adaptationadaptation ap env sci 2011-2012. natural selection predation, competition keep populations...
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ADAPTATIONAP Env Sci 2011-2012
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Natural Selection
• Predation, competition keep populations in check• Adaptation may result from intraspecific or
interspecific competition
• Intraspecific competition:– Improved adaptation of species to
environment
• Interspecific competition– Specialization -> resource partitioning
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Selective Pressure
• Every factor of Environmental Resistance is a Selective Pressure “selecting” those individuals who can cope with surroundings
• Let’s name a few….
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Five Types of Adaptation
• Climate/abiotic factors• Obtaining food/water/nutrients• Escape or protection from predators• Finding or attracting mates• Migration or seed dispersal
• More Examples?
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Three Possible Responses to New Pressure:
• Adaptation• Migration• Extinction
• For adaptations to occur, there must be some individuals with the desired traits– “fish gotta fly, birds gotta swim”
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Keys to Survival: Housefly vs. Condor
• Geographical Distribution: world vs. certain locations
• Specialization in Habitat or Food: any vs. mountain, ravine
• Genetic Variation: many generations/yr vs. 1-2 chicks/yr
• Reproductive Rate vs. Rate of Environmental Change: many generations/year vs. one generation/year
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In the Book…
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Speciation
• As many as 14 million species may exist on Earth
• One species -> Two species What is Needed?– Reproductive Isolation– Different Selective Pressures
• Example: Arctic Fox vs. Grey Fox
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Figure 4-17 in textKnow this as an example