clkyipiq-jbpw ]Jym-]-\hpw Bhn-jv°cn-®p.

\ΩpsS B≠p-XIvkmIa-ßƒ At¥ym-Jy≥ ssien-bn-emWv

]mNo\ Imew apX¬ A\p-jvTn®v hcp-∂-sX∂v hfsc Ai-≤-ambpw

DZm-ko-\-ambpw \mw ]d-bm-dp-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ Kuc-hamb GsX-

¶nepw ]T\w Bh-iy-am-sW∂v t]mepw Bcpw Nn¥n-°m-dn-√.

]tXmkv XrXo-b\v apºv ae-¶-c-bn¬ \S-∏n-en-cp∂ ipiq-jm-I-a-ß-

sf-∏‰n Kuc-hamb ]T\w Bh-iy-am-Wv.


17. s]¥n-t°mkvXns∏cp-∂m-fns‚ C∂p≈ Km\-ßfpw ]Z-£nW

ka-bsØ sh≈w Xfnbpw ]mXn-b¿°okv Bhn-jv°cn-®-h-bm-Wv.

18. "sImbvsØmZv dqtlm- Im-Zo-tim-'bpsS Blzm\w \SØn

ÿm\ km[p-X-bp≈ Im¿Ωn-I≥ ssI BtLm-j-]q¿hw Bh-kn-

∏n-°p∂ thf-bn-emWv IqZm-i-I-fn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Ah-tcm-

lWw kw`hn-°p-∂Xv F∂v Ip¿_m-\, amΩq-Zo-km, ]´m-`n-tj-Iw,

aqtdm≥ IqZmi F∂n-h-bpsS Ia-ß-fn¬ siΩm-i≥ HutZym-Kn-I-

ambn ]Jym-]n-°p∂ Hcp k`-bn¬, amΩq-Zo-km-bn¬ sh≈-Øn¬

]cn-ip-≤m-fl-mhmkw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv hn. aqtdm≥ Ie¿Øp-∂-Xp-sIm-

≠m-sW∂v ]mXn-b¿°okv ]N-cn-∏n-®p. aqtdms‚ ]m[m\yw h¿≤n-

∏n-°p-hm\pw AXv IqZmi sNøp∂ Bfns‚ ]`mhw Db¿Øp-hm\pw

AXv klm-bn-t®-°p-sa-¶nepw k`-bpsS ASn-ÿm\hnizmkw A\-

[n-Ir-X-ambn t`Z-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv B ]Tn-∏n-°-en-eqsS tamdm≥

\nh¿Øn-®-Xv. IY-b-dn-bmsX B´w ImWpI ]Xn-hm-°nb ]e ]mam-

Wn-Icpw tamdms‚ ]Nm-c-W-Øn\v BΩo≥ ]mSp-∂p-≠v.

AXp-ey-amb a\p-jym-h-X-mc-Øn¬ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw

A¤p-X-I-c-ambn ktΩ-fn® anin-lm-bpsS ]Xo-I-am-hm-\-√msX ]cn-

ip≤m-flm-hns‚ ]Xo-I-am-hm≥ k` Dt±-in-®n-´n-s√∂v aqtdm≥ IqZm-

i-bpsS ipiq-jm-Iaw kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Adn-bmw. ÿnco-

I-cW IqZm-i-bn¬ am[y-a-ambn aqtdm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ssIsh-

∏ns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-Whpw ]Xo-I-hp-sa∂ \ne-bn-em-Wv. ]cn-ip-≤mfl

\¬h-c-Øns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-cWw F∂-Xn\v Ia-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn® aqe-

]Zw "saivØavtem' F∂m-Wv. bYm¿∞ ]cn-ip-≤mfl hym]m-c-an-

√mØ ÿm\Zm-\-ßƒ°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-amWv AXv. I»o-imsb

tImdn-bm-°p-tºmgpw F∏n-kvtIm-∏msb ta¬ÿm-\-ß-fn-te°p

knwlm-k-\m-tcm-lWw sNøn-°p-tºmgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-am-WXv.

X∑qew ÿnco-I-cW ipiq-j-bn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-

cWw F∂ ]Z-]-tbmKØn¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-fl-Zm\w A√ AXns‚ Hu]-

Nm-cn-IX amX-amWv hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

aqtdm≥ A`n-tjIw \S-Øp-tºmƒ sNm√p∂ "Xh-lr-Z-b-w_-e-

am¿∂oSs´' F∂m-Zn-bmb Km\w ÿnco-I-cW ipiq-j-bpsS kmwK-

Xyhpw ktµ-ihpw ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw X¬ÿm-\Øv C∂v

sNm√p∂Xv "ssZhw sNm∂m≥' F∂v Bcw-`n-°p∂ Km\-am-Wv. Cu

Km\w IqZmimIa-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ Iq´n-

t®¿Ø-XmWo Km\w. Cu Km\w \¬Ip∂ sX‰mb ktµ-i-Øns‚

ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv amΩq-Zo-km-bn¬ ]utcm-lnXy \¬hcw Zm\w


sNøp∂p F∂ hgn sX‰nb hymJym\w DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. amΩq-Zokm

kzoI-cn® BÏp-ńIsf aZv_-lm-bn¬ ]th-in-∏n-°p∂ ]Xnhpw

_mhm \S-∏n¬ hcp-Ønb ]cnjvIm-c-am-Wv. _mhm hcp-∂-Xn\p

apºp≈ ssIsb-gpØv ipiq-jm-I-a-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Cu Imcy-

ßƒ Adnbmw.

19. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ AXoh lkzhpw ]k‡-

hp-am-bn-cp∂ Xp_vtZ-\p-Iƒ°v ]Icw At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bnse

]nXm°-∑m-cpsS t]cp-Ifpw a‰pw tN¿Øv hnI-kn-∏n-®Xpw F∏n-kvtIm-

∏-knsb DuXn-ho¿∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb Xp_vtZ-\p-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.

]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ ]Xn-aq∂v ]Xn-∏p-I-fn-embn ]kn-≤o-I-cn®

Ip¿_m\Ia-Øn¬ Cu ]gb Xp_vtZ-\p-Iƒ ImWmw. \ho-I-cn®

cq]-Øn-em-sW-¶nepw am¿tØmΩmk` C∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Cu

Xp_vtZ-\p-Iƒ Xs∂. tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ aev]-∑m-cm-bn-

cp∂ h´-t»-cn¬ KohdpKokv IØ-\mcpw tIm\m´v amØ≥ IØ-

\mcpw tN¿∂v ]kn-≤o-I-cn® Ip¿_m\Ia-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv At¥ym-

Jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS t]cpIfpw F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ Xmev]-cy-ßfpw

AXoh ]I-S-amb ]pXnb Xp_vtZ-\p-Iƒ km¿h-Xn-I-ambn ]N-cn-

®-Xv.

20. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bnse Jfin-∏ns‚ ka-bØv XIvkm-bn¬

tN¿Ø aq∂v ]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂v sNm√n-bm¬ aXn

F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv FSpØv am‰n aq∂pw sNm√p-hm≥ \n¿t±-

in-®p.

21. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ "a°-fn-e-∏≥....' F∂m-cw-`n-°p∂ Ip°n-

entbm≥ amXta ]Xn-hmbn sNm√n-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. ssZh-am-Xm-hn-s‚bpw

]cnip-≤-∑m-cp-sSbpw tN¿Øp Ip°n-en-tbm≥ sk‰p-Iƒ _mhm h¿≤n-

∏n®p.

22. hn. Ip¿∫m\ Hcp°ap≈h¿°v \¬Ip∂Xv BtLmj]q¿∆w

aq∂v ]m¿∞\ItfmsS ]Sn™mtdm´v sIm≠phcptºmƒ BsW∂v

]m¿∞\Iƒ hy‡am°p∂p≠v. ae¶cbnse ]q¿hoI ]Xnhpw

A]Imcambncp∂p. a‰p ]´°mtcm ]q¿Æ siΩmi∑mtcm k∂nln-

Xsc¶n¬ AhcpsS klmbsØmsSbpw A√mØ]£w hncns®mcp-

°nb Gh≥tKentbm≥ ]oTtam at‰m D]tbmKn®pw Ip¿∫m\ sImSp-

Øncp∂p. sXmgnbq¿ k`bnepw \hoIcWk`bnepw CXv Ct∏mgpw

XpScp∂p. tamdm≥ AXv \n¿Øem°nsb∂v amXa√; Cu Imt\m-

\nI \S]Sn XpScp∂Xv im]m¿lsa∂v Iev]\bnd°pIbpw Ip¿-


∫m\ \¬I¬ F∂ AXn][m\amb NSßv Ip¿∫m\bv°v tijw

F∂v IaoIcn°pIbpw ]Sn™mtdm´v BtLmj]q¿hw hcp∂

A\pjvTm\hpw X¬kabw sNm√p∂ ]m¿∞\Ifpw A]k‡-

am°pIbpw sNbvXp.

23. hn. Ip¿∫m\ Ign™m¬ Hcp IuΩm \akvIcn®v BfpIƒ

]ncn™pt]mIp∂ kºZmbamWv ae¶cbnep≠mbncp∂Xv. A∂-

sØ Ip¿∫m\IaØnepw A]Imcw \n¿t±in®ncp∂p. tamdm≥

AXv \n¿Øem°n. ]Icw bmt°m_ns‚ cmKØn¬ Hcp Km\w Bhn-

jv°cn®p. Xnhn[ sshZnI]ZhnIƒ qanbn¬ I¿Ømhv G¿∏mSm°n-

bXmsW∂v Ae¶mc`mjbn¬ ]utcmlnXyØns‚ ÿm]\-

sØbpw A[nImcsØbpw hymJym\n°p∂ Zo¿Lamb Km\hpw

ipiqj°m¿ amXw sNm√nbmepw aXnbmhp∂ Km\ßfpw Ign™v

HSphn¬ I¿Ør ]m¿∞\bpw a‰pw F∂ IaoIcWw Aßs\-

bmWv ap≥]d™ aev]m∑mcpsS aebmfw IaØneqsS ]Ncn®Xv.

ae¶cbnse ]q¿hoI kºZmbw Nne ÿeßfnse¶nepw XpS-

cp∂p≠v. NcnXadnbmØ ]pXnb "aev]m∑m¿' B kºZmbsØ

"sX‰v XncpØp∂' BthitØmsS i]n°p∂Xpw I≠n´p≠v. Imc-

an√mØ D∏v!! F∂ klXm]amWv Cu A`n\h aev]m∑m¿ A¿-

ln°p∂sX∂v tXm∂p∂p.

24. hnhml ipiqjbn¬ Gh≥tKentbm≥ hmb\bv°v apºmbn

h[qhc∑msc ssI tN¿Øp ]nSn∏n®ncp∂p. sXmgnbq¿°mcpw \hoI-

cW°mcpw Cu ]q¿∆oI ]Xnhv am‰nbn√. tamdm≥ Cu A\pjvTm\w

ipiqjbpsS HSphnte°v am‰n.

25. ]´wsImSbn¬ tImdqtbm, bu∏Zvb°nt\m F∂nh¿°v sXm∏n-

bn√; ipiqj°p∏mbhpan√; Ah¿ ]´taev°ptºmƒ ap´pIpØn

\nevt°≠Xpan√. AhcpsS ÿm\Zm\ ipiqjbn¬ AamtemKnbm

hmb\bpw C√. AsX√mw tamdm≥ Bhnjv°cn®p.

26. ]´wsImSbnse ssI BtLmjn°p∂Xpw "sImbvsØmZvdq-

tlm ImZotim'bpsS ]m¿∞\ sNm√p∂Xpw "\otkdqtlm

ImZotim' F∂ ImØnkvamKm\hpw (tImdqkqtkm Km\a√) ssI-

sh∏pw GI kabØv \SØphm≥ Dt±in°s∏´hbmWv; \n¿t±-

in°s∏´hbmWv. amΩqZokmbnepw Ip¿∫m\bnepw aqtdm≥ IqZm-

ibnepw kam\ A\pjvTm\ßƒ Ct∏mgpw GIImeØmWv \S-

Øs∏Sp∂Xv. F∂m¬ ]´wsImSbn¬ Ch H∂n®v \SØmsX H∂n\v

tijw H∂v F∂ \nebnemWv tamdm≥ saXm∑msc ]cnioen∏n®Xv.


X∑qew A\pjvTm\Øns‚ `mhXohXbpw GImKXbpw A¿∞

kmµXbpw \jvSs∏Sphm≥ CSbmhp∂p.

ae¶ck`bpsS ]mNo\Xaamb A\pjvTm\ ]mcºcyßsfbpw

A¿∞kºpjvSamb kmlnXycq]ßsfbpw \ntj[n®v Hcp hntZi

k`bpsS kam¥cXIsf X¬ÿm\Øv k∂nthin∏n®v hr≤\mb

]tXmkv XrXob≥ ae¶ck`sb tImf\nbm°n am‰phm≥ X¥]q-

¿∆w \SØnb Iuießƒ hniZamb ]T\Øn\pw A]KY\-

Øn\pw hnt[bamt°≠XmWv. ae¶ck`bn¬ ImepIpØnb

BZysØ ]mXnb¿°okv, ae¶cbnse hyhlmc bp≤m¥co£w,

_mhmbpsS B⁄mi‡nbpw I¿ΩIpieXbpw, aebmfnbpsS

A]I¿jXmt_m[w Chsb√mw Cu ]cnWma]Inbsb kpKa-

am°n. B⁄m\ph¿ØnIfmhm≥ dPntÃ¿Uv DSºSnbneqsS

_‘\ÿcmb Bdv saXm∑mcpw AhcpsS injycpw ]injycp-

amb aev]m∑mcpw A®Sn® \S]SnIa∏pkvXIhpw A®Sn® IqZmi-

Ia ˛ B≠pXIvkm Iaßƒ ChbneqsS ]cnWma ]Inb kp\n-

›nXhpw kpÿn-chpw BbnØo¿∂p (hniZamb ]T\Øn\v ae¶c-

k`bpw kndnb≥ ]mXnb¿°ok∑mcpsS A[nImc Zp¿hn\ntbm-

Khpw F∂ KŸw ImWp-I. ]p. 59˛113).

]tXmkv XrXob≥ _mhmbpsS aS°bmX Ign™v shń°¬

Zbdmbn¬ \mev]Xv ZnhksØ D]hmkØn¬ Ign®pIqńb A`n\h

saXm∑mcpsS apºn¬ Ipsd tNmZyßƒ Ahtijn®p.

1. knhn¬ hyhlmcw B¿, Fßs\ \SØpw? 2. ]nXmhv ]ncn®p-

hn´ Atkmtkyj\pw amt\PnwKv IΩn‰nbpw ]p\¿÷ohn°msX

hyh lmcØn\p≈ i‡n kw`cn°p∂sXßs\? 3. Ah hnfn®p-

Iq´phm≥ B¿°mWv A[nImcw? hnfn®pIq´p∂Xv ]nXmhns\ [n°cn-

°emIptam? 4. ae¶c saXm≥ Bb Kpcphnt\mSv kzoIcnt°≠p∂

kao]\w F¥v? 5. ]mXnb¿°okv apS°nb am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkp-

ambn kw_‘w ]pe¿ØWtam? A]Imcw sNbvXm¬ _mhm Xß-

sfbpw apS°ptam? 6. kzX¥ambn A[nImcw e`n® saXmk\-

ßsf tIm Hm¿Unt\‰v sNøm\p≈ kwhn[m\w F¥mWv? 7. ]mXnb-

¿°okns‚ kµ¿i\w D≠m°nb sNehpIƒ, knhn¬ hyhlmc-

s®ehpIƒ F∂nhbv°mbn ]Xn\ømbncØne[nIw cq]bpsS

_m[yX B¿ Gs‰Sp°pw?

]pent°mń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv anYp\w 23 \v shń°¬ Zb-

dmbn seØn. kpkvXmØnt°m\pIƒ ]ckv]cw ssIamdn hmbn®p.


CXphscbpw aebmfØn\psS Zoh∂mtkymkv Fs∂gpXnbncp∂Xv

am‰n "sIm√w CShIbpsS' F∂v am‰n FgptX≠nh∂Xn\m¬ Xm≥

ÿm\w HgnbpIbmsW∂pw _m[yXIfpw NpaXeIfpw ]pXnb

saXm∑m¿ ]¶n´v Gs‰Sp°Wsa∂pw ae¶c saXmt∏meoØm ]d-

™Xn\m¬ tijw t]¿ Nn¥m[o\cmbn ]d™p: "Rßƒ ]≈nI-

fnte°v FgpXpItbm \S∂v ]ncn°pItbm sNøp∂]£w ]ncn°p-

∂Xn\v sRcp°w. Xm¶ƒ Xs∂ F√m ]≈nIfnepw \S∂v ]ncnbv°p-

∂Xn\v Rßƒ°v hntcm[an√; kt¥mjhpamWv.' IqSpX¬ Imcy-

ßƒ Aßp \n¿t±in°p∂sX√mw Rßƒ°v kΩXw F∂v Ah¿

XpS¿∂v ]d™Xv kvXw`\w \o°m≥ klmbIambn. kt¥mj-

tØmsSbpw sFIytØmsSbpw Ah¿ ]ncn™p.

7a. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv ho≠pw Aac°mc≥

]me°p∂Øv amXyqkv AØm\mtkymkv 1052 (1877) Iment∑¬

Fen ISn®v hnj_m[ G‰v I¿°nSIw 4˛\v Xn¶fmgvN \ncymX\mbn;

amcmaÆv ]≈nbn¬ kwkvIcn°s∏´p. At±lw ]´wsImSpØ ]me

°p∂Øv tXmakv AØm\mtkymkv ]n≥Kmanbmbn.

1053˛¬ I∂n 29˛\v saXm∑mcpw kapZmb]amWnIfpw sIm®n-

bn¬ ktΩfn®v Nne Xocpam\ßƒ FSpØp:

1. tIm´bw skan\mcn, h´n∏Ww apXemb s]mXp kapZmb

kzØp°ƒ°mbn knhn¬ hyhlmcw \SØWw.

2. CXn\mbn tijw saXm∑m¿ butk v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkn\pw

IΩn‰n°m¿°pw kΩX]Xw sImSp°Ww.

3. am¿ AØm\mtkymkv ]pXp∏≈nbn¬ siΩmi∑m°v sshZnI

]cnioe\w \¬IWw (hr›nIw apX¬).

4. kpdnbm\n°m¿°mbn k¿°mcn¬ \n∂v \n›bn®ncn°p∂

Km‚pIƒ°v butk^v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv l¿Pn t_m[n∏n®v \S-

Øns°m≈Ww.

^eØn¬ Cu Xocpam\tØmsS ae¶csaXmt∏meoØmÿm-

\hpw AXns‚ A[nImcßfpw ]p\xÿm]nXambn; Bdp saXm-

∑mcpw s]mXpk`bpsS `cWØn¬ ae¶csaXmt∏meoØmbpsS

k^K∑m¿ ˛ klmbnIƒ ˛ Bbn. ]mXnb¿°okns‚ d±m°epw

apS°pw Aÿncs∏´p. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv A≤y£\mb amt\PnwKv

IΩn‰nbv°v Bdv saXm∑mcpw tN¿∂v C]Imcw FgpXn Ab®p.


1877 I∂n 27˛\v FgpXnb B IØn¬ shń°¬ Zbdmbn¬

bmt°m_v dºm\pw sNºn¬ ]≈nbn¬ AºeØp¶¬ ]tXmkv

IØ\mcpw km£nIfmbn H∏nńcp∂p: ""... kpdnbm\n Atkmtky-

j≥ IΩn‰nbnte°v FgpXp∂Xv: \ΩpsS s]mXpÿeamIp∂

tIm´bØv skan\mcnbpw AXn¬ Dƒs∏´ hkvXp°fpw hń∏Ww

apXembXv ssIhiw hcptØ≠Xn\v th≠n hcp∂ kIe hyh-

lmcßfpw \nßƒ IΩn‰n°m¿ sNbvXp ssIhis∏SptØ≠Xn\pw

\ΩpsS hnip≤ ]nXmhmb tamdm≥ am¿ C·mtXymkv ]mXnb¿-

°okv _mhmbpsS A\phmZ]Imcw AXpIƒ sIm≠v s]mXphn¬

]TnØw, A®Sn apXembXv \nßƒ \SØp∂Xn\pw Rßƒ kΩ-

Xn®v Xmsg ]dbp∂ km£nIfpsS apºn¬ H∏nńcn°p∂p.'' 1877

Xpemw 7˛\v Bdv saXm®∑m¿ tN¿∂v FgpXnb adp]Sn IØnepw

Cu Imcyw ]cma¿in°p∂Xv ImWpI: ""... Rßƒ F√mhcpw IqSn

sIm®nbn¬ IqSn hń∏WØns‚bpw skan\mcnbpsSbpw ImcysØ-

°pdn®v BtemNn®msd, F√mhcpw IqSn A\ymbs∏´v hyhlmcw

\SØp∂Xv icnb√ F∂pw AXn\m¬ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏m-

eoØm \SØp∂Xpw BbXv ssIhis∏´v hcp∂]£w hnip≤

]nXmhns\ t_m[n∏n®v hcp∂ Iev]\ ]Imcw s]mXphn¬ th≠-

s∏Sp∂ Imcyßƒ \SØp∂Xv kΩXsa∂pw a‰pw Rßƒ F√m-

hcpw IqSn FgpXns°mSpØp; Xncph\¥]pctØbv°v t]mbn-

cn°p∂p' (I≠-\m´v KŸhcn, ]p. 683). 1878 aIcw 1˛\v ae¶cbnse

F√m ]≈nIƒ°pambn butk^v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv Hcp Iev]\

Ab®p. k¿∆kΩXambn AXn¬ saXmt∏meoØmbpsS HutZym-

KnI ÿm\\maw C]Imcw tcJs∏SpØnbncp∂p: "bmt°m_mb

kpdnbm\n InkvXym\n Atkmtkyj≥ IΩn‰nbpsS ]knU≠mb

am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØm' (]p. 696).

ta¬ Iev]\]Imcw 1878 Ipw`w 6˛\v ]cpaebn¬ ae¶c kpdn-

bm\n InkvXym\n Atkmtkyjs‚ tbmKw HutZymKnIambn

butk∏v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkns‚ A[y£Xbn¬ tN¿∂p; Xocp-

am\ßƒ:

1. ]mXnb¿°okv d±m°nb Atkmtkyj\pw k`m amt\PnwKv

IΩn‰nbpw ]p\¿÷ohn∏n®p.

2. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠ns‚bpw ]knU≠mbncn°pw. At±lw

]gbt]mse aebmfØn\psS am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØm

F∂v taenepw HutZymKnI\maw D]tbmKn°Ww.


3. hyhlmcw, hnZymebßƒ, skan\mcnIƒ Ch \SØp∂Xn\pw

ÿm]n°p∂Xn\pw InbmflI \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn®p.

4. ]pXnb saº¿amsc tN¿Øp IΩn‰n hn]peam°n.

5. ]pØq∏≈n Kohdp§okns\ apX¬]nSn Bbpw Imcn°¬ Ipcp-

hnf Cu∏s\ knI´dn Bbpw \n›bn®p.

6. saXm∑mcpsSbpw IΩn‰n°mcpsSbpw NpaXebn¬ IS∏Xw

aptJ\ 6000 cq] tiJcn®v Xncph\¥]pcØv sN∂v FXbpw

s]s´∂v hyhlmcw Bcw`n°Ww.

sX°p ]cpaebn¬ am¿ KotKmdntbmkns‚ NpaXebnepw hS°v

shń°¬ Zbdmbn¬ am¿ bqentbmkns‚ NpaXebnepw sshZnI

hnZym`ymkw Bcw`n®p. ]pent°mń¬ saXmt∏meoØm ]q¿∆oI

alXzØnte°v h∂Xn¬ sIm®nbpsS siahq≥ Zoh∂mtkymkv

(I≠\mSv KŸhcnbpsS FgpØpImc≥) AklnjvWphmbncp∂p.

At±lØns‚ Cu \ne]mSv aqeamImw kz¥w CShIbmb I≠-

\mSv Dƒs∏sS Hcp CShIbpw At±lsØ kzoIcn®n√; I≠\mSv

]≈nbn¬ Bcm[\ \SØphm≥ t]mepw At±lØn\v CShIbpsS

A\phmZw e`n®n√. Xmakÿew Fßpw e`n°mØXn\m¬ I≠-

\mSv ]≈nbpsS HcA][m\ apdnbn¬ Xmakn°m\nSw e`n®p.

acWw hsc AhnsSXs∂ Bcm[\Iƒ \SØn. A¥cn®t∏mƒ

arXtZlw Ipfn∏n°phm≥ Hcp sNºv t]mepw I≠\m´v ]≈n°m¿

sImSpØn√. arXtZlw AhnsS kwkvIcn°phm≥ hnkΩXn°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. HSphn¬ ]pent°mń¬ saXm®≥ ]Wnbn® ISpß-

awKew ]≈nbn¬ At±lØns‚ \n¿t±i]Imcw I_dS°s∏SpI-

bmWp≠mbXv (Itcm´phoń¬ IpSpw_mwKhpw KŸImcs‚ kl-

]h¿ØIbpamb tUm. Xmcm sska¨ \¬Inb hnhcw).

(1879) 1054 Ipw`w 24 \v tXmakv AØm\mtkymkv apX¬t]sc

]Xnbm°n butk v am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv hmZnbmbn Be∏pg Pn√m

t°mSXnbn¬ knhn¬ hyhlmcw Bcw`n®p. aq∂v \mev sIm√sØ

A\n›nXXzØn\v tijw ae¶cbpsS Aac°mc≥ Bsc∂v

Hcn°¬ IqSn hy‡ambn.

]mcw`hnNmcW Ignbm≥ aq∂v h¿jsaSpØp. ]pent°mń¬

saXm®≥ Xncph\¥]pcØp sN∂v ]tXyIw Bhiys∏´X\pk-

cn®v Znhm≥Pn Cu tIkpImcyØn\v ]tXyI PUvPnbmbn Sn. kn.

IrjvWtat\m≥ Ah¿Isf \nban°pIbpw sNbvXp. amenØd Gen-

bmkv IØ\mcpw Imcn°¬ Ipcphnf Cu∏\pw hmZn`mKØv NpaXe-


°mcpw C. Fw. ^nen∏v hyhlmc Imcyÿ\pambn ]h¿Øn®p.

^nen∏ns\ Atkmtkyj≥ skI´dnbmbn Be∏pg IqSnb amt\-

PnwKv IΩn‰n \nban®p. hmZn`mKtØ°v 77 Dw ]Xn`mKtØbv°v

103 Dw km£nIsf 1057 aIcw apX¬ 1059 Ipw`w hsc hnkvXcn®p.

A\ymbØns‚ kwt£]w.

