ADDADHD

By Kimmer Collison-RisMSN FNP-C WOCN

ADD and ADHD are complex neurobiological disorders in which neurotransmitters the chemical messengers of the brain do not work properly

Researchers believe the neurotransmitters norepinephrine dopamine and serotonin are deficient

Through the use of PET scans NIMH researchers have found reduced blood flow and activity levels in the brains of adults with ADHD when they were working on thinking tasks

In addition the white matter that carries messages between neurons is also smaller (without indication of brain damage)

(retrieved from httpwwwchrisdendycomkeyfactshtm)

ADDADHD

httpbrainandspinetitololawofficecomAnatomy20of20Impairment0001jpg

ADHD Causeshellip Current research indicates the frontal lobe basal ganglia caudate

nucleus cerebellum as well as other areas of the brain play a significant role in ADHD because they are involved in complex processes that regulate behavior (Teeter 1998)

higher order processes are referred to as executive functions include such processes as inhibition working memory planning self-

monitoring verbal regulation motor control maintaining and changing mental set and emotional regulation

According to a current model of ADHD developed by Dr Russell Barkley problems in response inhibition is the core deficit in ADHD

has a cascading effect on the other executive functions listed above (Barkley 1997)

factors that account for neurological differences in brain development and functioning that contribute to ADHD

fetal exposure to toxic substances (eg alcohol and tobacco) during pregnancy

exposure to lead trauma to the brain from head injury or illness differences attributed to heredity

httpwwwmyadhdcomcausesofadhdhtml

Chronic lifelong condition beginning before age 7

children tend to be unnerved by sensory overstimulation such as transitions from one activity to the next

children with ADHD do not generally experience despair as a symptom

moods approach suddenly and can dissipate quickly

Tend to wake alert Have trouble falling asleep difficulty calming down and falling asleep Misbehavior is accidental Ignoring authority figures running into

things and making messes results from inattentiveness

httpwwwhealthlinecomhealthadhdadhd-misdiagnosis

ADHD

httpbrainandspinetitololawofficecomAnatomy20of20Impairment0001jpg

ADHD Causeshellip Current research indicates the frontal lobe basal ganglia caudate

nucleus cerebellum as well as other areas of the brain play a significant role in ADHD because they are involved in complex processes that regulate behavior (Teeter 1998)

higher order processes are referred to as executive functions include such processes as inhibition working memory planning self-

monitoring verbal regulation motor control maintaining and changing mental set and emotional regulation

According to a current model of ADHD developed by Dr Russell Barkley problems in response inhibition is the core deficit in ADHD

has a cascading effect on the other executive functions listed above (Barkley 1997)

factors that account for neurological differences in brain development and functioning that contribute to ADHD

fetal exposure to toxic substances (eg alcohol and tobacco) during pregnancy

exposure to lead trauma to the brain from head injury or illness differences attributed to heredity

httpwwwmyadhdcomcausesofadhdhtml

Chronic lifelong condition beginning before age 7

children tend to be unnerved by sensory overstimulation such as transitions from one activity to the next

children with ADHD do not generally experience despair as a symptom

moods approach suddenly and can dissipate quickly

Tend to wake alert Have trouble falling asleep difficulty calming down and falling asleep Misbehavior is accidental Ignoring authority figures running into

things and making messes results from inattentiveness

httpwwwhealthlinecomhealthadhdadhd-misdiagnosis

ADHD

ADHD Causeshellip Current research indicates the frontal lobe basal ganglia caudate

nucleus cerebellum as well as other areas of the brain play a significant role in ADHD because they are involved in complex processes that regulate behavior (Teeter 1998)

higher order processes are referred to as executive functions include such processes as inhibition working memory planning self-

monitoring verbal regulation motor control maintaining and changing mental set and emotional regulation

