Advances in Phytoremediation Technologyin China

Yongming Luo

Soil and Environment Bioremediation Research CenterInstitute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences

International Applied Phytotechnologies Conference

March 3-5, 2002 Chicago, USA

Three Main Contents

General State

Research and Development

Tendency in Phyto-technology

03

5

10

16 18

0

4

8

12

16

20

1989-1997

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

Published papers in relation to phytoremediation in China during 1989/2002.6

Distribution of the published papers among the pollutants in China during last 5 years

35

13

9

Heavy metal

POPS

Others

3

3

5

4

5

As

Zn

Cu

Pb

Cd

Distribution of the published papers among heavy metals in China

Limited experimentally-based work, but increasing with time;

At very early developing stage.

Phytoremediation Research in China

Phytoextraction Hyperaccumulation(As/Zn/Pb/Cu/Cd)

Enhanced Phytoextraction

Phytoaccumulation(Cu/Zn/Cd/Pb)

Phytofiltration Root Concentration (Cu/Pb/PAHs)

Phytovolatilization Volatilization (Hg)

Phyto/microbial degradation

Biodegradation(Pesticide/PAHs)

Phytostabilization Root Retention (Zn/Pb/Cu)

Phyto-tech. Study

in China

(I)

Phytoremediation

Soil/Land WaterWaste

Heavy metals Organics N, P

Field survey Basic research Application

Special plants Mechanisms Demonstration

Phytoremediation Research in China (II)

Hyperaccumulator plants

As: Pteris vitatta (Chen et al., 2000/02,), >0.1%; Pteris cretica (Wei et al., (2002), >0.05%

Zn: Sedum alfredii H (Yang et al., 2001), 0.4%Pb: Brassica pekinensis ruciferae (Xiong, 1998),

>0.2% (experimentally)Cu: Elshohzia splenden (Yang et al., 1998);

Commelina communis ( Shu etal., 2001), >0.1%

Cd: Chinese oilseed rape (Brassica Juncea) (Su et al., 2001), >0.01% (experimentally)

Research and Practice (1)

As by Prof. Chen and colleague in Beijing Institute of Geographical Science and Resources, CAS, China

Brake fern (Pteris vattata L. in 2000)

Cretan brake (Pteris cretica L. in 2002)

Greenhouse experiment

Tissue culture of P. Vittata

Field Field management management for seedlings of for seedlings of P. P. vittatavittata

Phytoremediation demonstration site

Plant biomass about 30 t/ha 8 months after transplanting

Cut and regeneration

Research and Practice (1)

PAHs by Soil and Environment Bioremediation Center,NanjingInstitute of Soil Science, CAS, China

Under different concentrations ofUnder different concentrations of PAHs PAHs

Ryegrass assisted Ryegrass assisted rhizorhizo--remediationremediation

Clover assisted Clover assisted rhizorhizo--remediationremediation

Under different concentrations ofUnder different concentrations of PAHsPAHs ((BaPBaP))

Clover plants inoculated with VAMClover plants inoculated with VAM

Phenanthrene (PHE)concentrations in soil with

and without ryegrass plants

PHE-50ppm

05

1015

2025

3035

4045

50

0 15 30 45 60 75 90

天数(d)

土壤中

PHE的残留量

(mg/kg)

有植物

无植物

B(a)P-50ppm

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

天数(d)

土壤中

B(a)P的残留浓度

(mg/kg)

有植物

无植物

Benzo-α-pyrene (BaP)concentrations in soil with

and without ryegrass plants

PHE 50 mg/kg

BaP 50 mg/kg

withwithout without

with

Day Day

B[a]P concentrations （mg/kg） in Cu and B[a]P mixed contaminated soil grown with

and without clover plants

0.00±0.00

0.16±0.03bB

0.21±0.04bBD

100 60.16±3.56A 88.71±2.36B

TreatmentConcentration in soil Concentration in plants

With Without Root Stem/leaf

CK 0.02±0.00 0.02±0.00 0.00±0.00

1 0.14±0.01a 0.21±0.01b 0.57±0.04aA

10 1.57±0.02A 2.47±0.05B 0.84±0.13cC

0.85±0.12cC 0.60±0.03eE

Difference in soil degraded B[a]P concentration (mg/kg) between treatments with and without VAM inoculation