1. am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ ]mXnb¿°okv apS°nbncp∂p. 2.

1051 se hnfw_cw aqew At±lØns\Xnsc hyhlmcw sImSp°p-

hm\p≈ XSkw \oßn. 3. H∂mw ]Xn (tXmakv AØm\mtkymkv)

ap≥Kman ÿm\`jvS\mb DSs\ hkvXphIIƒ hmZnsb Gev]n-

t°≠Xmbncp∂p. 4. Ah ssIhiw hbv°m≥ H∂mw ]Xn°pw

a‰pw AhImian√ (tdmb¬t°mSXn hn[n, ]p. 3).

]XnIbpsS kwt£]w. 1. hmZnbpsS HutZymKnI ÿm\ß-

sf∏‰n hy‡amb hnhcw \¬Inbnń√. 2. ankv tPmbn‚¿ F∂

kmt¶XnI tZmjap≠v. 3. hmZnbpsS AhImißƒ°v dkvPqUn-

t°‰ F∂ hmZ XSkap≠v. 4. A\ymbØn\v ImelcWtZmjap≠v.

5. A\ymb°mc\v ÿm\hpw k`bpsS AwKoImchpw e`n®nń√. 6.

hmZn _m[yX °mc\pw aXmNmc hncp≤\pw AwK`wKap≈h\pw

BWv. 7. A\ymb ]ńIbnse hkvXphlIsf AhImis∏Sm≥

hmZn°v A¿lXbn√. 8. ae¶ck`bv°v Atkmtkyj\pambn

_‘an√. 9. ae¶ck`ta¬ ]mXnb¿°okn\v bmsXmcphn[ A[n-

Imchpan√. 10. ]me°p∂Øp saXm®s‚ hmgvNbnse At¥ymJy≥

]¶mfnØw bmZr—nIw amXamWv. 11. hmZn At¥ymJymbnse GXv

]mXnb¿°okn¬ \n∂v ÿm\ta‰p F∂v hy‡a√. 12. At¥ym-

JymbpsS ssIsh∏v ae¶cbnse ]n¥pS¿®bv°v A¿lX \¬Ip-

∂n√. 13. ap≥Kman ]n≥Kmansb Is≠Øn hmgn°pIbmWv ae¶c-

bnse ]mcºcyw. 14. H∂mw ]Xn A]Imcw ap≥Kmanbm¬

ÿm\hpw NpaXeIfpw Gev]n°s∏´ BfmWv. 15. ]mXnb¿°okv

hmZnsb apS°pIbpw ÿm\`jvS\m°pIbpw sNbvXp. 16. ]ńI-

bn¬ Hcp `mKw ap≥KmanbpsS Imew apXte A\yssIhiamWv.

17. ]ńIbnse hkvXphlIƒ hos≠Sp°phm≥ hmZnsb Bcpw

NpaXes∏SpØnbnń√ (]q¿Æcq]w I≠\mSv KŸhcnbn ep≠v).

hmZnbv°v A\pIqeambn 1059 anYp\w 16 \v (1884) tImSXnbn¬

\n∂v hn[nbp≠mbn (IqSpX¬ hnhcßƒ°v C. Fw. ^nen∏ns‚

BflIYbmb ae¶ck`bpsS clky t]SIw, ]p. 30˛33 t\m°pI).

CXn\nSbn¬ Nne B`y¥c Ielßƒ ]mXnb¿°okns‚


Bio¿hmZtØmsS Actßdp∂p≠mbncp∂p. aebmfØn\psS

saXmt∏meoØm F∂ \nebn¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv ]h¿Øn-

°p∂Xns\ IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkv, siahq≥ am¿

Zoh∂mtkymkv F∂nh¿ ]e cq]Øn¬ FXn¿Øpt]m∂p. sia-

hq≥ Zoh∂mtkymkv Hcp L´Øn¬ ]pent°mń¬ saXm®s\Xnsc

hyhlmcs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. Icnßm®nd ]≈nbpambn \S∂ hyh-

lmcw Imcyßƒ°v ia\ap≠m°n. B hyhlmcØn¬ ]≈n°m¿

hmZn®Xv siahq≥ Zoh∂mtkymkns\ P\w sXcs™SpØn√ F∂

hnjbØnemWv. ]≈n°\pIqeamb hn[n tijw saXm∑mscbpw

im¥cm°n: Ahcmcpw P\ßfm¬ sXcs™Sp°s∏´h¿ Bbncp-

∂n√t√m. XpS¿∂v ae¶c saXms\Xnsc ]ckyambn cwKØv hcp-

hm≥ FXn¿∏p≈ saXm∑m¿ `bs∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.

\hoIcW°mcpambp≈ tIkn¬ skan\mcnt°kn¬ km£n

F∂ \nebn¬ NmØpcpØn¬ am¿ KotKmdntbmkv amXamWv tImS-

XnbpsS ka≥kv ssI∏‰n km£nsamgn \¬InbXv. ]pent°mń¬

am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØmsb kpdnbm\n°mcpsS A-

tkmtkyj≥ IΩn‰nbn¬ ]knU≠mbn hnip≤ ]nXmhmIp∂

tamdm≥ ]mXnb¿°okv _mhmbpw IΩn‰n°mcpw tijw ]≈n°mcpw

IqSn \n›bn®ncn°p∂p F∂pw Bflob ImcyØn¬ Rßƒ saXm-

∑m¿ F√mhcpw Hcpt]mse A[nImcs∏ńcn°p∂psh∂pw euInI

Imcyßƒ At±lw Rßfn¬ aosX F∂pw a‰pw ]cpae saXm®≥

km£n hnkvXmcØn¬ samgn sImSpØp (I≠-\mSv KŸhcn, ]p.

727).

apd]Imcw doiokm e`n°mØXn¬ Ip]nX\mb ]mXnb¿°okv

siahq≥ am¿ AØm\mtkymkns\ (Ct±lw kvtX^mt\mkv

saXm®s‚ IqsS h∂ dºm\pw ]pent°mń¬ saXm®s‚ Kpcphpw

Bbncp∂p) ]ncnhv \SØm\b®p. 64 Imc\mb Ct±ltØmsSm∏w

…o_m siΩmi\pw D≠mbncp∂p (]nev°meØv …o_m HkvXm-

Øntbmkv). 1880 [\p 3˛\v sIm®nbnseØnb Ct±lw injy\mb

ae¶csaXmt\mSpw ]injy\mb NmØpcpØn¬ saXm®t\mSp-

samØv ]cpaebn¬ Xmakn°ptºmgmWv A\pIqeamb tImSXn-

hn[nbp≠mbXv.

]me°p∂Øv tXmakv AØm\mtkymkpw Iqćpw 1884 I∂n

25˛\v A∏o¬ b¬ sNbvXp. hmZn`mKtØ°v B¿. cma\mYcmbcpw

(]pent°mń¬ saXm®s‚ `mKw) adp`mKtØ°v Km≥kv kmbn∏pw

lmP¿ Bbn. Cu tIkn¬ Iogvt°mSXn hn[n ÿncs∏SpØn-


s°m≠pw sNehv A\phZn®psIm≠pw 1885 Xpemw 29˛\v ]pent°m-

ń¬ saXm®\v A\pIqeambn hn[nbp≠mbn. hn[n \SØphm≥

tImSXnbptZymKÿ≥ BΩo≥ tIm´bØv h∂t∏mƒ skan\mcn-

s°ńSßƒ ]qń°mWpIbm¬ hnhcw tIm¿ńte°v dnt∏m¿´v

sNbvXXn¬ sIm√s\ hcpØnØpd∏n°m≥ BΩos‚ t]¿°pw

th≠ klmbßƒ sNbvXpsImSp∏m≥ aPntÃńs‚bpw t]meokv

C≥kvs]IvSdpsSbpw t]¿°pw DØchmbn. AXn≥]Imcw skan-

\mcnbpsS ]q´pIƒ FSp∏n®v \SØns°mSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1886

I¿°nSIw 3˛\v Xs‚ ImcWh≥ ÿm]n®v A¥yhniaw sIm≈p∂

skan\mcnbn¬ ae¶c saXm≥ ]pent°mń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkpw

doiokm ]ncnhpImc≥ am¿ AØm\mtkymkpw Xmakamcw`n®p.

a‰p kzØp°ƒ ssIhis∏SpØp∂Xn\v apºv ]me°p∂Øv

saXm®≥ tdmb¬t°mSXnbn¬ A∏o¬ \¬In. Cu tIkn¬ hmZw

tI´Xv No^v PÃokv IrjvWkzmancmbcpw Hmdwkv_nbpw koXm

cmaøcpw Bbncp∂p.

ae¶c saXm∑m¿ AXXv ImeØv tcJs∏SpØn h∂Xv F∂

]Itema‰w saXm∑m¿ AhImis∏ńcp∂ k`mNcnXw, ]me°p-

∂Øv henb saXm®s‚ HdnPn\¬ kpkvXmØnt°m≥ XpSßn

ssIhiaps≠∂v AhImis∏ńcp∂ ]e k`mtcJIfpw \hoIcW

hn`mKw tImSXnbn¬ lmPcm°nbn√. ]≈n°c ]≈nbn¬ h®v Ah

tamjvSn°s∏´p F∂v ]me°p∂Øv Pq\nb¿ saXm®≥ tImSXnsb

kXyw sNbvXv t_m[n∏n®p. tamjWIY kuI-cy-]q¿∆w sIń-®-a-

®-Xm-sW∂pw Xßƒ AXv hniz-kn-°p-∂n-s√∂pw PUvPn-am¿ tamj-

W-IYsb ]cnlmk]q¿∆w XnckvIcn®p. tIknse hmZapJßƒ

_es∏SpØphm≥, ae¶cbnse ]q¿hnI \S]SnIƒ°pw N´ß-

ƒ°pw A\ptbmPyamWv Ah F∂v ImWn∏m≥, "ae¶c°mt\m≥'

F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp eLp ]pkvXIw FgpXnØbmdm°n A®Sn∏n°p-

Ibpw AXv ]me°p∂Øv henb saXm®≥ tiJcn®v hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXp Xbmdm°nbXmsW∂v AhImis∏´psIm≠v tImSXnbn¬

lmPcm°pIbpw sNbvXp. ae¶cbn¬ ]q¿hnIambn Hcp Imt\m≥-

KŸhpw D≠mbncp∂n√. X∑qew \hoIcW°m¿ lmPcm°nb

Imt\m≥ \qdp iXam\hpw hymPambncp∂p. Cu hymP Imt\ms\

t\cnSphm≥ shfnb\m´v Atkmtkyj≥ ]tXmkv _mhm AhX-

cn∏n®v ]m m°nsbSpØ lqZmb Imt\m≥ ]pent°m´v saXm®s‚

`mKw lmPcm°n. ae¶ck`bnse Nne ]XnhpIƒ°v ]amWam-

Im≥ ]mIØn¬ lqZmbImt\ms‚ ssIsbgpØp]Xnbn¬ apf¥p-


cpØn kp∂ltZmkns‚ Nne Imt\m\mIƒ ]q¿∆nI Imt\m\mIƒ

F∂ a´n¬ FgpXn tN¿Øncp∂p. Hcp Ukt\mfw hcp∂ Cu Xncp-

ØepIƒ kmt¶XnIambn hymPsa∂v Ip‰s∏SpØmsa¶nepw apf-

¥pcpØn kp∂ltZmkns‚ Imt\m\mIƒ Bbncp∂Xn\m¬, apf-

¥pcpØnbpsS hnemkw ad®p h®p F∂ A¿∞Øn¬ amXta

AXns\ Ip‰s∏SpØm\mhq (]nev°meØv kapZmbt°kn¬

Ccp\qdntesd XncpØepIƒ hcpØn ]mXnb¿°okv mKw lmPcm-

°nb 18 A°w Imt\m≥ CX√. …o_m HkvXmØntbmkns‚ Ibv]S-

bnse∂v tXm∂n°p∂ IrXnaw \nd™ ˛ HdnPn\¬ d^v h¿°v

sNbvX Imt\m≥ KŸw ˛ Cu FgpØpImcs‚ ssIhiap≠v. Cu

]Xns\´°w Imt\m\pw skan\mcnt°kn¬ lmPcm°nb

Imt\m\pw Htc KŸamsW∂v F√m FgpØpImcpw sX‰n≤cn®n-

´p≠v. Cu ]nev°me IrXna Imt\m≥ BWv CubnsS DZbKncn

skan\mcn°m¿ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp ]kn≤oIcn®Xv). ]pent°m-

´n¬ saXm®s‚ Imt\ms\ Im∏n°mt\m≥ F∂v ÿm\Øpw

Aÿm\Øpw hna¿in°p∂h¿ ae¶c°mt\mt\m bYm¿∞

XncpØp Imt\mt\m I≠hc√ F∂v tcJs∏SpØp∂Xv ZpxJtØm-

sSbmWv. \ΩpsS k`mNcnX kmlnXy KthjWcwKw FXta¬

]cnXm]IcamWv!! (2012 Pqsse 11-˛\v tkm^nbm sk‚-dn¬ ].

ImtXm-en-°m-_m-hm, tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ Zob-kvt°m-tdm-kv, ^m.

tUm. Sn. sP. tPmjzm, ^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥, ^m. tUm.

tPm¨kv G_lmw tIm\m´v XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ]s¶-SpØ \nd™ kZ-

ns\ km£n-bm°n, Cu Imt\m≥ IrXn-a-Xzhpw ]me-°p-∂Øv

saX-m-®≥ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® \ho-I-cW \a-kv°m-c-]p-kvX-Ihpw Cu

teJ-I≥ ]Z¿in-∏n-®p. skan-\m¿ ]q¿Æ-ambpw ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-

tUmIvkv Sn. hn. kwt]-£Ww sNbvXn-cp-∂p. skan-\m¿ ]q¿Æambpw

ImWp-hm≥ http://youtu.be/Kwg-Tdz6BYw kµ¿in-°pI.)

tdmb¬ tImSXnbn¬ A¥nahn[n ]kvXmhn°p∂Xn\v apºv

cmPn iaw \SØphm≥ almcmPmhv Iev]n°pIbpw Znhm≥ cmacm-

bscbpw l÷q¿ knI´dn hm‰vkns\bpw k¿hm[n \oeIWvT]n≈-

sbbpw a[yÿ∑mcmbn \ntbmKn°pIbpw sNbvXp. Znhms‚ _w•m-

hn¬ CcpI£nIfpw lmPcmbn. "\hoIcW°m¿ \qX\ambn kzoIcn-

®ncn°p∂ aXhn]coXßsf ]cnXyPn®v Ahcpw AhcpsS ]nXm°-

∑mcpw apºn\mse ssIs°m≠ncp∂ ]mNo\ hnizmkØnepw

At¥ymJymknwlmk\Øns‚ Bflob B⁄bnepw Ccn°W-

sa∂√msX Ahsc ]ncn®phnSWsa∂v Rßƒ°v Atijw BKl-


ans√∂pw Ah¿ AXn\v kΩXn®m¬ Ahsc kzoIcn°m\pw ÿm\-

]q¿Øn hcpØn th≠ A[nImcßtfmSpw IqSn \SØm\pw ]mXnb-

¿°okv _mhm A\phZn®v Iev]\ Ab®n´ps≠∂pw Ah¿ AXn\v

hgns∏Sp∂]£w Rm≥ kzÿ\mbncp∂psIm≠v k¿∆m[nImchpw

FXn¿I£n saXms\ Gev]n®psImSp°phm≥ k∂≤\msW∂pw

a‰pw am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØm hfsc hmIvNmXpcy-

tØmSpw lrZbwKaambpw ]kvXmhn°pIbpw Znhm≥Pn apX¬t]¿

Xs‚ HuZmcysØbpw kaNnØXsbbpw Ipdn®v ]iwkn°pIbpw

sNbvXp. FXn¿I£nbpsS ]kvXmh\, bmt°m_mb hnizmkw

a\xkm£nbv°v hn]coXamIbm¬ ssIs°m≈phm≥ a\ ns√∂m-

bncp∂p. a\xkm£nbv°v hn]coXambn ]h¿Øn°Wsa∂v

D]tZin∏m≥ a[yÿ¿°v AhImian√mØXv sIm≠v tbmPn∏p-

≠mIbns√∂v Ah¿ Xocpam\n®p'' (clkyt]SIw, ]p. 48˛49).

CcpI£nIfpw AhchcpsS sNehv hln°Wsa∂ t`ZKXn-

tbmsS Iogvt°mSXn hn[n ÿncs∏SpØns°m≠v tdmb¬t°mSXn-

bpsS `qcn]£hn[n 1889˛¬ ]Jym]n°s∏´p. Hmdwkv_n hntbmP-

\°pdn∏Sßnb \yq\]£hn[nbpw FgpXn. `qcn]£hn[n \S∏m-

°phm≥ almcmPmhv Iev]\bmbn. c≠p I£nItfmSpambn Znhm≥

]kvXmhn®p: hn[n]Imcw skan\mcnbpw kzØp°fpw Hgn™p-

sImSp°msX Hcp \nhrØnbpan√. Hmtcm ]≈nbpw CXpt]mse

Hgn™psImSpt°≠nhcpw. At∏mƒ \hoIcW°m¿°p≠mIp∂

_p≤nap´pIƒ°v ]cnlmcambn CcpI£nIfp≈ ]≈nIƒ

]≈nIfnt∑tem kzØp°fnt∑tem hcpam\ßfnt∑tem Ah¿°v

bmtXmchImihpw IqSmsX AhcpsS I¿Ωßƒ Hcp ¢n]vXka-

bØv ]≈nIfn¬ h®v sNbvXp sIm≈m≥ Ah¿°v A\phZn®p-

sImSp°Wsa∂v Znhm≥Pn saXmt∏m eoØmtbmSv Bhiys∏´p.

A]Imcw A\phZn°p∂Xv SÃn\p hntcm[hpw \ymbclnXhpw

BsW¶nepw Znhm≥Pn ]d™XmIsIm≠v kΩXn°p∂psh∂v am¿

Zoh∂mtkymkv CXn\v adp]Sn ]d™p.. Znhm≥Pnbpw Iq´pa[yÿ-

∑m¿°pap≠mb kt¥mjw Aev]a√mbncp∂p. CXtØmfw ChnsS

kΩXn®Xv Hcp henb kwKXnbmsW∂p≈ A`n]mbtØmSpIqSn

CXn\v tN¿∂v cmPns∏´v t]mIWsa∂v Znhm≥Pn FXn¿I£ntbmSv

Bhiys∏´p. B I£nbnep≈ Zqcÿ∑mcmb tbmKy∑mtcmSv

BtemNn°msX adp]Sn ]dbm≥ Xcans√∂v Ah¿ HgnIgnhv

]dIbm¬ BtemNn®v adp]Sn ]dbp∂Xn\v Hcp Ah[n \n›bn®v

tbmKw ]ncn™p. Cu Ah[n Ign™t∏mƒ ta¬∏d™ Btem-

N\bv°v kΩXans√∂v Ah¿ adp]Sn sImSp°bm¬ cmPn \S°pI-


bns√∂v Znhm≥ sIm´mcØnte°v dnt∏m¿´v sNøpIbpw `qcn]£

PUvPnamcpsS hn[n ÿncs∏SpØn sslt°m¿ńte°b°pIbpw

sNbvXp'' (clkyt]SIw, ]p. 49).

1892 hr›nIØn¬ tImSXnbn¬ h®v ÿm\Nn”ßfmb hSn,

apSn, …o_m XpSßnbh ]me°p∂Øv tXmakv AØm\mtkymkn¬

\n∂v ]pent°mń¬ tPmk^v Zoh∂mtkymkv G‰phmßn. \ncmi-

\mb tXmakv AØm\mtkymkv 1893 I¿°nSIØn¬ \ncymX\mbn.

ae¶ck`m NcnXØn¬ \n¿ÆmbI ]m[m\yap≈ skan\mcnt°-

kns‚ hnPbsØ∏‰n Nne ]mamWnIcpsS hnebncpØepIƒ tIƒ-

°pI: "".. am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØm Hckmam\y ka¿-

∞\mbncps∂¶nepw tIkv Pbn®Xv At±lØns‚tbm thsd Bcp-

sSsb¶neptam kma¿∞yw sIm≠s√∂mWv Fs‚ hnizmkw. At±-

lØns‚ ]m¿∞\ hfsc i‡ntbdnbXmbncp∂p. am\pjnIamb

F√m hogvNIƒ°pw ]m]ßƒ°pw At±lw hiwhZ\mbncp∂psh-

¶nepw A\pXm]Ømepw s]mSn™ lrZbtØmSp IqSnb ]m¿∞-

\bmepw ssZhsØ kzm[o\am°phm≥ ZmhoZns‚ Bflmhv At±-

lØns‚ta¬ D≠mbncp∂p. GXpImcyw Dt±in®psIm≠v At±lw

]m¿∞n®pthm B Imcyw AXnibIcamb hn[Øn¬ km[n®p

In´m≥ X°hÆw Xs‚ Fcnthdnb ]m¿∞\bv°v i‡nbp≠m-

bncp∂p F∂p≈Xn\v Rm≥ Hcp ZrIvkm£nbmIp∂p. Cu ]m¿-

∞\mi‡nsIm≠pw ssZhIr]sIm≠pw FXn¿I£ntbmSp≈

ssZhtIm]w sIm≠pw skan\mcn hyhlmcw ssZhhnNmcWbnem-

bncp∂p BZy¥w \SØs∏´sX∂v F\n°v ]q¿Æt_m[yw h∂n-

´p≠v. .. Hcp lnµphmbncp∂ h°o¬ cma-\m-Ycm-b¿°pw Cu

t_m≤yw h∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv B›-cy-a-√tbm? Hmtcm kµ¿`-ß-fn¬

]Xy-£-ambn I≠p-h∂ ssZh-hnNm-c-W-sb°p-dn®v At±lw Hcn-

°¬ C]-Imcw Ft∂mSp ]d™p: "Cßs\ B›-cy-I-c-amb Hcp

tIkv Rm≥ I≠n-ń-√. CXv \SØp∂Xv Rmt\m \nßtfm saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ømtbm A√, Cuiz-c≥ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cuiz-c≥ \S-Øn-b-

Xns‚ AS-bm-f-ßƒ Hcn-°-e-√, ]e ]mhiyw Rm≥ ImWp∂p.

AXv ImWp-tºmƒ B›cywsIm≠v Fs‚ tcma-ßƒ Fgp∂v

\nev°p-∂p. Cu tIkv tXm‰pt]mIp-sa∂v Hcn-°epw `b-s∏-tS≠'

(clkyt]SIw, ]p. 65).

sshZnISÃnbmbn-cp∂ ]p∂X Nm≠∏n≈ IØ-\msc (XmgØ-

®≥) \o°w sNøm≥ 1069-˛¬ Be-∏pg tImS-Xn-bn¬ \¬Inb tIkv

1077 (1902) aIcw 21 \v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-®p. 1895 hr›nIw 9, 10, 11


Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ tN¿∂ tbmKw tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]ms\ sshZnI

SÃn-bmbn sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. tIm´bw sNdnb]≈n-t°-kn¬ 1899 I¿-

°n-S-I-w 31˛\v A\p-Iqe hn[n-bp-≠m-bn. Xmg-Ø-®s‚ A∏o¬

sslt°m-SXn X≈n. 1901 Ipw`w 27 \v ]≈n ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm®≥

\SØnFSp-Øp. ]pØ≥Im-hv, \nc-Ww, Imbw-Ip-fw, ]pXp-∏-≈n, \ne-

bv°¬ XpS-ßnb ]≈n-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ ssIh-i-Øn¬ h∂p.

G‰hpw HSp-hn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ CS-h-I-∏-≈n-bmb B¿Øm‰v Nm´p-

Ip-f-ßc]≈nbpw A¥n-a-ambn sIm®n tdmb¬tImS-Xn-bpsS 1905 I¿-

°n-SIw 31˛se hn[n-tbmsS At±-l-Øn\v e`n-®p.

C]-Imcw ]me-°p-∂Øv saXm-®s‚ cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw ]n≥h-

en-®-Xp-ap-X¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm \S-Ønb k¿h hyh-

lm-c-ßfpw Hmtcm-∂mbn hnPbw I≠p. \oXn-]o-T-ß-fn-eqsS At±lw

\S-Ønb \nb-a-bp-≤-ßƒ k`m kzØp-°ƒ hos≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ amX-

a√, kz¥w Iymºnse ]ndp-]n-dp-∏p-Ifpw ]S-e-]n-W-°-ßfpw Kq∏v

a’c-ßfpw C√m-Xm-°n. k`sb kz¥w IpS-°o-gn¬ \njv°-≠-I-

am-°phm\pw klm-b-I-am-bn. 1872 apX¬ 1886 hsc Cu \nb-a-bp-≤-

ß-fpsS AWn-bd ]cp-ae skan-\m-cnbpw 1886 apX¬ ]gbskan-\m-

cnbpw Bbn-cp-∂p.

ae-¶ck`m Ncn-X-Øn¬ A\-\zbw F∂ hnti-jWw A¿ln-

°p∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b≥ ae-

¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\hpw ]k-‡nbpw k`-bv°-I-

sØ-∂-t]mse k`bv°v ]pdØpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. B

Poh-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Hcp ]p\¿hm-b\ sImt≠ CXv km≤y-am-Iq.

8. tIcf \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ cmP-inev]n

]pXn-sbmcp \q‰m-≠n-tebv°v ae-¶ck`-tbbpw tIcf P\-X-

tbbpw XZzmcm `mcX kwkvIm-c-tØbpw D]-\-bn-°p-hm≥ Ah-X-

cn® Kwòcm-flm-hmb kwI-a-]p-cp-js‚ ssien-IfmWv At±lw

Bhn-jvI-cn-®Xv. _m“Wm-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ Iogn¬ Aa¿∂n-cp∂

tIcfw NcnXw I≠-Xn-tebv°pw h®v G‰hpw henb kmwkvIm-

cnI A]-N-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-amb Ime-L´w Bbn-cp∂p AXv. sFXn-

lym-[n-jvTn-X-amb A‘XIƒ, ]utcm-lnXy Zp¿`-c-Ww, ^yqU¬

ta[m-hn-Xzw, IpSpw_ k¶ev]Øns‚ XI¿®, Ch 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬

D®m-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øn. kzman hnth-Im-\-µs‚ "`m¥m-e-b-sa∂' ]cm-

a¿iw amXw aXn-bmIpw A°mesØ `bm-\-I-amb kmwkvIm-cn-I-

Ø-I¿®sb Af-°p-hm≥. A°mesØ tIc-f-kw-kvIm-csØ ]n.


sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥ hne-bncp-Øp-∂Xv ImWp-I:

"".... ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w apX¬ Ccp-]Xmw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ ]ndhn hsc-bp≈ AºXv sIm√w A¤p-X-I-chpw Ahn-

iz-k-\o-b-hp-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv tIc-f-°-c-bn¬ hcp-Øn-b-Xv.