According to a current model of ADHD developed by Dr Russell Barkley problems in response inhibition is the core deficit in ADHD

has a cascading effect on the other executive functions listed above (Barkley 1997)

factors that account for neurological differences in brain development and functioning that contribute to ADHD

fetal exposure to toxic substances (eg alcohol and tobacco) during pregnancy

exposure to lead trauma to the brain from head injury or illness differences attributed to heredity

httpwwwmyadhdcomcausesofadhdhtml

Chronic lifelong condition beginning before age 7

children tend to be unnerved by sensory overstimulation such as transitions from one activity to the next

children with ADHD do not generally experience despair as a symptom

moods approach suddenly and can dissipate quickly

Tend to wake alert Have trouble falling asleep difficulty calming down and falling asleep Misbehavior is accidental Ignoring authority figures running into

things and making messes results from inattentiveness

httpwwwhealthlinecomhealthadhdadhd-misdiagnosis

ADHD

Chronic lifelong condition beginning before age 7

children tend to be unnerved by sensory overstimulation such as transitions from one activity to the next

children with ADHD do not generally experience despair as a symptom

moods approach suddenly and can dissipate quickly

Tend to wake alert Have trouble falling asleep difficulty calming down and falling asleep Misbehavior is accidental Ignoring authority figures running into

things and making messes results from inattentiveness

httpwwwhealthlinecomhealthadhdadhd-misdiagnosis

ADHD

wwwsquidoocom

Symptoms Symptoms of inattention

fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork work or other activities

has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities

does not seem to listen when spoken to directly

does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork chores or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions)

has difficulty organizing tasks and activities

avoids dislikes or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (eg schoolwork or homework)

loses things necessary for tasks or activities (eg toys school assignments pencils books or tools)

is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli

is forgetful in daily activities

Symptoms of hyperactivity

fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat

leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected

runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)

has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly

is ldquoon the gordquo or acts as if ldquodriven by a motorrdquo

talks excessively

Symptomshellip

Symptoms of impulsivity

blurts out answers before questions have been completed

has difficulty awaiting turn

interrupts or intrudes on others (eg butts into conversations or games)

The presence of six or more symptoms under the category of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity may indicate a problem if they occur frequently result in impairment and are not caused by other conditions

httpwwwmyadhdcomgetadiagnosishtml

Symptomshellip

httpwwwmindthesciencegaporg20121101adventures-in-dysfunction-the-adhd-brain

Symptoms of hyperactivity

fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat

leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected

runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate (in adolescents or adults may be limited to subjective feelings of restlessness)

has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly

is ldquoon the gordquo or acts as if ldquodriven by a motorrdquo

talks excessively

Symptomshellip

Symptoms of impulsivity

blurts out answers before questions have been completed

has difficulty awaiting turn

interrupts or intrudes on others (eg butts into conversations or games)

The presence of six or more symptoms under the category of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity may indicate a problem if they occur frequently result in impairment and are not caused by other conditions

httpwwwmyadhdcomgetadiagnosishtml

Symptomshellip

httpwwwmindthesciencegaporg20121101adventures-in-dysfunction-the-adhd-brain

Symptoms of impulsivity

blurts out answers before questions have been completed

has difficulty awaiting turn

interrupts or intrudes on others (eg butts into conversations or games)

The presence of six or more symptoms under the category of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity may indicate a problem if they occur frequently result in impairment and are not caused by other conditions

httpwwwmyadhdcomgetadiagnosishtml

Symptomshellip

httpwwwmindthesciencegaporg20121101adventures-in-dysfunction-the-adhd-brain

httpwwwmindthesciencegaporg20121101adventures-in-dysfunction-the-adhd-brain

ADHD-like causes ADHD is diagnosed by health

professionals who form their opinion by observing a childs behavior There are no brain scans

blood tests or anything else definite that is used during diagnosis

There are many other problems that have the same symptoms of ADHD

any problem dealing with the fuels of the body water food blood and air can cause behavior problems

