11861.03 MV18

Time1 hour 30 minutes, plus your additional time allowance.

Instructions to CandidatesWrite your Centre Number and Candidate Number on the Answer Booklet provided.Answer two questions, one from each of the two options you have studied.

Information for CandidatesThe total mark for this paper is 70.Quality of written communication will be assessed in the fi nal sub-section of each question.Figures in brackets printed at the end of each question indicate the marks awarded to each question or part question.You are strongly recommended to read through and consider the questions before choosing those you are going to answer.This paper is accompanied by a Resource Booklet.

GeographyAssessment Unit A2 1

assessingPhysical Processes, Landforms and

Management

[AGG11]THURSDAY 30 MAY, AFTERNOON

ADVANCEDGeneral Certifi cate of Education

2019

MV18

11861.03 MV18 2

Answer two questions, one from each of the two options you have studied.

Option A: Plate Tectonics: Theory and Outcomes

Either

1 (a) With general reference to places, explain how plate tectonic processes create the following two landforms:

[8 marks]

ocean ridges; and island arcs.

(b) Study Resource 1A (pages 2–3 of the Resource Booklet) which illustrates volcanic activity in North West USA. Describe the pattern, and explain the processes that have created the volcanic activity of this region.

[9 marks]

(c) Study Resource 1B (pages 4–5 of the Resource Booklet) which discusses preparation for seismic activity in Greece. Using the Resource and your small scale case study, describe how a country can prepare for the management of seismic activity. (If Greece is your case study, material additional to that given in the Resource is required.) [18 marks]

11861.03 MV18 3 [Turn over

Or

2 (a) Describe p, s and l seismic waves and explain the potential impact of seismic shaking. [8 marks]

(b) Study Resource 2 (page 6 of the Resource Booklet) which illustrates tectonic activity in and around the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. With the aid of a diagram, describe and explain the sequence of tectonic processes that have created the landforms and tectonic activity shown. [9 marks]

(c) With reference to a small scale case study of volcanic activity, describe and evaluate how a country prepares for, and responds to, volcanic activity. [18 marks]

11861.03 MV18 4

Option B: Tropical Ecosystems: Nature and Sustainability

Either

3 (a) Study Resource 3 (pages 7–8 of the Resource Booklet) relating to farming in semi-arid environments in Australia.

With reference to this Resource, describe and explain possible solutions to the problems caused by using irrigation. [8 marks]

(b) With the aid of a diagram, explain how the ITCZ and the Hadley Cell influence the location and climate characteristics of tropical desert ecosystems.

[9 marks]

(c) With reference to a small scale case study of the tropical forest environment, describe and evaluate the attempts made to achieve environmental and socio-economic sustainable development. [18 marks]

11861.03 MV18 5 [Turn over

Or

4 (a) Study Resource 4 (pages 9–10 of the Resource Booklet) relating to a threatened area of tropical forest in Brazil.

Using only this Resource, discuss the attempts

to achieve socio-economic and environmental sustainability in this area. [8 marks]

(b) With the aid of a diagram, describe and explain the trophic structure of a tropical forest ecosystem.

[9 marks]

(c) With reference to a regional scale case study of an arid/semi-arid tropical ecosystem, evaluate the environmental and socio-economic benefits and problems associated with the use of irrigation.

[18 marks]

11861.03 MV18 6

Option C: Dynamic Coastal Environments

Either

5 (a) With the aid of a diagram/s, distinguish between swash and drift-aligned coastal environments. [8 marks]

(b) Study Resource 5 (page 11 of the Resource Booklet) which describes a Shoreline Management Plan along the Dorset coastline.

With the aid of the Resource, evaluate the impact and sustainability of beach nourishment as a coastal management strategy. [9 marks]

(c) With reference to a LEDC regional or national scale study, explain why the coastline is threatened by rising sea levels and evaluate the severity of this threat.