1850˛\v A∏p-d-tØbv°v IS-∂m¬, ]s≠t∂m ]≠v ]s≠t∂m ]d-

bm-hp∂ Hcp ]mIrX Ime-Øn-emWv \mw sNs∂-Øp-I. AXp-t]mse

1900 Ign-™m¬ Xo¿Øpw B[p-\n-I-amb Hcp bpK-Ønepw \mw

hs∂Øpw'' (N-¥p-ta-t\m≥: Hcp ]T-\w, ]p 62-˛64). Cu bpK]cnh¿-

Ø\sØ km≤y-am-°nb Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]h-W-X-Iƒ ]pjv]n®v

Imbv® hnf`qan ae-¶ck`-bm-Wv. AXns‚ I¿j-I≥ A∂sØ

]Xn-`m-im-enbmb ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpw.

A. tIc-f-Ønse H∂m-asØ kap-Zmb kwL-S\

hnizkvX A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS Hcp kwL-S\ cq]o-I-cn-°mØ ]hm-

NI]Xn-`-Iƒ aX-cw-KtØm cmjvSob cwKtØm kmap-ZmbnI ˛

kmlnXy kmwkvIm-cnI cwKtØm D≠m-bn-´n-√. I√n®pw Ip∂n®pw

Nme-Ii‡n \jvS-s∏´ tKmh¿≤\ ]¿h-X-Øn\v Xs‚ am¥nIkv]-

¿i\-Øm¬ Ne\i‡n \¬In-bn- mWv Cµ-tIm-]-sØbpw Imes°-

Sp-Xn-I-sfbpw sNdp-°p-hm≥ IrjvW≥ AXns\ k÷-am-°n-b-Xv. Ccp-

\q-tdmfw h≥ CS-h-I-Isf Hcp kwL-S-\-bpsS Iogn¬ AWn-\n-cØn

sIm®p sIm®p hnj-b-ß-fn-te°v hntI-µo-I-cn-°-s∏´pw inYn-e-ambpw

sNe-h-gn-°s∏-´n-cp∂ i‡ntkmX- p-Isf GI-ap-J-ambn tIµo-I-

cn®v A]-XnlX-amb B Du¿÷tkmX- ns\ \thm-∞m\ kwcw-

`-ßƒ°v hml-\am-°pI. AXmWv 1873-˛¬ ]cp-ae h®pw 1876-˛¬

apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ h®pw At±-lw cq]-h-Xv°-cn®v ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Ønb

ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-j≥ F∂ kap-Zmb

kwL-S-\-bn-eqsS At±lw km[n-®-Xv. ]q¿h amXr-I-I-sfm∂pw apºn-

en-√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw A≤zm-\-io-e-\mb B ]Xn-`m-im-en, sIm®n ˛ Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq¿ kwÿm\-ß-fn¬ NnXdn°n-S-°p∂ CS-h-I-Isf Cu e£y-

Øn-te°v ]t_m-[n-∏n®v hnPbw Is≠-Øp-hm≥ \S-Ønb t¢i-

]q¿Æ-amb k©m-c-Øns‚ Ahn-cm-a-amb IY-Iƒ Bscbpw A¤p-

X-s∏-Sp-Øpw. Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂v Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw hsc Hs´ms°

Pe-am¿§-ambpw Hs´ms° Im¬\-S-bmbpw At±lw \S-Ønb ssPX-

bm-X-bpsS hoc-I-Y-Iƒ ]nev°m-eØv `mc-X-Øn¬ 600 tesd Kma-

ßsf C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn-°ns‚ Iogn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°phm≥ Dcp-°p-a-

\p-jy-\mb k¿±m¿ ]t´-ens‚ ITn-\m-≤zm-\-tØmSv XmcXayw sNøp-


hm≥ Ign-bpw. F√m ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Hcp sshZnI ]Xn-\n-[nbpw

c≠v Assh-ZnI ]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp∂ Atkmtky-

js‚ alm-th-Zn, AXn¬\n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ GXm\pw sshZn-

Icpw AXns‚ Ccń Assh-Zn-Icpw AS-ßp∂ Hcp ]h¿ØIkanXn,

AXn-s\mcp JPm≥Pnbpw Hcp knI-´-dnbpw. AXXv ImesØ ae-

¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØm A≤y-£≥, F√m CS-h-I-Iƒ°pw AwKXz-

ô-kv, F√m AwK-ßƒ°pw ¢mkv Xncn®v AwKXzôkv, A]-Imcw

kzcq-]n-°p∂ s]mXp \n[n, kaq-l-Øns‚ e£y-ßfpw A[n-Imc]cn-

[n-Ifpw \n¿h-Nn®v Atkm-tky-js‚ AwKo-Im-c-tØmsS ]m_ey-

Øn¬ hcp-Øp-I F∂v XpSßn B kwL-S-\-bpsS cq]hpw `mh-hpw

AXns‚ P\m-[n-]Xy LS-\bpw t\m°n-bm¬ Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy `c-

W-Iq-S-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S-\bpw `cWkwhn-[m-\hpw AXn¬ AS-ßn-

bncp∂p F∂v ImWmw. cmP-`cWw sImSn-IpØn hmgp∂ Hcp \mń¬

P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m\w hn`m-h\w sNbvXv kq£va-amb hni-Zmw-i-

ß-tfmsS AXv Bhn-jvI-cn®v ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°nb ]pen-t°m-ń¬

saXm-®s\ tIcfk`-bp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw H∂m-asØ

P\m-[n-]Xy ]hm-N-I≥ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-t°≠Xp≠v. \n[n

Im°p∂ qX-ß-sf-t∏mse kz¥w CS-h-I-bn¬ apJw XmgvØn AI¿-

Ω-Wy-X-tbmsS Imew hy¿∞-ambn Ign®pIqńb CS-h-I-Isf _ln¿-

Ωp-J-cm°n henb kz]v\-ß-fn-te°pw I¿Ω-cw-K-ß-fn-te°pw D]-\-

bn-°p-hm≥ Cu I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-\mb P\m-[n-]Xy ]hm-N-I\v Ign™p.

saXm-∑m-cpsS GI\m-bI ]`mhhpw ÿm\-Xm-ev]-cyhpw Al-

¥bpw Ducn-h-®n-´mWv At±lw Cu P\-Iob ssien-bn-te°v

ImesØ adn-I-S∂v D≤v≤-b\w sNbvX-Xv. Hmtcm CS-h-Ibv°pw ]mXn-

\n[yw D≈Xpw Hmtcm CS-h-Isb \nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp s]mXp-

thZnsb Xs‚ kz]v\-i-X-ßƒ k^-e-am-°p-hm≥ At±lw D]-I-c-

W-am-°n. "Fgp-t∂-‰n´p tht≠ \mw Ftßm´pw k©-cn-°p-hm≥?'

F∂v ]ptcm-KXn F∂ Ihn-X-bnse A\pjvSp∏v ]Zy-Øn-eqsS ]nev°m-

eØv alm-Ihn D≈q¿ ]t_m-[n-∏n-®Xpt]mse kap-Zm-b-Øns‚

Dd°w hn´p≈ DW¿s∂-gp-t∂-ev°-emWv Atkm-tky-j≥ cq]-h-Xv°-

c-W-Øn-eqsS km[n-®-Xv.

saXm≥, sshZn-I¿, Aflm-b-°m¿ F∂n-ßs\ k`-bn-ep≈

Xnhn[ i‡n-[m-c-Isf ]Xo-Im-fl-I-ambn ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂

saXm≥ ˛ sshZnI ˛ Aflmb SÃn-I-fpsS Iq´p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-Øn¬

k`m SÃns‚ [\-k-am-l-c-Whpw [\-hn-\n-tbm-Khpw \n¿h-ln-°pI

F∂ ssienbn-e-¥¿`-hn® GtIm-]\cl-kyhpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-

t_m[hpw FX-ta¬ «mL-\o-b-a√? ]nev°m-eØv \ntbm-PI afi-


e-ß-fm-bn, \mSns\ bqWn-‰p-I-fm-°nØncn®v Ah-bn¬ \n∂v kwÿm\

\nb-a-k- -I-fn-tebv°pw ]m¿e-sa‚n-tebv°pw P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Isf sXc-

s™-Sp-°pIbpw Ahcn¬\n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp a¥n-k-`-

bn-eqsS ˛ `cW-k-an-Xn-bneqsS ˛ `cWw \n¿h-ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂

]m¿e-sa‚dn P\m-[n-]Xy cWhyhÿm kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS ssien-

bn¬ Atkm-tky-js‚ DuSpw ]mhpw kwhn[m\w sNøp-hm≥ `mc-

X-Øns‚ sXt° A‰sØ Hcp sNdnb kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ t\Xm-hmb

Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im-cs\ Ht∂-ap°m¬ \q‰m-≠n\v apºv BcmWv ]Tn-

∏n-®Xv? Ht∂-ap-°m¬ \q‰m-≠n\p tijhpw sa®-s∏´ as‰mcp k`m

`c-W-kw-hn-[m\w Bhn-jvI-cn-°phm≥ as‰mcp k`-Iƒ°pw kap-Zm-

b-Øn\pw Ign-™n-ń√ F∂Xv AXns‚ ÿm]-Is‚ Im¥-Z¿in-

XzsØ ]tLm-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. kzX-¥-`-mcXØns‚ ]c-tam-∂-X-\o-

Xn-]oTw 1958-˛epw 1995-˛epw ae-¶-c-k`bpsS ]cam-[n-Imcw taenepw

Cu Atkm-tky-j-\n¬Øs∂ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn°Ww F∂v

\njvI¿jn-®n-´p-≈Xv B kwL-S-\-bpsS \nXy-\q-X-\-XzsØbpw

k¿hmw-Ko-W ku-µ-cy-sØbpw At√ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. B kwL-

S-\-bpsS kpXmcy tXP-kns\ hngp-ßp-hm≥ Nne Imf-k¿∏ßƒ

ian-®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw AXn-t∏mgpw Xnf-°-tØmsS ]Imiw hnXdp∂p.

]nev°m-eØv Cugh kap-Zm-bhpw \ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-bhpw ap…ow ˛

\mb¿ ˛ ]peb ˛ kmw_h kap-Zm-b-ß-fp-sams° hf¿∂Xpw i‡n-

]m]n-®Xpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®s‚ "Im¬\-tJµp aco-Nn-'Isf

Bi-bn-®pw A\p-I-cn®pwsIm≠m-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]nev°me kap-

Zm-bm-Nm-cy-∑m-cmb \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, a∂Øv ]fl-\m- ≥ XpS-ßnb kap-

Zmbt\Xm-°ƒ°v ae-¶ck`bpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ butk^v am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b≥ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw am¿§-Z¿i\w

\¬In F∂Xv hnkva-cn-°m-hp-∂-X-√.

Atkm-tky-j≥ ]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-b-tXmsS ]≠n-√mØ \thm-

t∑jw k`-bn¬ kwPmX-ambn. k`-bpsS s]mXp`-c-W-Øn¬ sshZn-

I¿°pw Aflm-b¿°pw ]¶m-fnØw e`n-®-Xns‚ BÀm-Z-ambn-cp∂p

AXns‚ cl-kyw. Cu sshZnI ˛ Assh-ZnI ]¶m-fn-Øhpw P\m-

[n-]Xy ssien-bpsS \njvTbpw ]nev°m-eØv th≠X ]cn-K-Wn-°-

s∏-SmsX t]mb-XmWv k -bnse Aim-¥n-bp-sSbpw Ie-l-Øn-s‚bpw

ASnÿm\tlXp-sh∂v At\-I¿ Nn¥n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]ndhn sIm≠v

as‰√m tIcfob kap-Zm-b-ß-sfbpw Bthiw sIm≈n-®p-sh-¶nepw

Hm´-a-’-c-Øn\ndßnb apb-en-s‚bpw Ba-bpsSbpw IY-bnse apb-

en-s\-t∏mse ]n¬°m-eØv Atkm-tky-j≥ ]cn-lm-ky-amb aµ-X-

bn-emtbm F∂v kwi-bn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. Hcp Imcyw hfsc Xo¿®:


ae-¶ck`-bn¬ AkzÿX-Ifpw `n∂-X-Ifpw AI-ep-hm≥ BZyw

sNtø-≠Xv Atkm-tky-js\ AXns‚ ÿm]n-tXm-t±-iy-ßƒ°\p-

krXw ]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w sNbvXv kpXm-cy-am-°p-I-bm-Wv.

B. hnZym-`ymk ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

ssXh¿Æn-Iƒ F∂-v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ _m“W ˛ £Xnb ˛

sshiy hn`m-K-ß-f-S-ßnb Hcp \yq\-]-£sØ am‰n\n¿Øn-bm¬

tij-ap≈ `qcn-]-£-Øn\pw A£-cm-`ymkw e`y-am-hmØ cmjvSob

kmwkvImcnI ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ ˛ iqZ-a-£-c-kw-bp‡w Zqc-Xm-]-cn-h¿-

⁄t-b≥ ˛ BWv A°m-eØv tIcfw `cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A£cw A·n-

bm-sW∂pw AXv htc-Wy-h¿§-Øn\v amXw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-X-s√∂pw

]Tn-∏n® ipXn ˛ kvarXn \nb-a-ßsf sh√p-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v A£-cm-

·nsb Ko°p antØm-f-Pn-bnse s]man-Xyq-kns\t∏mse ]pen-t°m-

´n¬ saXm-®≥ aÆn-te-°n-d-°n-s°m-≠p-h-∂p. At±lw sIm®n ˛

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ÿm]n® kvIqfp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWo

A¤pXw At±lw km[n-®-Xv. 250 tesd ae-bmfw kvIqfp-Iƒ

At±lw ÿm]n-®-Xmbn At±l-Øns‚ At¥-hm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂

Noc≥ hn. h¿§okv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p-≠v (Zn s^bvØv Hm^v Ah¿

^mtZgvkv, ]p. 110). At±-l-Øns‚ ITn\-]-bv\-^-e-ambn Ah-bn¬

\qdn-tesd hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°v k¿°m¿ Km‚ v e`n-®-Xmbn At±-l-

Øns‚ skI-´dn C. Fw. nen∏v km£yw \¬Ip∂p (am¿tØmΩm

«olm-bpsS C¥y≥ k`). H∂-c- Z-im-_vZambn Xs‚ D≈n¬ Pzen-

®n-cp∂ A£-c-kvt\lw hym]-I-amb Hcp ]ÿm-\ambn ]S¿∂p

]¥-en-°-Ø-°-hn[w At±lw ]Jym-]n-°p-∂Xv ]cp-ae ]Sn-tbm-e-

bn-emWv (1873. 9˛mw \º¿ \n›-bw. ae-¶-c-k`: NcnXhpw kwkvIm-

chpw, ]p. 662). Hcp k`m-t\-Xmhv k`-bpsS B`y-¥c]iv\-ß-fpsS

\o¿®p-gn-bn¬s∏ v \´wXncn-bp-tºmƒ Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI \thm-∞m\w-

sIm≠v \mSns‚ Dbn¿sØ-gp-t∂-ev]v km[n-°p-hm-\p≈ kz]v\sØ

Xmtem-en-®p. k`m hyh-lm-c-Øn\pw ]≈n-Iƒ ]Wn-bp-hm\pw ]Ww

kzcq-]n-°p-hm-\mbn tIc-f-°-c-bnse ]≈n-Ifnseßpw k©-cn-°p∂

Iq´-Øn¬ Hmtcm CS-h-I-bnepw Ipd-™Xv Hcp hnZym-ebw F∂

Bibw At±lw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n. am¿ butk-_n-tbmkv (Xp-º-

a¨) Fgp-Xp∂p: "k`-bnse H∂m-asØ hnZym-`ymkÿm]-\-amb

Fw. Un. skan-\mcn kvIqƒ ÿm]n-®Xv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-

t∏m-eoØm BWv. ae-¶ck -bnse hnZym- ymkanjs‚ XpS°w Ahn-

sS-bmsW∂v ]d-bmw. Im¥-Z¿in-bmb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-t\mSv

k`bpw kaqlhpw IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p' (Im¥-Z¿in-bmb ]nXm-hv ˛

te-J\w ˛ Nc-a-\-hXn Pq_nen kvac-WnI, Xr»q¿, 1999, ]p. 31).


kvIqƒ \S-Øn-∏n¬ At±lw kln® t¢i-ßƒ tUm. kmap-h¬

Nµ-\-∏≈n C]-Imcw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p: "".... hnZym- ymktaJe Bbn-

cp∂p am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ as‰mcp ]h¿Ø\Zni. kmº-Øn-I-

ambn hfsc A[nIw sRcp-°-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂t∏mgpw

kvIqƒ ÿm]-\-Øn¬ \n∂v At±lw ]n∑m-dn-bn-√. tamXn-chpw Awi-

h-Snbpw IqsS°qsS ]Wbw hbv°pIbpw hos≠-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-

sIm-≠mWv kvIqfpIƒ ÿm]n-®-Xv. ]Wkºm-Z\a√m-bn-cp∂p

]XypX Bi-b-k-ºm-Z-\-hpw.... e£yw. hnZymk-º∂-X-bn-eqsS

hn⁄m\IpXp-In-Ifpw hnth-I-a-Xn-I-fp-amb Hcp Xeap-d-bpsS DZbw

At±lw kz]v\w I≠p. ... AXp-hgn kaq-l-Øns‚ kaK ]ptcm-K-

Xnbpw'' (a-e-¶c k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿, ]p. 127).

GXv kmaqlyam‰hpw hnP-bn-°pI hnZy-bpsS shfn®w t\Snb

a\- p-I-fn-em-sW∂v At±lw Is≠-Øn. ka-K-amb Hcp \thm-

∞m\w kw`-hn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ A£-cm-`ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v

At±lw hniz-kn-®p. C∂-sØ-t∏mse hnZym-eb \S-Øn∏v Hcp

hyhkm-bhpw [\m-K-a-am¿§hpw Bbn-cp-∂n-√. A°m-eØv hntZ-i-

ß-fn¬ \n∂v [\-kam-l-cWw km≤y-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. kz¥w \m´nse

hn`hw kam-l-cn®v \mSns‚ \thm-∞m\w ZpX-K-Xn-bn-em-°p-hm≥

At±lw bXv\n®p. "Rm≥ temI-Øns‚ shfn-®-am-Ip∂p' F∂

InkvXp-h-N-\sØ ImtemNn-X-ambpw kwkvIm-cm-`n-ap-J-ambpw

hymJym-\n-°p-hm≥ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Ign-™-Xns‚ \nZ¿i-\-

amWv At±lw ÿm]n® 250-˛tesd hnZym-e-b-ßƒ. CXbpw hnZym-

e-b-ß-fn-eqsS A£-cm- ymkw t\Snb Hcp Xe-ap-d-bmWv tIcf \thm-

∞m-\-Øns‚ BZy-Ime h‡m°-fmbnØo¿∂Xv. Cu hnZym-e-b-ß-

fn-se√mw PmXn ˛ aX ˛ h¿§ ˛ enwK-t`Zsat\y hnZym¿∞n-Isf

]th-in-∏n-®Xv aqew A£cPzme-bpsS kv^penwK-ßƒ GI-Im-eØv

F√m kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw sImfp-Øp-hm≥ At±l-Øn\p Ign-™p.

sshZnIhnZym¿∞n-bm-hm≥ At±lw ]g-™n-bn¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-

t]mbn ]cp-a-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-∏n® Noc≥ hn. h¿§okv ]nev°m-eØv

FgpXn: ""1890 apX¬ At±lw `c-W-`mcw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. ]≈n-I-fpsS

FÆw 175-˛¬ \n∂pw 282 Bbn Db¿∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ITn-\m-≤zm-

\-Øm¬ 3 sslkvIq-fp-Iƒ, 8 anj≥ kvIqfp-Iƒ, \nc-h[n Cw•ojv

ss]adn hnZym-e-b-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh D≠m-bn. 250-˛¬ Ipd-bmsX ae-

bmfw kvIqfp-Ifpw At±lw ÿm]n-®p'' (s^bvØv, ]p. 110). ]pen-

t°m-´n¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS c-W-Im-eØv Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv

dºm≥ (]n∂oSv c≠mw ImtXm-en-°m) HutZym-KnIambn ]g-b-sk-an-


\m-cn-bnse am¿tØm-akv ]kn¬ \n∂v ]kn≤oIcn® ae-¶c CS-

hI ]©mw-K-Øn¬ A∂v 3 Cw•ojv sslkvIq-fp-Ifpw 9 Cw•ojv

anUn¬ kvIqfp-Ifpw k¿°m¿ Km‚p-≈-hbpw C√mØh-bp-ambn 200

ae-bmfw ss]adn kvIqfp-Ifpw 2 s]¨]≈n-°q-S-ßfpw D≈-Xmbn

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xmbpw 1908˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]©mw-K-Øn¬

10 Cw•ojv anUn¬ kvIqfp-Ifpw 3 s]¨]≈n-°q-S-ßfpw F∂ \ne-

bn-te°v CXv Db¿∂n- p-≈-Xmbpw k`m-N-cnX Kth-j-I-\mb tPmbvkv

tXm´-bv°mSv Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. tIm´-bØpw Xncp-h-√m-bnepw Ip∂w-

Ip-fØpw Bcw-`n® sk°-≠dn hnZym-e-b-ßƒ C∂pw \ne-\n-

ev°p∂p. ]nev°m-eØv k`mt\Xr-Xz-Øn-te°v h∂h-cpsS ]cn-K-W-

\-I-a-Øn¬ hnZym hnX-cWw C√msX t]mbn. tImfPv tIm´bw

Fw.Un. skan-\mcn tImºu-≠n¬ \n¿Ωn°m≥ \S-Ønb am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv skan-\mcn tjmS-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v 1901-˛¬ k¿h sNe-hp-

Ifpw Ingn®v 35000 cq]tbmfw em`-ap-≠m-b-t∏mƒ amt\-P¿ h´-t»-

cn¬ aev]m-\-®≥ ]Jym-]n-®Xv ""\ap-°n-t∏mƒ tImfPv Bh-iyan√''

F∂mWv (sI. kn. amΩ≥am-∏n-fbpw ae-¶ck`bpw, ]p. 20). Cu

DZm-ko-\-amb \ne-]mSv aqew ]e kvIqfp-Ifpw ]n∂oSv ]h¿Ø\cln-

X-ambn. Ipsd FÆw AXXv ÿesØ ]≈n]amWn-Iƒ ssIb-

S°n. Ipsd FÆw k¿°m-cn-te°v ssIam-dn. ]n≥Km-anbmbn h∂

h´-t»cn¬ saXm-®≥ Gev]n® Ipsd kvIqfp-Iƒ B¿®v _nj∏v

am¿ Cuhm\ntbmkv k`mXymKw sNbvX-t∏mƒ doØpImcpsS ssIh-

i-Øn-ep-ambn.

sk°p-e¿ hnZym- ymk ]N-c-W-tØm-sSm∏w sshZnI hnZym- ]ptcm-

K-Xnbv°pth≠nbpw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ saXm-®≥ Atlm-cmXw ]Wn-

sb-Sp-Øp. Xs‚ ]q¿ho-I≥ ÿm]n® tIm´bw ]gbskan-\mcn \ho-

I-c-W-°m-cpsS ssIh-i-am-b-t∏mƒ \mSns‚ \m\m-`m-KØpw s]‰n

skan-\m-cn-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw ]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. Ip∂w-

Ipfw B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bn¬ skln-tbm≥ _w•mhv ]WnXv AhnsS

Hcp skan-\m-cn, tIm´-bØv Hcp Fw. Un. skan-\m-cn, ]cp-a-e-bn¬

Hcp skan-\m-cn, sh´n-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ Hcp skan-\m-cn, Bep-hm-bn¬

Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\m-cn, amth-en-°cbn¬ Xg-°c skan-\mcn F∂n-

ß-s\ Bdv ssa\¿ skan-\m-cn -Iƒ At±lØns‚ ImeØv

ÿm]n®p. CXn¬ Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\mcn Hgn-®p-≈h At±lw

X\nsb ÿm]n-®Xpw Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\mcn At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-

XzØnepw t]m’m-l-\-Ønepw ÿm]n-°-s∏- -Xp-am-Wv. tIm´bw ]gb-

skan-\mcn ssIh-i-Øn¬ h∂-t∏m-gmWv Ah \n¿Ø-em-°n-bXv.


kmaqlyam‰-Øn-\p≈ ae-¶-c-k- -bpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\v Cu sshZnI-

]cn-io-e\tIµ-ßfpw i‡n ]I¿∂p. ]c-º-cm-KX in£-W-tØm-

sSm∏w temI ¢mknIv `mj-I-fmb Ko°pw Cw•ojpw C¥y≥

¢mknIv `mj-bmb kwkvIr-Xhpw tIc-f-Øns‚ Xd-hm´p`mj-bmb

Xangpw ae-bm-fhpw skan-‰nIv `mj-bmb lo_p, kpdn-bm\n `mj-

Ifpw AhnsS ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ G¿∏m-Sm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

CtXm-sSm∏w ]cm-a¿i-a¿ln-°p-∂-h-bmWv At±lw t]cW

\¬In-b-Xns‚ ê-ambn Hmtcm CS-h-I-bnepw cq]wsIm≠ aX-hn-

Zym-`ymk ]mT-im-e-Iƒ. Hc¿∞-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-bnse kt≠-kvIqƒ

hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xmhv F∂v At±-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. aX-hn-Zym-`ymkw ê-]-Z-am-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb thZ-

I-Y-Ifpw a‰pw A®-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Imcyw ]cp-ae ]Sn-tbm-e-bnse Xocp-

am-\ßfn¬ hy‡-amb kqN-\-bp-≠v. 1908 se ae-¶c CS-hI ]©mw-

K -Øn¬ k`-bn¬ 100 kt≠-kvIq-fp-Iƒ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xmbn tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

1901 ¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]utcm-lnXy kph¿Æ-Pq-_nen tIm -bØv

AJne ae-¶-cm-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn¬ BtLm-jn-®-t∏mƒ \¬Inb

awKf]X-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hnZym-`ymk]h¿Ø-\-ßsf Xmsg

]dbpwhn[w kvacn-®n- p≠v: "".....- k-ap-Zmbw H´p-°p≈ Ipń-IfpsS hnZym-

`ymkw hIbv°v Cu ][m\ ÿeØv (tIm-´-bw) Hcp sslkvIqƒ

ÿm]n-®-Xv, AXns‚ \ne\n-ev]n-\p-th≠n Hcp e£w cq]-bpsS

tjmSXn A\p-h-Zn∏n®v \SØn-b-Xv, ....Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc apX-embn hS°pw

sX°p-ap≈ Nne CS-h-I-∏-≈n-I-tfmSpw tN¿∂v Cw•ojv ]≈n-°q-S-

ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv, cmPyw H´p°v ]mY-anI hnZym- ymkw hIbv°v

At\Iw ]≈n°qSßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xv..... (Fw. ]n. h¿°n, am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv, D]-kw-lmc A≤ym-bw).