Conditions that seem like ADHD

Allergies

Anemias

B vitamin deficiencies

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

Central Auditory processing Disorder

Cardiac conditions

Dietary Factors

Early-Onset Bi-Polar disorder

Early-onset diabetes

Excessive amounts of Vitamins

Genetic defects

Hearing and vision problems

Head injuries

Heart disease

High mercury levels

High manganese levels

Hypoglycemia Hyper or hypothyroidism Iron deficiency Learning disabilities Malnutrition or improper diet Metabolic disorders Mild to high lead levels Post-traumatic stress disorder Sensory Integration Dysfunction Sleeping disorders Spinal Problems subclinical seizureseizure disorders Tourettes syndrome Toxin exposures Viral or bacterial infections Worms

There are also many medical biological emotional and mental conditions that mimic ADHD (httpwwwglobalhealingcentercomadhd50-conditions-that-mimic-adhd)

Conditions mimicking ADHDhellip Brain cysts

beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Candida Albicans infestation

Early stage brain tumors

Emotional problems

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Gifted Children

Genetic Disorder XYY

Intestinal parasites

Intentionally or unintentionally sniffing materials

Klinefelter syndrome

Lack of exercise

Lack of understanding and communication skills

Porphyria

Some medications

Temporal lobe seizures

Spirited children

spoiled and undisciplined

httpwwwglobalhealingcentercomadhd50-conditions-that-mimic-adhd

Diagnosing ADHD American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published guidelines

(2000)for assessomg ADHD

(1) the primary care clinician should initiate an evaluation of children ages 6 to 12 who present with inattention hyperactivity or impulsivity

(2) the diagnosis of ADHD requires that a child meet the DSM IV criteria

(3) the assessment requires evidence directly obtained from parents or caregivers regarding the core symptoms of ADHD in various settings the age of onset of symptoms duration of symptoms and the degree of functional impairment

(4) the assessment of ADHD requires evidence directly obtained from the classroom teacher (or other school professional)

(5) the assessment should include evaluation for associated conditions

(6) other diagnostic tests are not routinely indicated to establish a diagnosis of ADHD but may be used for the assessment of co-existing conditions (eg learning disabilities mental retardation)

Homeobotanicals

Homeobotanicals are a Natural Health modality delveloped in New Zealand (1984)

BOTH homeopathic and botanical indications are considered for their therapeutic purpose

Homeobotanical (Hb) formulas are are a CORE THERAPY (used as a base for health

management regimens)

range may assist with many healthcare applicationssuppliedto a qualified Practitioner as a concentrate

formulations are considered suitable for all ages

Only supplied as concentrates to qualified Hb providers httpwwwherbalenergyconzhomeobotanicalscfm

Conditions that seem like ADHD

Allergies

Anemias

B vitamin deficiencies

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

Central Auditory processing Disorder

Cardiac conditions

Dietary Factors

Early-Onset Bi-Polar disorder

Early-onset diabetes

Excessive amounts of Vitamins

Genetic defects

Hearing and vision problems

Head injuries

Heart disease

High mercury levels

High manganese levels

Hypoglycemia Hyper or hypothyroidism Iron deficiency Learning disabilities Malnutrition or improper diet Metabolic disorders Mild to high lead levels Post-traumatic stress disorder Sensory Integration Dysfunction Sleeping disorders Spinal Problems subclinical seizureseizure disorders Tourettes syndrome Toxin exposures Viral or bacterial infections Worms

There are also many medical biological emotional and mental conditions that mimic ADHD (httpwwwglobalhealingcentercomadhd50-conditions-that-mimic-adhd)

Conditions mimicking ADHDhellip Brain cysts

beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Candida Albicans infestation

Early stage brain tumors

Emotional problems

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Gifted Children

Genetic Disorder XYY

Intestinal parasites

Intentionally or unintentionally sniffing materials

Klinefelter syndrome

Lack of exercise

Lack of understanding and communication skills

Porphyria

Some medications

Temporal lobe seizures

Spirited children

spoiled and undisciplined

httpwwwglobalhealingcentercomadhd50-conditions-that-mimic-adhd

Diagnosing ADHD American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published guidelines

(2000)for assessomg ADHD

(1) the primary care clinician should initiate an evaluation of children ages 6 to 12 who present with inattention hyperactivity or impulsivity

