advanced placement biology
DESCRIPTION
Advanced Placement Biology. Mr. Jim Sullivan Boston University. Boston University Project STAMP. STAMP S ciecne, T echnology, A nd M ath P artnerships. Undergraduate- Boston College Study of Painted Turtles. Past: Undergraduate- Boston College Study of Painted Turtles. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Advanced Placement Biology
Mr. Jim SullivanBoston University
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Boston University Project STAMP
• STAMP– Sciecne, Technology, And Math
Partnerships
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Undergraduate- Boston CollegeStudy of Painted Turtles
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Past:Undergraduate- Boston College
Study of Painted Turtles
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Past:Graduate- University College
DublinNutrient Cycling
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Graduate- University College Dublin
Nutrient Cycling
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Past:‘Radio’-pharmaceuticals
• Using ‘radioactive’ chemicals to create therapeutic medicines
• Designed to fight cancer
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Present:
• Boston University– Ecology – Molecular Biology– Environmental
Chemistry
• You!– Working with you
guys.– Exploring and
understanding biology from the molecular to the organismal level
Nematostella vectensis
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Time for the flashlight!
• Before going into Genetics, we need to review basic chemistry
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Time for the flashlight!
• Before going into Genetics, we need to review basic chemistry
• Why is Chemistry important for understanding biology?
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The Building Block of Life-The Atom
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What are atoms comprised of?
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What are atoms comprised of?
• Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons
• Neutrons– Electrically neutral– Found in nucleus– Have mass
• Protons– Positively charged– Found in nucleus– Have mass
• Electrons– Negatively charged– Encircle the nucleus– Do not have mass
Contains protons and protons
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Define Mass
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Define Mass
• Mass is an important unit of measurement which will come up often throughout the year.
• Mass is a measure of ‘matter.’
• It is a function of both the density and the size of the object in question.
• Are mass and weight identical?
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How do we describe atoms?
• We define different atoms based upon the number of each of their three components.
• What are the three parts of an atom again?
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How do we describe atoms?
• We define different atoms based upon the number of each of their three components.
– Neutrons, Protons, and Electrons
• Each atom has a unique number of protons.
• Atoms are (usually) electrically neutral, so the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
• The atomic mass describes the sum of protons and neutrons
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612C
714N
15 30P
816O
16 32S
11H
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612C
714N
15 30P
816O
16 32S
11H
•16 protons, 16 neutrons, 16 e-
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612C
714N
15 30P
816O
16 32S
11H
•16 protons, 16 neutrons, 16 e-
•15 protons, 15 neutrons, 15 e-
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612C
714N
15 30P
816O
16 32S
11H
•16 protons, 16 neutrons, 16 e-
•15 protons, 15 neutrons, 15 e-
•8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 e-
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612C
714N
15 30P
816O
16 32S
11H
•16 protons, 16 neutrons, 16 e-
•15 protons, 15 neutrons, 15 e-
•8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 e-
•7 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 e-
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612C
714N
15 30P
816O
16 32S
11H
•16 protons, 16 neutrons, 16 e-
•15 protons, 15 neutrons, 15 e-
•8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 e-
•7 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 e-
•6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 e-
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612C
714N
15 30P
816O
16 32S
11H
•16 protons, 16 neutrons, 16 e-
•15 protons, 15 neutrons, 15 e-
•8 protons, 8 neutrons, 8 e-
•7 protons, 7 neutrons, 7 e-
•6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 e-
•1 proton, 0 neutrons, 1 e-
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612 C
714 N
15 30 P
816 O
16 32 S
11 H
•These 6 elements, which you can remember as ‘SPONCH’ make up 97.6% of your body, by mass
Sulfur
Phosphorous
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
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How Do We Differentiate Between Atoms?
• Tell me how many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in the following elements
612 C
714 N
15 30 P
816 O
16 32 S
11 H
•Two other essential elements areCalcium (Ca) and Iron (Fe), which you remember as ‘CaFE.’•Using your Periodic Table, tell me howneutrons, protons, and electrons are present in atoms of these elements
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Bonds
• What is a bond?