At±-l-Øns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-w Km-\-cq-]-Øn-se-gp-Xnb Nnß-h\w-

Imc≥ Ipcp-S≥ Nmt°mbpw C°mcyw ka¿∞n-®p:

""]≈n-°-[n-]Xn ]≈n-Iƒ FXtbm

]≈n°q-S-ßfpw G¿s∏-SpØn'' (am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Ncn-X-Km\w,

1901, ]p. 33).

C. `mjm-`n-am\w

tZim-`n-am-\-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-amWv amXr-`m-jm-`n-am-\w.

kmwkvIm-cnI cwKØv kwkvIr-Xhpw aX-cw-KØv kpdn-bm-\nbpw


sImSnIpØn hmWn-cp∂ A°m-eØv mjm-`n-am\w A¥- p-≈-h¿°v

tNcmØ A[x-IrX hnIm-c-sa-s∂-Æn-bn-cp-∂p. `mjm-`n-am-\n-Iƒ

t]mepw kwkvIrX ]Wbw hn´v Hcp `mjm ]oW\ \bw Ah-ew-

_n-®n-cp∂n-√. Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ sXm´v tIc-f-h¿Ω hen-b-tIm-bn-

Ø-ºp-cm≥ hscbp≈ `mjm-`n-am-\n-I-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬

CXv hy‡-am-Ipw.

k`-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ Imcy-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-abw Bbncp∂p. kpdn-

bm\n `mj-bn¬ th≠X ]cn-⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-h¿ t]mepw ae-bmfw

]m¿∞-\-Iƒ kpdn-bm\n en]n-bn-se-gpXn Xßƒ kpdn-bm\n `mjm

]finXsc∂v A`n-\-bn-°p∂ Imew (I¿tkm\n F∂v Adn-b-s∏-ń-

cp∂ Cu ]tXyI `mjmkt¶Xw D]-tbm-Kn-s®-gp-Xnb ]m¿∞-\m-

I-a-ßfpw ]kw-K-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-I-a-Ønse \n¿t±-i-I°p-dn-∏p-

Ifpw Cu KŸIm-c≥ ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v). ae-bmfw ]m¿∞-

\-Ifpw P\-ß-tfmSp≈ Blzm-\-ßƒt]mepw kpdn-bm\n ]Z-ßƒ

D]-tbm-Kn®v Bcw- n®v ]n∂oSv amXw ae-bmfw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ssien

Ct∏mgpw A]-Xy£-am-bn-ń-√. C]-Imcw kwkvIr-Xhpw kpdn-bm-

\nbpw aX-cw-KsØ Ipeo\ `mj-bmbn BZ-cn®pt]m∂ ImeØv am¿

butk∏v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Ip¿_m-\-bp-sSbpw ]m¿-

∞-\-bp-sSbpw km[m-c-W-°m¿ sNm√p-hm-\p≈ mK-ßƒ hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXv Bbncw tIm∏n hoX-ap≈ ]Xn-aq∂v ]Xn-∏p-I-sf-¶nepw 1850

apX¬ 1906 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. hnh¿Ø-\-

Øn¬ `mjbv°v \¬Inb ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-hm≥ Hcp CucSn

D≤-cn-°mw:

""a°-fn-e-∏≥ Ir] sNbvhXp-t]mse ˛ lm ˛

`‡-∑m-cn¬ ssZhw Ir] sNøpw

]p√n\p Xpeyw \c-\psS \mfp-Iƒ Atlm ˛ lm ˛

]q°p-∂nXp hb-en¬ ]qs®-Sn-t]m-se''

Cu ssien Fgp-Ø-—-t‚tXm tIc-f-h¿Ω-bp-sStXm A√. sNdpt»-

cn-bpsS ssien-bmWv ae-¶ck` A\p-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ian-®-Xv. Xs‚

]q¿∆n-I≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw Imbw-

Ipfw ]oen-t∏mkv dºm\pw tN¿∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv 1811˛¬

t_mws_ sImdn-b¿ ]kn¬ \n∂v A®-Sn®v ]kn-≤o-I-cn® dºm≥

ss__nfnse ae-bmf ]cn-`mj ]≈n-I-fnse Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ Gh≥-

tK-en-tbm≥ hmb-\bv°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ At±lw \n¿t±-in-°p-

Ibpw t]m’m-ln∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. thZ-hm-b-\-°p-dn∏pw \S-]Sn-

Iahpw At±-l-Øns‚ \n¿t±-i-]-Im-chpw (ap-f-¥p-cpØn Imt\m≥)


A\p-hm-Z-]-Im-chpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xv C°m-e-

Øm-Wv. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS ]pan-tbm≥ skZvdm-Iƒ, I¥oem, Il-

ss\-Øm, IqZmiIa-ßƒ, B≠p XIvkm F∂o Bc-[-\I-a-ß-

fpsS KZy-hn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ mj-bn¬ Xb-mdm-°-s∏-´Xv At±-l-Øns‚

\n¿t±-i-]-Im-c-am-Wv. Cu hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fnse `mj kwkvIr-X-Øn-

s‚tbm Xan-gn-s‚tbm kpdn-bm-\nbp-sStbm Nph-bn-√mØ ip≤ ae-

bm-f-am-Wv. …o_m, kmØm≥, BI¬°dp-km, IqZm-i, Gh≥tK-en-

tbm≥ XpSßn kpdn-bm\n `mj-bnse X’-ahpw X¤-hhpw Bb

]Z-ß-sf-s°m≠v ae-bmf `mjm ]Zmhen kwLm-XsØ kº-∂hpw

kºp-jvS-hp-am°m≥ Cu hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ klm-

bn®p. a‰p aX-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ Ah-c-h-cpsS aX-km-ln-Xyhpw Bcm-

[\m kmln-Xyhpw ]mtZ-inI `mj-bn-em-°phm≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬

saXm-®s‚ `mjmkvt\l]c-amb CuZri kwcw`ßƒ t]c-Wbpw

]tNm-Z-\hpw \¬In.

At±lw Bcw-`n®v \S-Ønb ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ BWv At±-l-

Øns‚ `mjm-`n-am-\-Øns‚ as‰mcp apJw. AXoh ipjv°-am-bn-cp∂

A°mesØ ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-cw-Kw. Hcp aXtae-≤y-£s‚ ]h¿-

Ø\taJe Bflobw amX-sa∂v [cn®phimb Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚

Xe-h≥ amXr-`mjm hnPrw-`n-X-\mbn tIcf]Xm-I, CS-hI]Xn-I,

kpdn-bm\n kphn-ti-j-I≥ F∂o ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ Bcw-`n®v \S-Øn.

tIcf]XmI tZiob \thm-∞m\ kwcw- -ßsf t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂

teJ-\ßfpw hm¿Ø-Ifpw ]m[m\yw \¬In ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. DXv]-

XnjvWp°fmb Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ AXn-eqsS shfn®w I≠p.

\thm∞m\-Øns‚ sshtZ-inI amXr-I-I-sfbpw kwcw-`-ß-sfbpw

tIcf]XmI ae-bm-fn°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1872 Nnßw 1 apX¬ amk-

Øn¬ c≠p Xh-W-bmbn ]kn≤w sNbvXpt]m∂ "tIcf ]XmI'

aptJ-\-bmWv \thm-∞m-\sØ bmYm¿∞y-am-°p∂ Bi-b- Ipkpa-

ßƒ ]pen-t°mń¬ saXm-®≥ kmwkvIm-cnI tIc-f-Ønse timXm-

°-fpsS apºn¬ ka¿∏n-®-Xv. kz¥-am-sbm-cm-ÿm\w t]mepw C√m-

Xn-cp∂ A°m-eØv Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im-c≥ ]\-bv°¬ sF∏qcp apX-

em-fn-bpsS ]m≠n-I-im-e-bmWv sIm®n-bn¬ tIcf ]Xm-I-bpsS

Bôkv Bbn ]h¿Øn-®-Xv.

CS-hI]XnI XnI®pw k`m-]-c-amb ZuXy-amWv \n¿h-ln-®ncp-

∂Xv. a‰v k`-Iƒ ˛ apJy-ambpw Bw•n-°≥ anj-Wdn k`-Iƒ ˛

AhcpsS am[y-a-ßƒ aptJ\ ae-¶ck`-bpsS hnizmk]mc-º-cy-ß-

f-S-ßnb kwkvIm-csØ hna¿in®v Fgp-Xnb teJ-\-ßƒ°v


Np´-a-dp-]Sn \¬Ip-hm-\mWv CS-h-I-]-XnI k^-e-ambn bXv\n-®-Xv.

k -bpsS \ne-]mSpI-sfbpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-sfbpw Bg-Ønepw hym]vXn-

bnepw hymJym\n°p-hm≥ CS-hI]XnI i≤n-®p. CS-h-I-I-fpsS

GIo-I-c-Ww, `cW ˛ A\p-jvTm\ kw_-‘-ambn CS-h-I-Iƒ A\p-

h¿Øn-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ, hnizmk N¿®-Iƒ, NcnX kwhm-Z-ßƒ

F∂n-hIƒ°v ]XnI thZnsbm-cp-°n. hm¿Ø-I-fn-eqsS CS-h-I-Iƒ

XΩnepw A≤y-£-∑mcpw CS-hI-Ifpw XΩnepw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb

_‘-ßƒ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ ]XnI i≤n-®p. ]XnI ae-¶-c-

k-`sb sI´p-d-∏p≈ Hcp IpSpw_ k¶-ev]-Øn-te°v hf¿Øn. ae-

¶c Atkm-tky-j-s‚bpw IΩ-n‰n-bpsSbpw cq]o-I-c-Ww, \ho-I-c-W-

°m-cp-am-bp≈ hyh-lm-cw, ]mXn-b¿°okns‚ kµ¿i-\-ßfpw

sNbvXn-I-fpw, _mhm hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂v Ab® Iev]-\-I-fpsS ]cn-`m-

j-Iƒ, saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS CS-hI kµ¿i\w, CS-h-I-I-fnse

hnZym-eb ÿm]-\w XpSßn hn⁄m-\-]-Zhpw IuXpI-I-chpw DXvI-

WvTm-P-\-Ihpw Bb hm¿Ø-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Ifpw ho£-W-

ßfpw t]dn-bmWv CS-hI]XnI-bpsS Hmtcm e°hpw ]pds∏-´n-cp-

∂-Xv. I≠-Øn¬ h¿Kokv am∏n-f, Fw. ]n. h¿°n, sIm´m-c-Øn¬

i¶p-Æn, C. Fw. ^nen-∏v, CS-h-gn°¬ henb ^oen-t∏m-k-®≥,

CShgn°¬ ]oen-t∏mkv tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏m, Ipcn-b≥ ssd´¿ XpS-

ßnb Fgp-Øp-Imsc hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-

Kokv aev]m≥, tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m≥, NmØp-cp-Øn¬ am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv aev]m≥ Chsc BtLm-j-]q¿hw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xnepw CS-hI]XnI hnP-bn-®p.

kpdn-bm\n kphn-ti-j-Is‚ ssien hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p.

ss__n-fns‚ kphn-tij ZuXy-\n¿h-l-W-Øn-\mWv Cu amknI

]m[m\yw \¬In-b-Xv. PmXym-Nm-c-ßƒ, hnhml k¶-ev]-ßƒ, A‘-

hn-izm-kßƒ XpSßn ka-Im-enI kmaq-lnI hnj-b-ßsf ss__nƒ

Z¿i-\Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ip≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøm-\mWo amknI i≤n-®-Xv. CS-hI]XnI c≠m-gvN-bnsem-cn-

°epw kpdn-bm\n kphn-ti-j-I≥ amk-Øn-sem-cn-°-ep-amWv ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Abn-Øw, h¿Æm-i-a-[¿Ω-ßƒ, _m“W ta[m-

hn-Xzw, kvXoI-tfm-Sp≈ Ah-K-W-\, acp-a-°-Øm-bw, _lp-`m-cy-Xzw,

_lp `¿Xr-Xzw, Zp¿t±hXm-cm-[-\, hnK-lm-cm-[-\, ssiih hnhm-

lw, B¿`m-S-]q¿Æhpw A¿∞-c-ln-X-hp-amb BtLm-j-ßsf \nb-

¥n-®n-cp∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ XpS-ßnb ]iv\-ß-fn¬ ss__n-

fns‚ ImgvN-∏mSpw am¿§-Z¿i-\hpw shfns∏-Sp-Øp∂ "kphn-ti-j-


Is‚' i_vZw kmwkvIm-cnI tIc-f-Øn\v hen-sbm-cm-th-i-am-bn. ip≤o-

I-cn-°pI As√-¶n¬ \in-°pI F∂ apZm-hmIyw tIc-fob kap-Zm-

b-ß-fn¬ km¿h-Xn-I-ambn. "am‰p-hn≥ N´-ßsf kzbw, As√-¶n¬

am‰pw AXp-Ifo \nßsfØm≥' F∂ hnc¬Nq≠ens‚ i_vZw

Ahi kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ km¿h-XnI-ambn A\p-cW\-ßƒ krjvSn®p.

Cugh ˛ \mb¿ ˛ \ºq-Xncn ˛ ap…ow kap-Zm-b-ßƒ B`y-¥c ]cn-

tim-[-\bv°pw ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn\pw kwL-Sn-X-amb bXv\w Bcw-`n-

®Xv C°m-e-Øm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse c≠m-asØ kmap-ZmbnI kwL-

S-\-bmb io\m-cm-bW [¿Ω ]cn-]m-e\ kwLw cq]-h-Xv°cn°-s∏-

Sp-∂Xv 1902- -emWv Ft∂m¿°p-I. sNdp-t»cn NmØp \mb¿, tPmk v

s^≥ F∂ t]cn¬ InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®Xpw "A⁄m\ IpTmcw'

F∂ hna¿i-Imhyw cNn-®Xpw C°m-eØp Xs∂. kap-Zmb ]cnjv-

Imcw A\n-hm-cy-am-°p∂ "Cµp-teJ' F∂ t\mh-ens‚ Xnc-∏p-d-∏mSpw

]XnXkwkvIm-csØ _nw_-I-ev]-\-bn-eqsS Ic-f-en-bn°pwhn[w B-

Jym\w sNbvX "hoW-]q-hn's‚ AhXm-chpw hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv

as‰m∂-√. "ssZhw kvt\l-am-Ip∂p' F∂ ss__nƒ Z¿i-\-amWv

tIc-fØnse F√m kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw \mfn-Xp-hsc \S-Øn-bn´p≈

\thm-∞m\bXv\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\_oPw. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp, ktlm-

Z-c≥ Aø∏≥, hmKv`-Sm-\-µ¿ XpSßn tIcfw I≠ \thm-∞m\ \mb-

I-sc√mw ss__nƒ A\m-h-cWw sNøp∂ kvt\l-Z¿i-\-Øns‚

ASn-Ø-dbn¬ kzk-ap-Zm-b-ß-fnse Imcy-ßsf hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw

]p\x-kw-hn-[m\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvX-tXm-sS-bmWv tIcf \thm-

∞m\w Hcp h≥ ]ÿm-\-ambn hnI-kn-®-Xv. kpdn-bm\n kphn-ti-j-

I-\mWv CuZri Nn¥Ifpw ktµ-i-ßfpw Z¿i-\-ßfpw kmwkvIm-

cnI tIc-f-Ønse P\-km-am\y-Øns‚ apºn¬ i‡-ambn Ah-X-cn-

∏n® apJy- ]-Xw. sIm®n-bn¬\n∂pw tIm´-b-Øp-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´ Cu

]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw Ah-bpsS

ÿm]-I≥ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ saX-mt∏m-eoØm km[n-®Xv ae-bmf mj-

bpsS im‡o-I-c-Whpw FgpØpIm-cpsS hf¿®bpw X∑q-e-ap≈

kmlnXy ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Bbn-cp-∂p.

D. A®Sn ÿm]-\-ßƒ

lrZ-b-Øn¬ Bi-b-ß-fpsS Xo®q-fbpw t]dn \S-°p-∂-h¿°v

Bib ]Im-i\ am[y-a-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cyX A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw. ]pen-

t°m´n¬ saXm-®≥ Bi-b-ßƒ No‰p∂ ]hm-NI tkmX- m-bn-

cp∂p. A®-Sn-bpsS km[yX a‰m-sc-bpw-Imƒ apºv At±lw Kln-®p.

A®Snime-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv Xs‚ apJy ZuXy-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn


At±lw hcn®p. Xßƒ°p-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ XIvkm-I-a-ßƒ ]I-

¿Øn Fgp-Xp-hm\mWv sshZnI ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ knwl-`m-Khpw

sshZnIhnZym¿∞nIƒ sNe-h-gn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Ignbpw-

tXmdpw ssIsb-gpØp ]I¿∏p-I-fn¬ sshI-ey-ßƒ ]Xy-£-s∏-´n-

cp-∂p. Dev]-Xn-jvW-phmb Ct±lw sshZn-I-\m-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂

Xe-t»-cn-bnse anj-W-dn-am-cn¬ \n∂v Hcp I√®v ]kv hnebv°p

hmßn Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ÿm]n®p.

]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v IØ-\mgvkv F∂ t]cn¬ 1850 Ifn¬

ÿm]n® Cu ]kn¬ \n∂v Ip¿_m\ XIvkm, amΩq-Zokm hnhml

IqZmi Ia-ßƒ F∂n-h-bpsS kpdn-bm\ncq]-ßƒ A®-Sn®v ]kn≤o-

I-cn-®p. C¥y-bn-em-Zy-ambn kpdn-bm\n`mj A®-Sn-bn-te°v ]th-in°p-

∂Xv Cu I√®v ]kn-emWv (C-hnsS A®-Sn® taev]-d™ KŸßƒ

CsX-gp-Xp∂ BfpsS KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn-ep-≠v). 1850 IfpsS BZy-h¿j-

ß-fn¬ Bcw- n-® Cu I√®v ]kn¬ \n∂v ItaW ae-bmfw, Cw•ojv

`mj-I-fn-ep≈ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw A®-Sn®p XpS-ßn. ] p-I-fpsS \mSv

F∂v ]nev°me ]kn≤n t\Snb Ip∂w-Ip-fØv BZyw A®Sn Bcw`n-

®Xv kpdn-bm\nk -bpsS t\Xm-hmb ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmk v (C´q∏v)

IØ-\m¿ BWv. saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bb-Xn\v tijw ]h¿Ø-\-

cwKw sIm®n-bn-te°v amdn-b-t∏mƒ ]kv sIm®n-bnse ]\-bv°¬

apX-emfn-bpsS ]m≠n-I-im-e-bn¬ sk‚ v tXmakv A®p-IqSw F∂

t]cn¬ ]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßn. I√®p]kv ]n∂oSv ]cp-a-e-bn¬ skan-

\mcn ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ Ahn-tS°v am‰n. sIm®n-bn¬ h®v sk‚ v

tXmakv ]kn¬ \n∂mWv tIcf]Xm-I, CS-hI]XnI F∂o ]X-

ß-fpsS ]kn≤oI-cWw Bcw- n-®-Xv. \a-kvImcIaw XpS-ßnb Bcm-

[-\-I-a-ßƒ°v ]pdsa CS-h-gn-°¬ ]oen-t∏mkv IØ-\m-cpsS k`m

]©mw-Kw, hnizm-k-]-c-amb eLp-K-Ÿ-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw ae-bmfw,

kpdn-bm\n Cw•ojv, Xangv mj-I-fnse KŸ-ßfpw A®-Sn-°m≥ Cu

]kn¬ kuIcy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. skan-\mcn tIkn\v tijw 1889

apX¬ tIm´-bØp\n∂v k¿°p-e-dp-Ifpw ae-bm-f-Ønepw kpdn-bm-

\n-bnepap≈ ]≈n-I-a-ßfpw CS-hI]Xn-I, kpdn-bm\n kphn-ti-j-

I≥ XpS-ßnb ]X-am-kn-IIfpw ChnsS A®-Sn®p h∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚

A`n-am-\-amb Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Ifpw IrjvW-Km-Ybpw Xp≈¬ IrXn-

Ifpw A®-Sn-bn-te°v hcp-∂-Xn\v FXtbm Zi-I-ßƒ°p apºv Cu

\thm-∞m\ \mb-I≥ Xs‚ kapZm-bmw-K-ßfpsS k`m-Po-hn-XsØ

Dt∑-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-amdv A®-Sn-im-e-I-fneqsS Bh-iy-amb KŸ-ßƒ

A®-Sn®v hnX-cWw sNbvX-Xnse `mh-\m-]-]© hnkvXrXn A\p-

]aw Xs∂.


E. A[x-Ir-tXm≤m-cWw

ae-¶ck`bv°v anj≥ ]h¿Ø\w kwL-Sn-X-amb cq]-Øn¬

BZy-ap-≠m-hp-∂Xv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]h¿Ø-

\-ØnemWv. aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w e£yw h®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw At\Iw

t]cpsS aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\sØ km≤y-am-°nb A¥-co£w A∂p-

≠mbn. Xm≥ ÿm]n® 250 tesd ]mY-anI hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ A[x-

IrX kap-Zmbßƒ°v ]th-i\w \¬I-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚

Cu Zni-bn-ep≈ ][m\ ]h¿Ø-\w. Ipeo-\-X-bnepw Hs´ms°

kh¿Æ-X-bnepw A`n-c-an-®n-cp∂ kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Cu ]h¿Ø\w lnX-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. "]pe-

b\v Bflm-hpt≠m?' F∂p tNmZn-°p∂ (Lm-X-I-h[w F∂ t\mh-

ense kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n bmb Hcp IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ tNmZyw)

Ipeo-\-X-bpsS Al-¥-bn¬ InkvXo-bX ac-hn-®p-t]mb Hcp kap-

Zm-bsØ Xs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw

ItaW hnP-bn-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp. IpjvT-tcm-Kn-I-sf-t∏mse ]cn-

jvIrX kap-Zm-b-ßƒ AbnØw Iev]n®v AI‰n\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂

Ah¿Æ-k-ap-Zm-b-ßsf "F\n°v a\- p≠v. \o ip≤-amI' F∂v

Iev]n® tbip-hns‚ km∂n≤yw A\p-`-h-s∏-SpØns°m≠v kvt\ln-

°p-Ibpw Ahsc kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. sk°p-e¿ hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ amX-a√ kt≠-kvIq-

fp-I-fnepw Ah¿°p ]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw ipNn-Xzw, ssZh-

kvt\-lw, a\pjykmtlm-Zcyw F∂o aqey-ß-fpsS shfn®w Ah¿°v

]I¿∂psImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hkvX-[m-cW kº-Zmbw IpSpw_

k¶-ev]-ßƒ F∂o cwK-ß-fn¬ A[x-IrX kap-Zm-b-ß-fnep-≠mb

]_p-≤X taem-f-∑msc hncfn ]nSn-∏n-®-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ ta¬-

ap≠v Iem-]-Ønepw Nm∂m¿ Iem-]-Ønepw Zriy-am-Wv. shń°¬,

]cp-a-e, Ip∂w-Ipfw F∂o ]mNo\ kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n tIµ-

ßfn¬ Ah-cpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ Ah¿Æsc D≤-cn-°p-hm-\mbn

A£-c-`ym-k tIµ-ßfpw ipNnXz ]cn-io-e\ ]t_m-[-\-ßfpw \S-

Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AJne ae-¶-cm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sshZnIkwL-S\

At±lw cq]hXv°-cn-®-t∏mƒ ]tXyI sshZ-Kv≤yhpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw

e`n® sshZn-Isc anj≥ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥

At±lw ad-∂n-√. C]-Imcw Ah¿Æ kap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬ c≠p-Xcw

]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Df-hm-°n. ssIkvXh k`-bn-te-bv°p≈ aX-]-cn-

h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp∂p Hcp ]Xn-I-c-Ww. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬ \qdn-tesd ]pXnb tZhm-e-b-ßƒ Bhn¿`-hn-


®-Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ Cu aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w aqew kw`-hn® k`m-hn-I-

k\w D≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±lw Hcp hnPm-Xob anj≥ kwL-Sn∏n-®p.

hntZik`-Iƒ°v ]¶m-fn-Ø-an-√msX `mc-X-Øns‚ aÆn¬ ]nd∂

BZysØ anj≥ kwL-S\ CXm-Wv. Ah¿Æsc "a\p-jy-cm-°m'-

\p≈ Blzm-\-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ k¿°p-e-dp-I-fn¬ ImWm-am-bn-

cp-∂p. Cu Blzm-\-ß-fn¬ BIr-jvS-\mbn NmØp-cp-Øn¬ am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv hnPm-Xob anjs‚ ]ÿm-\sØ hn]p-e-am-°n. kpdn-

bm-\n-°m-cpsS PmXym-`n-am-\-tØmSv Ie-ln®v Nne-t∏m-sg√mw ]cn-

h¿ØnX k`mw-K-ßƒ°p th≠n ]tXyI ]≈n-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-

Øphm≥ t]mepw Cu c≠v saXm-®-∑m¿ Xbm-dm-bn. Cu t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬\n∂v e`n® A¿∏Wt_m[hpw ]cn-io-e-\-hp-amWv ]nev°m-

esØ anjWdn]ÿm-\-amb …o_m-Zmk kaql ÿm]-\-Øn¬

FØn-t®¿∂-Xv.

F. P\-Iobssienbpw kpXm-cy-Xbpw

sshZnI tkz—m-[n-]Xyw lnµp-a-XsØ aen-\-am-°p-∂Xpw ItØm-

en°mk`sb AssI-kvX-h-am-°p-∂Xpw kq£va-ambn hne-bn-cp-Ønb

]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®s‚ kpNn-¥n-X-amb kw`m-h-\-bmWv F∏nkv-

tIm-∏-knbpw P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw kwtbm-Pn-∏n® \ho\ `cWssien.

AXphscbpw k`m-`-cWw saXm-\n¬ amXw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.

