"advanced wireless technologies and products"
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Advanced Wireless Technologies and Products
BAD 640465 March 2003
Satellites - Orbit Distances
Three categories of orbit distances GEO
Geosynchronous earth orbitSatellite’s speed precisely matches
rotational speed of EarthRequires an orbit of about 22,300 miles
above the EarthDefined by the longitudinal position of the
point on the equator over which the satellite is located
Satellites - OrbitDistance
GEO Geostationary
A geosynchronous satellite with a zero angle of inclination (orbit is in the plane of the equator)
Appears to hover above the same point on the equator at all times
See “Dundee Receiving Station”
Both types of GEO satellites can be hit by ground stations without the need for tracking equipment
A Representative Geostationary Earth Station
Satellites - Orbit Distance
LEO - Low Earth Orbit 180 to 1000 mile high orbit Visible from a spot on the surface for
only 10 - 20 minutes To maintain a connection, equipment
must automatically switch from satellite to satellite
Moves rapidly with respect to Earth’s surface
Satellites - Orbit DistanceMEO - Medium Earth Orbit
6,250 - 10,000 miles high Intermediate speed of surface translation
Orbit Characteristics
ISSUE SATELLITES' CHARACTERISTICS
Cost of launch Higher for GEONumber of satellites required to cover Earth'ssurface
4 for GEO, 50 for LEO, 12 for MEO
Satellite radio power required to reach surface 625 times greater for GEO than LEORadio power required from mobile Nearly impossible for small unit to reach a
GEO or MEO satelliteAtmospheric drag Greatest for LEO; large antennas cause lots of
dragTracking mechanism None required for GEOLatency (time for signal to reach surface) 500 ms for GEO, 20 ms for LEO
Advantages and Disadvantages of GEO Satellites
Advantages Appear to stand still Huge footprint (3 or 4 cover Earth)
Disadvantages Launch is very expensive and risky Round trip latency of 500 ms Power required varies with square of
distance, so huge transmitters are needed
Satellite Subsystems
Transponders Some do and some do not process the up-
linked data before relaying it back down “Bent pipe” does not process
Received signal amplified without adding noiseRetransmitted down on a different frequency
Modern transponders10 to 30 transponders per satellite, each with
bandwidth of 36 - 72 MHzOnboard error correction is commonSignal routing to xpdrs is common
More About Onboard Processing
Demodulation and re-modulation to remove noise Spot focusing of downlink using steerable antenna
arrays Consist of many switchable elements
Much switching and routing required, especially for LEO systems Iridium and Teledesic are typical Switch to minimize ground based wireline charges
Onboard processing saps power from the downlink transmitter
More complex = more failure points
Frequency and Bandwidth
Frequency tradeoffs Higher frequencies support greater
bandwidth with smaller antennas Higher frequencies are more easily
mitigated by dust, water vapor and even molecules of atmospheric gas
More difficult and expensive to design and build transmitters and receivers for higher frequencies
Crowded Space
Orbital proximity is a problem in GEO orbits Satellites on same frequency must have
significant angular separation so ground stations can discriminate them
Orbital slots and frequencies are limited, so we can run out of physical slots in the sky
This is happening now over Europe and North America
Challenging Technology
Ku-band is highest in present use 10.7 GHz - 18.1 GHz Toshiba introduced first Ku-band
capable transistor at the end of 1998 (gallium-arsenide)
It worked in 14 - 14.5 GHz band $1100 per transistor 20 watt device
More Amazing Technology
Toshiba (May 1999) introduced high power C-band transistor 5.9 - 6.4 GHz 60 watts
Ka band (18 - 31 GHz) is the next development target AIL Systems, Globalstar, KaSTAR
Applications for Satellite Technology
Fixed telephonyGlobal Mobile personal
communications servicesSatellite data transmissionBroadband satelliteGPS
Fixed Telephony Services
Satellite telephone business was originally targeted at trans-Atlantic bulk
Submarine fibre is underpricing satellitesNiche market for satellite phone calls
remains Underserved rural areas and less-developed
