feeding adaptations of wildlife - university of idaho · ruminants - artiodactyla. sheep. dik dik...
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Feeding adaptations of wildlife
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You are what you eat?
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Chocolate pudding, Yippee!!!!
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Foods eaten shape anatomy, physiology & behavior
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Herbivore Carnivore
• Plants• Stationary• Abundant
• Lo energy & time• Hi success• 10,000 bites/day• Hi intake
• Animals• Mobile• Rare
• Hi energy & time• Lo success• Few prey/day• Lo intake
Food Capture
Food Source
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“I think I’ll just have a salad”
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Herbivore Carnivore
• Lo & variable in protein and energy
• High fiber in cell wall
• Hi & uniform in protein and energy
• No fiber or cell wall
Food Quality
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Cellulose molecule
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Herbivore Carnivore
• Much chewing• Complex
digestive tract• Energy &
protein from microbial fermentation
• Little chewing• Simple
digestive tract• Energy &
protein from catabolism
Digesting food
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Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore
Mammalian Digestive Systems
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Mink Domestic dog
Carnivores
Stomach – HCl & pepsin digestion
Large & small intestines - absorption
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Other carnivores
Reptile - Alligator Bird - Hawk
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Carnivore with carnassial teeth
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Hunting styles of carnivores
• Chasing - pursuit• Ambush – “sit and wait”• Solitary vs. group• Dabble• Dive
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Pig Rat
OmnivoresStomach – HCl & pepsin digestion
Small intestine - absorption
Cecum – limited microbial fermentation
Colon – absorption
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Human as omnivore
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Omnivore with Bunodont teeth
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Crop - storageProventriculus – HCl/pepsin digestion
Gizzard - grinding
Omnivorous Bird
Small & large intestines - absorption
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Rumen-reticulum – microbial fermentation
Omasum – filtering, orifice restricts digesta flow
Abomasum – HCl & pepsin digestion
Large & small intestines – absorption, microbial fermentation
Cecum – microbial fermentation
Herbivores
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Herbivore with selenodont teeth
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Herbivore with lophodont teeth
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Herbivore digestive systems3 places to ferment cellulose
Foregut Hindgut: cecum Hindgut:colon
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List of foregut fermenters
• Artiodactyla– Antilocapridae– Bovidae– Camelidae– Cervidae– Giraffidae– Hippopotamidae– Tragulidae
• Marsupialia– Macropodidae– Vombatidae
• Primates– Cercopithidae
• Edentata– Brachypodidae
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Ruminants - Artiodactyla
SheepDik dik
antelope
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Other foregut fermenters
Kangaroo Colobus monkey Llama
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Hoatzin – the flying cow
Crop is modified for foregut
fermentation
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List of hindgut fermenters• Proboscidea
– Elephantidae• Perissodactyla
– Equidae– Rhinocerotidae– Tapiridae
• Lagamorpha– Leporidae– Ochotonidae
• Sirenia– Dugongidae– Trichechidae
• Marsupialia– Petauridae– Phalangeridae– Phascolarctidae
• Primates– Callithricidae– Cebidae– Indridae– Lemuridae
• Rodentia– Aplodontidae– Castoridae– Cricetidae– Dasyproctidae– Erethizontidae– Geomyidae– Hystricidae– Muiridae– Octodontidae– Pedetidae– Sciuridae– Thryonomyidae
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Small cecal fermenters
Vole Rabbit
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Other cecal fementers
Iguana Ruffed grouse
Rhea
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Large colon fermenters
Horse Elephant
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Distribution of browsers and grazers
Grazer
Intermediate
Browser
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Differences between grasses and browses
• Grasses– Thick cell wall– More cellulose in cell
wall– Silica
• Browses– Thin cell wall– More lignin in cell wall– Phenolics, terpenes, &
other toxins
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Differences between grazers & browsers• Grazers
– Large, subdivided foregut– Smaller true stomach– Smaller cecum & intestines– Wider muzzle & incisors
• Browsers– Small, simple foregut– Larger true stomach– Larger cecum & intestines– Narrower muzzle &
incisors
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Differences between grazers & browsers• Grazers
– Small opening between reticulum & omasum
• Browsers– Large opening
between reticulum & omasum
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Differences between grazers & browsers• Grazers
– Sparse uneven papillae in rumen
• Browsers– Dense, even papillae
in rumen
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Differences between grazers & browsers• Grazers
– Smaller salivary glands• Browsers
– Larger salivary glands
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You eat what you...
are?