[18 marks]

11861.03 MV18 7 [Turn over

Or

6 (a) With reference to places for illustration, describe and explain the formation of coastal spits. [8 marks]

(b) Study Resources 6A and 6B (pages 12–13 of the Resource Booklet) which show coastal management at Seaham, Co. Durham. With reference to the Resources:

describe the strategies implemented for coastal protection of Seaham; and

explain the importance of coastal protection to the town. [9 marks]

(c) With reference to a regional scale case study, explain why Shoreline Management Plans are important to sustainable coastal management. (If Dorset is your case study, material additional to that of Resource 5 must be used.) [18 marks]

11861.03 MV18 8

Option D: Climate Change: Past and Present

Either

7 (a) Distinguish between glacial and fluvioglacial processes with reference to one glacial and one fluvioglacial landform. [8 marks]

(b) Study Resource 7 (pages 14–15 of the Resource Booklet) which describes a post-glacial landscape. With the help of the Resource and your own material, discuss the benefits and problems of socio-economic development in lowland post-glacial environments. [9 marks]

(c) With reference to places for illustration purposes, discuss the evidence for long- and medium-term climate change. [18 marks]

11861.03 MV18 9

Or

8 (a) With the aid of examples, distinguish between mitigation and adaptation as attempts to address climate change.[8 marks]

(b) Study Resource 8 (page 16 of the Resource Booklet) which shows Puget Sound in Washington State, USA, a post-glacial lowland area. With the aid of a diagram/s, explain the glacial processes that have shaped a landscape such as this. [9 marks]

(c) With reference to places in both MEDCs and LEDCs, describe and explain the present and potential impacts of climate change. [18 marks]

THIS IS THE END OF THE QUESTION PAPER

Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for.In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEAwill be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notifi ed.

11861.03 MV18

RESOURCEBOOKLET

Geography

Assessment Unit A2 1assessingPhysical Processes, Landforms and Management

[AGG11]THURSDAY 30 MAY, AFTERNOON

ADVANCEDGeneral Certifi cate of Education

2019

11861.04 MV18

MV18

11861.04 MV18 2

Resource 1A

The Yellowstone Volcanic Trail

11861 04 MV18 2

c

11861.04 MV18 3 [Turn over

The hot mud pools and erupting geysers found today in Yellowstone National Park in North West USA are a major tourist attraction. Once thought to be the last remnant of a dying volcanic region, the area is now recognised as the huge caldera of a supervolcano that has been explosively active for over 16 million years. The last eruption took place 70 000 years ago but, as the map opposite shows, both the history and the trail of destruction is long. The nearest active plate boundary lies over 1200 km away, off the Pacifi c coast of Oregon.

11861.04 MV18 4

Resource 1B

Planning For Earthquakes In Greece

Greece is one of the world’s most seismically active regions. Earthquakes are frequent and, although they cannot be predicted, the number of casualties and damage to properties can still be minimised through planning and the implementation of construction regulations. In addition, informing people about the earthquake risk and having an appropriate emergency response are vitally important. Measures concerning preparedness, planning and awareness aim to reduce the risk and minimise the effects of earthquakes.

In Greece, the Organisation for Anti-seismic Planning and Protection (OAPP) takes responsibility for pre-earthquake measures and the initial response after an event.

The goals of the organisation are to:

develop scientifi c knowledge by supporting applied research in fi elds such as seismology and

earthquake-resistant construction to then create effective anti-seismic policies; establish new regulations and methods of upgrading

seismic resistance in existing buildings and infrastructure; and

promote social awareness of seismic risk by training and informing the public, so that every citizen knows what to do before, during, and after an earthquake to protect life

and property.

11861.04 MV18 5 [Turn over

Enhancing the seismic capacity of the built environment

The ‘Anti-seismic Regulation’ is the legal building code document that specifi es the minimum requirements for earthquake-resistant buildings. It includes a map of Seismic Hazard Zones.

Public awareness

At the start of each school year all Greek schools undertake an exercise for earthquake preparedness.

Public awareness campaigns are used and leafl ets such as “Earthquake-Knowledge is Protection” are distributed.

The organisation’s website includes information on protection measures people should take.

Through a programme called “Protecting myself and others” the OAPP is training volunteers in risk and crisis management. Over 6000 volunteers have been trained around the country.

11861.04 MV18 6

Resource 2

Tectonic Activity Around Sumatra, Indonesia

N

EurasianPlate

Singapore

Sumatra

Java0 km 200

Indo-Australian

Plate

Active volcanic centreShallow foci earthquake (0-70km)Intermediate foci earthquake (71-150km)Deep foci earthquake ( 150km)>

11861.04 MV18 7 [Turn over

Resource 3

Energy-Smart Technology Feeding Australia

The wheatbelt of south-western Australia receives 300–600 mm annual rainfall. Coastal farms receive higher, more reliable rainfall, but conditions become drier and more unpredictable inland.

