advances in the application of geographic information...
TRANSCRIPT
Advances in the Application of
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Carmelle J. Terborgh, Ph.D.
ESRI Federal/Global Affairs
Highlights…
• GIS in our World
• Advancements in GIS
– Visualization and Analysis
– Geographic Science
• A GIS Platform for tomorrow
– Web GIS
– Desktop GIS
– Mobile GIS
• Advances in Spatial Statistics
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Urban Planning & Management
Regional Planning
Puerto Rico
Online
Community
Planning
U.K.
Land Use Suitability
Montana
3D Zoning
Portland, Oregon
Web Based Suitability
North Carolina
Urban Design
San Jose, California
Urban Redevelopment
Bakersfield, California
Virtual City
Bangkok
Arizona
Urban Planning
California
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Public Safety & Law Enforcement
NEPA Response Time Model
Texas
Fire Response
California
Analysis of Violence
Russia
Crime Hot Spot Analysis
Nebraska
Crime Prediction
Arizona
Crime Analysis
Texas
E911 / CAD
Bahrain
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Business Geographics
Customer Allocation
Wisconsin
Bank Site Selection
China
Insurance
Global
Real Estate
Pennsylvania
Demographic Segmentation
Texas
Hospital / Patient Analysis
Arizona
Postal Management
Saudi Arabia
Commodity Flows
Netherlands
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Social Issues & Human Health
Housing Foreclosures
Florida
Children Out Of School
Ethiopia
Lead Hazards
Buffalo, New York
Opium Cultivation
Afghanistan
Humanitarian Aid
Darfur
Teenage Births
King County, WashingtonCommunity Vulnerability
NOAA
Statistics & Census
Using PDAs and Creating Districts
Department of Statistics,
Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Map Distribution
INEC – Costa Rica
Data Distribution
US Census Bureau
Area
Selection
Cadastral
Map
Graph
Settings
Graph and Map
Interactive Web Mapping
Statistics Bureau - Japan
GIS for Statistical Organizations
• Environmental Statistics
• Agricultural Statistics
• Census
• Health Statistics
Challenges Sustainability . . .
. . . for All of Us
We Live in a Rapidly Changing WorldIncreasingly Driven by Population Growth & Human Action
Impacting the Natural World
• Climate
• Biodiversity
• Natural Resources
Impacting our Future
• Energy
• Economy
• Security
GIS is changing everything
Spatially Integrated
Thinking
Digital Geographic
Knowledge
GIS
How We Abstract Our World . . .
How We Organize & Communicate . . .
Shared Geographic
Knowledge
How We Reason About the World . . .
GIS is also changing how we work
• Systematic
• Holistic
• Analytic
• Quantitative
• Visual
A Science-based Approach
Acting
Decision
Making
Designing
& Planning
Measuring
Analyzing
Geo-Accounting
Visualizing
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GIS creates more Sustainable ActionRaising Awareness, Saving Resources, Improving Efficiency & Making Better Decisions
Visualization & AnalysisAuthoring, Analyzing & Viewing 3D Data
Visualization
2D and 3D
KML
Viewshed Terrain
Analysis
Lidar
3D Geometry
Improving Geographic ScienceProviding Answers to Difficult Questions
. . . Improves Scripting, Performance & Quality
Improved
Proximity Analysis
Contouring with Barriers
Scatter Plot Graphics
Vehicle Routing
with Time Windows
Gaussian Geostatistical
Simulations
Geographically
Weighted Regression
Analysis & Modeling
Today GIS Implementations Follow 3 Common Patterns
Web-Based Integration
Desktop Server Federated
Professional
• Ad Hoc Projects
• Analysis/Modeling
• Mapping
Workgroups
• Shared Database
• Fixed Applications
• Transactions
Organizations
• Shared Services
• Integration
• Collaboration
The vision
Authors
GIS
Servers
GIS Users
Mobile Users
Web
Users
Web 2.0
Desktop GIS Leverages the Web
KML
ArcGIS
Online
ManyPartners
ESRIData
Publishes
Maps
Reads Online
Services
ArcMap
Web GIS is Moving Us into a New Era
Accessible GIS . . .