countries More cost-effective than wireline, especially in
inhospitable terrain
Global Mobile Personal Communications Services
Challenge is illuminating a small or handheld terminal that has a very small antenna
Antenna is moving constantly, and in and out of buildings
Thus, GEO satellites are infeasibleGMPCS requires LEO or MEO
satellites
GMPCS Devices
Most have dual mode or multimode capability for satellite as well as terrestrial wireless system access
About 0.7 watts transmitted powerHandset antennas cannot be
directionalThere is no universal standard for
satellite “phones” yet
GMPCS Providers
Ellipso Two constellations of MEO satellites Ellipso-Borealis constellation covers
northern latitudes with 10 satellites in elliptical orbits of two planes
Ellipso-Concordia covers tropical and southern latitudes with 6 satellites at 5,031 mile high orbit
Initial launches were planned for 2002
Ellipso Orbital Configuration
Globalstar
Joint Loral - Qualcomm ventureSimple bent pipe satellitesNo inter-satellite communication48 LEOs and 4 on-orbit sparesService began in October 1999All satellites now in orbitEach transmits 16 spot beams
simultaneously
ICO
MEO-basedRecently acquired Teledesic10 satellites in two orbital planes, 5 each6,472 mile high orbit8.9 KW per satelliteSimple system that routes calls to the PSTN4,500 simultaneous calls per satellite ICO handsets are dual-mode or tri-mode
CDMA/AMPS/ICO
Iridium
Bankrupt in September 1999, and now resuming service
LEO systemLarge handhelds
Satellite Data Transmission
Data services will be broadly available via satellites
Designed for fixed usersMost downlink only, some bi-directional,
symmetric or asymmetricBroadband data transfer is technically
challenging because of latency delay and high bit rate accuracy required (10-
7)
VSAT Applications
Very Small Aperture Terminal High powered Earth station connects via
satellite to network of low-powered ground stations with small antennas
High bandwidth on downlink but not on uplink Equipment is an outdoor unit and an indoor
interface to user’s data terminal Deployed in rural areas and for low-cost credit
card verification
DirecPC
Data “broadcasting” Internet access 21 inch elliptical
antenna, PC adapter card, software
Downlink only Upstream is through an
ISP 400 Kbps data rate $69.95 unlimited,
without ISP
Other Internet Access via Satellite
European Satellite Multimedia Services Similar to DirecPC Downlink up to 38 Mbps Uplink is via phone
Gilat Satellite Systems Two way satellite broadband to MSN
customers Israeli company
Cidera Multicasts same content to multiple sites Specialty is Internet content to ISPs, who
then cache it 45 Mbps
Similar service available from IPPlanet (Irsael) and iBeam, in Sunnyvale
Other Internet Access via Satellite
Broadband Satellite Systems
Skybridge Planned LEO system Two constellations of 40 satellites each Covers everything except poles 20 Mbps down, 2 Mbps up Fractional bandwidth on demand available 350,000 users per satellite No intersatellite connections Service in 2003
Broadband Satellite Systems
Teledesic Partnered with Ellipso LEO with 64Mbps downlink rates Motorola is prime contractor Boeing does large scale systems integration, software
development, and launch services Bill Gates is a key backer 288 satellites, low, with low latency Each satellite is like a node in a fast packet switching
network 30 GHz uplink, 20 GHz downlink
Global Positioning System
Implemented and operated by U.S. Department of Defense
24 satellites in six MEO orbital planesFive to eight satellites available at any
time from any point on EarthFour signals (minimum) needed by
compute position
GPS Add Ons
SnapTrack Will track location of cellular phone users
FCC mandated locatability of 911 callers within 1200 meters by October 2001 – was partially achieved Cellular wireless network will send an estimate of the
location of the phone to a server, which then returns the locations of the nearest GPS satellites
Phone then calculates and reports its location
Cellular sites already have GPS receivers to provide synchronous timing information
Qualcomm bought SnapTrack for $1B in January 2000
Market Overview
Wireless growth is exceeding most market projections
Prices are falling as competition increases
Data now dominates over voice !
