adaptation to land?? z1. waxy cuticle. z2. gametangia - antheridia and archegonia. z3. embryos -...
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Adaptation to Land??
1. Waxy cuticle. 2. Gametangia - antheridia and archegonia. 3. Embryos - young sporophytes contained
within protective tissues. 4. Pigments - protect against UV light. 5. Thick spore walls.
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Classification of Plants
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Evolution of Plants
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K: Plantae Div: Hepatophyta
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K: Plantae Div: Hepatophyta
-mitosis- Plant Body - Gametophyte (n) ----------->
---> Archegonium (n) ---> Eggs (n) ---> Antheridium (n) ---> Sperms (n)
Sperm + Egg ---> Zygote (2n) ---> *meiosis* Sporophyte (2n) ---> Sporocyte (2n) -----------> Spore Tetrad
(n) -mitosis- Spores (n) -----------> Plant Body - Gametophyte (n)
“Alternation of Generations”
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K: Plantae Div: Hepatophyta
1. Gametophyte (n) dominant. 2. Most are simple land plants restricted to moist
environments. (No true vascular tissue.) Riccia
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K: Plantae Div: Hepatophyta
1. Gametophyte (n) dominant. Usually flat thallus; bilobed leafy structures. Rhizoids unicellular or absent. 2. Most are simple land plants restricted to moist
environments. (No true vascular tissue.) Riccia 3. Contain Oil bodies (90% species). 4. Apical Growth and posterior decay. 5. Sporophyte (2n) enclosed within calyptra and pseudoperianth; seta may be present; elaters present. 6. Evolved during the Devonian Period (375 mya).
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K: Plantae Div: HepatophytaGenus: Marchantia
1. Flat branches - thallus (plant body) may exceed 4 inches in length.
2. Surface of plant is cutinized. 3. Rhizoids emerge from ventral surface - tuberculate &
smooth. 4. Single layer of photosynthetic cells in air chamber.
5. Single epidermal layer top; parenchmatous layers below.
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K: Plantae Div: HepatophytaGenus: Marchantia
6. Air pores - 4 tiers of cells (lower tier closes opening).
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K: Plantae Div: HepatophytaGenus: Marchantia
7. Vegetative plants form gemmae cups (gemmae).
Like “fragmentation”
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K: Plantae Div: HepatophytaGenus: Marchantia
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K: Plantae Div: HepatophytaGenus: Marchantia
8. Sexual structures form on special branches - gametophores. antheridiophores & archegoniophores
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K: Plantae Div: HepatophytaGenus: Marchantia
8. Sexual structures form on special branches - gametophores. antheridiophores
antheridia in chambers below dorsal surface of disc; in rows biflagellated sperms discharged
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K: Plantae Div: HepatophytaGenus: Marchantia
8. Sexual structures form on special branches - gametophores. archigoniophores
archegonia in chambers on ventral surface between arms; in rows Egg at base. venter, pseudoperinanth, involucre, calyptra, capsule, stipe, foot
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K: Plantae Div: Hepatophyta
-mitosis- Plant Body - Gametophyte (n) ----------->
---> Archegonium (n) ---> Eggs (n) ---> Antheridium (n) ---> Sperms (n)
Sperm + Egg ---> Zygote (2n) ---> *meiosis* Sporophyte (2n) ---> Sporocyte (2n) -----------> Spore Tetrad
(n) -mitosis- Spores (n) -----------> Plant Body - Gametophyte (n)
“Alternation of Generations”
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K: Plantae Div: Hepatophyta
spore tetrads elators
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
1. Plant body leafy - mostly upright; no lobes on branches. 2. Rhizoids of multicellualr filaments. 3. Growth of protenema apical. 4. Sporophyte (2n) enclosed within calyptra and pseudoperianth; seta 5. Some have hydroids & leptoids. (no lignin) 6. Branches have buds with distinct tips. 7. Have primitive stomates.
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
Gametophores - leafy shootsparaphyses - protective leafy shoots over sexual structure
acrocarpous - sex organs borne at the apices of leafy upright shoots.
pleurocarpous - sex organs born at
the apices of leafy prostrate shoots.
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
Structures of sporophyte: foot (haustorium) - filament - connects capsule to thallus operculum - cap annulus - ring peristome - teeth columbula - sterile central mass sporogeneous tissue - produces sporocytes and
spores (n) calyptra - covers entire capsule tapetum - nutritive tissue apophysis - basal region of capsule; stomates
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
Polytrichum
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
Funaria
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K: Plantae Div: Bryophyta “Mosses”
Mnium
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K: Plantae Div: Anthocerotophyta “Hornworts”
1. Thallus growth (like liverworts). 2. Sporophytes look like “horns”. (continuous growth -> 20 cm). 3. No seta - basal region. 4. No protenema. 5. Rhizoids unicellular. 6. Have functioning stomates. 7. Sex organs (antheridium & archegonium sunken in thallus. 8. Usually single plate-like chloroplast in each cell.
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K: Plantae Div: Anthocerotophyta “Hornworts”