Murray Hallam, an Australian academic working on water scarcity, says that ‘In a regular farm, when you irrigate, about 70% of the water evaporates straight away. Then the water that does get into the soil usually ends up going down to the subsoil and leaking away… taking with it the nutrients and fertiliser.’ He argues that Australian farmers tend not to take the threat of water scarcity and climate change seriously.

According to the Executive Director of Wide Open Agriculture, an agriculture company, ‘The wheatbelt has seen reductions in rainfall of up to 20% over the last 20 years, so water scarcity is an issue.’ However, a number of water-smart initiatives have been set up to provide an ecological approach to farming in this arid environment. For example, Wide Open Agriculture has opened a huge greenhouse-like facility to grow fresh vegetables. The venture uses drip-irrigation technology that requires only 10% of the water needed for open fi eld agriculture. In addition, the 5400 square metre facility is equipped with a retractable roof and walls that open and close automatically, thus reducing water loss by evaporation. The water used is sourced from natural surface water taken from high in the mountains (before evaporation can cause increased salinity), and pumped via a solar powered system for use in irrigation.

11861.04 MV18 8

Another example is Sundrop Farms – the fi rst Australian company to develop a commercial-scale operation using hydroponic farming technology which requires no sunlight. Instead, plants are grown in trays containing nutrient-rich water and encouraged to photosynthesise using low-energy lighting. With little precipitation locally to depend upon, Sundrop pumps seawater from the ocean and desalinates it. Its renewably-powered desalinisation plant produces around 1 million litres of fresh water per day. The high initial investment will be offset in the long term by low operational costs. The result is that 15 000 tonnes of tomatoes are produced annually from otherwise unproductive land. As hydroponic farming does not rely on soil, the prospect of siting such facilities inside cities is a very real possibility.

Sundrop Farms

11861.04 MV18 9 [Turn over

Resource 4

Brazil Court Blocks Amazon Mining Decision, August 2017

A Brazilian court has suspended a government decision that would have opened up a vast natural reserve in the eastern Amazon to commercial mining. The proposal had sparked outrage from environmentalists and political opponents.

The government had said that opening up the gold and mineral-rich area would boost the country’s weak economy and insisted that vital areas within the reserve, including where indigenous people live, would remain off-limits.

The Renca Reserve in the eastern Amazon is home to indigenous Aparai, Wayana and Wajapi tribes and large areas of untouched forest. The area covers 46 000 km2 and is thought to be rich in gold, manganese and other minerals. Under the government proposal, about 30% of the area would have been opened up to mining.

11861.04 MV18 10

The court decision followed an outcry from activists, celebrities and campaign groups such as Greenpeace. One opposition politician had denounced the proposal as ‘the biggest attack on the Amazon in the last 50 years’. The non-profi t organisation Amazon Watch said that ‘deforestation and destruction of even small parts of the Amazon have a major ripple effect on global climate’.

The head of the conservation body World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in Brazil warned that mining in the area would lead to ‘demographic explosion, deforestation, the destruction of water resources, the loss of biodiversity and the creation of land confl ict’. According to the WWF report, the main area of interest for copper and gold exploration is in one of the protected areas, the Biological Reserve of Maicuru. The WWF’s report says that a ‘gold rush in the region could create irreversible damage to the indigenous cultures and cause an international outcry’.

11861.04 MV18 11 [Turn over

Resource 5

Shoreline Management Plan, Dorset

The 2010 Poole and Christchurch Bays Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) designated a policy of ‘Hold the Line’ at a number of beach sites from Swanage in Dorset to Hurst Castle Spit, Hampshire. (Hold the Line is an SMP policy option that involves maintaining or improving the protection provided by existing defences.) The beaches along this coastline are all subject to erosion, so the strategy selected in some cases has been beach nourishment. Some of these sites have been replenished in the past and will need further replenishment in the future as erosion continues.

Over the years that nourishment of these beaches has taken place, the cost of works has risen whilst the availability of material of the appropriate particle size to match each beach has declined. In addition, it is increasingly important that environmental considerations are given to both the area of extraction as well as to the beach being nourished.

A joint Beach Management Plan was a new action agreed by all the local authorities and the Environment Agency at the 2015 SMP Action Plan Review meeting.

The proposal is a two-year Beach Management Study (2017–19) to identify both an appropriate source and the best practice methods of obtaining material and placing it on the beaches. The study would investigate the potential use of material routinely dredged from ports and harbours.

