competition (chapter 13). competition: intraspecific versus interspecific
TRANSCRIPT
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COMPETITION(Chapter 13)
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COMPETITION: INTRASPECIFIC versus INTERSPECIFIC
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13Leafhopper
Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Animals
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Fig. 13.6 in Molles 2008
Number of Leafhoppers (per cage)
Number of Leafhoppers (per cage)
Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Animals
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10Alfalfa
11
12
Demonstrating IntraspecificCompetition in Plants
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Fig. 13-5 in Molles 2008
-3/2 Thinning Rule (Sometimes)
Demonstrating Intraspecific Competition in Plants
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COMPETITION: INTERFERENCE vs. RESOURCE
Interference Competition
Resource Competition
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Trenched (Treatment) Untrenched (Control)
7
8
Demonstrating Resource Competition
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Trenched Untrenched
Demonstrating Resource Competition(Results)
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Demonstrating Interference Competition.36m2 Plots, Stocked with Sliced Carrots and Potatos
Density: 50 Isopods Density: 100 Isopods
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Demonstrating Interference Competition
Fig. 13.7 in Molles 2008
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INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
Giant Kelp (Macrocystis)
Bull Kelp (Nereocystis)
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Galium saxatile Galium pumilum
67
Demonstrating Interspecific Competition in Plants
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Tansley (1917)
Demonstrating Interspecific Competition in Plants
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Understanding Interspecific Competitionin Context of Niche
Giant Kelp (Macrocystis)
Bull Kelp (Nereocystis)
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Graphical Depiction of Giant Kelp Niche(Three Axes)
Nutrients
Light
Car
bon
Dio
xid
e
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15
Giant Kelp Niche:Other Abiotic
Factors?
•
•
•
•
N – Dimensional Hypervolume: Hypothetical Space that Represents ALL N Physical Factors that Influence Growth, Survival and Reproduction
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Range of physical conditions in which a given species can live in the absence of negative interactions with other species
FUNDAMENTAL NICHE
Nutrients
Light
Car
bon
Dio
xid
e
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1615
Negative Interactions with Other Species
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NICHE OVERLAP
Fundamental Niches of Giant Kelp, Bull Kelp in One Dimension
Giant Kelp Bull Kelp
Light Intensity
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Photosynthesis Rate
Photosynthesis Rate
ADJUSTMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL NICHE IN PRESENCE OF COMPETITOR
Giant Kelp Bull Kelp
Giant Kelp Bull Kelp
Light Intensity
Light Intensity
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Range of physical conditions in which a given species can live in the presence of negative interactions with other species
REALIZED NICHEP
hot
osyn
thes
is R
ate
Giant Kelp Bull Kelp
Light Intensity
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Fig. 13.20 in Molles 2008
Consequences of Interspecific Competition
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Fundamental and Realized Niche of Chthalamus
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Two Species with Same or Very Similar Niche:
Is Coexistence Possible?R
esou
rce
Uti
liza
tion
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Competitive Exclusion Principle:(G.F. Gause)
Two Species with Identical Niches
CAN NOT Coexist Indefinitely
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition I(Begin with Logistic Rate Equations for N1, N2)
Note: These equations incorporate effects of intraspecific competition
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition II(Incorporate Interspecific Competition)
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition III(Assume Equilibrium Conditions)
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition IV(Determine Equations for Zero-Change Isoclines)
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Fig. 14.13 in Molles 2008
Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition V(Species 1 Strong Competitor, Species 2 Weak Competitor)
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VI(Species 1 Weak Competitor, Species 2 Strong Competitor)
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VII(Both Species are Strong Competitors)
N2
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Mathematical Modeling of Interspecific Competition VII(Both Species are Weak Competitors)
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Competitive Exclusion Principle:(G.F. Gause)
Two Species with Identical Niches
CAN NOT Coexist Indefinitely
(i.e., Two Strong Competitors for the Same Resource CAN NOT Co-Exist Indefinitely)
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Paramecium aurelia
1
Paramecium caudatum
2
3
Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Fig. 13.15 in Molles 2008
Paramecium Species: Grown Separately
(Gause 1934)
Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Fig. 21-1 in Ricklefs and Miller 2000
Paramecium Species: Grown Together(Gause 1934)
Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Tribolium confusumTribolium castaneum
4 5
Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Fig. 13.16 in Molles 2008
Flour Beetle Species: Grown Separately
(Park 1954)
Testing Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Fig. 13-16 in Molles 2008
Flour Beetle SpeciesGrown Together
(Gause 1934)
Interspecific Competition in Animals:Consequences
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Wide-Leaf Cattail(Typha latifolia)
Narrow-Leaf Cattail(Typha angustifolia)
CATTAIL COMPETITION
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Wide-Leaf Cattail(Typha latifolia)
Narrow-Leaf Cattail(Typha angustifolia)
Cattail Species Grown Together
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Wide-Leaf Cattail(Typha latifolia)
Narrow-Leaf Cattail Removed
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Narrow-Leaf Cattail (Typha angustifolia)
Wide-Leaf Cattail Removed
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Balanus
9
Chthamalus10
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Zonation in Barnacle Communities
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Fig. 13.19 in Molles 2006
Balanus Removal:Middle Intertidal Zone
Chthamalus Survivorship
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9
Dipodomys (Kangaroo Rat)
10
Perognathus (Pocket Mouse)
Large Granivores
Small Granivores
Insectivores
Onychomys
DESERT RODENTS
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24 Study Plots: Chihuahuan Desert near Portal AZ
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Fig. 13.23 in Molles 2006
Experiment: Removal of Large Granivores (Heske et al. 1994)
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Geospiza fortis(Medium Ground-Finch)
Darwin’s Finches
Geospiza fuliginosa(Small Ground-Finch)
13
EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF COMPETITION
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Fig. 13.25 in Molles 2006
Allopatric versus Sympatric Populations
G. fortis
G. fuliginosa
G. fortis, G. fuliginosa
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G. fortis
G. fuliginosa
G. fortis, G. fuliginosa
CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT: BEAK DEPTH