1873-˛se ]cp-ae ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Cu GIm-[n-]Xy ]h-W-Xsb

"saXm∑m-cpsS GI-\m-b-I-i‡n' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n®v AXn\v AdpXn

hcpØWsa∂v Bth-i-]q¿∆w hmZn-°p-∂p-≠v. Aß-s\-bmWv k`-

bn¬ BZyambn \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏´ A[n-Im-c-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp s]mXp

kap-ZmbthZnbmbn ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-j\pw

AXns‚ I¿Ωkan-Xn-bmbn amt\-PnwKv IΩ-n‰nbpw ]nd∂phoW-Xv.

Cu P\m[n-]Xy kwL-S-\-I-fpsS ]nXmhv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-t∏m-

eoØm BWv. s]mXp-k-`-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬ saXm≥, sshZn-I¿,

Aflm-b¿ F∂o aq∂v hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw ]¶m-fnØw A\p-h-Zn-°p∂

`cWkwhn-[m-\amWv At±lw Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. saXm≥ SÃn,

sshZnISÃn, AflmbSÃn F∂n-ßs\ XnXe ssI°m-c-∑m¿

s]mXp-k-`m-X-e-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v apºpw ]nºpw Ds≠-¶nepw Cu

aq∂v hn`m-K-sØbpw A¿lamb ]¶m-fnØw \¬In k`m`cWw

\n¿hln® ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eoØ-∑m¿ At±-l-Øn\p aptºm ]ntºm

D≠m-bn- n-√. ae-¶ck -bpsS kzØp-°ƒ ]¶p-h®v ]ncn™ sIm®n≥

Ahm¿Uv Cu aq∂v SÃn ÿm\-ßƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-sb-¶nepw

AXv th≠-Xpt]mse ]mh¿Øn-Iam-bn-√. ]n∂oSv ]e-t∏mgpw hń-


∏W∏eni hmßp-hm≥ H∏nSpI amXambn Cu SÃn-am-cpsS Npa-

Xe. ]nev°m-eØv k`mkzØv ]e sjUyqfp-Iƒ Bbn Xncn®v ]pcm-

X\ kzØp-°-fpsS amXw Npa-X-e-°m-cmbn Iq´p-S-Ãn-I-fpsS A[n-

Imc ]cn[n ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]pent°mń¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS

Ime-Øm-Is´ k`-bpsS s]mXp-Im-cy-ß-fn-se√mw Iq´p-S-Ãn-am¿ ]¶m-

fnIfpw ssIImcyI¿Øm-°-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c

[mcW Akq-bm-h-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. kpXm-cy-X-bpsS kph¿Æ-Z-i-bm-bn-

cp∂p B Ime-L-´w. CS-h-I-]-Xn-I-bn¬ kpXm-cyamb N¿®-bn-eqsS

s]mXp-P-\m-`n-]mbw Adn-bm\pw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm\pw At±lw

PmKX ]pe¿Øn. k`m-`-c-W-Øn¬ hntI-µo-I-c-WsØ A£-c-

Ønepw Bflm-hnepw At±lw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn. GIm-[n-]Xy]h-

WX cmP-`-cW cwKØpw, ]utcm-lnXy ]h-WX ktlm-Zc aX ˛

k`m hn`m-K-ß-fnepw Aflm-bm-[n-]Xyw \ho-I-cWk`-I-fnepw

sImSnIpØn hmgp∂ Hcp ImeØv k`-bnse F√m hn`m-K-ßfpw

]¶mfnØt_m[w Dd∏phcp-Øp∂ P\-Iob F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ `c-W-

Øns‚ kΩni ssien At±lw Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬

`cWkwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]tem-`-\-ßfpw kΩ¿±-ßfpw AXn-Po-hn-

®mWv At±lw Cu hnNnX ssien Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. `mc-X-Øn¬

P\m-[n-]-Xy-bpKw ]pe-cp-∂-Xn\v H´p-h-fsc apºv ae-¶ck`-bn¬ P\m-

[n-]XybpK-Øns‚ ]`mXw s]mń-hn-cn-™-X-ß-s\bm-Wv.

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]h¿Ø\ Ubdn B≠n-sem-cn-°¬ kap-

Zm-b-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ ]mXn-\n-[y-ap≈ ]q¿Æ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ ˛

amt\PnwKv IΩ-n‰n-bpsS apºn¬ ka¿∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw apf-¥p-

cpØn Imt\m-\m-I-fn¬ hyhÿ sNbvXp. ]c-kv]cw AXn-I-an®v

IS-°m-\mhmØhn[w ÿm\n-I-fp-sSbpw kan-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-Imi

I¿Øhy]cn-[n-Isf \n¿h-Nn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]SnN -ßƒ°v

At±lw cq]w\¬In. At±lw Xbm-dm-°nb \nb-am-h-en-Iƒ s]mXp-

k-`-bpsS GI-I-WvT-amb hnIm-c-am-I-bmepw Ah-bn¬ F√m hn`m-K-

ßƒ°pw A¿l-amb ]¶m-fnØw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw Ah-tbmSv

Bcpw Hcn°epw hntbm-Pn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]cp-ae ktΩ-f\ \n›-b-ß-

fntem apf¥p-cpØn Imt\m-\m-I-fntem F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ Xmev]-cy-

ßsf ]n¥m-ßp∂tXm sshZnI ˛ Aflmb Xmev]-cy-ßsf \ntj-

[n-°p-∂tXm Bb kao-]-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. GXp hn]Ønepw,

]mXn-b¿°okv apS-°n-b-t∏mƒ t]mepw Hcp sNdnb A]-kzcw t]mep-

an-√msX k` H∂S¶w ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb k¿∆m-

fl\m ]n¥p-W-®Xv At±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-ssi-enbv°v e`n® AwKo-

Im-c-ambn thWw ImWp-hm≥. bmsXmcp ]q¿hamXrIbpw At±-l-


Øns‚ apºnen√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]nev°m-eØv D≠mb k¿h `c-W-L-S-

\-Iƒ°pw \S-]SnN´-ßƒ°pw At±-l-Øns‚ `mh-\-bn¬ hnS¿∂

"LS-\'-bpsS ssien amXr-I-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

G. Bflob kwL-S-\-I-fpsS t]mZvLm-S-I≥

]m›mXy k`m-`-cWssien-bp-sSbpw \ho-I-cW ]hWX-I-fp-

sSbpw ]l-c-ß-tf‰v Xmdp-am-dmb ae-¶ck`sb L´w L´-ambpw

`mKw mK-ambpw im‡o-I-cn®v A -ne-j-Wo-b-amb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v

P\]- ¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS \bn-°p-hm≥ Bflob kwL-S-\-Isf

ÿm]n®v Ah-bpsS Kmkvdq´v Xe ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]p\-cp-÷o-

hn-∏n-°phm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v At±lw ]Xym-in-®p. Hmtcm CS-h-I-bnepw

kt≠-kvIqƒ ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw Ah-bn-eqsS thZ-I-Y-Ifpw hnizm-

k]mT-ßfpw hfcp∂Xe-ap-dbv°v \¬Ip-hm\pw At±lw \n¿t±-in-

®Xv ê-h-Ømbn. hnizmk ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ°v tNmtZym-Øc coXn-

bn¬ eLpKŸ-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n A®-Sn-∏n®v At±lw hnX-cWw

sNbvXp. apJy-ambpw \hoI-c-W-°m¿ Db¿Ønb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-

Sm≥ k÷-am°pwhn[-amWv tNmtZym-Øc KŸ-ßƒ kwhn-[m\w

sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. Ah-tbmsSm∏w c≠p-t\-c-ambn Ggp- bm-a-ß-fnse

]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Ipń-Isf sIm≠v lrZn-ÿ-am-°n-°p-hm≥ kt≠-

kvIqƒ ]T-\-Øn¬ \njvI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. hnizm-k-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-

fn¬ k`-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ aebmf ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ e`y-am-bXv

C°m-e-Øm-Wv.

]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm `mh\m]q¿hw cq]-h-Xv°-cn®

as‰mcp ]ÿm\w sshZnIkwL-am-Wv. k`-bnse c‡-[-a-\n-I-fmWv

sshZn-I¿ F∂pw Ah-cn-eqsS ssZhnI Nn¥bpw Poh\pw ]k-cn-

°W-sa-¶n¬ Ahsc Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]t_m-[n-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw

At±lw \n›-bn-®p. B≠p-tXmdpw sshZn-I-cpsS alm-k-tΩ-f-\-ßƒ

k`m-X-e-Øn¬ \S-Øp-hm\pw Kmkpdq´v Xe-Øn¬ ]iv\-ßƒ N¿®

sNøp-hm\pw ]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-ßƒ Bcm-bp-hm\pw At±lw DZy-an-

®p. CShIbv°v shfn-bn¬ Zm-k\ s]mXp k`mXe-ß-fn¬ sshZn-

I¿°v I¿Øhy-ap-s≠∂pw sshZn-I¿ k`-bpsS s]mXpkzØmWv

F∂p-ap≈ Xncn-®-dn-hn-te-°p≈ ]bm-W-Øns‚ BZy\S-]Sn Bbn-

cp∂p CXv. 1900 taSw 1˛\v IS-º-\mSv ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Ab® s]mXp

Iev]-\-bn¬ sshZnIkwLcq]o-I-c-WsØ∏‰n-bp≈ ÿm]-Is‚

kz]v\-ßƒ ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p-≠v:

""\ΩpsS k`bv°v t\cn- p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ At\ym-]-Z-h-ßsf XSp-

°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ia-Øn¬ Hgn®pIqSmsX h∂pIqSp∂ hyh-lm-c-ß-


fmepw a‰pw k`-bpsS Bflob hf¿®bv°v Bh-iy-s∏´ ]cn-jv°m-

cßƒ H∂pw \S-∏m-°p-hm\pw AXn-\mbn ]cn-i-an-°p-hm\pw ka-

bhpw kuI-cyhpw In´msX \ΩpsS Bbpkv hr≤-Xsb ]m]n-®n-cn-

°p-∂Xv Hm¿°p-tºmƒ \ap°v hfsc hyk\w D≠v. ... AXn-\m¬

\ΩpsS k`-bpsS Db¿®bv°v Imc-W-`q-X-cm-bn-cn-t°≠ \ΩpsS ]´-

°m-cn¬ `‡nbpw hnizm-khpw h¿≤n-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw tbmKy-∑msc

CXn-tebv°v BI¿jn-∏m≥ X°-hÆw Ah-cpsS A¥- ns\

Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw AXy¥w Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ia-ß-fn¬ \mw

C\nbpw apgp-Im-Xn-cp-∂m¬ \Ωp sS k` \mam-hti-j-am-bn-t∏m-Ipw''

(am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b≥ Nc-a-\-hXn kph-\o¿, Xr»q¿, 1999,

]p. 95, 96).

taev]-´-°m-cpsS Btem-N\mkwLw, kphn-tij kwLw F∂n-

h-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ sshZn-I¿°v ]¶m-fnØw \¬Ip-hm\pw Ah-

cpsS Z¿i-\hpw k`mkvt\lhpw s]mXp k`mXe-Øn¬ ]tbm-P\-

s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw sshZnIkwLw aqew Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn.

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv k`-bnse Bflob \thm-∞m-\-Øn-\mbn

cq]wsImSpØ as‰mcp ]ÿm-\-am-Wv Zbdm ]ÿm-\w. 19- mw \q‰m≠n-

s‚ DØ-cm¿≤whsc ae-¶ck`-bn¬ Zbdm ]ÿm\w cq]-s∏-ń-ń-

√m-bn-cp-∂p. a¿±o≥ bmX-bn¬ At±lw I≠ Zb-dm-Ifpw Ah-bpsS

NcnX-ßfpw Ah aqew kndn-b≥ k`bv°pw s]mXp-k-`bv°pw

D≠mb t\´-ßfpw Adn-bm-\n-S-bmb \mƒ apX¬ Cu ]ÿm\w

ae-¶-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ At±lw shº¬ sIm≠p. apf-¥p-cpØn

CS-h-I-bnse shń-°¬ ]tZiw A\ptbm-Py-sa∂v Is≠-Ønb

At±lw B ÿew ]≈n-bn¬\n∂pw FgpXn hmßn. Hcp Ipcnipw

sNdnb sIń-Shpw AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXns\ At±lw Hcp

Zbdm Bbn ]Jym-]n-®p. ae-¶-c-bnse H∂m-asØ Bi-aw. apf-¥p-

cpØn NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Kohdp-Kokv tImdnbv°v 1872 ao\w 26 \v

At±lw Zb-tdm-bq-tkm-bpsS ÿm\w sImSpØp; shń-°¬ Zb-dm-

bnse doiv Bbn NmØp-cp-Øn¬ dºms\ \nb-an-®p. ItaW shń-

°¬ Zbdm ae-¶-c-bpsS ]pWy-]p-cp-js\ hm¿sØ-SpØ Xt]m-`q-

anbpw sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e\tIµhpw Bbn amdn. ItaW shń-°¬

Zb-dm-bnse dºm-∑m-cpsS FÆw h¿≤n-®p. 1873 apX¬ ]cp-a-e-bn¬

sshZnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-hm≥ NmØp-cpØn dºm-

®≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏- -t∏mƒ shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bnse aq°-t©-cn¬ Koh-

dp-Kokv dºm≥ doiv Zb-tdmtbm Bbn \nb-an-X\mbn. ]tXmkv XrXo-

b≥ _mhm ]´wsImSpØ Bdp saXm-∑m¿ \mev]Xv Znhkw D]-h-


kn-®Xv Cu Zb-dm-bn-em-Wv. ]nev°m-eØv k`-bn¬ ]nd-hn-sb-SpØ

_Y-\n, ]Ø-\m-]p-cw Xmt_m¿, HmX-d, ssae-], ]pXp-∏m-Sn XpS-

ßnb Bi-a-ßƒ shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \n∂v

]tNm-Z\w t\Sn cq]wsIm≠-h-bm-Wv.

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ t\Xr-]m-S-h-Øns‚ ê-ambn cq]w-

sIm≠ as‰mcp Bflob kwL-S-\-bmWv hnZym¿∞n]ÿm-\w.

hnZym¿∞nIsf k`-tbmSv ]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-≈-h-cm-°m≥ At±lw

i≤n-®p. At±l-Øns‚ ]Xo£ Aÿm-\-Øm-bn-√. C°-gn™

\q‰m-≠n¬ k`-bpsS t\Xr-\n-c-bn¬ h∂ Aflmb ˛ sshZnI ˛

saXm≥ÿm\n-Ifpw hnZym¿∞n]ÿm-\-Ønse ]h¿Ø-I-cm-bn-

cp∂p. Xs‚ ]nb injy\pw ]pWy-N-cn-X-\p-amb ]cp-a-e-bnse kn≤≥

Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambn Znhw-K-X-\mb-t∏mƒ hnZym¿∞n]ÿm-\-Øn\v B

]pWy-hms‚ t]¿ \¬Ip-Ibpw am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv hnZym¿∞n

]ÿm\w F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

H. PmssXyIy kwLw

Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXysØ XpS¿∂v amXr-k- -bn¬ \n∂v 1653- ¬ AS¿

∂pt]mb ItØm-en°mk`sb Xncn®psIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ ]e ae¶c

saXm-∑mcpw ian-®n- p-≠v. ]pen-t°m- n¬ saXm-®\pw A°m-cy-Øn¬

Ffnb iaw \S-Øn. km≤y-amb cwK-ß-fn¬ kl-I-cWw Bcw-

`n®v ]h¿Ø\w IqSp-X¬ taJ-e-I-fn-te°p hym]n-∏n-°m-sa∂ ]Xo-

£bn¬ ItØm-en°m k -bnse \n[n-bn-cn-°¬ aWn-°-Ø-\m-cp-ambn

klI-cn®v At±lw PmssXyIy kwLw ÿm]n-®p. c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw

t]cn¬ hpUvem≥Uv _w-•mhpw ÿehpw hnebv°p hmßn. AXns‚

]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn® FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ hnImcw Bcpw hne-bn-cp-Øn-

bn-ń-√. temI-X-e-Øn¬ FIyp-sa-\n-°¬ Bi-b-ßƒ apf- s]m-´p-∂-

Xn\v FXtbm apºv Cu sIm®p tIc-f-Øn¬ kssÌy Zml-hp-

ambn Cu ]Xn-`m-imen ]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p. Ccpt\Xm-°fpw IqSn

Hcp kvIqƒ ÿm]n®v IqSp-X¬ taJ-e-I-fn-te°v ]h¿Ø\w hym]n-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ tdmΩm kpdn-bm\n-°mcpw bmt°m-_mb kpdn-

bm-\n-°mcpw tbmPn®v ]≈n-°qSw \S-Øn-°qSm F∂v t]m∏ns‚ DØ-

chv h∂p. X¬^-e-ambn ]≈n-°qSw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v amWn-°-

Ø-\m¿ ]n∑m-dn. At∏mƒ kwbp-‡-ambn hmßn-bn-cp∂ `qan-bn¬

tdmΩm kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿°p≈ Ah-Im-isØ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

sImSpØv Xo¿Øp. Aßs\ Fw. Un. skan-\m-cnbpw ÿehpw

bmt°m-_mb kpdn-bm\n InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS hIbmbn Xo¿∂p (ae-

¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ, hmeyw 3, ]p. 266).


I. cmjvSob cwK-ß-fn¬

Xangv _m“-W¿°v amXw k¿°m-cnse Db¿∂ XkvXn-I-I-fn¬

\nb-a\w e`n-®n-cp∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I-cmb Xt±io-

bsc Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv A\o-Xn-bm-sW∂v saXm-t∏m-eoØm CS-hI]

Xn-I-bn-eqsS ]t_m-[n-∏n-®p. Aß-s\-bn-cns° BbnsS knwlmk-

\m-cq-V-\mb hnimJw Xncp-\mƒ alm-cm-Pmhv tIm´bw kµ¿in®p.

kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ hnImcw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ Hcp awKf]Xw saXm-

t∏meoØm alm-cm-Pm-hn\v ka¿∏n-®p. kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬ cmPmhv

C]Imcw adp-]Sn \¬In: kpdn-bm\nk`-bnse sshZn-I-∑mcpw P\-

ß-fp-ta, \nßƒ Ct∏mƒ \ΩpsS apºmsI ka¿∏n® Cºhpw ]c-

am¿∞hpw D≈ awK-f-]-X-Øn¬ \ap°v kwXr]vXn Df-hm-bn-cn-°p∂p.

\nß-fpsS kap-Zmbw ]q¿hoIImew apXte D≈Xpw NcnXkw_-

‘amb kmlnXy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb Hcp kwLhpw Xr]vXn-

bpsSbpw kam-[m-\-Øns‚bpw cmP-`-‡n-bp-sSbpw DØa ZrjvSm-¥-

hpam-Ip-∂p. \nß-fpsS kapZmbw A\p- -hn®phcp∂ ]Z-hn-Iƒ t`Zhpw

IqSmsX \nßƒ°v \ne-\n-dp-Øm-sa∂v Dd-∏n®v sImƒhn≥. k¿°m¿

Poh\w AXns‚ an°Xpd-I-fnepw aX-hn-jbw Btem-Nn-°msX F√m-

h¿°pw Xpd-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p. aX-hn-izmkw Ku\n-°msX tbmKy-Xbpw

tijnbpw D≈-hsc AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p-sh∂v \mw \nß-

tfmSpd∏v ]d-bp-∂p'' (]mtd´v, hmeyw 3, ]p. 299).

awKf]X ka¿∏Ww Ign™v A©mw h¿j-Øn¬ alm-cm-Pmhv

\mSp- \o-ßn. At±-l-Øns‚ hmKvZm\w th≠X ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Øphm≥ kabw e`n-®n-√. AXp-sIm≠v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚

cmjvSob kmaqly b⁄w ]q¿Æ-ambn hnP-bn-®n-√. A°m-eØv

Xncp-hn-XmwIq¿ k¿°m-cn¬ Db¿∂ DtZym-K-ßƒ hln-®n-cp-∂Xv ][m-

\-ambn ]c-tZi _m“-W-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw Ah¿°v ka¿∞-

cmb \m´p-Im-tcmSp Akqb tXm∂pI km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-

sIm≠pw \km-Wn-I-sfbpw \mb-∑m-scbpw Hgn-®p-\n¿Øm-\p≈ hnZy-

Iƒ Ah¿ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠n-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv tIc-fob kap-Zm-b-ß-

fn¬ Xmgv∂ hn`m-K-ßsf k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-Øn¬\n∂v X≈n-b-t∏mgpw

ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v s]mXp-hn¬ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿm-\-ßƒ A]m-]y-

am-b-t∏mgpw Cu \thm-∞m\ \mbI≥ ]Xn-tj[i_vZ-hp-ambn apºn-

se-Øn.

B A\o-Xn-s°-Xnsc \km-Wnbpw \mbcpw \ºq-Xn-cnbpw

tbmPn®v ]Xn-\m-bn-cØnCcp-]ØnF´p-t]¿ H∏n´ "ae-bmfn satΩm-


dn-b¬' 1891 P\p-hcn 1˛\v ioaqew alm-cm-Pm-hn\v \¬In. AXn\v

adp-]Sn e`n-°msX h∂-t∏mƒ \mSns‚ \m\m- m-K-ß-fnepw ]Xn-tj[-

tbmK-ßƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ CZw-]-Y-a-ambn

\S∂ cmjvSob ]t£m-`sØ Xnc-»o-ebv°p ]n∂n¬ \n∂p-sIm-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw \nb-¥n® ][m-\-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-h≥ am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv Bbn-cp-∂p. HSp-hn¬ 1891 Pqsse amk-Øn¬ satΩm-dn-

b¬Im¿°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn adp-]Sn e`n-®p. P\-Iob `c-W-Øn-te-

°p≈ BZy- Np-h-Sp-h-bv]n¬ `mK-`m-°m-Ip-∂-Xn\v X° Zo¿L-Zr-jvSn-

bp≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂m-Wt√m CXv

sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv (]m-td´v, hmeyw 3, ]p. 300, 301).

alm-P\ k`

Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw e`n® A`ykvXhnZy-cpsS ssII-fn-emWv

tIc-f-Øns‚ aX-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw kmaqly ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw F∂v

ImesØ hnth-Nn-®-dn™ ]Xyp-ev]-∂-a-Xn-bmb saXm-t∏m-eoØm

k`-bnse A`ykvXhnZy¿°mbn alm-P\k` F∂ Hcp kwL-S\

cq]-h-Xv°cn-®p. ae-¶ck`-bpsS akvXn-jv°ambn Gsd-°mew alm-

P-\-k` ]h¿Øn-®p. 1897 taS-Øn¬ tIm´bw Fw.Un. skan-\m-cn-

bn¬ kmaqly]cn-jvImcsØ Dt±-in®v cq]o-I-cn® k` ]n∂oSv

IqSpX¬ P\-Iob-am-bn. ]mtd v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""tbmPn®v \n∂v ]h¿Øn-

°msX PohnX ka-c-Øn¬ hnPbw hcn-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bn√ F∂v

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v \n›-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ... kt`-Xc

Imcy-ß-fnepw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw ap≥ssI FSp-Øp. B

]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ßfn¬ H∂m-bn-cp-∂p- km-aqlyktΩ-f\w As√-¶n¬

ae-¶c alm-P\k` F∂ kwL-S-\. 1910 CS-h-Øn¬ C. sP. tPm¨

A_vZp≈m ]mXnb¿°o-kn-\-b® Xpd∂ IØn¬ FgpXn: "ae-¶c

alm-P-\-k-`bpsS D¤hNcn-Xw, kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ h¿Ø-

am-\-Ime Ncn-X-Øn¬ kp]-kn-≤-am-Wv. kpdn-bm\nk`-bn¬ apf®p-

hf¿∂ aX-t -Z-tØm-Sp≈ t]mcm- -Øn¬ Bbp- ns\ hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°-

≠n-h∂ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS IrXym¥c

_mlpeyw \nanØw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ hnZym-`ymktIµ-ÿm-\-amb

Fw. Un. skan-\m-cnbv°p IqSnbpw D≠mb sRcp-°-sØbpw At\Iw

]≈n-I-fnse Ipg∏ß-sfbpw a‰pw ]e kap-Zmb hn]-Øp-I-sfbpw

I≠p-sIm≠v kln®n-cn-°m≥ kapZmb kvt\lw A\p-h-Zn-°mØ....

Btem-Nn®v GI-tZiw 15 h¿jw apºv ÿm]n-®n-´p-≈-XmWv alm-P-

\-k-`'' (]m-td´v, hmeyw 3, ]p. 301). B≠ptXmdpw ktΩ-fn-°p∂

alm-P-\-k-`-bnepw sshZnI ktΩ-f-\-Ønepw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp∂ I¿Ω-


]-Y-ßƒ Atkmtky-j-\n-eq-sSbpw amt\-PnwKv IΩ-n‰n-bn-eq-sSbpw

]h¿Ø\]≤-Xn-I-fmbn cq]w ]m]n-°p∂ tXtPm-a-b-amb Hcp Ime-

L-´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

J. ]X-]-h¿Ø-\w, kmln-Xy-]-h¿Ø\w

kmaqly ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ am[yaßfpsS ÿm\-tØ-∏‰n a‰m-tc-

°mfpw saXm-t∏m-eoØm t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v At±lw Bcw-

`n®v \S-Ønb ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. C. Fw. nen∏v Bfl-

IY-bn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂p: ""ae-bmf at\m-ca \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn h¿Kokv

am∏nf Bcw-`n® Iº-\n-bn¬ saXm-t∏m-eoØm Hml-cn-°m-c-\m-bn-

cp∂p. aebmf at\m-c-a-bpsS Bôkv GXm\pw Imew hpUvem≥Uv

_w•mhn¬ \S-Øn. ]n∂oSmWv hpUvem≥Uv tXm∏ns‚ thsdmcp

`mKØv C∂v ImWp∂ ..... ]kpw Hmôkpw Ahn-sS-bm-°n-b-Xv.

tPmk^v Zoh-∂mtkymkpw h¿Kokv am∏n-fbpw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-

∂Xpw kap-Zm-b-Øn\v ]ehn[ \∑-Iƒ°panS-bm-°n-b-Xp-amb thgvN,

Ccp-h¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]X-]-h¿Ø-\-°-º-Øn¬ \n∂v D¬`q-X-

am-b-Xmhmw'' (c-l-ky-t]-SIw, ]p. 117).

saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Hcp kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ At\-

Icpw a\- n-em-°n-bn-ń-√. ]k-∂hpw Zo]vXhpw B¿÷-hXzw \nd-

™Xp-amb KZy-ssien At±-l-Øn\v kz¥-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v At±lw

FgpXnb bmXm-hn-h-cWIrXn Hcp ]c-tZibmX-bpsS IY hy‡-

am-°p∂p. ae-bm-f-Ønse c≠m-asØ bmXm-hn-h-cWw Xs∂-bm-

WXv. \nco-£W kz`m-hw, A]-K-Y\ ]mS-hw, kq£va h¿Æ-\-

Iƒ, ck-I-c-amb hmMvab NnX-ßƒ, [z\n-a-[p-c-amb Bfl-K-X-ßƒ,

Ipdnbv°psIm≈p∂ mhm-e-¶m-c-ßƒ, A]-k¿∏-II-Y-bpsS DtZzKw

krjvSn°p∂ Bfl-kwL¿j cwK-ßƒ, hy‡n-Xz-ap≈ ssien,

BI¿j-I-amb BJym\ NmXpcn F∂nh sIm≠v A\p-Kr-lo-X-amb

B eLp IrXnsb ae-bm-fØnse e£-W-samØ H∂m-asØ

bmXm-hn-h-cW IrXn F∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ae-bmf KZy-

ssi-enbv°v ]mb-]q¿Øn-bmbn F∂v "Cµp-te-J'-tb-°mƒ apºv hnc-

Nn-X-amb Cu IrXn km£n-°p-∂p. dh. tPm¿Pv amØs‚ KZy-tØ-

°mƒ am[p-chpw ]k-∂-Xbpw HmP pw \nd-™-XmWv CXns‚ cN\.