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Bonds
• What is a bond?– A bond between atoms is the result of
interactions bringing atoms closer together
• Name different types of bonds
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Types of Bonds
• There are four types of bonds that will be important to us throughout the year:– Ionic Bonds– Covalent Bonds– Hydrogen Bonds– van der Waals Interactions
• For now, you should understand Ionic and Covalent bonds, we’ll cover the others later
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Ionic and Covalent Bonds
• These bonds are interactions between atoms in which each of the atoms involved attempts to fill its valence shell with eight electrons
• In ionic bonds, there is taking and giving of electrons
• In covalent bonds, there is a sharing of electrons
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Ionic Bonds- The Bully
• Look for the ‘electronegativity (δ)’ section of your periodic table.
• This number indicates how strongly electrons are drawn to the nucleus of that particular atom; the higher the
number, the greater the affinity
• If the difference of electronegativities (δ) of atoms which share a bond is ≥ 1.5, then the bond is ionic
• The more electronegative atom involved ‘takes’ the electrons from the less electronegative
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Covalent Bonds- Friendly Atoms
• If the difference between electronegativities (δ) of atoms sharing a bond is < 1.5, then the atoms in the bond are sharing the electrons– These are Covalent Bonds
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Just to confuse you…
• There are two types of covalent bonds– Non-polar– Polar
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Just to confuse you…
• There are two types of covalent bonds– Non-polar– Polar
• In Non-polar Covalent bonds, the electrons are shared almost completely equally– CH4 is an example
– The difference in terms
of δ between C and H is
2.6 - 2.2 = 0.4C
H
H
H
H
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Just to confuse you…
• There are two types of covalent bonds– Non-polar– Polar
•In Polar Covalent Bonds, the electrons are still shared… but not as equally. H2O is an example
•The difference in electronegativities (δ) between O (3.4)and H (2.2) is 3.4 – 2.2 =1.2 •This is still a covalent bond, but one in which electrons are not evenly shared
•The polar nature of water gives it unique properties!
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Ionic or Covalent?NaCl
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Ionic or Covalent?NaCl- Ionic (3.2 - 0.9 = 2.3) Table Salt
N2
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Ionic or Covalent?NaCl- Ionic (3.2 - 0.9 = 2.3) Table Salt
N2- Covalent (3.0 – 3.0 = 0) Dinitrogen gas, makes up ~78% of the air we breathe
CH4
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Ionic or Covalent?NaCl- Ionic (3.2 - 0.9 = 2.3) Table Salt
N2- Covalent (3.0 – 3.0 = 0) Dinitrogen gas, makes up ~78% of the air we breathe
CH4- Covalent (2.6 – 2.2 =0.4) Methane, aka Natural Gas
HF
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Ionic or Covalent?NaCl- Ionic (3.2 - 0.9 = 2.3) Table Salt
N2- Covalent (3.0 – 3.0 = 0) Dinitrogen gas, makes up ~78% of the air we breathe
CH4- Covalent (2.6 – 2.2 =0.4) Methane, aka Natural Gas
HF- Ionic (4.0 – 2.2 = 1.8) Hydrogen flouride
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Review
• What are the three components of an atom?
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Review
• What are the three components of an atom?
• How can we interpret the periodic table.– Write down the number of protons, electrons,
and neutrons for five elements. Write down the electronegativity of each also.
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Review
• What are the three components of an atom?
• How can we interpret the periodic table.– Write down the number of protons, electrons,
and neutrons for five elements. Write down the electronegativity of each also.
• What is a bond?– Name four types of bonds
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Review
• What are the three components of an atom?• How can we interpret the periodic table.
– Write down the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons for five elements. Write down the electronegativity of each also.
• What is a bond?– Name four types of bonds
• What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?
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Review
• What are the three components of an atom?• How can we interpret the periodic table.
– Write down the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons for five elements. Write down the electronegativity of each also.
• What is a bond?– Name four types of bonds
• What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?
• What are the two types of covalent bonds?
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Back to the Future!
• Next class we will cover Chapter 3.– This will be a discussion of the unique
properties of water, thanks to the polar covalent bonds H2O forms.
• We will also introduce some of the concepts from Chapter 5
• After that, we will begin our discussion of Unit 3: Genetics
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Homework for next Teusday
• Review the handouts from this class
• Read Chapter 3.
• Read pages 52-54.
• Skim Chapter 5. Look at all of the figures and read the figure legends. Don’t worry about the details.