adaptations & the physical environment kangaroo rat field biology & methodology fall 2015...
TRANSCRIPT
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Adaptations & the Physical Environment
Kangaroo rat
FIELD BIOLOGY & METHODOLOGYFall 2015 Althoff
Lecture
03
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Tolerance Limits
• Limiting factors vs. zone of tolerance (~ concentration gradient???)
• Zones (handout):a) optimum rangeb) zone of physiological stressc) zone of intolerance
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Gradient HIGHLOW
Popn a
bund
ance
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Puls
ation
s/m
inut
e
Temperature 0C
Halifax individuals
Tortugasindividuals
_____ species of Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) but from different populations (genetic variation increasing adaptability to local environment!!!).
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Tolerance Limits…con’t
• Simplistic view: one factor “acting” at-a-time
• Reality: _________________ of factors
• ________ factor: “one factor…more than any other…determines distribution & abundance”
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Adaptations
Modifications which better suit the organism to its particular environment
Gray wolf: colder climate
African hunting dog: warmer climate
vs.
Notice: _______________________
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Adaptations…con’t
• May allow control “flux” of heat or various substances across their surfaces
• By regulating __________ with physical environment, internal environment can be controlled better. “Can move or adjust”
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Specific examples
• Salt and water balance
• Nitrogen excretion
• Temperature & water conservation
• Plant-water relationships
• C3, C4, & CAM Photosynthesis
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Fish: ______________________ actively exclude or retain solutes to maintain salt balance
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Highly developed __________ in kidneys…. allows for maximum retention of H20 during urine formation
Urine almost comes out paste-like. Animal almost exclusively gets all of its water from seeds (i.e., metabolizes H20)
Kangaroo rat: found in dry, arid or semi-arid environments
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C3 (cool season plants)
• Plants well-adapted to “average” temperature and “average” moisture conditions … think ________________
• Relates to C-assimiliation
• Examples: Kentucky bluegrass, maples, dandelion
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C4 (warm season plants)
• Plants well-adapted to hot temperature and “average” moisture conditions…. think _______________
• Relates to C-assimilation
• Examples: big bluestem, switchgrass, tomatoes, corn, sunflower
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CAM
• Plants well-adapted to hot temperature and “dry” moisture conditions (i.e., arid conditions)
• Carbon assimiliation daytime, Calvin cycle nighttime
• Examples: cacti & prickly pear
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Back to “environmental conditions”
Most organisms have “optimum range.” Within that concept, there are eurytypic and stenotypic organisms
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Range of Tolerances
• _________________ -- species with wide tolerance ranges
ex:white-tailed deer & “any” habitatcombination
• _________________ -- species with narrow tolerance rangesex: Kirtland’s warbler & jack pine
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Seasonal Cycles – Temperate Lakes
• Understand the temperature profile of a typical lake related to seasonal changes (Fig. 4.13, p82)
• ____________—zone of rapid change. Marks boundary between epilimnion (warm) and hypolimnion (cold) waters
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Topographic and Geologic Influences
The “lay” of the land influences the local environment. Soil and exposure have profound influences on ___________ and therefore __________ distribution
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Lay of the land….
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Tbasic soil types Ricklefs Table 4.2, p90
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Local Variations
• RIPARIAN—forested zones along rivers, creeks, and streams
• XERIC—dry sites
• MESIC—”in between” sites
• HYDRIC—wet sites
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Life Zones
• Distinct “_______” of vegetation. Belts are a result of local climate which influences vegetation…
…which influences animal diversity and distribution
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Fig 4.20 p89
Life Zones
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Lower Sonoran zone: saguaro cactus, mesquite, herbs
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Upper Sonoran zone: agave and grasses
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Transition zone: ponderosa pine
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Alpine zone: higher up, bushes, herbs, lichens
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Landscape Ecology
• Study of the __________ nature of the environment influences the functioning of the ecosystem
• Emphasis on movement between habitats by organisms
• Human influence on landscape is tremendous
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In summary…• Mechanisms by which organisms interact with their
physical environment help us understand why organisms are specialized to ______________ _________________
• Plant species ___________(C) in one of three ways: C…C3 pathway, C4 pathway, or CAM pathway. Each way is specialized to provide a competitive advantage under certain sets of climatic conditions
• ____________ represent result from climatic influences on plants, which in turn have influences on the distribution of animals