. . . Integrating Authoritative GIS Data & Analysis
Serving Both Existing &
New User CommunitiesPublishingServices
GIS Organizations
S1
S2
S3
Sn
S2 +
S3
S1
Mashups
External Services
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Example of Services:
• Data Dissemination
• Mashups
• Address lookup
• Line of sight
• Data fusion
• Report generation
Server GIS Patterns
Mashups
Mapping
Mobile
Replication
Distributed (SDI)
Enterprise
Departments
Web GIS Applications
Fusion Center
Enterprise Integration
IT System
Sharing Resources
. . . Enhancing Collaboration
Supporting the…
• Consumer
• Decision-Maker
• “Pro”sumer
Sharing Your WorkEncapsulates Your Data and Cartography
• Easily Created
• Multiple Dissemination Methods
• Directly Usable
ArcGIS
Desktop
ArcGIS
Online
Shared
Files
CD
. . . Packages Data and Symbology
GIS as a Fusion CenterSupporting a Common Operating Picture
• Emergency Management
• Community Awareness
• Economic Development
• Planning
• Utility Operations
. . . Providing Integrated Situational Awareness
GIS Infrastructure
Replication/Integration
Explorer
Mobile
Web
SituationalAwareness
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Demonstrations
Mobile GISMultiple Solutions for Working in the Field
• Mapping
• Editing
• Query
• GPS
. . . Connecting & Integrating the Mobile Work Force
Synchronized
with Geodatabase
General Purpose
ArcGIS Mobile
Server Based
ArcGIS Desktop
& Engine
Full Feature
DesktopArcPad
Mobile
ArcPad
Many Data Sources
StoringIntegration
Analyzing
VisualizingActing
• Better Decisions
• Greater Efficiency
(Money/Time/Resources)
• More Effective
Communication
Providing Tools, Methods, and Workflows that Support
Collaboration and Action
Work Flow
. . . Improving the Way We Do Things
GIS: Applies the Geographic Approach
Spatial Statistics
• Describe and model spatial
distributions, spatial patterns, spatial
processes, and spatial relationships
• Incorporate space (area, length,
proximity, orientation, and/or
spatial relationships) directly into
their mathematics
…Data Exploration
Patterns
Relationships
Trends
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Spatial Statistics
Toolbox
1. Analyzing Patterns
2. Mapping Clusters
3. Measuring Geographic
Distributions
4. Modeling Spatial
Relationships
5. Rendering
6. Utilities
• Questions
– Which site is most accessible?
– Is there a directional trend to the spatial
distribution of the disease?
– What is the primary wind direction for this region
in the winter?
– Where is the population center?
– Which species has the broadest territory?
Measuring Geographic Distribution
Analyzing Patterns
Mapping Clusters
Modeling Spatial Relationships
Central Feature
Mean Center
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• Is there an unexpected spike in
pharmaceutical purchases?
• Are new AIDs cases remaining
geographically fixed?
• Which plant species is most
concentrated?
• Does the spatial pattern of the disease
mirror the spatial pattern of the
population at risk?
Measuring Geographic Distribution
Analyzing Patterns
Mapping Clusters
Modeling Spatial Relationships
• Where are the emergency call hot spots?
• Where do we see unexpectedly high rates of diabetes?
Measuring Geographic Distribution
Analyzing Patterns
Mapping Clusters
Modeling Spatial Relationships
• Where are their sharp boundaries
between affluence and poverty in
Ecuador?
• Where do we find anomalous spending
patterns in Kiev?
High Poverty
Low Poverty
High Poverty
Surrounded by
Low poverty
Low poverty
Surrounded
by High
Poverty
Measuring Geographic Distribution
Analyzing Patterns
Mapping Clusters
Modeling Spatial Relationships
Construct spatial weights matrix files
Ordinary Least Squares
Geographically Weighted Regression
• Can I model spatial relationships based
on a real road network?
• Are spatial weights matrix files editable,
sharable, re-usable?
• Can I create a custom spatial weights
matrix file?
• What is the relationship between
educational attainment and income?
• Is there a relationship between income
and public transportation usage? Is that
relationship consistent across the study
area?
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Regression analysis in Desktop GIS
PopulationFeature Class
IncomeFeature Class
Coefficient Surface
Coefficient Surface
OutputFeature Class
CrimeIntercept+ + =
Observed Values
Predicted Values
20 40 60 80 1000
20
0
40
60
80
100
Ordinary Least Squares Regression Geographically Weighted Regression
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911 Calls
Population
Low Education
Distance to Urban Center
Jobs
GWR Residual Map
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Scatterplot Matrix Graphs
• Interactive selection
– Maps
– Graphs
– Tables
Geostatistical Analysis
• Explore data variability, look for data outliers, examine global trends, and
investigate spatial autocorrelation and the correlation between multiple
data sets.
• Create prediction, prediction standard errors, the probability that specified
threshold was exceeded, and quantile maps using various geostatistical
models and tools.
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Suggested resource
• ESRI Press Book: The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis: Spatial
Measurement and Statistics, Volume 2 by Andy Mitchell
www.esri.com/esripress
Recommendations for Census uses of GIS
• Consider appropriate GIS technology for each phase of the Census
• Desktop GIS– Data collection and preparation
• Automated raster-to-vector conversion
• Imagery integration
• Development of enumeration areas
• Allocation of assignments
– Data and Statistical Analysis
– Strong cartographic tools
– Data Dissemination with free data viewers
• Mobile GIS– Integrates with GPS
– Field data collection
• Geographic location verification
• Navigation
• Server GIS– Data dissemination
• Web map publishing
• GIS Services (geocoding, gazetteer, etc.)
• GeoVisualization tools
GIS: Improving how we are…
. . . Improving How We Organize & Create Our Future