IYm-\m-b-Is‚ hn]-Zn-ss[cyw, kwL¿j aplq¿Ø-ß-fnse a\x-

km-∂n-≤yw, Bfl-ss[cyw, a\-xssÿcyw, HuNn-Xy]q¿Æ-amb kao-

]-\-ßƒ, ssZhm-i-b-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ Ch-sbms°

[otcm-Zm-Ø-\m-b-I≥ IqsS-bmb Hcp Kwòc ]pcp-js‚ NnX-amWv

hmb-\-°m¿°v kΩm-\n-°p-∂-Xv.


K. \n¿Æm-b-I-amb tImS-Xn-hn[n

tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n ae-¶ck`m Ncn-X-Ønse \n¿Æm-b-I-amb

Hcp \mgn-I-°-√m-Wv. ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-c-bn¬ Bflob tae-

[nImcw amXta D≈q F∂ hn[n ]Jym-]-\-Øn-eqsS ]mXn-b¿-

°okv saXm-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw Nne ]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy-s∏´p

hmßn-bn-cp∂ cPn-tÃ¿Uv DS-º-Sn-Iƒ \nc¿∞-I-ßfpw Akm-[p-hp-

am-bn. ]mXnb¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-c-bn¬ euIn-Ihpw Bflo-bhpw sshZn-

Ihpw Bb k¿hm-[n-Im-c-ap-s≠-∂mWv Ah-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-

cp-∂-Xv. tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n-tbmsS kz¥w Im¬®p-h-´nse aW¬

Hen-®p-t]m-hp-∂-Xmbn ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v tXm∂n. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-

kns‚ A\p-]-a-amb Ignhp-I-sf-∏‰n t\cn¬ Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬

Cu hn[n-bnepw Zoh∂m-tkym-kn\v ]¶p-s≠∂v At±lw hne-bn-cpØn.

1892 \hw-_¿ 7˛\v At±lw 24 amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n AwK-ßƒ°pw

Ab® Iev]\ Cßs\: ""... ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v euInI Imcy-ß-

fn¬ A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂v hn[n-®-Xp-sIm≠v \nßƒ F¥v hnNm-cn-°p∂p?

B A[n-Imcw Atijw t]mbn F∂v tXm∂n-bn´v \nß-fpsS

A¥¿§Xw km[n-®p- F∂p h®v kt¥m-jn-°p-∂pthm? Cu \n mc

hnNmcw \nßƒ°p-≠m-h-cp-Xv. D≈ PUvPn-am¿ F√m-hcpw IqSn hn[n®p

Ign-™mepw ]mXn-b¿°m-ÿm-\-Øns‚ dqlm-bv°-SpØ A[n-Imcw

Bflo-b-Imcy-ß-fn-em-Is´, euInI Imcy-ß-fn-em-Is´ C√m-Xm-bn-

t∏m-hp-I-bn-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah c≠pw tbmPn®pw _‘n®pw Ccn-

°p-∂p. ... saXm-∑mcn¬ Hcp-h≥ aqetam kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ AwK-

ßƒ \nan-Øtam \ΩpsS ]pX-\mb Zoh-∂m-tkymkv apJm-¥n-ctam

D≠m-bXv? Ahs\ \mw hm’-ey-]p-X-s\-t∏mse hnNm-cn®v F√m-

h¿°pw taembn Ahs‚ sImºns\ \mw Db¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ....

41˛mw akvaq-dn¬ Fs‚ A∏w `£n-°p∂ a\p-jy≥ Ft∂mSv h©\

sNbvXp F∂v ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ ]Imcw Ct∏mƒ Ah≥ Ahs‚

IpXn-Im-ens\ Db¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.''

A\-¥cw ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn¬ km[n® Imcy-ßƒ Hmtcm-

∂mbn FÆn]d-™-Xns‚ tijw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""\ΩpsS Iev]\

\nanØw Ahs‚ ssI∏n-Sn-bn¬ XßfpsS Pohs\ sh®psImSp-Øn-

´p≈ Ahs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmb saXm-∑m-cpsS Xe-bn¬ Nhn-´p-Ibpw

sNbvXncn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS Iev]\]Imcw Ah¿ Ahs\ hW-ßn-b-

Xm-I-sIm≠v Ct∏mƒ Ah≥ Nhp-´n-bXv Ah-cpsS ta¬ amX-a-√,

\ΩpsS ta¬ AtX. BbXpsIm≠v C\n taem¬ kp∂-l-tZm-


kns‚ bmsXmcp Imcyhpw \n›-bn-∏m\pw s]mXp-hn-\-SpØ Imcy-

ß-fn¬ ]th-in-∏m\pw Ah\v A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂pw \mw Iev]n-®n-cn-

°p∂p. ... Cu c≠v CS-h-I-Isf hn´v a‰v CS-h-I-I-fn-te°v Im¬

Nhn-´p-hm\pw k©-cn-∏m\pw Ah\v A\p-hm-Z-an-√. ... saXm-∑m-cn¬

Hcp-h-s\bpw kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ ]kn-U‚ v BIp-hm≥ \ymbhpw Bh-

iyhpw C√. ... Iio-i-∑m-cn¬ Hcmsf sXc-s™-SpØv sImƒhn≥.

AXv kma¿∞y-ap≈ aev]m≥ Bbn-cn-°-s´'' (]m-td´v, hmeyw 3, ]p.

234- 240). tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n \ntj-[n®v A[n-Imcw ho≠pw ]tbm-

Kn-°p-hm≥ _mhm DZy-an-°p∂ NnX-amWv Cu Iev]-\-bn¬ ImWp-

∂-Xv. At¥ym-Jy≥ c‡w knc-I-fn¬ Hgp-Ip∂ GsXm-cm-sfbpw

]h¿Ø\cwK-tØbv°p £Wn-°p∂ Cu Blzm-\sØ ae-¶ck`-

bn¬ Bsc-¶nepw A\p-Iq-en-®ncp-s∂-¶n¬ ae-¶ck`m-N-cnXw hyXy-

kvX-am-tb-s\. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ap≥ apS°vIev]\ t]mse Cu

apS°v Iev]-\bpw Fgp-Xnb IS-em-kns‚ hne t]mepw In´msX

hy¿∞-am-bnt∏mbn. ae-¶c saXm-s\-Xn-cmbn \nev°p-hm≥ Hcp-

Ø¿°pw Hcp Imc-Whpw D∂-bn-°m≥ ]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-

ambpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. sshZn-Icpw P\-ßfpw saXm-∑mcpw XΩnepw

Iq´pSÃn-Iƒ XΩnepw AX-amXw sFIyhpw t_m[yhpw ]c-kv]c

hnizm-khpw A∂v \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

tIm\m v Koh-dp-Ko-kv am¿ bqen-tbmkv 1884 ao\w 9 \v \ncym-X\mbn.

]mºm-°p-S-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn. siahq≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv 1886

HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛\v \ncym-X-\mbn ISp-ß-aw-K-eØv I_-d-S-ßn. ioa-bn¬

\n∂v h∂ siahq≥ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv 1889 Pq¨ 11 \v \ncym-X-

\m-bn. tIm´bw ]pØ≥]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn. Aºm´v Koh-dp-Kokv

am¿ Iqdn-temkv 1891 am¿®v 9 \v \ncym-X-\m-bn. A¶-am-en-bn¬ I_d-

Sßn.

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-X-Øn¬ apºpw ]nºpw kw`-hn-®n-´n-√mØ

c≠p saXm≥ hmgvN-Iƒ C°m-eØv- \S∂p. tZiob t_m[y-ßƒ

sIm≠v DtØPn-X-\mb Hcp ItØm-en°m sshZn-I≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkymkns‚ c-W-ssi-en-bpsS kpXm-cy-Xbpw P\m-[n-]Xyssienbpw

I≠v BIr-jvS\mbn ae-¶ck`-bn¬ AwK-am-bn. am‰-ßƒ°v t\sc

apJw Xncn-°p-Ibpw am‰-ß-fpsS h‡m-°sf Iqc-ambn Ah-K-Wn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvX ItØm-en°mk`bv°v ]hm-NIlrZ-b-ap≈ Cu

sshZn-Is\ Dƒs°m≈m-\p≈ lrZbhnkvXrXn C√m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-

l-tØm-sSm∏w tKmhbpsS kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-t∏m-cm-fn-bm-bn-cp∂ \nc-

h[nt]¿ tKmh, kntem¨ F∂o ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ae-¶ck`-


bpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ hnim-e-am°n-s°m≠v k`mw-K-ß-fm-bn. tKmh,

kuØv Im\dm XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßfn¬ hnZym-e-b-ßfpw tZhm-e-b-

ßfpw ÿm]n®v tKmh-bpsS kzmX¥ykacw \bn® ^m. A¬hm-

do-kns\ ]cp-ae am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv dºm\m°n. ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚

A\p-hmZw tXSn 1889 Pqsse 29 \v tIm´-b-Øp-h®v am¿ bqen-tbmkv

F∂ ÿm\-\m-a-Øn¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv saXm≥

ÿm\w \¬In.

AXp-t]mse Ata-cn-°≥ t]m´-Ã‚ v F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ k`-bnse

do\n-hn-emØn F∂ sshZn-Is\ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv k`-bn-te°v

kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ A\p-hm-Zhpw ae-¶c saXms‚

\n¿t±-ihpw A\p-k-cn®v ]cp-ae am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkns‚ t\Xr-Xz-

Øn¬ At±-lsØ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv F∂ ÿm\-\m-a-Øn¬ kntem-

Wn¬ h®v 1892 CShw 17˛\v saXm-\mbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. IS-

hn¬ AØm-\m-tkymkpw A¬hm-dokv bqen-tbmkpw Cu A`n-tjI

NS-ßn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ae¶ck` am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v \¬Inb

Pq_nen awK-f-]-X-Øn¬ "".... A-t∏m-kvtXm-enI Imew apX¬ Ipf-

Ønse sh≈w-t]mse Cu tIcfØns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ°-IØv sI´n

\nev°p∂ \ΩpsS kXy-hn-izmksØ _n´ojv C≥Uym, kntem¨

apX-em-b-h-bn¬ amX-a√ Atacn°m XpS-ßnb Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fnepw bYm-

i‡n ]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Bcw`n®n- p-≈-Xv...'' F∂v ]cm-a¿in-®n- p-≈Xv

Cu c≠v saXm-∑msc bYm-Iaw tIc-f-Øn\v shfnbnepw `mc-X-

Øn\v shfn-bnepw \nb-an®v sIm®p ae-¶ck`sb `mcXXe-Ønepw

`mcX _mly-X-e-Ønepw hym]n®v hfcp-hm≥ Ah-kcw D≠m-°nb

kw`-h-ßsf A\p-kva-cn®psIm≠mWv. saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS B

hnime Z¿i\w Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ ]n≥Kman-Iƒ°v Ign-™n√ F∂

ZpxJ-kXyw Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p. tKmhbnte°pw Ata-cn-°-bn-te°pw

\ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ Cu saXm-∑msc At\zjn-°p-hmt\m B]-ØpI-

fn¬ klm-bn-°p-hm≥ t]meptam ]n¬°me ae-¶ck`bv°v Ign-

™n-√. ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS ]Ibv°pw ]XnIm-c-Øn\pw Cc-

bmb A¬hm-dokv saXm-®≥ 1929 sk]vXw-_¿ 23˛\v Imew sNbvXp.

Hcp sshZn-Is‚ t]mepw Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-an-√msX ae-¶-c-bpsS B saXm-

t∏m-eoØm Hc\m--Y-s\-t∏mse tKmh-bnse ap\n-kn∏¬ ivaim-\-Øn¬

kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-´p. am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv Ata-cn°m, bqtdm-∏v,

B^n°m apX-emb `qJ-fi-ßfn¬ anj-Wdn]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn.

1929 Pqsse 29˛\v A¥-cn-®p. Cu c≠p saXm-∑m-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-

ßsf At\z-jn-°p-hmt\m ae-¶-c-bpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn¬ ]cn-t]mjn-


∏n-°p-hmt\m ]nev°me ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kmc-Yn-Iƒ°v Ign-bmsX

h∂Xv Ah-cpsS kZvb-i- nse Xocm-°-f¶w Nm¿Ønb DØcw

tXSp∂ ]tl-fn-I-bmbn Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

tIkp-I-sfms° Pbn-s®-¶nepw AXns‚ \S-Øn-∏v, kvIqfp-I-fpsS

\n¿Ωm-Ww, ]cp-ae skan-\mcn Nm∏¬, Icp-hm‰, Nme-t»-cn, Xncp-

hm¶p-fw, Im´q¿, Abn-cq¿, a™-], Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, A√],

thßq¿, sImS»-\m-Sv, ]pØ≥Im-hv, IÆym´v\nc-t∏¬, Ip≠-d, amdm-

´n¬, HmW°q¿, s\√n-°¬, tNem-Sv, agp-h-∂q¿, Ip∂w-Ipfw XpS-ßn-

bp≈ ]≈nI-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw A‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-Ifpw XpS-ßnb Imcy-

ß-fn¬ G¿s∏´Xpaqew ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS IS-ßƒ Ah-

ti-jn-®p. ]Ww CuSm-°m≥ ISw \¬In-b-h¿ Nne tImS-Xn-hn-[n-

Ifpw kºmZn®p. alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ A\p-hm-Z-tØmsS At±lw Hcp

hn]p-e-amb tjmSXn \S-Øn. 1901 am¿®v 14 \v \dp-s°-Sp∏v \S-Øn.

AXn¬\n∂v e`n® 350000 cq] em`w sIm≠v ]Xn-k‘n ]cn-l-cn-

°p-hm\pw \n¿ΩmW ]h¿Ø-\ßƒ°v ]Ww Is≠-Øp-hm\pw Ign-

™p.

]mbm-[nIywaqew ÿm\-sam-gn-bp-hm≥ 1895-˛¬ IqSnb Atkm-

tky-j≥ tbmK-Øn¬ At±lw BKlw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p (Fw. ]n.

h¿°n, ]p. 42). 63 Imc-\mb At±lw XpS-cs´ F∂v Atkm-tky-

j≥ At]-£n-®Xv At±lw kzoI-cn-®p. ae-¶ck` kµ¿in®

BZysØ ]mXn-b¿°okv 96-˛mw hb- n¬ 1896 I∂n-bn¬ \ncym-X-

\mbn. A_vZpƒ ainlm ]pXnb ]mXn-b¿°o-km-b-Xn¬ ]Xn-tj-

[n®v ]cm-P-b-s∏´ ÿm\m¿∞n A_vZp≈m KotKm-dn-tbmkv ItØm-

en°mk`-bn¬ tN¿∂p.

tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS Imcy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Gsd i≤n-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Ko- v, tIm\m´v

amØ≥ F∂o aev]m-∑msc A≤ym-]-I-cmbpw sIm®p-]-dºn¬

dºms\ amt\P¿ Bbpw \nb-an-®p. skan-\mcn Nm∏-ens‚ \n¿ΩmWw

]q¿Øn-bm°n AXns‚ IqZmi 1897-˛¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \n¿h-

ln-®p. sIm®nbnem-bn-cp∂ sk‚ v tXmakv ]kv tIm´bw skan-\m-

cn-bn-te°v am‰n. Hmtcm Ime-ß-fn¬ ]≈n-I-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ X¿-

°ßƒ Ime-Xm-akw IqSmsX ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ aptJ-\tbm t\cnt´m

ÿeØpsN∂v tI´v Xocp-am\n°p∂ kz`mhw aqew B`y-¥c hyh-

lm-c-ßƒ Hgn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]iv\-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn®v hj-fmbn Kq∏v

hSw-h-en-bn-te°pw k`mXymK-Ønte°pw tImS-Xn-I-fn-te°pw

hfcphm≥ At±lw A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚


]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-∏‰n Ipdp-∏-ºSn ]≈n-bpsS NcnXw C]-Imcw

kwt£-]n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. "".... am¿ Zoh∂m-tkym-kns‚

i≤ ae-¶-c-bn-ep≈ ]≈n-I-fn¬ kphn-ti-j-]-c-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

i‡n-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ta¬ ]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v.

X¬^-e-ambn CS-h-I-I-fn¬ kt≠-kvIqƒ, AssI-kvXh-cpsS CS-

bnse the, ae-bmfw Cw•ojvkvIqƒ ÿm]-\w, ]m¿∞\m-tbm-K-

ßƒ, am¿ KotKmdntbmkv hnZym¿∞n kwLw, kphn-tij ]kw-

KkwLw, Zoh-∂m-tkymkv hnZym]N-cW kwLw, CS-hI]XnI,

kpdn-bm\n kphn-ti-j-I≥ F∂o ÿm]-\-ßƒ ]Nm-c-Øn¬ Bbn-

Øo¿∂p. 1898-˛¬ Cu CS-h-I-bn¬ Hcp Rmb-dm-gvN-°q´w ÿm]n-®p.

AtXm-Sp-IqSn CS-h-I-bpsS Hmtcm Ic-I-fnepw Rmb-dm-gvN-°q´w

ÿm]n-®p. ... s\Sp-ß] ... 1903˛¬ Hcp ]≈n-°qSw ÿm]n-®p. 1908˛¬

]pg°m´v Ic-bn¬ Hcp kt≠-kvIqƒ sI´nSw ]Wn-bn-®p. 1906-˛¬

sX°p-\n∂v Hcp D]-tZ-insb 7 cq] iº-f-Øn¬ kphn-tij]h¿Ø-

\-Øn-\mbn \nb-an-®p. Hmtcm Ic-bn-tebpw Rmb-dm-gvN-°q- -ßƒ Hmtcm

]´-°mcpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ Bbn-cp∂p. 1908-˛¬ Cu ]≈n-bn¬ kt≠-

kvIqƒ ÿm]n-®p.'' BØp-¶¬ Koh-dp-Kokv tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏m

\¬Ip∂ Cu hnh-c-WØn\v (]p. 201, 202) kZr-iy-ambn ae-¶-c-bnse

][m\ CS-h-I-Isf√mw C°m-esØ CS-h-I-I-fnse ]_p-≤-Xsb

kvacn-®n-´p-≠v. (]n. kn. Ip™m-Øp, Ip∂w-Ipfw B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-®-

cnXw, ]p. 16-˛22, 24, 31 ImWp-I).

9. Pq_nen

1901 hr›nIw 12˛\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ ]utcm-lnXy kph¿-

Æ-Pq-_nen ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-js‚ Xocp-am-\-]-Imcw tIm´bw

]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v AJne ae-¶-cm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ BtLm-

jn-®p. BtLm-j-°-Ω-‰n-bpsS ]kn-U≠v IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-

tkymkpw Sj-d¿ Imcp-Nnd Koh-dp-Kokv dºm\pw (c≠mw ImtXm-

en°m) Bbn-cp∂p (hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-ßƒ Fw. ]n. h¿°n, ]p. 143, \hXn

kvac-WnI 1999, ]p. 48, 49, ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ \n[n, ]p. 130˛131 F∂n-

h-bn¬ ImWmw). Cu Pq_nen BtLmjw Ign™ DSs\ aq°-

t©cn Fw. ]n. h¿°n "am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv' F∂ t]cnepw Nnß-

h\Øv ]pep-Øp-cp-Øn¬ Nmt°m Nmt°m F∂ A‘≥ "am¿ Zoh-

∂m-tkymkv NcnXKm\w' F∂ t]cnepw KZy-Ønepw ]Zy-Ønep-ambn

Hmtcm Poh-N-cn-X-ßƒ 1901˛¬Øs∂ ]c-kv]cw Adn-bmsX ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®p. BZy IrXn ae-bmf at\m-c-abpw c≠m-asØ IrXn ]gb-

sk-an-\m-cn-bnse am¿tØmakv ]kp-amWv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.


awKf]X-Øn¬ kqNn-X-ambXn≥]Imcw At±-lsØ a^n-bm\

Bbn hmgn-°p-hm≥ tIm\m v amØ≥ aev]m≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ]mXnb¿

°o-kp-ambn Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ \S-Øn. k`-bnse saXm-∑mcpw

sshZnI ˛ Aflmb ]ap-Jcpw Cu Imcy-Øn¬ GIm-`n-]m-b-°m-cm-

bncp∂p.

]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp kvamcIw G¿s∏-

Sp-Øp-hm≥ Atkm-tky-j≥ \n›bn-®p. kvamc-I-ß-sf-∏‰n ]e A`n-

]m-b-ßfpw ]ecpw CS-h-I-]-Xn-I-bn¬ Fgp-Xn. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n tN¿∂v GsX√mw kvamc-I-ßƒ G¿s∏-

SpØWsa∂v A°-an´v \n›-bn-®p. F∂m¬ 1909-˛¬ At±lw A¥-

cn-®-tXmsS Cu kvamcI Xocp-am\w HutZym-KnI Npa-X-e-°m¿ hnkva-

cn-®p. ]Ww ]ncnt®m F∂pw ]ncn-s®-¶n¬ AXv ]n∂oSv F¥n\v D]-

tbm-Kn®p F∂pw "CS-h-I-]-Xn-I'-bn¬ \n∂pw kqN-\-Iƒ e`n-°p-

∂n√.

I\Ø BLmXw

Imcy-ßƒ Cuhn[w kt¥m-j-I-c-ambncnt°-bmWv ]cp-ae am¿

KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ BI-kvan-I-amb \ncymWw kw -hn-®-Xv. 1902 \hw-

_¿ 2˛\v B Zo]w ]cp-a-e-bn¬ AkvX-an-®Xv ae-¶c k`-tbbpw

ae¶c saXm-t\bpw CSn-Øo-ho-Wm-se-∂-hn[w kvXw`n-∏n-®p. AXn-

kq-£vaX-tbmsS Xm≥ sXc-s™-SpØv k\ymkw \¬In, doivZ-b-

tdmtbm Bbpw skan-\mcn aev]m-\mbpw Ah-k-c-ßƒ \¬In Xs‚

]n≥Km-anbmIm≥ hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h∂ sIm®psaXm-®≥ 54-˛mw hb-

n¬ tZlhntbmKw sNøpI ˛ kz¥w Imen-\-Sn-bnse `qan s]s´∂v

A]-Xy£-am-b-Xp-t]m-se. ]cp-a-e-bn¬ Xs‚ ]nb injys‚ Akp-

J-hm¿Ø tI´v HmSn-sb-Ønb henbXncp-ta\n At±lw Imew

sNbvXp F∂ sX‰mb hm¿Ø tI´v \ne-hn-fn® hnhcw ZrIvkm-£n-

bmb Imcp-Nnd Koh¿Kokv dºm≥ Xs‚ Ub-dn-bn¬ C]-Imcw Ipdn-

®n-ń-cn-°p∂p: ""22˛\v KohdpKokp dºm®≥ Ip¿∫m\ sNm√pIbpw

]mºm°pS aev]m\®≥ Xncpta\nbpsS kpJt°Sns\∏‰n ]kw-

Kn°bpw F√mhcpw ]tXyIw ]m¿∞n°bpw sNbvXp. Xncpta\n

Ign™p t]mbn F∂v F√mhcpw hnNmcn®pt]mIbpw hnhcw am¿

Znh∂mtkymkv saXmt∏meoØmtbmSv Adnbn®Xn¬ hfsc

hyk\n®v \nehnfn°bpw sNbvXp'' (ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ \n[n, h≈n-

°m´v Zb-d, tIm´-bw, 2006, ]p. 138). \hw. 2 \v A¿≤-cm-Xn°v ].

]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvXp. B tZl-hn-tbmKw Xmßm-\m-hmsX

apdn-bn-en-cp∂v am¿ Znh∂mtkymkv hnßn-s∏m-ń. Xf¿∂v hnd-bm¿∂v


I_-d-S-°-Øn-s\-Øn. ]e-h´w apdn- hn-ń-dßn Nm∏-en¬ FØn-sb-

¶nepw Awi-h-kvX-ß-f-Wn™v knwlm-k-\-Øn-en-cn-°p∂ I\njvT

ktlm-Z-cs‚ apJØp t\m°p-tºmtgbv°pw Gß-e-SnsIm≠v \ncp-

≤-I-WvT-\mbn Hscm‰ ]Zw t]mepw D®-cn-°msX Xncn®v apdn-bnse-

Øn Xf¿∂v hogp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p (hn. kn. amXyp thg-∏-d-ºn¬, Nca

\hXn kvac-WnI, 1999, ]p. 47). I¿tΩm-’p-I\pw I¿Ω-\n-c-X-\p-

amb ae-¶c saXm≥ Xs‚ i‡n apgp-h≥ tNm¿∂v t]mbm-se-∂-

hn[w Ahi-\m-bn. Xs‚ kIe hn]-Øp-I-fnepw \ng¬t]mse A\p-

K-an® ]nbinjy≥ Hm¿Ω-bm-bn, tXß-embn Ah-ti-jn-®p. tdmb¬-

t°m-SXn tIkn¬ km£n-bmbn ]cp-ae saXm-®≥ \¬Inb km£n-

sam-gn-Iƒ tIknse hnP-b-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n-bXv KZvKZIWvT-\mbn

At±lw Hm¿Øp.

"".... -hm-Znsb (am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\) CXn\v apºn-cp∂ ]mXnb¿

°okv ae-bmfw AS®v (]q¿Æ-am-bn) saXm-\m-bn- mWv hmgn-®n-cp-∂Xv.