(2) the diagnosis of ADHD requires that a child meet the DSM IV criteria

(3) the assessment requires evidence directly obtained from parents or caregivers regarding the core symptoms of ADHD in various settings the age of onset of symptoms duration of symptoms and the degree of functional impairment

(4) the assessment of ADHD requires evidence directly obtained from the classroom teacher (or other school professional)

(5) the assessment should include evaluation for associated conditions

(6) other diagnostic tests are not routinely indicated to establish a diagnosis of ADHD but may be used for the assessment of co-existing conditions (eg learning disabilities mental retardation)

Homeobotanicals

Homeobotanicals are a Natural Health modality delveloped in New Zealand (1984)

BOTH homeopathic and botanical indications are considered for their therapeutic purpose

Homeobotanical (Hb) formulas are are a CORE THERAPY (used as a base for health

management regimens)

range may assist with many healthcare applicationssuppliedto a qualified Practitioner as a concentrate

formulations are considered suitable for all ages

Only supplied as concentrates to qualified Hb providers httpwwwherbalenergyconzhomeobotanicalscfm

Conditions mimicking ADHDhellip Brain cysts

beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Candida Albicans infestation

Early stage brain tumors

Emotional problems

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Gifted Children

Genetic Disorder XYY

Intestinal parasites

Intentionally or unintentionally sniffing materials

Klinefelter syndrome

Lack of exercise

Lack of understanding and communication skills

Porphyria

Some medications

Temporal lobe seizures

Spirited children

spoiled and undisciplined

httpwwwglobalhealingcentercomadhd50-conditions-that-mimic-adhd

Diagnosing ADHD American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published guidelines

(2000)for assessomg ADHD

(1) the primary care clinician should initiate an evaluation of children ages 6 to 12 who present with inattention hyperactivity or impulsivity

(2) the diagnosis of ADHD requires that a child meet the DSM IV criteria

(3) the assessment requires evidence directly obtained from parents or caregivers regarding the core symptoms of ADHD in various settings the age of onset of symptoms duration of symptoms and the degree of functional impairment

(4) the assessment of ADHD requires evidence directly obtained from the classroom teacher (or other school professional)

(5) the assessment should include evaluation for associated conditions

(6) other diagnostic tests are not routinely indicated to establish a diagnosis of ADHD but may be used for the assessment of co-existing conditions (eg learning disabilities mental retardation)

Homeobotanicals

Homeobotanicals are a Natural Health modality delveloped in New Zealand (1984)

BOTH homeopathic and botanical indications are considered for their therapeutic purpose

Homeobotanical (Hb) formulas are are a CORE THERAPY (used as a base for health

management regimens)

range may assist with many healthcare applicationssuppliedto a qualified Practitioner as a concentrate

formulations are considered suitable for all ages

Only supplied as concentrates to qualified Hb providers httpwwwherbalenergyconzhomeobotanicalscfm

Diagnosing ADHD American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published guidelines

(2000)for assessomg ADHD

(1) the primary care clinician should initiate an evaluation of children ages 6 to 12 who present with inattention hyperactivity or impulsivity

(2) the diagnosis of ADHD requires that a child meet the DSM IV criteria

(3) the assessment requires evidence directly obtained from parents or caregivers regarding the core symptoms of ADHD in various settings the age of onset of symptoms duration of symptoms and the degree of functional impairment

(4) the assessment of ADHD requires evidence directly obtained from the classroom teacher (or other school professional)

(5) the assessment should include evaluation for associated conditions

(6) other diagnostic tests are not routinely indicated to establish a diagnosis of ADHD but may be used for the assessment of co-existing conditions (eg learning disabilities mental retardation)

Homeobotanicals

Homeobotanicals are a Natural Health modality delveloped in New Zealand (1984)

BOTH homeopathic and botanical indications are considered for their therapeutic purpose

Homeobotanical (Hb) formulas are are a CORE THERAPY (used as a base for health

management regimens)

range may assist with many healthcare applicationssuppliedto a qualified Practitioner as a concentrate

formulations are considered suitable for all ages

Only supplied as concentrates to qualified Hb providers httpwwwherbalenergyconzhomeobotanicalscfm