Wireless Voice Telephony
309 M cellular users at end of 1998 Forecast 862 M at end of 2003
Data over mobile and e-commerce expected to account for much of this growth
303 M cellular/PCS users in 1998 Forecast 1.1 B cellular/PCS by end of 2003 (!)
Approximately half of the above are forecast to be using GSM
3G services will lag in the U.S. behind Europe, Japan, and Korea
Asia
PDC standard dominates in Japan, GSM everywhere else in Asia
Taiwan and south Korea are the fastest growing markets for mobile data
Motorola is in a joint agreement with Ministry of Information and Industry of China to develop 3G technologies there
Europe
GSM dominates overwhelminglySubscriber growth is slowingFinland offered the first 3G licensesDataquest predicts that only 4% of
subscribers will be using full 3G compliant systems by 2005
United States
18 service providers held most of the market in the U.S. at end of century
Three use CDMA1900, seven GSM1900, one IS-136, and the rest AMPS, CDMA800, TDMA800.
Consolidation of providers will continue, with mixes of GSM and CDMA in place
Growth Projections
CDMA growth rate of 50.4%TDMA growth rate of 39.5 %AMPS growth rate of -16.6 %
Latin America
Digital subscribers dominateSix times as many new subscribers for
digital rather than analogTDMA = 33.9 %; CDMA 6.6 %; GSM 1.6 %Forecast is that 75% of all TDMA handsets
in 2003 will go to Latin America
Wireless Data
Fierce competition involving: Private data networks (ARDIS, Metricom, and
Mobiltex) Cellular networks (CDPD, SMS, circuit-
switched, and 2.5G) Land mobile radio and specialized mobile radio Satellite services Two-way paging
Regional Variations
Europe leads the world in adoption of digital cellular service and mobile wireless services
Asia/Pacific are also tied with or slightly leading U.S.
Thus, regions outside the U.S. make take the lead in adoption of new Internet services
Wireless Data Services (U.S.)
Subscribers growing x10 between 1999 and 2003
CAGR will be 81.6 %Devices and services will drop in
priceSMS (Short Messaging Service) is
forecast to be the driver of U.S. growth in wireless data
Wireless SMS Players
Blackberry Service aimed at e-mail users $ 9.95/month for unlimited e-mail, with
$359 price on the deviceARDIS started two-way paging
service in 1999 Palm VII ($500) supports this
ARDIS Target Markets
Vertical markets, normallyUPSTruckingRepair and service techniciansPricing varies with quantity of data
transmitted
CDPD Target Markets(Cellular Digital Packet Data)
Available to 53% of the U.S. population
Especially popular among police agencies
Growth in Canada is significantCDPD is the only packet-switched
technology offered on cellular / PCS networks in Canada
Satellites - Markets
Broadband satellite industry might be subject to over-capacity if all planned satellite systems deploy
Satellite launches for mobile service have lagged behind their timetables
Bankruptcies are slowing down the industry Iridium went bankrupt because of high prices $1,495 handset and $1.59 to $3.99 per minute
call charges
Forecast - Terrestrial Mobile Voice
AMPS will continue to erodeU.S. cellular market will remain
fragmented among CDMA, TDMA, GSMMobile users in Asia/Pacific, not even
counting Japan, may exceed total in U.S. and Europe
Handset antennas will move away from head via headsets
Forecast - Terrestrial Mobile Data
Adoption of interim data technologies (HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE) will lead to market fragmentation in the U.S. and to lesser degree in Europe
3G deployment will be delayed by lack of demand from mobile applications and lack of a global 3G standard
SMS will dominate growth in mobile services Location-based services will grow rapidly Growth in Japan and Europe will exceed U.S.
because of unified standards there
Forecast - Terrestrial Stationary Services
Services include WLL, point-to-point wireless, LMDS/MMDS, and laser beam
Demand will be driven by: 1. Demand for high speed data (Internet
mostly) 2. Need for CLECs to bypass the wire local loop
Internet access is still the driver for bandwidth growth
High Speed Services
Will be predominantly wireline through 2003Satellite service initiates on a large scale at
the end of the forecast period -- jury is outWireless has an advantage in the local loop
beyond the reach of fibre from the CONext generation TV channels will include a
data sub-band
More Terrestrial Wireless Forecasts
802.1, Bluetooth, and HomeRF may interfere with each other in the spectrum
Satellite receivers for direct broadcast TV will continue to integrate with data transport
Satellite systems will suffer a lack of demand for mobile access because of in-building problems