B hmZnbv°v thsdbpw ÿm\w D≠v. BbXv ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ kpdn-

bm-\n-°m-cpsS s]mXp-hn-∂SpØ IΩ-n‰n-bnse ]kn-U‚ v BWv. B

]kn-U‚ v F∂p≈ A[n-Imcw ae-bm-fsØ kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-Iƒ

Ggv CS-h-I-bmbn mKn-®n- p-≠v. AXp-I-fn-t∑-sem-s°bpw hkvXp-°ƒ

tasem-s°bpw s]mXp-hn-∂-SpØ A[n-Im-chpw hmZn-bv°p-≠v. ]cpae

skan-\mcn ]Wn-bn-®n´p≈Xpw hmZn BIp-∂p. AXn\p≈ apX¬

tiJcs∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw sNehv sNøn-®Xpw hmZn-bm-Ip-∂p. \sΩbpw

\sΩ-t∏mse thsd saXm-∑m-scbpw hmgn-®n- p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v hmZnbv°v

Cu hyhlmcw sIm≠phcp-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp tZmjhpw C√. hmZnbv°v

k¿°o´v sNtø-≠-Xmb kabw \o°n-bp≈ Xma-k-sam-s°bpw ]cp-

a-e-bn¬ BIp-∂p. ... hmZn-bpsS hI-bm-bn, Iń¬, InS-°, tai, Itk-

c-Iƒ, I√-®p-Iq-Sw, s]ń, t_m´v apX-embn At\Iw kmam-\-ßƒ

Ahn-sS-bp-≠v. ... hmZnbv°v ]kn-U‚ v ÿm\w e`n-®Xv ]mXn-

b¿°okv _mhm-bmepw k -bmepw BIp∂p. Cu hmZnbv°v ae-bmfw

H´p°v F√m CS-h-I-bn-t∑epw s]mXp-hn∂-SpØ A[n-Imcw D≠v. ...

s]mXp-hn-∂SpØ A[n-Imcw F∂Xv, Ggv CS-h-Ibv°pw IqSn kw_-

‘-ap≈ hkvXp-°ƒtaepw IΩn‰n IqSp-tºmƒ \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xmb s]mXp-hn-∂SpØ h√ apX¬tiJcß-fpsStaepw ]Wn-

Iƒtaepw k¿°m¿ kw_-‘-amb hyh-lm-c-ßƒtaepw hnti-j-

ambn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ h√ Bip-]Xn taepw s]mXp-hn¬ ]´-Xz-Øn-\-m-

bn´v \nb-an-∏m-\p≈ skan-\m-cn-Iƒ taepw kvIqfnt∑epw a‰pw BIp-

∂p. \ΩpsS A[n-Im-c-ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏´ ]≈n-Iƒtaepw s]mXp-hn-∂-

SpØ tae-[n-Imcw hmZn-°p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. s]mXp-hn-∂Sp-ØXv F∂p


]d-™m¬ BflnI kw_-‘-ambpw hkvXp kw_-‘-ambpw D≈

A[n-Im-c-ßƒ BIp-∂p. aptº \mw Bip-]Xn F∂p ]d-™Xpw

Bfl-kw-_-‘-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.

....- \-ap°v saXms‚ ÿm\w Inń-b-Xn¬ ]ns∂ ta¬∏-d-™-

Xpt]mse hmZn-°p≈ tae-[n-Im-c-sØ-∏‰n ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm-

bn¬ \n∂v Fs¥-¶nepw ]am-W-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn \ap°v Adn-hn-√. ....

\ap°pw \sΩ-t∏mse thsd saXm-∑m¿°pw D≠m-bn-cn-°p∂ ÿm

\]Xw sIm≠v hmZnbv°v apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\-]-XsØ Aÿn-

c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn H∂pw ]d-™n-ń-√.

.... A\ym-b-s∏-ń-´p≈ tIm´-bØv skan-\mcn apX-em-bXv taepw

AXp-Iƒ°v hyh-lm-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw D≈ A[n-Imcw hmZn-bv°m-

Ip-∂p... tIm -bØv skan-\mcn apX-emb hkvXp-°ƒ°v thsd saXm-

∑m¿°m¿°pw A[n-Imcw sImSp-Øn-ń-√'' (1055 I∂n 2 \v ˛ 1879 ˛

]cp-a-e-sb-Ønb IΩo-j≥ tiJ-cn® km£n-sam-gn-Iƒ).

a‰p saXm-∑m¿ tImS-Xn-bpsS ka≥kv ssI∏-‰msX Hgn-™p-amdnb-

t∏mƒ ]cp-ae ]nXmhv amX-amWv ae-¶c saXm\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn

CX hy‡-amb km£n-sam-gn-Iƒ \¬In-b-Xv. kvIqƒ, ]≈n Chbp-

sS ÿm]-\-Ønepw ]≈n-Ø¿°-ß-fnepw ae-¶c saXms‚ \mhpw

Ichpw Bbn B ]pWym-flmhv ]h¿Øn-®p. tijw saXm-∑m¿

kzmX-¥yhpw ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-t\mSv A\ym-b-amb Nmbvhpw ImWn-

°p-tºmƒ Ahsc D]-tZ-in-°p∂ tdmƒ sIm®psaXm-®-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p.-

Np-cp°n∏d™m¬ ae-¶c saXms‚ _ln-®c]mW≥ Bbn-cp∂p

sIm®p saXm®≥. sIm®psaXm-®≥ ][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-\mbpw ae-

¶c saXm≥ klIm¿Ωn-I-\mbpw \S∂ Nne ]≈nIqZm-i-Ifpw

]´wsImS-Ifpw Xosc Akm-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. B tXPkv s]men-

™-tXmsS Xm≥ Xo¿Øpw GIm-¥-]-Yn-I-\mbn F∂v ae-¶c saXm\v

tXm∂n.

BbnsS Xm≥ t\XrXzw sImSpØv Bcw-`n® hnZym¿∞n]ÿm\-

Øn\v At±lw sIm®psaXm-®s‚ t]¿ \¬In. Xm≥ sshZn-I-\mbn-

cns° Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ÿm]n® bmt°m-_mb k`m A`n-h¿≤n\n-

kwLw F∂ t]¿ am‰n X¬ÿm-\Øv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv satΩm-

dn-b¬ Atkmtky-j≥ F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp (hm-kvX-h-Øn¬

Cu kwLw ]nev°m-eØv At±lw ÿm]n® ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n

InkvXym\n Atkmtky-js‚ an\-ntb-®¿ cq]-am-bn-cp-∂p. B¿Øm‰v

]≈n kw_-‘n®v \hoI-c-W-°m-cp-ambn \S∂ tIkn¬ Ip∂w-Ip-


fØv inYn-e-ambn InS-∂ncp∂ A©v CS-h-I-Isf Hcp SÃns‚

Iogn¬ GtIm-]n®v i‡n kw`-cn°p-hm-\mWv At±lw Cu bmt°m-

_mb k`m A`n-h¿≤n\n kwLw 1850˛Ifn¬ cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv. B¿-

Øm‰v, Nnd-f-bw, ]gb]≈n, sXt° AßmSn, Ingt° ]pØ≥]≈n

F∂o A©v CS-hIIƒ tN¿∂mWv ]nev°meØv B¿Øm‰v Ip∂w-

Ipfw almbnS-hI F∂ alm-i‡n cq]-s∏´Xv).

henb saXm-®\v 70 hb v ]mbw. Xs‚bpw k`-bp-sSbpw kpJ-

Zpx-J-ß-fnepw `bm-i-¶-I-fnepw DXvI-WvT-I-fnepw ]¶m-fn-bm-bn-cp∂

Hcm-fns\ ]n≥Km-an-ÿm-\-tØbv°v h®n-cp-∂Xv ê-]-Z-am-ImsX

t]mbn. as‰mcp ]n≥Km-an-°p-th≠n B hr≤-\-b-\-ßƒ ae-¶-c-k-`-

bn-emsI sXc-™p. ]m]vXn, Imcy-ti-jn, B⁄m-i-‡n, Bflob

]ucp-jw, ]mfin-Xyw, k`m-kvt\lw F∂n-h-bn¬ AK-K-Wy-\m-bn-

cp∂ h´-t»cn¬ aev]m\n¬ B IÆp-I-ƒ HSp-hn¬ sN∂p-]-‰n.

F∏nkvtIm∏-knbpsS ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø-°m-c≥ F∂\ne-bn¬, Xm≥t]mcn-

a-bp-sSbpw Bfl-hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw ]n≥_-e-ap≈ Ahn\bw

F∂nh a‰p tbmKy-X-I-fpsS apºn¬ Ah-KWn°mhp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp∂p.

1903 \hw-_¿ 2˛\v am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv, h´-t»-cn¬ aev]m\v dºm≥

ÿm\w \¬In. F∏n-kvtIm∏¬ `c-W-ssi-en-°-\p-Iq-e-ambpw P\m-

[n-]Xyssien-°-\p-Iq-e-ambpw k`bn¬ c≠p Kq∏p-Iƒ i‡n-s∏-

Sp-∂-Xmbpw skan-\m-cnbnse c≠p aev]m-∑m¿ hyXykvX Kq∏p-Iƒ°v

t\XrXzw\¬Ip-∂Xmbpw ItaW ]c-ky-am-bn. ioa-°m-c≥ …o_m

siΩm-»≥, At±lw ioa-bn¬ sN∂v sIm≠p-h∂ AØm-\m-tkym-

kns‚ Ime-ti-jhpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ Xßp-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n Nne Akp-J-

I-c-ß-fmb A`yq-l-ßƒ k`-bn-ep-≠m-bn. ]ta-lhpw hmX-tcm-Khpw

henb saXm-®s\ imco-cn-I-ambpw k`bn¬ cq]-s∏-´p-h-cp∂ [pho-

I-c-W-ßƒ am\-kn-I-ambpw ]c-h-i-X-bn-em-°n.

10. PohnX kmbm”w

75 Imc-\mb henb saXm-®≥ 1083 (1908) Ipw`w 15 \v ]gbskan-

\m-cn-bn¬ hnfn®pIqńb ae¶c Atkm-tky-j-\n¬ c≠v saXm≥

ÿm\m¿∞n-I-fmbn h´-t»-cn¬ dºm\pw sIm®p]d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv

dºm\pw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ tIm\m´v

aev]ms\ sIm≠v \n¿t±-in-®-X-\p-k-cn®v h´-t»-cn¬ dºms\ ae-¶c

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Akn-Ã‚pw ]n≥Km-anbpw Bbn-´mWv sXc-

s™-SpØXv. 1907 \hw-_¿ 2˛\v IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv

\ncym-X-\mbn Bephm Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S-ßn.

sIm®n, A¶-amen, Xpº-a¨, tIm´-bw, \ncWw F∂o A©v CS-h-


I-I-fn-tebpw saXm∑m¿ \ncym-X-cm-hp-Ibpw tijw c≠v saXm-∑m¿

hm¿≤-Iy-Ønse-ØpIbpw sNbvXp-sh-¶nepw ]tXmkv XrXo-bs‚

CS-hI hn`-P\w \ncm-I-cn®v `mhn-bn¬ c≠p saXm-∑m¿ aXn F∂p

ae-¶-c-k` Xocp-am-\n°pI-bm-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-eØv A_vZpƒ ain-lm-

_mhmbpsS k¿°m¿ kΩ-X-]Xamb ^¿am≥ Xp¿°n k¿°m¿

]n≥h-en-°p-Ibpw ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ tN¿∂ A_vZp≈m am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncn-s®Øn sXc-s™-Sp∏ns‚ ]n¥p-W-tbmsS ]mXn-

b¿°o-kmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°s∏Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A¬hm-dokv bqen-tbm-kn-s\bpw do\n-hn-emØn Xotam-Øn-tbm-

kn-s\bpw t]mse ]pXnb saXm-∑m-scbpw ChnsS hmgn-°p-hm≥

A\phmZw e`n-°p-sa∂ ]Xo-£-bn¬ A\p-Iq-em-`n-]mbw ]mXn-b¿-

°o-kv ]I-Sn-∏n-®n-√. At±lw \n¿t±-in-®-X-\p-k-cn®v dºm-®-∑msc

Du¿t«an-te-°-b-®p. saXm≥ sXc-s™-Sp∏v Ign™ DSs\ …o_m

siΩmi≥ [rXn-s∏ v kztZ-i-tØ°p t]mbn. 1908 taSw 12 \v \nbp‡

saXm∑m¿ Du¿t«-an-se-Øn. taSw 13˛\v …o_m siΩ-mi≥ Dƒs∏sS

Ggv t]¿°v a¿±o-\n¬ h®v saXm≥ ÿm\w \¬In. HkvXm-Øn-

tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-\mb …o_mbv°v ae-¶c saXm-\mbn

`cWw \S-Øp-hm\p≈ kpkvXm-Øn-t°m-\mWv \¬In-b-Xv. CShw

18˛\v sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv dºm-®\v Iqdn-tem-kv, h -t»-cn¬ dºm-

®\v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂o ÿm\-\m-a-ß-fn¬ saXm≥ ÿm\w

\¬In. ioa-bn¬ sshZnIhnZym-`ymkw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ HutK≥

dºm≥, ChnsS \n∂v dºm-∑msc A\p-K-an® ]p∂qkv dºm≥ (aq∂mw

ImtXm-en-°m), Itcm´phoń¬ bqbm°ow IØ-\m¿ (]cp-a-e-bn¬

I_-d-S-ßnb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv), ]mtd´v amXyqkv siΩm-i≥ (am¿

Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv), sF∏v, tbml-∂m≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ hmgvN-bn¬ ]s¶-

Sp-Øp (a-e-¶c \km-Wn-Iƒ, hmeyw 4, ]p. 112). am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbm-

kns‚ kpkvXm-Øn-t°ms‚ hnhcw Adn-™-tXmsS A\p-`h kº-

∂\pw Ipim-K-_p-≤n-bp-amb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ saXm-®≥ Akz-ÿ-

\mbn. ANn-tcW aq∂v saXm-∑mcpw ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn. 1908 Pqsse

17˛\v \mń-se-Ønb saXm-∑m¿°v kzoI-c-W-ßƒ Ht´sd e`n-®p.

1908 hr›nIw 11˛\v amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n IqSn. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn

s\ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sS Akn-Ã‚ v Bbn \nb-an-®p. am¿

Koh-dp-Kokv Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-°pI-

bpw hń-∏-W-Øns‚ ]eni At±-l-Øns‚ cio-Xn≥]Sn sImSp-°pI-

bpw sNø-W-sa∂v _nójv dkn-U‚n\v tIm´bw sNdnb]≈n-bn¬

\n∂v 1909 sabv 28˛\v ap≥Kman Fgp-Xn. ae-¶c Atkm-tky-js‚


sXc-s™-Sp∏pw ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ssIsh∏pw ap≥Km-an-bpsS Bio-

¿hm-Zhpw AwKo-Im-chpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ IØn≥]Imcw dkn-

U‚ v A\p-Iq-e-amb IØv Iq´p-S-Ãn-Iƒ°-b-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Km-an-bpsS

H∏v km£y-s∏-SpØn Ab-°p-hm≥ Iq´p-S-Ãn-I-tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. Pqsse 19˛\v Iq´p-S-Ãn-Iƒ dkn-U‚ v Bh-iy-s∏´]Imcw

h´-t»cn saXm-®s‚ H∏v km£y-s∏-SpØn adp-]Sn Ab-®p. CXn-

t\m-SIw ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS HutZym-KnI hk-Xnbpw

Bÿm-\hpw ]n≥Km-anbv°v ssIamdn ap≥Kman tIm´bw sNdnb]≈n-

bn-te°v Xmakw amdn-bn-cp-∂p. C]-Imcw amtem-Icpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-Ifpw Adn-sI, ]n≥Km-ansb `c-W-Øn-en-cp-Ønb ap≥Km-an-bpsS

Dƒ°mgvN ]hm-N-Ikl-P-sat∂ ]d-bm-hq. 1909 sabv 28 \v _nójv

dkn-U‚n\v IsØgpXnb tijw 44 Znhkw amXta ap≥Kman Pohn-

®n-cp∂p≈p.

Pohn-X-Im-eØv BK-ln-®n´v km[n-°mØ Hcm-Klw B hr≤a\-

n¬ Ah-ti-jn-®p. AI∂pt]mb \ho-I-cWk`sb ae-¶ck`-bn-

tebv°v ]p\-cm-\-bn-°p-I. C°mcyw A¥y-I-ev]-\-bn-eqsS ]n≥Kman-

sb At±lw Npa-X-e-s∏-SpØn (1909 CShw 28 \v Fgp-Xnb A¥yIev-

]\. Nca\hXn kph-\o¿, Xriq¿, 1999, ]p. 92-˛95 ImWp-I).

e≠-\n¬ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v Hcp ÿm\]Xn D≠m-bm¬ sIm≈m-

sa∂v At±lw BK-ln-®p. ]nkv_n-‰o-dn-b≥ k`-bn¬ sshZn-I-\mb

dh. Fkv. Un. _m_msb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶ck`-bnse

AwK-ambn kzoI-cn-®p. P∑w-sIm≠v ]q\m-bnse ]m¿kn-a-X-°m-c-\mb

At±-lsØ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sbcp-i-te-an-te-°-b®v Ahn-SsØ

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s\-s°m≠v sshZnI]´w sImSp-∏n-®p. At±-

lsØ e≠-\n¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Aw_m-kn-U-dmbn \nb-an-®p.

At±lw am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ XIvkm X¿Pna sNbvXv Cw•o-jn¬

Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n®v h∂p. Cw•ojv ]X-ß-fnepw a‰pw \ΩpsS k`-

sb-°p-dn®v teJ-\-sa-gp-Xn. FtUz¿Uv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ih-kw-

kvImcbmX-bn¬ kpdn-bm\nk`-bpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn At±lw

£Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw a‰p cmPy-ß-fnse ÿm\-]-Xn-I-tfmSv Xpey-ambn

kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ct±lw aptJ\ _nójv `c-W-Øn-

ep≈ kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°mØ kmam-Py-Øn¬ ae-¶ck`sb∏‰n-

bp≈ JymXn h¿≤n-°p-hm-\n-S-bm-bn. A¬hm-dokv am¿ bqen-tbm-kv,

do\n hnemØn am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv, dh. ^m. _m_m F∂o aq∂v

t]¿ aqew ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS JymXn temI-saßpw hym]n-°p-hm≥ CS-

bm-bn. At±-l-Øn\v aptºm ]ntºm C]-Im-c-samcp btim-hn-kvXrXn

ae-¶ck`bv°v e`n-®n-ń-√.


ac-W-tØm-S-Sp-°p-tºmƒ k -bpsS mhn-sb-°p-dn®v Bi¶ P\n∏n-

°p∂ Hcp sh√p-hnfn Db-cp-∂Xv At±-l-Øn\v tIƒ°m-am-bn-cp∂p.

B sh√p-hnfn apg°nb tKmeymØv …o_m HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv Bbn-

cp-∂p. Xm≥ tIm´ sI´n `Z-am-°nb Iao-I-c-W-ßsf XI¿°p-sa∂v

Cu A`n-\h tKmen-bmØv ]c-ky-ambn hoc-hmZw apg-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ hm°p-I-fnXm: tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ Imew

H∂p Ign-bs´. `cWw \S-Øp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v ImWn®pXcmw''

(]mtd´v, hmeyw 3, ]p. 291). henb saXm-®≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ

`n∂-X-bpsS bmsXmcp hnØpw ae-¶caÆn¬ hf-cp-hm≥ km≤y-a-

s√∂v HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv saXm-®\v A\p-`-h-Øn-eqsS Adn-bm-am-bn-

cp-∂p. Aß-s\-bn-cn-s°-bmWv am¿ A_vZp≈m ]mXn-b¿°okv ae-

¶-c-bnte°v ]pds∏´ hnhcw henb saXm-®≥ Adn-bp-∂-Xv. B

Adnhv At±lsØ Nn¥m-[o-\-\m-°n. hmX-tcmK_m[n-X-\mbn

tIm´bw sNdnb]≈n-bn¬ hni-an-®n-cp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ tcmKw

h¿≤n-°p-hm≥ Cu hm¿Ø ImcWam-bn. HSphn¬ Xs‚ i‡n-bp-

sSbpw hnP-b-Øn-s‚bpw clkyw ]n≥Km-anbv°v shfn-s∏-SpØn sImSp-

°p-hm≥ B Kw`o-cmflmhv ]km-Zn-®p. saXm-∑m-scbpw Iq´p SÃn-am-

scbpw At±lw tIm´bw sNdnb]≈nbnte°v £Wn-®p-h-cp-Øn.

saXm-∑m¿ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _lpam\-Øn¬ A[njvTnXamb

kmtlm-Z-cyhpw Iq´p SÃn-am¿ XΩn-ep≈ sFIy-hp-amWv Xs‚

PohnX hnP-b-Øns‚ cl-ky-sa∂v hnIm-c-`-cn-X-\mbn At±lw shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øn. A_vZp≈m _mhm-bpsS hchv `n∂-X-bpsS ]e cwK-ßfpw

krjvSn-°p-sa∂pw At∏m-sg√mw F¥v XymKhpw kln®pw sFIyw

IÆnse IrjvW-a-Wn-t]mse ImØp kq£n-°-Wsa∂pw henb

saXm-®≥ sIm®p saXm-®-∑m-scbpw Iq´p-S-Ãn-am-scbpw A¥n-a-ambn

]t_m-[n-∏n-®p. h´-t»-cn¬ saXm-®\pw sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ saXm-®\pw

henb saXm-®s\ Benw-K\w sNbvXp-sIm≠pw tIm\m´v amØ≥

aev]m\pw kn. sP. Ipcy\pw IÆp-\o¿ hm¿ØpsIm≠n-cp∂ henb

saXm-®s‚ he-Xp-Icw amdnamdn Npw_n-®pw A¥y-]-t_m-[\w A\p-

k-cn®psIm≈m-sa∂v ae-¶-c-bpsS alm-flmhpw Xß-fpsS Kpcphpw

am¿§-Z¿in-bp-amb ]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v Dd∏p sImSp-

Øp.

kw`h_lpe-amb Hcp \o≠ ]I-en\v tijw B kqcy≥

Fcn™S-ßn. 1909 anYp\w 28˛\v B I¿Ω-tbmKn 76-˛mw hb- n¬

\ncym-X\mbtXmsS ae-¶ck`m-N-cn-X-Ønse Xnf-°-am¿∂ kph¿Æ-

bp-Khpw kam-[m-\-Im-ehpw AkvX-an-®p. Xs‚ ]q¿∆o-I≥ ÿm]n-

®Xpw Xm≥ ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm°n IqZmi sNbvX-Xp-amb tIm´bw


]gbskan-\mcn Nm∏ens‚ hSt° I_¿ apdn-bn¬ B alm-flmhv

A¥y-hn-iaw sIm≈p∂p.

h -t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv, Koh-dp-Ko v am¿ _t en-tbmkv,

HutK≥ am¿ _t -en-tbm-kv, amXyqkv ]Y-a≥, amXyqkv am¿ Iqdn-

tem-kv, tXmakv am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv F∂o ]nev°me ae¶c

saXm-∑m-sc-sb-√mw kq£va-ambn \nco-£n-®-tijw ]mtd´v 1976-˛¬

]pent°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\-∏‰n Fgp-Xnb km£yw Cß-

s\bm-bn-cp∂p:

""ae-¶c \km-Wn-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXy¥w hn]-

Xv°c amb Hcp L´Øn-emWv am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂

\£Xw DZn-®-Xv.... Bibv°v CS-\¬Ip∂ C∂sØ \nebv°v

AkvXn-hmcw Dd-∏n-®Xpw tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Bbn-cp-∂p. ...

Hcp tIm∏ ]mbk-Øn\v th≠n P∑m-h-Imiw XodpsImSp-°m≥

At±lw Xøm-d-√m-bncp-∂p. ]tXmkv XrXo-b\pw am¿ Zoh-∂m-

tkymkpw XΩn¬ s]mcp-Xn. .. c‡-c-ln-Xhpw i_vZ-c-ln-Xhpw Bbn-

cp∂p B ka-cw. c≠v NmWIy-∑m¿ XΩn¬ \S-∂-Xm-bXpsIm≠v

Aßs\ A√msX hcm≥ Xc-an√. ... ae-¶-c-bpsS _ew Ipd-bv°m≥

kzoI-cn® X¥w _ew h¿≤n-∏nbv°m≥ D]-tbmKn-°-W-sa∂v \oXn-

Ipi-e\pw \b-X-¥-⁄-\p-amb B alm-]-fin-X≥ Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn.

... ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ krjvSn-Iƒ Bbn-cp∂ Bdp ]pXnb saXm-

∑mscbpw At±lw ]mń-em-°n. ... B H‰ hnP-bØn\v amX-ambn

am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkn\v A¤pX ]h¿ØIÿm\w sImSp-

Øm¬ H´pw A[n-I-am-hn-√. ]Øp-h¿jw \mep-amksØ kacw

sIm≠v At±lw kºq¿Æ hnPbw ssIh-cn-®p. am¿ Koh-dp-Kokv

Zoh-∂m-tkymkv 1926-˛¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v....

kºm-Zn® hn[nbpw aq∂mw ImtXm-en-t°mkv ]nev°m-eØv kp]ow-

tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v kºm-Zn® hn[nbpw tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv

`b∂pw kwibn®pw Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-t∑-emWv Dd-∏n-®-sX∂v

Hm¿Øm¬ At±-lØns‚ ia-êw FX hnin-jvS-am-sW∂v a\-

n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. ... ]oW-\-ßfpw ]oU-\-ßfpw ]bm-k-ßfpw

Ah-K-Wn®pw kln®pw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hnizm-k-Øn¬ XpS¿∂p

F∂v A\p-am-\n-°m≥ Ignhp-≠mbn-cp∂ \km-Wn-Iƒ°v Hcpan®v

\n¬°m≥ Bh-iy-amb kwL-S\m kzmX¥yw 1800 kwh-’c Ime-

tØbv°v ae-¶-c-bn¬ C√m-bncp-∂p. B Ipd-hv ]cn-l-cn® al-m\mWv

tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv. a\w ]X-dm-sX, lrZbw Ipep-ßmsX,

Im¬ hgp-XmsX aptºm´v IpXn®v Ib-dn-b, kp∂-l-tZm-knepw `c-W-


Ønepw am∏n-f-bv°p≈ ÿm\w icn-bv°v AwKo-I-cn® alm-\mWv

Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv. .... apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂l-tZm-kn-s‚bpw ae-¶c \km-

Wn-I-fpsS hyÿm-]nX `c-W-I-a-Øn-s‚bpw alm-in-ev]nbpw PmXn-

bpsS kwLm-S-I\pw Bb ]pen-t°m- n¬ am¿ tPmk v Zoh-∂m-tkym-

kns\ \ap°v \a-kvI-cn°mw'' (]m-td´v, apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-

tZmkns‚ Imt\m-\m-Iƒ, D]-kw-lmc hmIyw). "Cuhn[w _lpapJ-

ß-fmb ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Ønb as‰mcp saXm≥ \km-Wn-Iƒ°v

CtX-hsc D≠m-bn-´n√; C\n D≠m-Ip-sa∂pw tXm∂p-∂n-√' (]mtd-´v,

hmeyw 3, ]p. 302).