In considering all the beaches together in one study, it should be possible to identify some economic effi ciencies associated with increased scale of the combined works.

11861.04 MV18 12

Resource 6A

Coastal Protection, Seaham, Co. Durham

Seaham is a small coastal town in the north east of England which developed around its coal mining industry. Seaham promenade was constructed around 1955 to support the mining industry by protecting the cliffs, coast road and coal mine from excessive erosion by the sea. In 1988, when coal mining had begun to decline, Seaham Colliery merged with Vane Tempest Colliery, but closed fully in 1993.

Seaham is attempting to reinvent itself. In 1992, the East Durham Task Force was established, channelling investment into the declining seaside town. Benefi ting from an attractive coastal location, Seaham is part of the ‘Heritage Coast’, which extends from Sunderland to Hartlepool. Nearby areas are classifi ed as ‘Special Protection Areas’, a European designation aimed at protecting rare and endangered birds. The remnants of a fossilised coral reef system can be seen in the rock face along the promenade and, as a result of its unique geology and associated fauna and fl ora, the coastline has been designated as a Site of Special Scientifi c Interest (SSSI), a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and a Special Area of Protection (SAP).

Signifi cant investment has been made to improve the coastal environment, including the ‘Turning the Tide’ project, which cleared the coastline of polluting coal waste. This was followed by comprehensive environmental improvements to the promenade and the redevelopment of the North Dock to include a 77-berth marina with dockside business units. These major improvements are transforming the tourism potential of Seaham; in 2015, 3 million visitors provided a tourist spend of £115 million.

11861.04 MV18 13 [Turn over

Resource 6B

Seaham Promenade

11861.04 MV18 14

Resource 7

The Shropshire, Cheshire And Staffordshire Plain In England

The Shropshire, Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain extends from the valley of the River Mersey to the Shropshire Hills. To the west are the hills of the Welsh borders, and to the north-east are the Pennine uplands. The character of the plain owes much to its glacial origins. Glacial activity has affected the whole region including meltwater channels and lake bed deposits. A large post-glacial lake has left a complex disrupted drainage system of lakes (meres) and wetland features associated with the River Severn and its tributaries. Its rolling landscape varies between 20 and 50 m in height and the bedrock is overlain by glacial deposits of boulder clay, with local deposits of sand and gravel. The dominant land use is for dairy cattle; the fertile and water-retaining clay soils provide rich pasture with most fi elds in grass for grazing, hay or silage.

Meres, small ponds and peat bogs, have formed in the shallow hollows that are widely spread over the plain. Many of these are kettle holes left by the retreating ice. In other places there are thin, sandy or gravel soils on which coniferous woodlands grow. Depressions within the hummocky hills of glacial moraine form a series of seven large meres at Ellesmere, a distinctive local landscape, known as the “Shropshire Lakeland”.

Industrial use of resources has involved the extraction of sand and gravel from pits scattered over the plain. Some abandoned sites are now large water-fi lled pits used for recreational activity.The original settlements (dispersed farmsteads, hamlets and small villages) were located at dry point sites on slight elevations of free-draining glacial deposits.

11861.04 MV18 15 [Turn over

11861.04 MV18 16

Resource 8

Glacial Landforms In Puget Sound, Washington State, USA

Pro-glacial lake deposits

Terminal moraines

PACIFIC OCEAN

Present coastline

0 km 20

Drumlin features

High groundOutwash deposits

Glacial Till deposits

N

. . . . . . . . . .

241745

Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for.In some cases, efforts to contact copyright holders may have been unsuccessful and CCEAwill be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgement in future if notifi ed.

SOURCES

Resource 1A .....Source: Principal ExaminerResource 1B .....Source: Principal ExaminerResource 3 ........© Copyright Guardian News & Media Ltd 2020Resource 3 ........ Photo Sundrop Farms: Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0

International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en

Resource 4 ........© Brazil court blocks Amazon mining decree. Published by BBC News,30 August 2017 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-41100541 and © Brazil court suspends mining on Amazon’s Renca reserve. Published by Al Jazeera Media Network, 30 August 2017 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/brazil-court-suspends-mining-amazon-renca-reserve-170830191319236.html

Resource 5 ........© BCP CouncilResource 6A .....Source: Principal ExaminerResource 6B .....Source: Principal ExaminerResource 7 .......Source: Principal ExaminerResource 8 .......Source: Principal Examiner