Homeobotanicals

Homeobotanicals are a Natural Health modality delveloped in New Zealand (1984)

BOTH homeopathic and botanical indications are considered for their therapeutic purpose

Homeobotanical (Hb) formulas are are a CORE THERAPY (used as a base for health

management regimens)

range may assist with many healthcare applicationssuppliedto a qualified Practitioner as a concentrate

formulations are considered suitable for all ages

Only supplied as concentrates to qualified Hb providers httpwwwherbalenergyconzhomeobotanicalscfm

ADDADHD Physical Complaints

-Anemia-Anxiety-Appetite disorders-Attention Span-Autoimmune Disorders-Autoinfection-Bacterial infection-Behavioral Disorders-Bowel Inflammation-Bowel assimilation disorders-Bowel problems-Brain function-Chronic inflammation-Concentration-Dehydration-Depression-Digestive disturbances-Dull confused mind-Emotional Stress-Emotional Exhaustion-Eye Disorders-Excitability-Food Allergies-Food sensitivities-Forgetfulness

-Hearing Disorders

-Hypoglycemia

-Immune Deficiency-Irritability-Learning problems-Memory problems-Mental exhaustion-Mood Swings-Nausea-Nervousness-Obesity-Oversensitivity-OverwraughtOverwelmed-Spinal irritation-Screaming-Vomiting

Homeobotanicals amp ADDADHD

AnxietyChronic inflammationIrritabilityNutritional problemsFood assimilationIllnessesinfectionsAllergiesOversensitivitySleep DisordersRestlessnessDepressionSleep DisordersHyper reactivity

Aggravating Factor Hb Formula Support

Allergies

Sensitivities

R Supports the normal pulmonary ventilation Assists lungs respiratory tractB Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsL Acute and chronic hepatic dysfunction Supports normal liver and gall A Acute and chronic allergies for airborne dietary and idiopathic sources

Food AllergiesSensitivities

M Addresses derangement of viscera which may cause severe headachesA Acute and chronic allergies for airborne dietary and idiopathic sources

Anemia B Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsF Hormone balance reproduction etcD Acute and chronic gastrointestinal distress Inflamed stomach5 To assist the assimilation of nutrients Used where poor diet is a factor7 The maintenance remedy for immunity and vigorous health

EENT Visual Disturbances

O Used externally as a lotion andor internally as a remedy for visual disturbances

Hb Formulas for ADDADHD Sx

Aggravating Factor Hb Formula Support

EENT Hearing Altered B Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsI Herbal antiseptic amp immunity boost for acute amp chronic infectionJ Localized anti-inflammatory action on the musculo-skeletal system2 Restores the normal balance of the entire endocrine systemCn1 For prevention of chronic degeneration Benign and neoplastic lesions

GI AnorexiaPoor Appetite

E Nervous debility amp excessive stress Enhances all blendsP For the support of pancreas function Balances hormone amp enzyme physiology3 Use for earliest stages of febrile amp infectious illness5 To assist the assimilation of nutrients Used where poor diet is a factor

Hbs for ADDADHD

dzehnleblogspotcom

Homeobotanicals amp ADDADHD

AnxietyChronic inflammationIrritabilityNutritional problemsFood assimilationIllnessesinfectionsAllergiesOversensitivitySleep DisordersRestlessnessDepressionSleep DisordersHyper reactivity

Aggravating Factor Hb Formula Support

Allergies

Sensitivities

R Supports the normal pulmonary ventilation Assists lungs respiratory tractB Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsL Acute and chronic hepatic dysfunction Supports normal liver and gall A Acute and chronic allergies for airborne dietary and idiopathic sources

Food AllergiesSensitivities

M Addresses derangement of viscera which may cause severe headachesA Acute and chronic allergies for airborne dietary and idiopathic sources

Anemia B Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsF Hormone balance reproduction etcD Acute and chronic gastrointestinal distress Inflamed stomach5 To assist the assimilation of nutrients Used where poor diet is a factor7 The maintenance remedy for immunity and vigorous health