]. ]pen-t°m- n¬ tPmk v am¿

Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv c≠m-a≥:

Poh-N-cnX e-I-ßƒ

1832 Unkw-_¿ 7/ 1008 hr›nIw 24

Ip∂w-Ipfw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Xmcp- Ip-cy≥, Xm≠Ω

F∂n-h-cpsS ]pX-\mbn P\n-®p.- _meyIme \maw D´q∏v (C-´q-∏v).

1845 HIvtSm-_¿ 5 / 1021 I∂n 23

tImXaw-Kew sNdnb ]≈n-bn¬ tN∏mSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbmkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂v tImdqtbm ]´-ta-‰p.

1849/1024

B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-bn¬ kvtX^m-t\mkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂v ]q¿Æ siΩmi ]´-ta-‰p.

1852 BKÃv 18 / 1028 Nnßw 6

Nmen-t»cn ]≈n-bn¬ bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv saXm-t∏m-eo-

Øm-bn¬ \n∂v Iioim ]´-ta-‰p.

1865 G]n¬ 29 / 1040 taSw 17 i\n

BaoZv (C∂v S¿°n-bnse Unbm¿_-°o¿) hnip≤ a¿Øv adnbw

]≈n-bn¬ am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv bmt°m_v ZzoXn-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhm dºm≥ ÿm\w \¬In.

1865 G]n¬ 30/ 1040 taSw 18 Rmb¿

BaoZv (Unbm¿_-°o¿) ]≈n-bn¬ ]cn-ip≤ ]mXnb¿°okv

_mhm-bpsS ][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Ønepw c≠p kpdn-bm-\n- taev]´°m-

cp-sSbpw Hcp A¿ta-\n-b≥ taev]-´-°m-c-s‚bpw klIm¿Ωn-I-Xz-

Ønepw ""am¿ Zoh-∂m-kntbmkv'' F∂ t]cn¬ saXm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn

hmgn-°-s∏-´p.

(Cu ta¬]´ hmgvN-bpsS XobXn "1864 tabv 8 (1039 taSw 26)'

F∂v Nne KŸ-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xp icn-bm-Im≥ CS-bn-√).

1872 G]n¬ 7/ao\w 26 (kp.-I.)/1047 ao\w 27 Rmb-dmgvN

apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈n-bn¬h®v NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv tImsd-

∏n-kvtIm-∏mbv°v dºm≥ ÿm\w \evIn.


hN-\n∏p s]cp-\mƒ (kp-dn-bm\n IW-°n\v ao\w 25) F∂pw

ImWp-∂p-≠v. AXp icn-bm-sW-¶n¬ 1872 G]n¬ 6 i\n-bmgvN

BWv htc-≠-Xv.

1873 sk]vd-dw-_¿ 8

]cp-ae skan-\mcnbn¬ ]≈n-]-Xn-]p-cp-j-tbmKw hnfn-®p-Iq-´n.

bpbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkv A≤y-£-X hln®p. ae-¶c Atkm-kn-

tb-j\pw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n°pw cq]w sImSp-Øp. hni-Z-amb Hcp

\nb-am-hen ]mkm-°n.

1874 sk]v‰w-_¿ 1

-apf-¥p-cpØn am¿ sXmΩ≥ ]≈nbn¬ bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm Imew sNbvXp. I_-d-S° ipiqjbn¬ Im¿Ωn-

IXzw hln-®p.

1876 Pq¨ 27˛30/ 1051 anYp\w 15˛18 sNm∆m˛sh≈n

apf-¥p-cpØn am¿ sXmΩ≥ ]≈n-bn¬ ]cn-ip≤ C·m-Øn-tbmkv

]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kv _mhm-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬

IqSnb kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥

]kn-U‚ v (ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm) Bbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.

amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v 24 t]sc sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

1876 BKÃv27/Hm_v 15/1052 Nnßw 13 Rmb¿ (hmßn∏p s]cp-

∂mƒ)

apf-¥p-cpØn am¿ sXmΩ≥ ]≈n-bn¬ ]cn-ip≤ ]mXn-b¿°okv

_mhm-bpsS ][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ hnip≤ aqtdm≥ IqZm-

i-bn¬ A_vZ≈m am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eoØm (]n-∂oSv

]mXn-b¿°o-kv)-tbm-sSm∏w klIm¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®p.

1877 P\p-hcn 27˛30

shfn-b-\mSv am¿ kvtX^m-t\mkv klZm ]≈nbn¬ ]cn-ip≤ -]-

tXmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ IqSnb kp∂-l-tZm-

kn¬ kw_-‘n-®p. saXm-∑msc sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ ae-¶c ]≈n-

tbm-K-Øns‚ Ah-Imiw- ]m-Xn-b¿°okv _mhm AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-

cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ tbmKw _ln-jv°-cn-®p.

1878 P\p-hcn- 13 / aIcw 1- (kp-I)- Rm-bdm-gv-N

NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, am-¿- Zn-h∂m-kn-

tbm-kns‚ km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ -sh´n-bv-°¬- Zbdm-bv-°p- I√n-´p-. am-¿- bq-


en-tbm-kv,- am-¿- AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv,- am-¿- Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv- F∂o- taev-

]´°m-cpw- D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-.

1878 s^_p-hcn- 18 / Ipw-`w- 6 (kp-I)- Xn-¶fm-gv-N

]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn-¬- Iq-Sn-b kp-∂ltZm-kn-¬- (Atkm-kn-

tbj≥)- A≤y-£-X hln®p. ]pXnb IΩn-‰n-°msc \n›-bn-®p. \ho-

I-c-W-°m-cp-am-bp≈ tIkpw AXn-\m-bp-f-f ]W-∏n-cnhpw Du¿÷n-

Xs∏SpØm\pw ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn-¬- tIm-´bw- ap-X¬- sXt°m-´p-

≈ siΩm-i∑m-sc ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xn-\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p.

1879 G]n-¬- 26/taSw- 14 (kp-I)- i\n-bm-gv-N

]p-Xp-∏≈n-bn-¬- \S∂ ]≈n- ]Xn-]p-cp-jtbm-KØn-¬- (Atkm-kn-

tb-j≥) A≤y-£-X hln®p. tIkp- aq-e-ap-≠mb ISw ho´m≥ \S-

]-Sn. ]≈n-Isf \mep ¢mkmbn Xncn-®p. ]ncnhp XpI \n›-bn-®p.

1881 s^_p-hcn- 11 / 1056 aIcw- 30

sh´n-bv-°¬- Zbdm-bn-¬- Iq-Sn-b kp-∂ltZm-kn-¬- A≤y-£-X

hln®p.

1882 G]n-¬- 27 / taSw- 15

sIm-®n-bn-¬- Iq-Sn-b kp-∂ltZm-kn-¬- A≤y-£-X hln®p.

1882 BKkv-‰v- 31 / Nn-ßw- 19 hym-gm-gv-N

sIm-®n- s]m-™n-°c h®v- 11 aWn-°v- aZm-kv- Kh¿-Wdp-am-bn- Iq-Sn-

°m-gv-N \SØn-. Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, ]utemkv am-¿-

Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv-,- siahq-≥ am-¿- Zn-h∂m-kn-tbm-kv- F∂n-hcp-ap-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p-. aw-Kf]Xw- ka¿-∏n-®p-.

1883 Un-kw-_¿- 29 / 1059 [\p- 17

tIm-´bw- ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn-¬- Iq-Sn-b Atkm-kn-tbj≥ IΩ‰n-

bn-¬- A≤y-£-X hln®p.

1886 sk]v-‰w-_¿- 11˛13 i\n- ˛ Xn-¶ƒ-

tIm-´bw- ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn-¬- Iq-Sn-b ]≈n- ]Xn-]p-cp-j (Atkm-

kn-tbj≥)- tbm-KØn-¬- A≤y-£-X hln®p. Iq´p SÃnamcmbn

tIm\m´v tImc tbml-∂m≥ a¬]m-s\bpw Ip∂pw-]p-dØv tImc De-

l-∂m-s\bpw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. CS-hI ]≈n-I-fpsS hcp-am-\-Øns‚

A©p iX-am\w F√m h¿jhpw s]mXp-h-Ibv°v \evI-Wsa∂v Xocp-

am-\n®p.


1889 Pqsse 29

tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v A¬hm-dokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv

saXm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v taev]-´-ÿm\w \¬In. IS-hn¬ ]utemkv

am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿

kl-Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln-®p.

1890 s^_p-hcn 14 / 1065 Ipw`w 2 amb¬tØm s]cp-∂mƒ

ssI∏-´q¿ ]≈n IqZm-i \S-Øn. Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv,

]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F∂n-h-¿ kw_-‘n-®p.

1891 am-¿-®v- 9 / Ipw-`w- 25 Xn-¶fm-gv-N

Aºm-´v- Ko-h¿-Ko-kvam-¿- Iq-dn-tem-kv- saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm- Xte∂v-

cm-Xn-bn-¬- Im-ew- sNbv-Xp-. A¶am-en- sNdn-b ]≈n-bn-¬- I_dSßn.

1892 am¿®v 30-˛-G-]n¬ 2/1067 ao\w 19-˛22 _p[≥- ˛ -i\n

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \S∂ ]≈n ]Xn-]p-cp-j-tbm-K-

Øn¬ (kp-dn-bm\n InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥) A≤y-£-X

hln®p. amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn-te°v ]pXn-b-Xmbn 24 t]sc sXc-s™-

Sp-Øp. IΩn-‰n-bpsS \S-]SnIa-ßƒ°v cq]wsImSp-Øp.

1892 \hw-_¿ 25-˛27/hr›nIw 13-˛15

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ IqSnb Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-

PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bn¬ A≤y-£-X hln®p.

1893 G]n¬ 25-˛28/taSw 14-˛17

tIm´bw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bn¬

A≤y-£-X hln®p.

1894 G]n¬ 11, 12/1069 ao\w 30, 31 _p[≥, hymgw

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ IqSnb Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-

PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bn¬ kw_-‘n-®p.

1894 sk]v‰w-_¿ 12, 13/1070 Nnßw 28, 29

hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bnse ]iv\-ß-sf-∏‰n N¿®-sNbvXv Xocp-am-

\n-°p-∂-Xn\p skan-\m-cn-bn¬ IqSnb amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n-bn¬ A≤y-

£-X hln®p.

1894 HIvtSm-_¿ 8/I∂n 26 (kp-I) Xn¶-fmgvN

am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]tXmkv XrXo-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv _mhm


Xte-cmXn 10 aWn°v a¿Zo≥ ]´-W-Øn-ep≈ ][m\ ]≈n-bnse

Ac-a-\-bn¬h®v Imew sNbvXp. Ip¿°pam Zb-dm-bn¬ I_-d-Sßn.

1895 P\p-hcn 27/aIcw 15 (kp-I) Rmb-dmgvN

]cp-a-e-∏≈nbpsS Xm¬°m-en-I IqZm-i \S-Øn. Koh¿Kokv am¿

KotKm-dn-tbm-kv kw_‘n-®p.

1895 Pq¨ 16/anYp\w 4 Rmb-dmgvN

a¿Zo-\nse Ip¿°pam Zb-dm-bn¬ hn. ]tXm-kns‚ knwlm-k-\-]-

≈n-bn¬ am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv A_vtZZv aiolm ZznXo-b≥ ]mXn-

b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-Ww.

1895 \hw-_¿ 21-˛23/hr›nIw 9˛11 (kp-I)

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ IqSnb kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n

Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ tbmK-Øn¬ A≤y-£-X hln®p. sshZnI SÃn-

bmb tIm\m´v tImc tbml-∂m≥ a¬]ms‚ \ncymWw aqew Hgnhp

h∂ ÿm\-tØ°v tIm\m´v tImc amØ≥ a¬]ms\ sXc-s™-

SpØp.

1895 \hw-_¿ 23/hr›nIw 11 i\n-bmgvN

amt\-PnwKv IΩ‰n tbmK-Øn¬ A≤y-£-X hln®p. ae-¶c saXm-

t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS klm-bn-bmbn NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿

KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ \nb-an®p. At±-lsØ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ sshkv

]kn-U‚m-°m≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXp.

1896 P\p-hcn 25/aIcw 13 (kp-I) i\n-bmgvN

Xncp-h-√mbv°p kao]w Ihn-bq¿ F∂ ÿeØp ÿm]n® Xm¬-

°m-en-I-]-≈n-bpsS IqZm-ibpw ÿncw sI´n-S-Øns‚ inem-ÿm-]-

\hpw am¿ KotKmdntbm-kn-t\m-sSm∏w \n¿∆-ln-®p. Xte∂v Xncp-h-√-

bn¬\n∂p kzoI-c-W-tLm-j-bm-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.

1897 \hw-_¿ 24/hr›nIw 12

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\mcn ]≈n (Nm-∏¬) -bpsS A`n-tjI

IqZmi \n¿∆-ln-®p. am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv, Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-

dn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿ kw_‘n-®p.

1898 s^_p-hcn 26/Ipw`w 15 i\n-bmgvN

Ihn-bq¿ …o-_m-∏-≈n-bpsS IqZmi \n¿h-ln-®p. am¿ KotKm-dn-

tbmkv kw_‘n-®p.


1899 \hw-_¿ 23/hr›nIw 9

tIm´bw Fw.- Un. skan-\m-cn-bnse kΩm-\-Zm-\-N-S-ßn¬ am¿

KotKm-dn-tbmkn-t\m-sSm∏w kw_-‘n-®p.

1900 \hw-_¿ 22/hr›nIw 9 (kp-I) hymgmgvN

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ]≈n-bpsS Iq-Zmi \S-Øn.

Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv kw_-‘n-®p.

1901 s^_p-hcn 24/Ipw`w 13

skan-\mcn SÃn-am-cn¬ Hcm-fmb Ip∂pw-]p-dØp tImc Del∂m≥

\ncym-X-\m-bn. KotKm-dn-tbm-kn-t\m-sSm∏w ih-kw-kvIm-c-ip-iqj

\n¿∆-ln-®p.

1901 am¿®v 23/ao\w 10 (kp-I) i\n-bmgvN

h¿j-ß-fmbn \ho-I-c-W-I-£n ssIh-i-s∏SpØnbn-cp∂ tIm´bw

sNdnb ]≈n-bn¬ tImS-Xn-hn-[n-bv°p-tijw am¿ AØm-\m-kntbmk,v

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂o saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-tcm-sSm∏w FØn.

]nt‰∂v ]≈n IqZmi sNbvXp.

1901 G]n¬ 24, 25/taSw 11, 12 (kp-I)

ae-¶c al-P\ k` (kp-dn-bm\n InkvXym-\n Atkmkntb-j-≥)-

bn¬ A≤y-£-X hln®p. Ip∂pw-]p-dØv tImc De-l-∂m≥ acn®

Hgn-hn¬ Ip∂pw-]p-dØv tImc Ipcys\ (kn.-sP. -Ip-cy≥) Aflmb

SÃn-bmbpw ]pXnb 24 AwK amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n-tbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-

Øp. am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbm-kns‚ ]utcm-lnXy I\IPq_nen BtLm-

jn-°-Ww F∂p Xocp-am-\n®p.

1901 sk]v‰w-_¿˛H-IvtSm-_¿/I∂n

am¿ KotKm-dn-tbmkpw tN¿∂v apf-¥p-cpØn kvIqƒ Xpd-∂p.

1901 \hw-_¿ 25/hr›nIw 12 (kp-I) Xn¶-fmgvN

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ ]utcm-lnXy I\I Pq_n-en-bm-

tLmjw.

1902 \hw-_¿ 2/Xpemw 20 (kp-I)/1078 Xpemw 17 Rmb-dmgvN

]nbinjy-\mb Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv saXm-t∏m-

eoØm cmXn- (Xn-¶-fmgvN shfp-∏n-\v) Hcp aWn°v ]cp-ae skan-\m-

cn-bn¬ Imew sNbvXp (Imew sNbvX kabw ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ XobXn

1902 \hw-_¿ 3 BWv htc-≠Xv)


1902 \hw-_¿ 4/Xpemw 22 (kp-I) sNm∆mgvN

am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ km∂n-≤y-Ønepw apdn-a-‰Øp ]utemkv

am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Ønepw ]cp-

ae ]≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°-ipiq-j.

1907 \hw-_¿ 2

IS-hn¬ ]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm

Imew sNbvXp. Bephm Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S-°w.

1908 s^_p-hcn 27

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ IqSnb kpdn-bm\n InkvXym\n

Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ tbmK-Øn¬ A≤y-£-X hln®p. ae-¶c a¬]m≥

h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv dºm-s\bpw, sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]utemkv dºm-

s\bpw ta¬]´ ÿm\-tØ°pw sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. Ch-cn¬ h´-t»-

cn¬ dºms\ ae-¶c saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Akn-Ã‚pw ]n≥Km-an-

bpambn \n›-bn-®p. 26 AwK amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰nsb sXc-s™-Sp-Øp.

1909 Pqsse 11/ 1084 anYp\w 28 Rmb¿

tIm´bw sNdnb ]≈n-bn¬ cmhnse 11.45\p Imew sNbvXp.

1909 Pqsse 12/ 1084 anYp\w 29 Xn¶ƒ

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ I_-d-S-°w.

]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv Imew sNbvX taev]-´-

°m¿

taev]-´-°m¿, Imew sNbvX XobXn, I_-d-S-ßnb ]≈n F∂o

Ia-Øn¬.

bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkv (A-t¥ym-Jy≥) 1874 sk]v‰w-_¿ 1

apf-¥p-cpØn am¿ sXmΩ≥ ]≈n.

amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-kntbmkv (]me-°p-∂Øv) 1877 Pqsse

16 amcm-a¨ am¿tØmΩm ]≈n.

Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbm-kv (tIm\m´v) 1884 am¿®v 21 ]mºm-°pS

sk‚ v tPm¨kv henb ]≈n.

sia-hq≥ am¿ Znh-∂m-kntbm-kv (Ic-h´pho-´n¬) 1886 HIvtSm-_¿

2 ISp-ß-aw-Kew sk‚ v ]ot‰gvkv B‚ v sk‚ v t]mƒkv ]≈n.

sia-hq≥ am¿ AØm-\mkntbmkv (A-t¥ym-Jy≥) 1889 Pq¨ 11

tIm´bw ]pØ≥]≈n.

Koh¿Kokv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv (Aºm´v) 1891 am¿®v 9 A¶-amen

sk‚ v tacokv sNdn-b-]≈n.


tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbmkv (]me-°p-∂Øv) 1893 BKÃv

10 amcm-a¨ am¿tØmΩm ]≈n.

Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv (NmØp-cp-Øn¬) 1902 \hw-_¿

2 ]cp-ae skan-\mcn.

]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-kn-tbm-kv (IS-hn¬) 1907 \hw-_¿ 2

Bephm Xr°p-∂Øp skan-\mcn.

]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv hmgn-°-s∏´ taev]-´-

°m¿

taev]-´-°m¿, ÿm\-ta‰ Xob-Xn, taev]´hmgvN \S∂ ]≈n

F∂ Ia-Øn¬. Cu taev]´hmgvNI-fn-sem∂pw

At±lw kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂n√.

tXmakv am¿ AØm--\m-kn-tbm-kv (]me-°p-∂Øv) 1868 sabv 31

tIm´bw ]g-b -sk-an-\mcn.

Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbm-kv (tIm\m´v) 1876 Unkw-_¿ 3 hS-

°≥ ]d-hq¿ am¿ sXmΩ≥ ]≈n.

]utemkv am¿ AØm-\mkn-tbm-kv (IS-hn¬) 1876 Unkw-_¿ 3

hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿ am¿ sXmΩ≥ ]≈n.

Koh¿Kokv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv (Aºm´v) 1876 Unkw-_¿ 10 hS-°≥

]d-hq¿ am¿ sXmΩ≥ ]≈n.

Koh¿Kokv am¿ KotKm-dn-tbm-kv (NmØp-cp-Øn¬) 1876 Unkw-

_¿ 10 hS-°≥ ]d-hq¿ sXmΩ≥ ]≈n.

sia-hq≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-kn-tbm-kv (Ic-h-´v) 1877 tabv 17 Ip∂w-

Ipfw Nnd-fbw sk‚ v emk-dkv ]≈n.

]utemkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv (apdn-a-‰Øv) 1877 tabv 17 Ip∂w-

Ipfw Nnd-fbw sk‚ v emk-dkv ]≈n.

sd\nhn-emØn am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv 1892 tabv 29 sImfwt_m

\¬a-cW amXm-hns‚ ]≈n.

]utemkv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kv (-sIm®p]d-ºn¬) 1908 tabv 31 Pdp-

ktew am¿ a¿t°m-kns‚ Zbdm

Koh¿Kokv am¿ Znh-∂m-kn-tbmkv (h´-t»-cn¬) 1908 tabv 31 Pdp-

ktew am¿ a¿t°m-kns‚ Zbdm

]pen-t°m- n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Ime-Øp-\-S∂ ]≈n]Xn-]pcpj

˛ ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ tbmK-ßƒ

tIm´bw ]gb skan-\mcn

1869 HIvtSm-_¿ 21


1870 s^_p-hcn 7

1886 sk]v‰w-_¿ 11˛13

1892 am¿®v 30, 31

1895 \hw-_¿ 21˛23

1901 G]n¬ 24, 25

1908 s^_p-hcn 27

]cp-ae skan-\mcn

1873 sk]v‰w-_¿ 8

1878 s^_p-hcn 18

apf-¥p-cpØn

1876 Pq¨ 27˛30

shfn-b-\mSv

1877 P\p-hcn 27˛30

]pXp-∏≈n

1879 G]n¬ 26

(BsI 12 Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ tbmK-ßƒ. as‰mcp ae-¶c saXm-

s‚bpw ImeØv CXbpw tbmK-ßƒ \S-∂n-´n-√. Poh-N-cn-X-^-eIw

h¿Kokv tPm¨ tXm´-∏pg Xøm-dm-°n-bXv.)


KŸI¿Ømhns‚ IrXnIƒ

1. PKZoiv Nµt_mkv (PohNcnXw)

2. C·mtXymkns‚ k]vXteJ\ßƒ (hnh¿Ø\w)

3. skan\m¿ ]_‘ßƒ (FUn‰¿)

4. ]pent°mń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv ]Y-a≥

(c≠mw ]Xn∏v, PohNcnXw)

5. ae¶ck`bpw tIcf kwkvImchpw (k`mNcnXw)

6. C¥y≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k` (k`mNcnXw)

7. ae¶cbpsS ]hmNI≥ (PohNcnXw)

8. k`bnse ]Xnk‘nIƒ (FUn‰¿)

9. `mcXØnse ]mNo\ ss__nƒ (KthjW]T\w, hymJym\w)

10. aebmf IhnXbpw ss__nfpw (]n.-F-®v.Un. ]_‘w)

11. almflmhmb I¿ΩtbmKn (FUn‰¿)

12. Hcp ]ctZibmXbpsS IY (FUn‰¿)

13. C¥y≥k`: NcnXhpw kwkvImchpw (klKŸImc≥)

14. ae¶ck`bpsS tIm´ (PohNcnXw ˛ klKŸImc≥)

15. ]mXnb¿°ok∑mcpsS A[n-ImcZp¿hn\ntbmKw (k`mNcnXw)

16. kt≠kvIqƒ A≤ym]I klmbn (FUn‰¿)

17. kwkvImc ]T\ßƒ (FUn‰¿)

18. A£cßfpsS BNmcy≥ (jjvSn]q¿Øn D]lmcKŸw)

19. ae¶ck`bpsS kph¿ÆbpKinev]n (hmeyw 1, PohNcnXw)

20. ae¶ck`bpsS kph¿ÆbpKinev]n (hmeyw 2, FUn‰¿)

21. ae¶ck`bpsS kph¿ÆbpKinev]n (hmeyw 3, FUn‰¿)

22. C¥y≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k` 52˛2014 (k`mNcnXw)

23. tIcf \thm∞m\hpw aebmfw ss__nfpw (FUn‰¿)

24. 1811˛se aebmfw ss__nfpw ]pent°mń¬ c≠ma\pw (FUn‰¿)

25. I≠\mSv KŸhcn (k`mNcnXw, hymJym\w)

26. IShn¬ am¿ AØm\mtkymkv (PohNcnXw)

27. A°c Ipcnb≥ ssd´¿ (PohNcnXw. klKŸImc≥)

28. Xriq¿]≈n NcnXw (k`mNcnXw)

29. ]pent°mń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠ma≥ (PohNcnXw)

30. Indian Orthodox Church (Church History)31. ]g™nbpsS tijvTmNmcy≥ (PohNcnXw)

32. ae¶ck`bpsS kap∂XkmcYnIƒ

(k`mNcnXw. klKŸ Imc≥)

33. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv Bcm[\bpsS ]cnt]£yw (]T\w)


34. ]meq¿ Nm´pIpfßc: NcnXhpw kwkvImchpw (k`mNcnXw)

35. ae¶ck`bpw Imt\m≥ kwlnXIfpw (]T\w)

36. ]g™n]≈n NcnXw

37. k`m Z¿i\w (3 aWn°q¿ hoUn-tbm-Im-k-‰v, k`mNcnXw)

38. ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ImenI ]m[m\yw (klKŸImc≥)

39. sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-ßƒ

40. C¥y≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`mNcnX hn⁄m\tImiw

41. tIc-f -\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]Ya ]hm-N-I≥

42. ac-Wm-\-¥c PohnXw (FUn-‰¿)

43. sh´n-°p-t∂¬ A®≥

44. b¬tZm _t -en-tbm-kv-: k-a-Ime NcnXtcJ-I-fn-eqsS

45. ss__nƒ ]pXn-b-\n-baw (kw-t£-]w)

46. ]I-tem-a‰w saXm-∑m¿

47. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿

48. ]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw

49. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Bcm-[-\m-h¿jw

50. BZn-a -k-`-bpsS ]t_m-[-\ßfpw Bcm-[-\-Ifpw

ae-¶ck`bpssmalankaraorthodox.tv/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/sabha_jyothis.pdfae-¶ck`bpss-tpym-xn pw...

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