B(a)PAdded(mg/kg)

Day

Treatment

0 30 40 50 60 90

1－ 0 0.19 0.26 0.18 0.17 0.18

VA 0 0.30 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.28

10－ 0 2.24 2.71 2.45 2.43 2.40

VA 0 3.53 3.32 3.2 3.47 3.20

100－ 0 8.11 19.47 22.96 21.13 18.73

VA 0 24.63 25.33 21.6 27.47 23.33

Phytoremediation of POPs is indirect and/or direct

Planting with inoculum enhances rizho-remediation

A cost effective �green phyto-technology�

Engineered rhizo-remediation could be a new approach

Summary

Phytotechnology and restoration of metal contaminated wetland and

eutrophied lake in China

Cu Concentrations in above-ground (a) and in roots (b) of E. splenden

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.31 25 50 75 100

营养液Cu浓度（μM）Cu concentration in nutrient solution (μM)

total

Cu

in E

. Spl

ende

ns sh

oots

(μg)

海洲香薷地上部

Cu总量（μ

g）

硫铵 (Ammonium Sulfate)硝铵 (Ammonium Nitrate)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0.31 25 50 75 100

营养液Cu浓度（μM）Cu concentration in nutrient solution (μM)

tota

l Cu

in E

. Spl

ende

ns ro

ots (μ

g)海洲香薷根系

Cu总量（μ

g）

硫铵 (Ammonium Sulfate)硝铵 (Ammonium Nitrate)

(a) (b)

Phytotechnology for restoration and reconstruction of Wetland near mined areas

Using water plants for phytoremediation and restoration of contaminated lake

Phytotechnology of contaminated estuary in China

A Solution Approach to Eutrophication in Mariculture Areas by Applying Technology of Large-scale Cultivation of Seaweeds (Gracilaria lemaneaformis) inChinese Coastal waters (By YANG Yu-Feng, FEI Xiu-Geng)

Harvest of seaweeds

* Efficient removal of N and P

* High biomass

* Easy harvest

Future initiative and prospect for phytoremediation in China

On-going project in China

Phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals (As, Cu and Zn etc.)

Phyto-technology of soils contaminated withPOPs (Pesticides, PAHs, PCBs etc.)

Phytoremediation

Soil/Land WaterWaste

Heavy metals Organics N, P

Field survey Basic research Application

Special plants Mechanisms Marketing

Future Phytoremediation Research in China

Phytoremediation of polluted environment

Phytostabilization Phytodegradation

PhytoextractionPhytovolatilization

S M

R

Phytotechnology for Air Pollutant ???

1. Hyper-metabolism 2. Super-transformation

NOxNOx, , SOxSOx, VOCS, POPS, , VOCS, POPS, PTEsPTEs, , TSPs TSPs

Air Phytoremediation and EcoAir Phytoremediation and Eco--environmenalenvironmenal SafetySafety

Plant/Soil Plant/Soil InteractionInteraction

Processes

Mechanism

Biomass

Concentration�Adsorption

�Absorption

�Degradation

�Metabolism

�Transformation

1. Research and development of phytoremediation are just beginning;

2. Advances in phytoremediation appear in several aspects: Theory, Research and Practice;

3. Using natural green resources to tackle natural environmental pollution will be encouraged.

General summary

Needs for phytoremediation in China

Cooperation between regions: Forum, Network and funding mechanismsPromote public awarenessGuidelines and legislation enforcementApplied phytotechnology developmentEnvironmental monitoring and assessment Management of phytoremediation sitesMarketing Stragety

� High efficient,

� Cost-effective

� Easy operation (large-scale suitability)

� Risk-free or minimum

� Profitable

� Legislative

� Hybrid (for multiple-pollutants or mixed polluted environment)

Applied Phyto-technology

Multi-disciplinary

Research

Hydrology Physics

Chemistry

MicrobiologyEngineering

Agronomy

BiochemistryMineralogy

Plant physiology

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Many thanks for those who provided with information and allowed me for using their materials, and also for Prof. Alan Baker�s recommendation and for Jennifer Musella�s efficient work.

Thank you ！