EENT Visual Disturbances

O Used externally as a lotion andor internally as a remedy for visual disturbances

Hb Formulas for ADDADHD Sx

Aggravating Factor Hb Formula Support

EENT Hearing Altered B Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsI Herbal antiseptic amp immunity boost for acute amp chronic infectionJ Localized anti-inflammatory action on the musculo-skeletal system2 Restores the normal balance of the entire endocrine systemCn1 For prevention of chronic degeneration Benign and neoplastic lesions

GI AnorexiaPoor Appetite

E Nervous debility amp excessive stress Enhances all blendsP For the support of pancreas function Balances hormone amp enzyme physiology3 Use for earliest stages of febrile amp infectious illness5 To assist the assimilation of nutrients Used where poor diet is a factor

Hbs for ADDADHD

dzehnleblogspotcom

Aggravating Factor Hb Formula Support

Allergies

Sensitivities

R Supports the normal pulmonary ventilation Assists lungs respiratory tractB Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsL Acute and chronic hepatic dysfunction Supports normal liver and gall A Acute and chronic allergies for airborne dietary and idiopathic sources

Food AllergiesSensitivities

M Addresses derangement of viscera which may cause severe headachesA Acute and chronic allergies for airborne dietary and idiopathic sources

Anemia B Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsF Hormone balance reproduction etcD Acute and chronic gastrointestinal distress Inflamed stomach5 To assist the assimilation of nutrients Used where poor diet is a factor7 The maintenance remedy for immunity and vigorous health

EENT Visual Disturbances

O Used externally as a lotion andor internally as a remedy for visual disturbances

Hb Formulas for ADDADHD Sx

Aggravating Factor Hb Formula Support

EENT Hearing Altered B Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsI Herbal antiseptic amp immunity boost for acute amp chronic infectionJ Localized anti-inflammatory action on the musculo-skeletal system2 Restores the normal balance of the entire endocrine systemCn1 For prevention of chronic degeneration Benign and neoplastic lesions

GI AnorexiaPoor Appetite

E Nervous debility amp excessive stress Enhances all blendsP For the support of pancreas function Balances hormone amp enzyme physiology3 Use for earliest stages of febrile amp infectious illness5 To assist the assimilation of nutrients Used where poor diet is a factor

Hbs for ADDADHD

dzehnleblogspotcom

Aggravating Factor Hb Formula Support

EENT Hearing Altered B Blood Purifier for lymphatic stasis and suppurative conditionsI Herbal antiseptic amp immunity boost for acute amp chronic infectionJ Localized anti-inflammatory action on the musculo-skeletal system2 Restores the normal balance of the entire endocrine systemCn1 For prevention of chronic degeneration Benign and neoplastic lesions

GI AnorexiaPoor Appetite

E Nervous debility amp excessive stress Enhances all blendsP For the support of pancreas function Balances hormone amp enzyme physiology3 Use for earliest stages of febrile amp infectious illness5 To assist the assimilation of nutrients Used where poor diet is a factor

Hbs for ADDADHD

dzehnleblogspotcom

dzehnleblogspotcom

Title page photo truthfrequencyradiocom amp httptheaddvocatescomwp-contentuploads201007adhd-girljpgHb formula image wwwapothecary-shoppecom

McDougle CJ Naylor ST Cohen DJ Volkmar FR Heninger GR Price LH (1996) A Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Fluvoxamine in Adults With Autistic Disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 199653(11)1001-1008 doi101001archpsyc199601830110037005 Retrieved from httparchpsycjamanetworkcomarticleaspxarticleid=497673

Mercolacom (2014) Environmental Toxins linked to rise in autism Retrieved from httparticlesmercolacomsitesarticlesarchive20140402environmental-toxin-exposureaspx

Sukhodolsky DG Scahill L Gadow KD Arnold LE Aman MG McDougle CJ McCracken JT Tierney E White SW Lecavalier L and Vitiello B (2008) Parent-Rated Anxiety Symptoms in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders Frequency and Association with Core Autism Symptoms and Cognitive Functioning Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology January 2008 Volume 36 Issue 1 pp 117-128

References