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I. FUNDAMENTALS ON TRANSPORT


CONTENTS

• Impact of transport policies

• Mobility patterns

• Modal split

• Data on transportation

• Impact of transportation

• Potential and effects of transport measures

• Costs of transportation


I. IMPACT OF TRANSPORT POLICIES

HOW CITIES CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE…

3 - 4 trips1 - 2 activities1h travel time



Urs from ZürichWim from Groningen Barbara from Bochum Helen from Perth


Average fuel consumption in liter / person and year

410 1010 1480440

Source: COMPETENCE – www.transportlearning.net

I. IMPACT OF TRANSPORT POLICIES

… SINCE MOBILITY IS SOMETHING THAT CAN BE CONTROLLED!

MODAL SPLIT in %


STRONG BICYCLE POLICYSTRONG PUBLIC TRANSPORT POLICYORDINARY TRANSPORT POLICYURBAN SPRAWL EFFECTS – LAND USE POLICY


CONTENTS



• Modal split





I. MOBILITY PATTERNS

THE FIVE BASIC LIFE FUNCTIONS

L eisu re

L iv ing /residenc e

Work

E duc ation O bta in ing supp lie s



DEFINITION OF „TRIP“ AND „JOURNEY“


RTrip

W

RJou rney

W

→ both are used to „measure“ mobility patterns!


MOBILITY PATTERNS – JOURNEYS IN GRAZ


Share(%)100

23

0

41

56

6775

23

18

15

112 2 2 1 1

25

R-Sh-R

R-W-R

R-L-R

R-E-R

R-B-R

R-S-R

R-ShSh-R

R-ShL-R Rest

R-WSh-R

R....ResidentialSh..ShoppingW...Work

L....LeisureE.. EducationS...Service


MOBILITY PATTERNS – TRIPS IN GRAZ

Source: Municipality of Graz – mobility behaviour of people living in Graz 03/04


CONTENTS



• Modal split





I. MODAL SPLIT

WHAT IS A MODAL SPLIT?

• Shows the share that different modes of transport have for various

backgrounds

• Are usually measured in trips or lenght of trips (km)

• Can be made for countries, cities, companies, schools and more

• Standard modal splits show shares for walking, cycling, cars and public

transport

• More differentiated, they give information on car-drivers, car-passengers,

motorcyclists, P+R users and more

• They are good indicators to measure transport developments and

policies as well as to compare between cities, companies, etc.

I. MODAL SPLIT

EXAMPLES FOR MODAL SPLITS: COUNTRIES

I. MODAL SPLIT

EXAMPLES FOR MODAL SPLITS: SENIORS


I. MODAL SPLIT

EXAMPLES FOR MODAL SPLITS: PUPILS

I. MODAL SPLIT

EXAMPLES FOR MODAL SPLITS: DESTINATIONS / PURPOSE

I. MODAL SPLIT

EXAMPLES FOR MODAL SPLITS: POPULATION GROUPS

I. MODAL SPLIT

EXAMPLES FOR MODAL SPLITS: POPULATION GROUPS

Most transport

planners and politicians

are from this group!


CONTENTS



• Modal split





I. DATA ON TRANSPORTATION

CAR OWNERSHIP

Source: EUROSTAT


CAR OWNERSHIP


PERFORMANCE BY MODE billion passenger km 1970 - 2002


MODAL SPLIT vs. ADVERTISMENT vs. TOYS



CAR TRIPS IN GRAZ BASED ON DISTANCES AND VELOCITY


DOOR TO DOOR TRAVEL TIME IN URBAN AREAS


ROAD SAFETY FOR TRANSPORT USERS




CONTENTS



• Modal split





• The effect of mobility policy by comparison of four cities

I. IMPACT OF TRANSPORTATION

IMPACTS: CO2 EMISSIONS

per sector index no.


ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS



HEALTH RELATED IMPACTS

Source: VIANOVA – www.eu-vianova.net


ON ENERGY USE AND LAND USE


USE OF SPACE

75 persons could go by 60 cars… …or in one bus

Source: STI, Thun, CH


USE OF SPACE



USE OF SPACE – CHILDREN‘S ROOM vs. PARKING SPACE


AVERAGE LIVING SPACE vs. PARKING SPACE


USE OF SPACE – A COMPARISION

Grazer Innenstadt, I. Bezirk



Shopping City Süd, Wien



Shopping City Süd, Wien

Grazer Innenstadt, I. Bezirk


SOCIAL IMPACT OF TRAFFIC


CONTENTS



• Modal split





I. POTENTIAL AND EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT MEASURES

ACCEPTABILITY vs. EFFICIENCY OF FUEL SAVING MEASURES

Fuel saving vs. Public acceptability of measures

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 20 40 60 80 100

Acceptability (% of acceptance, citizens)

Ran

ge

of

savi

ng

(%

wit

h r

esp

ect

to r

efer

ence

)

road pricing

parking pricing

Fuel +50%

traffic calming

pedestrianisation & bicycle lanesreduce bus fares &new PT-supplybus priority



POTENTIAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT USERS (German agglomerations)



Difference between

perceived door-to-doortravel timecar and PT

TRAVEL TIME PERCEPTION (Index figures)

REAL

Travel timeby car

100

PERCEIVED

Travel timeby car

80

PERCEIVED

Travel timeby PT

134

REAL

Travel timeby PT

100


CONTENTS



• Modal split





II. THE TOPIC OF MOBILITY AND HOUSING

COSTS OF TRANSPORTATION

Costs for a car parking space• underground parking• collective garage• single garage• usual parking space

Costs for a bicycle parking space - outdoors• with roof• without roof• only bicycle rack

Costs for a public transport ticket in Graz• single use ticket• monthly ticket• yearly ticket

I. COSTS OF TRANSPORTATION

PERCEIVED

Costs withA car

79

PERCEIVED

Costs withPT

128

REAL

Costs withPT

100

REAL

Cost witha car

100

Difference between

perceived travel costscar and PT

Source: Reiter / Pressl 2002


COMPARISONCosts short-time parking and PT tickets

€

1,40

1,24

1,16 PT one-way ticket pre-sale1,09

1,02

0,94

0,87

0,80

0,73

0,65

0,580,51

0,50 Costs 30 min short time parking

0,44

0,36

0,29

0,22

0,15

0,07

0,00

88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05


Source: Commission for integrated transport www.cfit.gov.uk

CAR OWNERSHIP BY INCOME


PROMOTION OF PT-TICKETS BY COMPANIES

Company name

% of costs carried by company

Promotion by…

AVL 80 %Payment of promotion if use for PT

seasonal ticket has been proved

Cytec 55 %Payment of promotion when disclaiming

parking lot

TU Graz 50 %Payment of promotion if use for PT

seasonal ticket has been proved

A 18 27 % - (100%)No exclusive PT-promotion; depending

on the distance to work

THANK YOU!

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Documents

modal splitexamples

modal splitwhat

morestandard modal splits

transport developments

transport policiesi

different modes of transport

mobility patternsthe

activities1h travel